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Yıldırım K, Miladinović D, Sweet J, Akin M, Galović V, Kavas M, Zlatković M, de Andrade E. Genome editing for healthy crops: traits, tools and impacts. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1231013. [PMID: 37965029 PMCID: PMC10641503 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1231013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Crop cultivars in commercial use have often been selected because they show high levels of resistance to pathogens. However, widespread cultivation of these crops for many years in the environments favorable to a pathogen requires durable forms of resistance to maintain "healthy crops". Breeding of new varieties tolerant/resistant to biotic stresses by incorporating genetic components related to durable resistance, developing new breeding methods and new active molecules, and improving the Integrated Pest Management strategies have been of great value, but their effectiveness is being challenged by the newly emerging diseases and the rapid change of pathogens due to climatic changes. Genome editing has provided new tools and methods to characterize defense-related genes in crops and improve crop resilience to disease pathogens providing improved food security and future sustainable agricultural systems. In this review, we discuss the principal traits, tools and impacts of utilizing genome editing techniques for achieving of durable resilience and a "healthy plants" concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubilay Yıldırım
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Dragana Miladinović
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jeremy Sweet
- Sweet Environmental Consultants, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Meleksen Akin
- Department of Horticulture, Iğdır University, Iğdır, Türkiye
| | - Vladislava Galović
- Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment (ILFE), University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Musa Kavas
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Milica Zlatković
- Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment (ILFE), University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Eugenia de Andrade
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
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2
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Huang C, Sede AR, Elvira-González L, Yan Y, Rodriguez ME, Mutterer J, Boutant E, Shan L, Heinlein M. dsRNA-induced immunity targets plasmodesmata and is suppressed by viral movement proteins. Plant Cell 2023; 35:3845-3869. [PMID: 37378592 PMCID: PMC10533371 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that in addition to its well-recognized functions in antiviral RNA silencing, dsRNA elicits pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), likely contributing to plant resistance against virus infections. However, compared to bacterial and fungal elicitor-mediated PTI, the mode-of-action and signaling pathway of dsRNA-induced defense remain poorly characterized. Here, using multicolor in vivo imaging, analysis of GFP mobility, callose staining, and plasmodesmal marker lines in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana, we show that dsRNA-induced PTI restricts the progression of virus infection by triggering callose deposition at plasmodesmata, thereby likely limiting the macromolecular transport through these cell-to-cell communication channels. The plasma membrane-resident SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1, the BOTRYTIS INDUCED KINASE1/AVRPPHB SUSCEPTIBLE1-LIKE KINASE1 kinase module, PLASMODESMATA-LOCATED PROTEINs 1/2/3, as well as CALMODULIN-LIKE 41 and Ca2+ signals are involved in the dsRNA-induced signaling leading to callose deposition at plasmodesmata and antiviral defense. Unlike the classical bacterial elicitor flagellin, dsRNA does not trigger a detectable reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, substantiating the idea that different microbial patterns trigger partially shared immune signaling frameworks with distinct features. Likely as a counter strategy, viral movement proteins from different viruses suppress the dsRNA-induced host response leading to callose deposition to achieve infection. Thus, our data support a model in which plant immune signaling constrains virus movement by inducing callose deposition at plasmodesmata and reveals how viruses counteract this layer of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiping Huang
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ana Rocío Sede
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laura Elvira-González
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Miguel Eduardo Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jérôme Mutterer
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Emmanuel Boutant
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Piau M, Schmitt-Keichinger C. The Hypersensitive Response to Plant Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:2000. [PMID: 37896777 PMCID: PMC10612061 DOI: 10.3390/v15102000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant proteins with domains rich in leucine repeats play important roles in detecting pathogens and triggering defense reactions, both at the cellular surface for pattern-triggered immunity and in the cell to ensure effector-triggered immunity. As intracellular parasites, viruses are mostly detected intracellularly by proteins with a nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeats but receptor-like kinases with leucine-rich repeats, known to localize at the cell surface, have also been involved in response to viruses. In the present review we report on the progress that has been achieved in the last decade on the role of these leucine-rich proteins in antiviral immunity, with a special focus on our current understanding of the hypersensitive response.
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Martínez‐Pérez M, Aparicio F, Arribas‐Hernández L, Tankmar MD, Rennie S, von Bülow S, Lindorff‐Larsen K, Brodersen P, Pallas V. Plant YTHDF proteins are direct effectors of antiviral immunity against an N6-methyladenosine-containing RNA virus. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113378. [PMID: 37431920 PMCID: PMC10505913 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In virus-host interactions, nucleic acid-directed first lines of defense that allow viral clearance without compromising growth are of paramount importance. Plants use the RNA interference pathway as a basal antiviral immune system, but additional RNA-based mechanisms of defense also exist. The infectivity of a plant positive-strand RNA virus, alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), relies on the demethylation of viral RNA by the recruitment of the cellular N6-methyladenosine (m6 A) demethylase ALKBH9B, but how demethylation of viral RNA promotes AMV infection remains unknown. Here, we show that inactivation of the Arabidopsis cytoplasmic YT521-B homology domain (YTH)-containing m6 A-binding proteins ECT2, ECT3, and ECT5 is sufficient to restore AMV infectivity in partially resistant alkbh9b mutants. We further show that the antiviral function of ECT2 is distinct from its previously demonstrated function in the promotion of primordial cell proliferation: an ect2 mutant carrying a small deletion in its intrinsically disordered region is partially compromised for antiviral defense but not for developmental functions. These results indicate that the m6 A-YTHDF axis constitutes a novel branch of basal antiviral immunity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireya Martínez‐Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaValenciaSpain
| | - Frederic Aparicio
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaValenciaSpain
| | | | | | - Sarah Rennie
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Sören von Bülow
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Peter Brodersen
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Vicente Pallas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaValenciaSpain
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Mäkinen K, Aspelin W, Pollari M, Wang L. How do they do it? The infection biology of potyviruses. Adv Virus Res 2023; 117:1-79. [PMID: 37832990 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Mäkinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - William Aspelin
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Pollari
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Linping Wang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Borniego ML, Innes RW. Extracellular RNA: mechanisms of secretion and potential functions. J Exp Bot 2023; 74:2389-2404. [PMID: 36609873 PMCID: PMC10082932 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular RNA (exRNA) has long been considered as cellular waste that plants can degrade and utilize to recycle nutrients. However, recent findings highlight the need to reconsider the biological significance of RNAs found outside of plant cells. A handful of studies suggest that the exRNA repertoire, which turns out to be an extremely heterogenous group of non-coding RNAs, comprises species as small as a dozen nucleotides to hundreds of nucleotides long. They are found mostly in free form or associated with RNA-binding proteins, while very few are found inside extracellular vesicles (EVs). Despite their low abundance, small RNAs associated with EVs have been a focus of exRNA research due to their putative role in mediating trans-kingdom RNAi. Therefore, non-vesicular exRNAs have remained completely under the radar until very recently. Here we summarize our current knowledge of the RNA species that constitute the extracellular RNAome and discuss mechanisms that could explain the diversity of exRNAs, focusing not only on the potential mechanisms involved in RNA secretion but also on post-release processing of exRNAs. We will also share our thoughts on the putative roles of vesicular and extravesicular exRNAs in plant-pathogen interactions, intercellular communication, and other physiological processes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lucía Borniego
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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7
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Pagán I, García-Arenal F. Cucumber Mosaic Virus-Induced Systemic Necrosis in Arabidopsis thaliana: Determinants and Role in Plant Defense. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122790. [PMID: 36560793 PMCID: PMC9783004 DOI: 10.3390/v14122790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is one of the most studied mechanisms of plant resistance to viruses. During ETI, viral proteins are recognized by specific plant R proteins, which most often trigger a hypersensitive response (HR) involving programmed cell death (PCD) and a restriction of infection in the initially infected sites. However, in some plant-virus interactions, ETI leads to a response in which PCD and virus multiplication are not restricted to the entry sites and spread throughout the plant, leading to systemic necrosis. The host and virus genetic determinants, and the consequences of this response in plant-virus coevolution, are still poorly understood. Here, we identified an allelic version of RCY1-an R protein-as the host genetic determinant of broad-spectrum systemic necrosis induced by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infection in the Arabidopsis thaliana Co-1 ecotype. Systemic necrosis reduced virus fitness by shortening the infectious period and limiting virus multiplication; thus, this phenotype could be adaptive for the plant population as a defense against CMV. However, the low frequency (less than 1%) of this phenotype in A. thaliana wild populations argues against this hypothesis. These results expand current knowledge on the resistance mechanisms to virus infections associated with ETI in plants.
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Herod MR, Ward JC, Tuplin A, Harris M, Stonehouse NJ, McCormick CJ. Positive strand RNA viruses differ in the constraints they place on the folding of their negative strand. RNA 2022; 28:1359-1376. [PMID: 35918125 PMCID: PMC9479745 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079125.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genome replication of positive strand RNA viruses requires the production of a complementary negative strand RNA that serves as a template for synthesis of more positive strand progeny. Structural RNA elements are important for genome replication, but while they are readily observed in the positive strand, evidence of their existence in the negative strand is more limited. We hypothesized that this was due to viruses differing in their capacity to allow this latter RNA to adopt structural folds. To investigate this, ribozymes were introduced into the negative strand of different viral constructs; the expectation being that if RNA folding occurred, negative strand cleavage and suppression of replication would be seen. Indeed, this was what happened with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and feline calicivirus (FCV) constructs. However, little or no impact was observed for chikungunya virus (CHIKV), human rhinovirus (HRV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), and yellow fever virus (YFV) constructs. Reduced cleavage in the negative strand proved to be due to duplex formation with the positive strand. Interestingly, ribozyme-containing RNAs also remained intact when produced in vitro by the HCV polymerase, again due to duplex formation. Overall, our results show that there are important differences in the conformational constraints imposed on the folding of the negative strand between different positive strand RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan R Herod
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph C Ward
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Tuplin
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Harris
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Stonehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J McCormick
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Shang K, Xu Y, Cao W, Xie X, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Liu H, Zhou S, Zhu X, Zhu C. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) non-specific lipid transfer protein StLTP6 promotes viral infection by inhibiting virus-induced RNA silencing. Planta 2022; 256:54. [PMID: 35927530 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For the first time it is reported that members of the nsLTP protein family could promote viral infection by inhibiting virus-induced RNA silencing. Non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are a class of soluble proteins with low relative molecular weight and widely present in higher plants. The role of nsLTPs in biotic and abiotic stresses has been studied, but no report has shown that nsLTPs play a role in the process of viral infection. We report the function and mechanism of the classical nsLTP protein StLTP6 in viral infection. We found that StLTP6 expression was remarkably upregulated in potato infected with potato virus Y and potato virus S. The infection efficiency and virus content of StLTP6-overexpressed potato and Nicotiana benthamiana were remarkable increased. Further study found that the overexpression of StLTP6 inhibited the expression of multiple genes in the RNA silencing pathway, thereby inhibiting virus-induced RNA silencing. This result indicated that StLTP6 expression was induced during viral infection to inhibit the resistance of virus-induced RNA silencing and promote viral infection. In summary, we reported the role of StLTP6 in viral infection, broadening the biological function range of the nsLTP family and providing valuable information for the study of viral infection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Weilin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Jingfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Shumei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Changxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
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Samarskaya VO, Spechenkova N, Markin N, Suprunova TP, Zavriev SK, Love AJ, Kalinina NO, Taliansky M. Impact of Exogenous Application of Potato Virus Y-Specific dsRNA on RNA Interference, Pattern-Triggered Immunity and Poly(ADP-ribose) Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7915. [PMID: 35887257 PMCID: PMC9317112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work we developed and exploited a spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS)-based approach to deliver double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which was found to protect potato against potato virus Y (PVY) infection. Given that dsRNA can act as a defence-inducing signal that can trigger sequence-specific RNA interference (RNAi) and non-specific pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), we suspected that these two pathways may be invoked via exogeneous application of dsRNA, which may account for the alterations in PVY susceptibility in dsRNA-treated potato plants. Therefore, we tested the impact of exogenously applied PVY-derived dsRNA on both these layers of defence (RNAi and PTI) and explored its effect on accumulation of a homologous virus (PVY) and an unrelated virus (potato virus X, PVX). Here, we show that application of PVY dsRNA in potato plants induced accumulation of both small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), a hallmark of RNAi, and some PTI-related gene transcripts such as WRKY29 (WRKY transcription factor 29; molecular marker of PTI), RbohD (respiratory burst oxidase homolog D), EDS5 (enhanced disease susceptibility 5), SERK3 (somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 3) encoding brassinosteroid-insensitive 1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1), and PR-1b (pathogenesis-related gene 1b). With respect to virus infections, PVY dsRNA suppressed only PVY replication but did not exhibit any effect on PVX infection in spite of the induction of PTI-like effects in the presence of PVX. Given that RNAi-mediated antiviral immunity acts as the major virus resistance mechanism in plants, it can be suggested that dsRNA-based PTI alone may not be strong enough to suppress virus infection. In addition to RNAi- and PTI-inducing activities, we also showed that PVY-specific dsRNA is able to upregulate production of a key enzyme involved in poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism, namely poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), which is regarded as a positive regulator of biotic stress responses. These findings offer insights for future development of innovative approaches which could integrate dsRNA-induced RNAi, PTI and modulation of poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism in a co-ordinated manner, to ensure a high level of crop protection.
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Caro MDP, Venturuzzi AL, Moschen S, Salazar SM, Díaz-Ricci JC, Asurmendi S. A fungal protease named AsES triggers antiviral immune responses and effectively restricts virus infection in arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Ann Bot 2022; 129:593-606. [PMID: 35134835 PMCID: PMC9007096 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plants have evolved complex mechanisms to fight against pathogens. Among these mechanisms, pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) relies on the recognition of conserved microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs or PAMPs, respectively) by membrane-bound receptors. Indeed, PTI restricts virus infection in plants and, in addition, BRI1-associated kinase 1 (BAK1), a central regulator of PTI, plays a role in antiviral resistance. However, the compounds that trigger antiviral defences, along with their molecular mechanisms of action, remain mostly elusive. Herein, we explore the role of a fungal extracellular subtilase named AsES in its capacity to trigger antiviral responses. METHODS In this study, we obtained AsES by recombinant expression, and evaluated and characterized its capacity to trigger antiviral responses against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) by performing time course experiments, analysing gene expression, virus movement and callose deposition. KEY RESULTS The results of this study provide direct evidence that exogenous treatment with recombinant AsES increases a state of resistance against TMV infection, in both arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Also, the antiviral PTI response exhibited by AsES in arabidopsis is mediated by the BAK1/SERK3 and BKK1/SERK4 co-receptors. Moreover, AsES requires a fully active salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway to restrict the TMV movement by inducing callose deposition. Additionally, treatment with PSP1, a biostimulant based on AsES as the active compound, showed an increased resistance against TMV in N. benthamiana and tobacco plants. CONCLUSIONS AsES is a fungal serine protease which triggers antiviral responses relying on a conserved mechanism by means of the SA signalling pathway and could be exploited as an effective and sustainable biotechnology strategy for viral disease management in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Pilar Caro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De los Reseros y N. Repetto s/n, Hurlingham B1686IGC, Argentina
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta Provincial 301 Km 32, Tucumán, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Andrea Laura Venturuzzi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De los Reseros y N. Repetto s/n, Hurlingham B1686IGC, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Moschen
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta Provincial 301 Km 32, Tucumán, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Sergio Miguel Salazar
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta Provincial 301 Km 32, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Juan Carlos Díaz-Ricci
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica ‘Dr. Bernabé Bloj’, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Asurmendi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De los Reseros y N. Repetto s/n, Hurlingham B1686IGC, Argentina
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Ge D, Yeo IC, Shan L. Knowing me, knowing you: Self and non-self recognition in plant immunity. Essays Biochem 2022:EBC20210095. [PMID: 35383834 DOI: 10.1042/EBC20210095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Perception of non-self molecules known as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activates plant pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Pathogen infections often trigger the release of modified-self molecules, termed damage- or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which modulate MAMP-triggered signaling to shape the frontline of plant immune responses against infections. In the context of advances in identifying MAMPs and DAMPs, cognate receptors, and their signaling, here, we focus on the most recent breakthroughs in understanding the perception and role of non-self and modified-self patterns. We highlight the commonalities and differences of MAMPs from diverse microbes, insects, and parasitic plants, as well as the production and perception of DAMPs upon infections. We discuss the interplay between MAMPs and DAMPs for emerging themes of the mutual potentiation and attenuation of PTI signaling upon MAMP and DAMP perception during infections.
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Glushkevich A, Spechenkova N, Fesenko I, Knyazev A, Samarskaya V, Kalinina NO, Taliansky M, Love AJ. Transcriptomic Reprogramming, Alternative Splicing and RNA Methylation in Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) Plants in Response to Potato Virus Y Infection. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11050635. [PMID: 35270104 PMCID: PMC8912425 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant-virus interactions are greatly influenced by environmental factors such as temperatures. In virus-infected plants, enhanced temperature is frequently associated with more severe symptoms and higher virus content. However, the mechanisms involved in controlling the temperature regulation of plant-virus interactions are poorly characterised. To elucidate these further, we analysed the responses of potato plants cv Chicago to infection by potato virus Y (PVY) at normal (22 °C) and elevated temperature (28 °C), the latter of which is known to significantly increase plant susceptibility to PVY. Using RNAseq analysis, we showed that single and combined PVY and heat-stress treatments caused dramatic changes in gene expression, affecting the transcription of both protein-coding and non-coding RNAs. Among the newly identified genes responsive to PVY infection, we found genes encoding enzymes involved in the catalysis of polyamine formation and poly ADP-ribosylation. We also identified a range of novel non-coding RNAs which were differentially produced in response to single or combined PVY and heat stress, that consisted of antisense RNAs and RNAs with miRNA binding sites. Finally, to gain more insights into the potential role of alternative splicing and epitranscriptomic RNA methylation during combined stress conditions, direct RNA nanopore sequencing was performed. Our findings offer insights for future studies of functional links between virus infections and transcriptome reprogramming, RNA methylation and alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Glushkevich
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (N.S.); (I.F.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Nadezhda Spechenkova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (N.S.); (I.F.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Igor Fesenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (N.S.); (I.F.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Andrey Knyazev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (N.S.); (I.F.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Viktoriya Samarskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (N.S.); (I.F.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Natalia O. Kalinina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Michael Taliansky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (N.S.); (I.F.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Andrew J. Love
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (A.J.L.)
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Wang D, Dawadi B, Qu J, Ye J. Light-Engineering Technology for Enhancing Plant Disease Resistance. Front Plant Sci 2022; 12:805614. [PMID: 35251062 PMCID: PMC8891579 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.805614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Insect vector-borne diseases are a major constraint to a wide variety of crops. Plants integrate environmental light and internal signalings to defend dual stresses both from the vector insects and vector-transmitted pathogens. In this review, we highlight a studies that demonstrate how light regulates plants deploying mechanisms against vector-borne diseases. Four major host defensive pathways involved in the host defense network against multiple biotic stresses are reviewed: innate immunity, phytohormone signaling, RNA interference, and protein degradation. The potential with light-engineering technology with light emitting diodes (LEDs) and genome engineering technology for fine-tuning crop defense and yield are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bishnu Dawadi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Qu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Cheng X, Luan Y, Wang A. In Vivo Detection of Double-Stranded RNA by dRBFC Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2400:1-9. [PMID: 34905185 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1835-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is the genomic material or replicate intermediate of RNA viruses, and is also a crucial signal molecule to trigger innate immune response and RNA silencing in eukaryotic organisms. Studying the subcellular localization and dynamic of dsRNA provides significant information for understanding RNA virus replication, host responses to virus infection, and viral diagnosis. Several antibody-dependent or -independent methods have been developed to in vivo or in vitro visualize dsRNA in cells. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol for efficiently visualizing the distribution and dynamics of dsRNA in living plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yameng Luan
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
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Mai J, Liao L, Ling R, Guo X, Lin J, Mo B, Chen W, Yu Y. Study on RNAi-based herbicide for Mikania micrantha. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2021; 6:437-445. [PMID: 34901482 PMCID: PMC8637008 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The invasive plant Mikania micrantha Kunth (M. micrantha) from South America poses a significant threat to the stability and biodiversity of ecosystems. However, an effective and economical method to control M. micrantha is still lacking. RNA interference (RNAi) has been widely studied and applied in agriculture for trait improvement. Spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) can produce RNAi silencing effects without introducing heritable modifications to the plant genome and is becoming a novel nontransformation strategy for plant protection. In this study, the genes encoding chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins were selected as targets of RNAi, based on high-throughput sequencing of M. micrantha transcriptome and bioinformatic analyses of sequence specificity. Three types of RNAi molecules, double-stranded RNA, RNAi nanomicrosphere, and short hairpin RNA (shRNA), with their corresponding short interfering RNA sequences were designed and synthesized for SIGS vector construction, from which each RNAi molecule was transcribed and extracted to be sprayed on M. micrantha leaves. Whereas water-treated control leaves remained green, leaves treated with RNAi molecules turned yellow and eventually wilted. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that the expression levels of target genes were significantly reduced in the RNAi-treated groups compared with those of the control, suggesting that all three types of RNAi herbicides effectively silenced the endogenous target genes, which are essential for the growth of M. micrantha. We also found that shRNA showed better silencing efficiency than the other two molecules. Taken together, our study successfully designed three types of RNAi-based herbicides that specifically silenced endogenous target genes and controlled the growth of M. micrantha. Moreover, we identified a gene family encoding chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins that is important for the growth and development of M. micrantha and could serve as potential targets for controlling the spread of M. micrantha.
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Key Words
- Chlorophyll a/b-binding protein
- GMOs, genetically modified organisms
- HIGS, host-induced gene silencing
- Invasive plant
- LHCs, light-harvesting complexes
- Mikania micrantha
- Nucleic acid bioherbicide
- RNA interference
- RNAi, RNA interference
- RNP, RNAi nanomicrosphere
- SEM, scanning electron microscope
- SIGS, Spray-induced gene silencing
- Spray-induced gene silencing
- dsRNA, double-stranded RNA
- qRT-PCR, Quantitative real-time PCR
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
- siRNA, short interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
| | - Lingling Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
| | - Rongsong Ling
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Guo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
| | - Jingying Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
| | - Beixin Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
| | - Weizhao Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Microbial Gene Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Yu Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
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Kozieł E, Surowiecki P, Przewodowska A, Bujarski JJ, Otulak-Kozieł K. Modulation of Expression of PVY NTN RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (NIb) and Heat Shock Cognate Host Protein HSC70 in Susceptible and Hypersensitive Potato Cultivars. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1254. [PMID: 34835185 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) belongs to the genus Potyvirus and is considered to be one of the most harmful and important plant pathogens. Its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is known as nuclear inclusion protein b (NIb). The recent findings show that the genome of PVY replicates in the cytoplasm of the plant cell by binding the virus replication complex to the membranous structures of different organelles. In some potyviruses, NIb has been found to be localized in the nucleus and associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Moreover, NIb has been shown to interact with other host proteins that are particularly involved in promoting the virus infection cycle, such as the heat shock proteins (HSPs). HSP70 is the most conserved among the five major HSP families that are known to affect the plant-pathogen interactions. Some plant viruses can induce the production of HSP70 during the development of infection. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactive response to PVYNTN (necrotic tuber necrosis strain of PVY), the present study focused on StHSC70-8 and PVYNTN-NIb gene expression via localization of HSC70 and NIb proteins during compatible (susceptible) and incompatible (hypersensitive) potato-PVYNTN interactions. Our results demonstrate that NIb and HSC70 are involved in the response to PVYNTN infections and probably cooperate at some stages of the virus infection cycle. Enhanced deposition of HSC70 proteins during the infection cycle was associated with the dynamic induction of PVYNTN-NIb gene expression and NIb localization during susceptible infections. In hypersensitive response (HR), a significant increase in HSC70 expression was observed up to 3 days post-inoculation (dpi) in the nucleus and chloroplasts. Thereafter, between 3 and 21 dpi, the deposition of NIb decreased, which can be attributed to a reduction in the levels of both virus accumulation and PVYNTN-NIb gene expression. Therefore, we postulate that increase in the expression of both StHSC70-8 and PVYNTN-NIb induces the PVY infection during susceptible infections. In contrast, during HRs, HSC70 cooperates with PVYNTN only at the early stages of interaction and mediates the defense response signaling pathway at the later stages of infection.
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18
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Werner BT, Koch A, Šečić E, Engelhardt J, Jelonek L, Steinbrenner J, Kogel KH. Fusarium graminearum DICER-like-dependent sRNAs are required for the suppression of host immune genes and full virulence. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252365. [PMID: 34351929 PMCID: PMC8341482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In filamentous fungi, gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) shapes many biological processes, including pathogenicity. Recently, fungal small RNAs (sRNAs) have been shown to act as effectors that disrupt gene activity in interacting plant hosts, thereby undermining their defence responses. We show here that the devastating mycotoxin-producing ascomycete Fusarium graminearum (Fg) utilizes DICER-like (DCL)-dependent sRNAs to target defence genes in two Poaceae hosts, barley (Hordeum vulgare, Hv) and Brachypodium distachyon (Bd). We identified 104 Fg-sRNAs with sequence homology to host genes that were repressed during interactions of Fg and Hv, while they accumulated in plants infected by the DCL double knock-out (dKO) mutant PH1-dcl1/2. The strength of target gene expression correlated with the abundance of the corresponding Fg-sRNA. Specifically, the abundance of three tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) targeting immunity-related Ethylene overproducer 1-like 1 (HvEOL1) and three Poaceae orthologues of Arabidopsis thaliana BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1 (HvBAK1, HvSERK2 and BdSERK2) was dependent on fungal DCL. Additionally, RNA-ligase-mediated Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RLM-RACE) identified infection-specific degradation products for the three barley gene transcripts, consistent with the possibility that tRFs contribute to fungal virulence via targeted gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Timo Werner
- Institute of Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Aline Koch
- Institute for Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ena Šečić
- Institute of Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jonas Engelhardt
- Institute of Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lukas Jelonek
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jens Steinbrenner
- Institute of Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Kogel
- Institute of Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Ferreira MA, Teixeira RM, Fontes EPB. Geminivirus-Host Interactions: Action and Reaction in Receptor-Mediated Antiviral Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:840. [PMID: 34066372 DOI: 10.3390/v13050840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In plant−virus interactions, the plant immune system and virulence strategies are under constant pressure for dominance, and the balance of these opposing selection pressures can result in disease or resistance. The naturally evolving plant antiviral immune defense consists of a multilayered perception system represented by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and resistance (R) proteins similarly to the nonviral pathogen innate defenses. Another layer of antiviral immunity, signaling via a cell surface receptor-like kinase to inhibit host and viral mRNA translation, has been identified as a virulence target of the geminivirus nuclear shuttle protein. The Geminiviridae family comprises broad-host range viruses that cause devastating plant diseases in a large variety of relevant crops and vegetables and hence have evolved a repertoire of immune-suppressing functions. In this review, we discuss the primary layers of the receptor-mediated antiviral immune system, focusing on the mechanisms developed by geminiviruses to overcome plant immunity.
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20
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Abstract
In the plant immune system, according to the 'gene-for-gene' model, a resistance (R) gene product in the plant specifically surveils a corresponding effector protein functioning as an avirulence (Avr) gene product. This system differs from other plant-pathogen interaction systems, in which plant R genes recognize a single type of gene or gene family because almost all virus genes with distinct structures and functions can also interact with R genes as Avr determinants. Thus, research conducted on viral Avr-R systems can provide a novel understanding of Avr and R gene product interactions and identify mechanisms that enable rapid co-evolution of plants and phytopathogens. In this review, we intend to provide a brief overview of virus-encoded proteins and their roles in triggering plant resistance, and we also summarize current progress in understanding plant resistance against virus Avr genes. Moreover, we present applications of Avr gene-mediated phenotyping in R gene identification and screening of segregating populations during breeding processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650021, China
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21
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Flores R, Navarro B, Delgado S, Serra P, Di Serio F. Viroid pathogenesis: a critical appraisal of the role of RNA silencing in triggering the initial molecular lesion. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:386-398. [PMID: 32379313 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial molecular lesions through which viroids, satellite RNAs and viruses trigger signal cascades resulting in plant diseases are hotly debated. Since viroids are circular non-protein-coding RNAs of ∼250-430 nucleotides, they appear very convenient to address this issue. Viroids are targeted by their host RNA silencing defense, generating viroid-derived small RNAs (vd-sRNAs) that are presumed to direct Argonaute (AGO) proteins to inactivate messenger RNAs, thus initiating disease. Here, we review the existing evidence. Viroid-induced symptoms reveal a distinction. Those attributed to vd-sRNAs from potato spindle tuber viroid and members of the family Pospiviroidae (replicating in the nucleus) are late, non-specific and systemic. In contrast, those attributed to vd-sRNAs from peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) and other members of the family Avsunviroidae (replicating in plastids) are early, specific and local. Remarkably, leaf sectors expressing different PLMVd-induced chloroses accumulate viroid variants with specific pathogenic determinants. Some vd-sRNAs containing such determinant guide AGO1-mediated cleavage of mRNAs that code for proteins regulating chloroplast biogenesis/development. Therefore, the initial lesions and the expected phenotypes are connected by short signal cascades, hence supporting a cause-effect relationship. Intriguingly, one virus satellite RNA initiates disease through a similar mechanism, whereas in the Pospiviroidae and in plant viruses the situation remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Flores
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Navarro
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Sonia Delgado
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Serra
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francesco Di Serio
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Taliansky M, Samarskaya V, Zavriev SK, Fesenko I, Kalinina NO, Love AJ. RNA-Based Technologies for Engineering Plant Virus Resistance. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10010082. [PMID: 33401751 PMCID: PMC7824052 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have gained unprecedented attention as new and crucial players in the regulation of numerous cellular processes and disease responses. In this review, we describe how diverse ncRNAs, including both small RNAs and long ncRNAs, may be used to engineer resistance against plant viruses. We discuss how double-stranded RNAs and small RNAs, such as artificial microRNAs and trans-acting small interfering RNAs, either produced in transgenic plants or delivered exogenously to non-transgenic plants, may constitute powerful RNA interference (RNAi)-based technology that can be exploited to control plant viruses. Additionally, we describe how RNA guided CRISPR-CAS gene-editing systems have been deployed to inhibit plant virus infections, and we provide a comparative analysis of RNAi approaches and CRISPR-Cas technology. The two main strategies for engineering virus resistance are also discussed, including direct targeting of viral DNA or RNA, or inactivation of plant host susceptibility genes. We also elaborate on the challenges that need to be overcome before such technologies can be broadly exploited for crop protection against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Taliansky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (S.K.Z.); (I.F.); (N.O.K.)
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Viktoria Samarskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (S.K.Z.); (I.F.); (N.O.K.)
| | - Sergey K. Zavriev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (S.K.Z.); (I.F.); (N.O.K.)
| | - Igor Fesenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (S.K.Z.); (I.F.); (N.O.K.)
| | - Natalia O. Kalinina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (S.K.Z.); (I.F.); (N.O.K.)
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrew J. Love
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (A.J.L.)
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23
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Torrance L, Talianksy ME. Potato Virus Y Emergence and Evolution from the Andes of South America to Become a Major Destructive Pathogen of Potato and Other Solanaceous Crops Worldwide. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121430. [PMID: 33322703 PMCID: PMC7764287 DOI: 10.3390/v12121430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The potato was introduced to Europe from the Andes of South America in the 16th century, and today it is grown worldwide; it is a nutritious staple food eaten by millions and underpins food security in many countries. Unknowingly, potato virus Y (PVY) was also introduced through trade in infected potato tubers, and it has become the most important viral pathogen of potato. Phylogenetic analysis has revealed the spread and emergence of strains of PVY, including strains causing economically important diseases in tobacco, tomato and pepper, and that the virus continues to evolve with the relatively recent emergence of new damaging recombinant strains. High-throughput, next-generation sequencing platforms provide powerful tools for detection, identification and surveillance of new PVY strains. Aphid vectors of PVY are expected to increase in incidence and abundance in a warmer climate, which will increase the risk of virus spread. Wider deployment of crop cultivars carrying virus resistance will be an important means of defence against infection. New cutting-edge biotechnological tools such as CRISPR and SIGS offer a means for rapid engineering of resistance in established cultivars. We conclude that in future, human activities and ingenuity should be brought to bear to control PVY and the emergence of new strains in key crops by increased focus on host resistance and factors driving virus evolution and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Torrance
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK;
- The School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael E. Talianksy
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK;
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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24
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Leone M, Zavallo D, Venturuzzi A, Asurmendi S. RdDM pathway components differentially modulate Tobamovirus symptom development. Plant Mol Biol 2020; 104:467-481. [PMID: 32813230 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The crop yield losses induced by phytoviruses are mainly associated with the symptoms of the disease. DNA modifications as methylation can modulate the information coded by the sequence, process named epigenetics. Viral infection can change the expression patterns of different genes linked to defenses and symptoms. This work represents the initial step to expose the role of epigenetic process, in the production of symptoms associated with plants-virus interactions. Small RNAs (sRNAs) are important molecules for gene regulation in plants and play an essential role in plant-pathogen interactions. Researchers have evaluated the relationship between viral infections as well as the endogenous accumulation of sRNAs and the transcriptional changes associated with the production of symptoms, but little is known about a possible direct role of epigenetics, mediated by 24-nt sRNAs, in the induction of these symptoms. Using different RNA directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway mutants and a triple demethylase mutant; here we demonstrate that the disruption of RdDM pathway during viral infection produce alterations in the plant transcriptome and in consequence changes in plant symptoms. This study represents the initial step in exposing that DNA methylation directed by endogenous sRNAs has an important role, uncoupled to defense, in the production of symptoms associated with plant-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Leone
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, Hurlingham, B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Zavallo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, Hurlingham, B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Venturuzzi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, Hurlingham, B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Asurmendi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, Hurlingham, B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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25
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Naoi T, Kitabayashi S, Kasai A, Sugawara K, Adkar-Purushothama CR, Senda M, Hataya T, Sano T. Suppression of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 in tomatoes allows potato spindle tuber viroid to invade basal part but not apical part including pluripotent stem cells of shoot apical meristem. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236481. [PMID: 32716919 PMCID: PMC7384629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6) is one of the key factors in plant defense responses and suppresses virus or viroid invasion into shoot apical meristem (SAM) in Nicotiana benthamiana. To evaluate the role of Solanum lycopersicum (Sl) RDR6 upon viroid infection, SlRDR6-suppressed (SlRDR6i) ‘Moneymaker’ tomatoes were generated by RNA interference and inoculated with intermediate or lethal strain of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). Suppression of SlRDR6 did not change disease symptoms of both PSTVd strains in ‘Moneymaker’ tomatoes. Analysis of PSTVd distribution in shoot apices by in situ hybridization revealed that both PSTVd strains similarly invade the basal part but not apical part including pluripotent stem cells of SAM in SlRDR6i plants at a low rate unlike a previous report in N. benthamiana. In addition, unexpectedly, amount of PSTVd accumulation was apparently lower in SlRDR6i plants than in control tomatoes transformed with empty cassette in early infection especially in the lethal strain. Meanwhile, SlRDR6 suppression did not affect the seed transmission rates of PSTVd. These results indicate that RDR6 generally suppresses PSTVd invasion into SAM in plants, while suppression of RDR6 does not necessarily elevate amount of PSTVd accumulation. Additionally, our results suggest that host factors such as RDR1 other than RDR6 may also be involved in the protection of SAM including pluripotent stem cells from PSTVd invasion and effective RNA silencing causing the decrease of PSTVd accumulation during early infection in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Naoi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Syoya Kitabayashi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kasai
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kohei Sugawara
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Charith Raj Adkar-Purushothama
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine des Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée au Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Mineo Senda
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuji Hataya
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TH); (TS)
| | - Teruo Sano
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
- * E-mail: (TH); (TS)
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26
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Zhigailov AV, Alexandrova AM, Nizkorodova AS, Stanbekova GE, Kryldakov RV, Karpova OV, Polimbetova NS, Halford NG, Iskakov BK. Evidence That Phosphorylation of the α-Subunit of eIF2 Does Not Essentially Inhibit mRNA Translation in Wheat Germ Cell-Free System. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:936. [PMID: 32655610 PMCID: PMC7324750 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A mechanism based on reversible phosphorylation of the α-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) has been confirmed as an important regulatory pathway for the inhibition of protein synthesis in mammalian and yeast cells, while plants constitute the significant exception. We studied the induction of TaeIF2α phosphorylation in germinated wheat (Triticum aestivum) embryos subjected to different adverse conditions. Data confirmed that formation of TaeIF2(αP) was not a general response, as no phosphorylation was observed under salt, oxidative, or heat stress. Nevertheless, treatment by salicylic acid, UV-light, cold shock and histidinol did induce phosphorylation of TaeIF2α of wheat as has been established previously for AteIF2α in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The influence of TaeIF2α phosphorylation on translation of reporter mRNA with different 5'-untranslated regions (5'UTRs) was studied in wheat germ cell-free system (WG-CFS), in which TaeIF2α was first phosphorylated either by heterologous recombinant human protein kinase, HsPKR (activated by double-stranded (ds)RNA), or by endogenous protein kinase TaGCN2 (activated by histidinol). Pretreatment of WG-CFS with HsPKR in the presence of dsRNA or with histidinol resulted in intense phosphorylation of TaeIF2α; however, the translation levels of all tested mRNAs decreased by only 10-15% and remained relatively high. In addition, factor OceIF2 from rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) bound GDP much more strongly than the homologous factor TaeIF2 from wheat germ. Furthermore, factor OceIF2B was able to stimulate guanine nucleotide exchange (GDP→GTP) on OceIF2 but had no effect on a similar exchange on TaeIF2. These results suggest that the mechanism of stress response via eIF2α phosphorylation is not identical in all eukaryotes, and further research is required to find and study in detail new plant-specific mechanisms that may inhibit overall protein synthesis in plants under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Zhigailov
- M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Alena M. Alexandrova
- M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Anna S. Nizkorodova
- M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulshan E. Stanbekova
- M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Ruslan V. Kryldakov
- M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Oxana V. Karpova
- M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nailya S. Polimbetova
- M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nigel G. Halford
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Bulat K. Iskakov
- M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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27
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Amari K, Niehl A. Nucleic acid-mediated PAMP-triggered immunity in plants. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 42:32-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Križnik M, Baebler Š, Gruden K. Roles of small RNAs in the establishment of tolerant interaction between plants and viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 42:25-31. [PMID: 32480352 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In a tolerant plant-virus interaction, viral multiplication is sustained without substantial effects on plant growth or reproduction. Such interactions are, in natural environments, frequent and sometimes even beneficial for both interactors. Here we compiled evidence showing that small RNAs modulate plant immune responses and growth, hence adjusting its physiology to enable a tolerant interaction. Importantly, the role of small RNAs in tolerant interactions resembles that required for establishment of a mutualistic symbiosis. Tolerance can become a sustainable strategy for breeding for virus resistance as selection pressure for emergence of more aggressive strains is low. Understanding the processes underlying establishment of tolerance is, therefore, important for the development of future crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Križnik
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Baebler
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Gruden
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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29
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Abstract
Plant viruses are important pathogens that cause serious crop losses worldwide. They are obligate intracellular parasites that commandeer a wide array of proteins, as well as metabolic resources, from infected host cells. In the past two decades, our knowledge of plant-virus interactions at the molecular level has exploded, which provides insights into how plant-infecting viruses co-opt host cellular machineries to accomplish their infection. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how plant viruses divert cellular components from their original roles to proviral functions. One emerging theme is that plant viruses have versatile strategies that integrate a host factor that is normally engaged in plant defense against invading pathogens into a viral protein complex that facilitates viral infection. We also highlight viral manipulation of cellular key regulatory systems for successful virus infection: posttranslational protein modifications for fine control of viral and cellular protein dynamics; glycolysis and fermentation pathways to usurp host resources, and ion homeostasis to create a cellular environment that is beneficial for viral genome replication. A deeper understanding of viral-infection strategies will pave the way for the development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Hyodo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Tetsuro Okuno
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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30
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Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a common pattern formed during the replication of both RNA and DNA viruses. Perception of virus-derived dsRNAs by specialized receptor molecules leads to the activation of various antiviral measures. In plants, these defensive processes include the adaptive RNA interference (RNAi) pathway and innate pattern-triggered immune (PTI) responses. While details of the former process have been well established in recent years, the latter are still only partially understood at the molecular level. Nonetheless, emerging data suggest extensive cross talk between the different antiviral mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that dsRNA-binding protein 2 (DRB2) of Nicotiana benthamiana plays a direct role in potato virus X (PVX)-elicited systemic necrosis. These results establish that DRB2, a known component of RNAi, is also involved in a virus-induced PTI response. In addition, our findings suggest that RNA-dependent polymerase 6 (RDR6)-dependent dsRNAs play an important role in the triggering of PVX-induced systemic necrosis. Based on our data, a model is formulated whereby competition between different DRB proteins for virus-derived dsRNAs helps establish the dominant antiviral pathways that are activated in response to virus infection.IMPORTANCE Plants employ multiple defense mechanisms to restrict viral infections, among which RNA interference is the best understood. The activation of innate immunity often leads to both local and systemic necrotic responses, which confine the virus to the infected cells and can also provide resistance to distal, noninfected parts of the organism. Systemic necrosis, which is regarded as a special form of the local hypersensitive response, results in necrosis of the apical stem region, usually causing the death of the plant. Here, we provide evidence that the dsRNA-binding protein 2 of Nicotiana benthamiana plays an important role in virus-induced systemic necrosis. Our findings are not only compatible with the recent hypothesis that DRB proteins act as viral invasion sensors but also extends it by proposing that DRBs play a critical role in establishing the dominant antiviral measures that are triggered during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Fátyol
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Katalin Anna Fekete
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Márta Ludman
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation, Gödöllő, Hungary
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31
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Corrêa RL, Sanz-Carbonell A, Kogej Z, Müller SY, Ambrós S, López-Gomollón S, Gómez G, Baulcombe DC, Elena SF. Viral Fitness Determines the Magnitude of Transcriptomic and Epigenomic Reprograming of Defense Responses in Plants. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:1866-1881. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Although epigenetic factors may influence the expression of defense genes in plants, their role in antiviral responses and the impact of viral adaptation and evolution in shaping these interactions are still poorly explored. We used two isolates of turnip mosaic potyvirus with varying degrees of adaptation to Arabidopsis thaliana to address these issues. One of the isolates was experimentally evolved in the plant and presented increased load and virulence relative to the ancestral isolate. The magnitude of the transcriptomic responses was larger for the evolved isolate and indicated a role of innate immunity systems triggered by molecular patterns and effectors in the infection process. Several transposable elements located in different chromatin contexts and epigenetic-related genes were also affected. Correspondingly, mutant plants having loss or gain of repressive marks were, respectively, more tolerant and susceptible to turnip mosaic potyvirus, with a more efficient response against the ancestral isolate. In wild-type plants, both isolates induced similar levels of cytosine methylation changes, including in and around transposable elements and stress-related genes. Results collectively suggested that apart from RNA silencing and basal immunity systems, DNA methylation and histone modification pathways may also be required for mounting proper antiviral defenses and that the effectiveness of this type of regulation strongly depends on the degree of viral adaptation to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis L Corrêa
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Sanz-Carbonell
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Zala Kogej
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sebastian Y Müller
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Ambrós
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara López-Gomollón
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gustavo Gómez
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - David C Baulcombe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Santiago F Elena
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM
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32
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Baebler Š, Coll A, Gruden K. Plant Molecular Responses to Potato Virus Y: A Continuum of Outcomes from Sensitivity and Tolerance to Resistance. Viruses 2020; 12:E217. [PMID: 32075268 PMCID: PMC7077201 DOI: 10.3390/v12020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is the most economically important virus affecting potato production. PVY manipulates the plant cell machinery in order to successfully complete the infecting cycle. On the other side, the plant activates a sophisticated multilayer immune defense response to combat viral infection. The balance between these mechanisms, depending on the plant genotype and environment, results in a specific outcome that can be resistance, sensitivity, or tolerance. In this review, we summarize and compare the current knowledge on molecular events, leading to different phenotypic outcomes in response to PVY and try to link them with the known molecular mechanisms.
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33
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Li F, Wang A. RNA-Targeted Antiviral Immunity: More Than Just RNA Silencing. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:792-805. [PMID: 31213342 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RNA silencing is a fundamental, evolutionarily conserved mechanism that regulates gene expression in eukaryotes. It also functions as a primary immune defense in microbes, such as viruses in plants. In addition to RNA silencing, RNA decay and RNA quality-control pathways are also two ancestral forms of intrinsic antiviral immunity, and the three RNA-targeted pathways may operate cooperatively for their antiviral function. Plant viruses encode viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) to suppress RNA silencing and facilitate virus infection. In response, plants may activate a counter-counter-defense mechanism to cope with VSR-mediated RNA silencing suppression. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of RNA silencing, RNA decay, and RNA quality control in antiviral defense, and highlight the mechanisms by which viruses compromise RNA-targeted immunity for their infection and survival in plants.
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