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Son S, Park SR. Plant translational reprogramming for stress resilience. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1151587. [PMID: 36909402 PMCID: PMC9998923 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1151587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organisms regulate gene expression to produce essential proteins for numerous biological processes, from growth and development to stress responses. Transcription and translation are the major processes of gene expression. Plants evolved various transcription factors and transcriptome reprogramming mechanisms to dramatically modulate transcription in response to environmental cues. However, even the genome-wide modulation of a gene's transcripts will not have a meaningful effect if the transcripts are not properly biosynthesized into proteins. Therefore, protein translation must also be carefully controlled. Biotic and abiotic stresses threaten global crop production, and these stresses are seriously deteriorating due to climate change. Several studies have demonstrated improved plant resistance to various stresses through modulation of protein translation regulation, which requires a deep understanding of translational control in response to environmental stresses. Here, we highlight the translation mechanisms modulated by biotic, hypoxia, heat, and drought stresses, which are becoming more serious due to climate change. This review provides a strategy to improve stress tolerance in crops by modulating translational regulation.
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Hussain A, Liu J, Mohan B, Burhan A, Nasim Z, Bano R, Ameen A, Zaynab M, Mukhtar MS, Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM. A genome-wide comparative evolutionary analysis of zinc finger-BED transcription factor genes in land plants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12328. [PMID: 35853967 PMCID: PMC9296551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger (Zf)-BED proteins are a novel superfamily of transcription factors that controls numerous activities in plants including growth, development, and cellular responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite their important roles in gene regulation, little is known about the specific functions of Zf-BEDs in land plants. The current study identified a total of 750 Zf-BED-encoding genes in 35 land plant species including mosses, bryophytes, lycophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. The gene family size was somewhat proportional to genome size. All identified genes were categorized into 22 classes based on their specific domain architectures. Of these, class I (Zf-BED_DUF-domain_Dimer_Tnp_hAT) was the most common in the majority of the land plants. However, some classes were family-specific, while the others were species-specific, demonstrating diversity at different classification levels. In addition, several novel functional domains were also predicated including WRKY and nucleotide-binding site (NBS). Comparative genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics provided insights into the evolutionary history, duplication, divergence, gene gain and loss, species relationship, expression profiling, and structural diversity of Zf-BEDs in land plants. The comprehensive study of Zf-BEDs in Gossypium sp., (cotton) also demonstrated a clear footprint of polyploidization. Overall, this comprehensive evolutionary study of Zf-BEDs in land plants highlighted significant diversity among plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athar Hussain
- Genomics Lab, School of Food and Agricultural Sciences (SFAS), University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, 54770, Pakistan
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Binoop Mohan
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Akif Burhan
- Department of Life Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, 54770, Pakistan
| | - Zunaira Nasim
- Department of Life Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, 54770, Pakistan
| | - Raveena Bano
- Department of Life Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, 54770, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Ameen
- Office of Research Innovation and Commercialization, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, 54770, Pakistan
| | - Madiha Zaynab
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 51807, Guangdong, China
| | - M Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Verchot J, Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM. UPR signaling at the nexus of plant viral, bacterial, and fungal defenses. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 47:9-17. [PMID: 33360330 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years there have been significant advances in our understanding of the ER stress responses in plants that are associated with virus infection, as well as bacterial and fungal diseases. In plants, ER stress induced by virus infection includes several signaling pathways that include the unfolded protein response (UPR) to promote the expression of chaperone proteins for proper protein folding. Understanding how facets of ER stress signaling broadly engage in pathogen responses, as well as those that are specific to virus infection is important to distinguishing features essential for broad cellular defenses and processes that may be specifically linked to viral infectivity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA..
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Afrin T, Diwan D, Sahawneh K, Pajerowska-Mukhtar K. Multilevel regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress responses in plants: where old roads and new paths meet. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1659-1667. [PMID: 31679034 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The sessile lifestyle of plants requires them to cope with a multitude of stresses in situ. In response to diverse environmental and intracellular cues, plant cells respond by massive reprogramming of transcription and translation of stress response regulators, many of which rely on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) processing. This increased protein synthesis could exceed the capacity of precise protein quality control, leading to the accumulation of unfolded and/or misfolded proteins that triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR). Such cellular stress responses are multilayered and executed in different cellular compartments. Here, we will discuss the three main branches of UPR signaling in diverse eukaryotic systems, and describe various levels of ER stress response regulation that encompass transcriptional gene regulation by master transcription factors, post-transcriptional activities including cytoplasmic splicing, translational control, and multiple post-translational events such as peptide modifications and cleavage. In addition, we will discuss the roles of plant ER stress sensors in abiotic and biotic stress responses and speculate on the future prospects of engineering these signaling events for heightened stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiaba Afrin
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Danish Diwan
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Katrina Sahawneh
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
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Niehl A, Heinlein M. Perception of double-stranded RNA in plant antiviral immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1203-1210. [PMID: 30942534 PMCID: PMC6715784 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing and antiviral pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) both rely on recognition of double-stranded (ds)RNAs as defence-inducing signals. While dsRNA recognition by dicer-like proteins during antiviral RNA silencing is thoroughly investigated, the molecular mechanisms involved in dsRNA perception leading to antiviral PTI are just about to be untangled. Parallels to antimicrobial PTI thereby only partially facilitate our view on antiviral PTI. PTI against microbial pathogens involves plasma membrane bound receptors; however, dsRNAs produced during virus infection occur intracellularly. Hence, how dsRNA may be perceived during this immune response is still an open question. In this short review, we describe recent discoveries in PTI signalling upon sensing of microbial patterns and endogenous 'danger' molecules with emphasis on immune signalling-associated subcellular trafficking processes in plants. Based on these studies, we develop different scenarios how dsRNAs could be sensed during antiviral PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Julius Kühn‐Institute, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen DiagnosticsMesseweg 11‐12D‐38104BraunschweigGermany
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR235712 rue du Général ZimmerF‐67000StrasbourgFrance
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Liu X, Afrin T, Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM. Arabidopsis GCN2 kinase contributes to ABA homeostasis and stomatal immunity. Commun Biol 2019; 2:302. [PMID: 31428690 PMCID: PMC6687712 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
General Control Non-derepressible 2 (GCN2) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase that modulates amino acid homeostasis in response to nutrient deprivation in yeast, human and other eukaryotes. However, the GCN2 signaling pathway in plants remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that in Arabidopsis, bacterial infection activates AtGCN2-mediated phosphorylation of eIF2α and promotes TBF1 translational derepression. Consequently, TBF1 regulates a subset of abscisic acid signaling components to modulate pre-invasive immunity. We show that GCN2 fine-tunes abscisic acid accumulation and signaling during both pre-invasive and post-invasive stages of an infection event. Finally, we also demonstrate that AtGCN2 participates in signaling triggered by phytotoxin coronatine secreted by P. syringae. During the preinvasive phase, AtGCN2 regulates stomatal immunity by affecting pathogen-triggered stomatal closure and coronatine-mediated stomatal reopening. Our conclusions support a conserved role of GCN2 in various forms of immune responses across kingdoms, highlighting GCN2's importance in studies on both plant and mammalian immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
- Present Address: Bayer Crop Science, 800 N Lindbergh Blvd., Creve Coeur, MO 63144 USA
| | - Taiaba Afrin
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
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Sesma A, Castresana C, Castellano MM. Regulation of Translation by TOR, eIF4E and eIF2α in Plants: Current Knowledge, Challenges and Future Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:644. [PMID: 28491073 PMCID: PMC5405063 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An important step in eukaryotic gene expression is the synthesis of proteins from mRNA, a process classically divided into three stages, initiation, elongation, and termination. Translation is a precisely regulated and conserved process in eukaryotes. The presence of plant-specific translation initiation factors and the lack of well-known translational regulatory pathways in this kingdom nonetheless indicate how a globally conserved process can diversify among organisms. The control of protein translation is a central aspect of plant development and adaptation to environmental stress, but the mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here we discuss current knowledge of the principal mechanisms that regulate translation initiation in plants, with special attention to the singularities of this eukaryotic kingdom. In addition, we highlight the major recent breakthroughs in the field and the main challenges to address in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Sesma
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
- Departamento Biotecnología y Biología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Castresana
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Mar Castellano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: M. Mar Castellano,
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Kørner CJ, Du X, Vollmer ME, Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Signaling in Plant Immunity--At the Crossroad of Life and Death. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26582-98. [PMID: 26556351 PMCID: PMC4661823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and complex immune responses are induced in plants upon pathogen recognition. One form of plant defense response is a programmed burst in transcription and translation of pathogenesis-related proteins, of which many rely on ER processing. Interestingly, several ER stress marker genes are up-regulated during early stages of immune responses, suggesting that enhanced ER capacity is needed for immunity. Eukaryotic cells respond to ER stress through conserved signaling networks initiated by specific ER stress sensors tethered to the ER membrane. Depending on the nature of ER stress the cell prioritizes either survival or initiates programmed cell death (PCD). At present two plant ER stress sensors, bZIP28 and IRE1, have been described. Both sensor proteins are involved in ER stress-induced signaling, but only IRE1 has been additionally linked to immunity. A second branch of immune responses relies on PCD. In mammals, ER stress sensors are involved in activation of PCD, but it is unclear if plant ER stress sensors play a role in PCD. Nevertheless, some ER resident proteins have been linked to pathogen-induced cell death in plants. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of plant ER stress signaling and its cross-talk with immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla J Kørner
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Xinran Du
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Marie E Vollmer
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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