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Amoozmehr A, Dastar B, Ashayerizadeh O, Mirshekar R, Abdollahi MR. Effect of feed form and nutrient density on growth performance, blood parameters, and intestinal traits in broiler breeder pullets. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102700. [PMID: 37141808 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feed form and nutrient density on growth performance, blood parameters, and intestinal traits of broiler breeder pullets during grower (7-19 wk) and pre-breeder (19 weeks to 5% production) periods. A total of 450 female broiler breeder pullets were used in a completely randomized design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement including 3 feed forms (mash, crumble, and pellet) and 2 nutrient densities (standard diet with the nutrient requirement of Ross 308 parent stock nutrition specification, and diluted diet by using sunflower hull to have 10% lower nutrient than the standard diet). Five replicates with 15 pullets per replicate were allocated to each of the 6 treatments. Blood samples were collected at 19 wk of age. Egg production reached 5% in the mid of 25 wk. Results showed that pullets fed crumble or pellet diets had greater body weight gain and a lower feed to gain ratio (F:G; P < 0.001). Diet dilution led to a decrease in body weight gain while increasing the F:G (P < 0.05). Pullets fed the pellet diets had shorter eating times than those fed crumble diets, whereas the longest eating time belonged to pullets fed mash diets (P < 0.001). Pullets fed pellet diet had a greater heterophil to lymphocyte (H/L) ratio than those fed crumble or mash diets (P = 0.007). Diluting the diet led to a decrease in the H/L ratio (P = 0.026). Neither feed form nor nutrient density had a significant effect on body weight uniformity, blood glucose and lipid concentrations, liver enzyme activities, and intestinal traits (P > 0.05). It can be concluded that pelleted or crumbled diets with lower nutrient density can be considered in broiler breeder's pullets feeding with no detrimental effect on their performance or health state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anvar Amoozmehr
- Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Shahid Beheshti Ave, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Behrouz Dastar
- Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Shahid Beheshti Ave, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Omid Ashayerizadeh
- Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Shahid Beheshti Ave, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Reza Mirshekar
- Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Shahid Beheshti Ave, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, New Zealand
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Desbruslais A, Wealleans A, Gonzalez-Sanchez D, di Benedetto M. Dietary fibre in laying hens: a review of effects on performance, gut health and feather pecking. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1960236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Effects of Energy-Restricted Feeding during Rearing on the Performance, Uniformity, and Development of Rugao Layer Breeders at the Initiation of the Laying Period. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082222. [PMID: 34438680 PMCID: PMC8388481 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Three major factors affecting productive performance of laying hens are BW, flock uniformity, and GIT development at the initiation of the laying period. Various feeding management practices to restrict feed intake of broiler breeders during the rearing phase to optimize BW for reproductive performance can improve BW uniformity. Hence, the feed restriction methods used for broiler breeders might be used to improve flock uniformity and the GIT development of laying hens. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of energy-restricted feeding and switching to ad libitum feeding on the performance, uniformity, and development of Rugao layer breeders at the initiation of the laying period. Moderate energy restriction from 8 to 18 weeks of age and switching to ad libitum feeding can stimulate the development of the GIT and improve BW uniformity of layer breeders. Improved ECR was observed overall in the experiment. In addition, the BW of layer breeders recovered after the pullets were switched to ad libitum feeding for 3 weeks. These results provide a theoretical basis for the application of energy-restricted feeding in young layer breeders, which may have important practical importance for layer breeders because a better rearing cycle can be advantageous to production performance. Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the effects of energy-restricted feeding during rearing on the performance, uniformity, and development of layer breeders at the initiation of the laying period. A total of 2400 8-week-old Rugao layer breeders were randomly assigned to one of five groups (480 pullets per group) with eight replicates and were fed one of five diets that were nutritionally equal with the exception of apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) content (2850, 2750, 2650, 2550, and 2450 kcal AMEn/kg) from 8 to 18 weeks of age. The daily amount of feed was restricted to the absolute quantity of the diet consumed by laying hens fed 2850 kcal AMEn per kg diet ad libitum (control). From 18 to 21 weeks of age, all hens were fed a basal diet ad libitum. The body weight (BW) of the laying pullets decreased linearly with increasing energy restriction (p < 0.001) but recovered within 3 weeks of ad libitum feeding (p = 0.290). A gradual increase in the degree of energy restriction resulted in a gradual decrease in average daily weight gain (ADG) and a gradual increase in the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and energy conversion ratio (ECR) from 8 to 18 weeks of age (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.008). In contrast, the ADG and ADFI (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) gradually increased, while the FCR and ECR (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) gradually improved from 18 to 21 weeks of age. From 8 to 21 weeks of age, ECR improved (p = 0.005) with an increasing degree of energy restriction. The energy-restricted feeding for 6 weeks to the end of the trial improved BW uniformity (p < 0.05). The relative length and circumference of tarsus (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), and the relative weights and lengths of the small intestine, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and caeca increased linearly (p < 0.001, p = 0.012, p < 0.007, p = 0.012, p = 0.040; p < 0.001, p = 0.003, p = 0.032, p = 0.029, p = 0.040) with increasing energy restriction at 18 weeks of age. After switching to ad libitum feeding for 3 weeks, the relative weights and lengths of the small intestine, duodenum, and jejunum of laying pullets increased linearly with increasing energy restriction (p < 0.001, p = 0.016, p = 0.011; p = 0.009, p = 0.028, p = 0.032). In conclusion, moderate energy restriction (85.97%, 2450 vs. 2850 kcal AMEn/kg) from 8 to 18 weeks of age and switching to ad libitum feeding from 18 to 21 weeks of age can be used to improve BW uniformity and stimulate the development of the duodenum and jejunum of native layer breeders at the initiation of the laying period without compromising BW.
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Dijkslag MA, Kwakkel RP, Martin-Chaves E, Alfonso-Carrillo C, Walvoort C, Navarro-Villa A. The effects of dietary calcium and phosphorus level, and feed form during rearing on growth performance, bone traits and egg production in brown egg-type pullets from 0 to 32 weeks of age. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101130. [PMID: 33940281 PMCID: PMC8111765 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, effects of feed form (crumbles (CWS), mash (MWS), both with inclusion of 3% finely ground wheat straw, or crumbles with inclusion of 3% oat hulls (COH)), and dietary Ca and P (high and low Ca-P) from 0 to 16 wk of age were studied on growth performance, bone characteristics, and gizzard development of egg-type pullets. The cross-over effect of feeding strategy during rearing on laying performance and egg shell quality was studied from 19 to 32 wk of age. From 0 to 16 wk, ADG, ADFI, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were improved with CWS and COH compared to MWS, but ADG and FCR were improved with MWS compared to CWS and COH from 11 to 16 wk. Uniformity of BW till 11 wk, and tibia breaking strength at 6 and 16 wk were higher with CWS and COH compared to MWS. Tibia ash content at 11 wk and relative empty proventriculus + gizzard weight (EPG) were lower with CWS and COH compared to MWS, also relative EPG at 11 and 16 wk was higher with COH compared to CWS. At 25 wk BW was lower with MWS compared to CWS and COH, but BW was equal for all treatments at 32 wk. The FCR for egg production was improved with COH compared to MWS. Egg shell parameters were not affected by feed form during rearing. Low Ca-P decreased BW uniformity at 6 wk, relative keel bone weight and ash content at 11 wk, tibia ash content at 11 and 16 wk, increased relative EPG at 6 wk, and improved egg shell quality at 32 wk of age. It was concluded that feeding CWS and COH compared to MWS increased growth performance, but had no clear cross-over effect on egg production. Low dietary Ca-P led to a lower bone mineralization during rearing, nevertheless improved egg shell quality at 32 wk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Dijkslag
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, NL-6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Nutrition and Innovation Centre, ForFarmers N.V., NL-7240 AB, Lochem, the Netherlands.
| | - R P Kwakkel
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, NL-6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - E Martin-Chaves
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Poultry Research Centre, El Viso de San Juán, Toledo, 45950, Spain
| | - C Alfonso-Carrillo
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Poultry Research Centre, El Viso de San Juán, Toledo, 45950, Spain
| | - C Walvoort
- Nutrition and Innovation Centre, ForFarmers N.V., NL-7240 AB, Lochem, the Netherlands
| | - A Navarro-Villa
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Poultry Research Centre, El Viso de San Juán, Toledo, 45950, Spain
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Effect of the Pellet and Mash Feed Forms on the Productive Performance, Egg Quality, Nutrient Metabolism, and Intestinal Morphology of Two Laying Hen Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030701. [PMID: 33807718 PMCID: PMC7998960 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although there is an established understanding of the nutritional requirements for poultry production, the evaluation of the feed form for chickens still needs to be further examined. It is generally believed that a pellet diet has a positive effect on chicken growth, but there are some studies that have reported no difference between pellet and mash on chicken’s performance. The present study indicated that pellet diets improved the production performance and nutrition metabolism through positive changes in the laying rate, feed intake, egg albumen quality and apparent digestibility of laying hens. Abstract One of the most important factors that determine feed utilization by chickens is the feed form. Although it is generally believed that pellet diets have a positive effect on chicken growth, there are some studies that have indicated no difference between pellet and mash on chickens performance. This study was conducted to assess the effects of feed form on production performance, egg quality, nutrient metabolism and intestinal morphology in two breed laying hens. Two hundred and sixteen 25-week-old Hy-Line brown (n = 108) and Hy-Line grey (n = 108) hens were selected. Each breed was randomly allocated into two treatments with 6 replications (9 birds in each replication), which were fed mash and pellet diets, respectively. Production performances were recorded daily and egg quality traits were measured every two weeks. At 42 weeks of age, one bird per replication from each experimental group was selected for metabolism determination and intestine morphology observation. Compared with mash diets, pellet diets improved laying rate (p < 0.05), ADFI (average daily feed intake, p < 0.05), egg weight, shell strength, yolk proportion and Haugh unit (p < 0.05) in both breeds and reduced the FCR (feed conversion ratio, p < 0.05) in Hy-Line grey. The apparent digestibility of DM% (dry matter) and CP% (crude protein) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in both breed laying hens fed pellet than those fed mash. The apparent digestibility of P% (phosphorus) and Ca% (calcium) was higher in Hy-Line grey fed pellet and was higher in Hy-Line brown fed mash. Compared to mash diets, pellet diets increased the VH (villus height), CD (crypt depth) and VCR (ratio of villus height to crypt depth) of the small intestine of Hy-Line grey, and increased the VH and CD of duodenum and ileum of Hy-Line brown. Overall, pellet diets improved production performance and nutrition metabolism through positive changes in the laying rate, feed intake, egg albumen quality and apparent digestibility of laying hens. The current findings provided support for the advantages of feeding pellets during the peak egg laying period for the two popular laying hen strains, Hy-Line brown and Hy-Line grey.
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6
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Aziz-Aliabadi F, Hassanabadi A, Golian A, Zerehdaran S. Optimisation of broilers performance to different dietary levels of fibre and different levels and sources of fat from 0 to 14 days of age. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1882345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Aziz-Aliabadi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hassanabadi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Golian
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeed Zerehdaran
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Tüzün AE, Koçer B, Ege G, Bozkurt M. Influence of sunflower meal utilisation on growth performance and digestive tract traits of white strain pullets fed from 29 to 112 d of age. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:285-292. [PMID: 33196293 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1851353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1. A trial was conducted to study the effects of partial replacement of sunflower meal (SFM) for soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance and gastrointestinal tract traits (GIT) in pullets.2. A total of 600 pullets (29 d of age) was randomly assigned to three dietary treatments and fed for 84 d. The birds were fed a practical diet with a low level of crude fibre (CF; LF) or test diets containing a medium or high level of CF (MF and HF) by partial (50% to 75%) replacement of SBM with SFM. Accordingly, the grower diets contained 29, 40 and 51 g CF/kg, which corresponded to 31, 45 and 59 g CF/kg in developer diets. Each dietary treatment was replicated 8 times (25 pullets per replicate).3. Body weight did not differ significantly among treatments at d 29, 84 and 112 d but increased (P < 0.05) with SFM supplementation at d 54. From 29 to 112 d of age, daily feed and energy intake linearly increased (P < 0.01) with SFM supplementation, but body weight gain and feed conversion ratios were comparable amongst the groups.4. Digestive organ size was not affected by the dietary treatments, but gizzard weight increased in pullets fed MF and HF diets (P < 0.01). Digesta pH in the gizzard, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were reduced linearly (P < 0.01) with SFM supplementation, while a quadratic response was observed for proventriculus pH (P < 0.05).5. Small intestine morphology traits improved with a moderate level of CF intake, whereas no benefit was observed with a high level of CF consumption.6. The results showed that use of SFM up to 140 g/kg can be recommended for pullets fed diets based on corn and soybean meal. However, smaller intestinal absorptive capacity with higher SFM supplementation may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Tüzün
- Koçarlı Vocational School, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - B Koçer
- Agricultural Extension and In-Service Training Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Aydın, Turkey
| | - G Ege
- Directorate of Food Control Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - M Bozkurt
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
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Bozkurt M, Gianneııas I, Çabıık M, Tüzin AE. The effect of feed structure on gastrointestinal tract traits and performance in laying hens: an overview of 70 years’ experience. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1790330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Bozkurt
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - I. Gianneııas
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M. Çabıık
- Department of Poultry Science, Vocational School of Celal Bayar University, Akhisar, Turkey
| | - A. E. Tüzin
- Department of Organic Farming, Vocational School of Koçarlı, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
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Sozcu A, Ipek A. The effects of lignocellulose supplementation on laying performance, egg quality parameters, aerobic bacterial load of eggshell, serum biochemical parameters, and jejunal histomorphological traits of laying hens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3179-3187. [PMID: 32475454 PMCID: PMC7597654 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the effects of lignocellulose supplementation (LS) on performance parameters, egg quality, aerobic bacterial load of eggshell, serum biochemical parameters, and jejunal histomorphological traits of laying hens between 18 and 38 wk of age. A total of 640 pullets at 16 wk of age were allotted to 4 treatment groups as 0 kg (control, CONT), 0.5 kg, 1 kg, and 2 kg LS per ton of feed. Body weight (BW), daily feed intake, egg production (EP), egg weight (EW), and efficiency of feed utilization (EF) were determined as the mean of each 3-wk period between 18 and 38 wk of age. Laying hens in the 1 kg LS group had a higher BW mean (1632.1 g, P < 0.001). The highest mean value of EP and EW were observed in 1 kg LS group (81.8% and 57.3 g, respectively), whereas the lowest values were found in the 2 kg LS group (78.6% and 54.4 g, respectively, P < 0.001). The mean of EF was the lowest in the 1 kg LS group (2.72, P < 0.001). There was a decline in eggshell breaking strength and eggshell thickness in the 2 kg LS, when compared with the 0.5 and 1 kg LS groups (P < 0.001). The total aerobic bacterial load of the eggshell was the lowest in the 1 kg LS group (4.7 log10 cfu/mL). The level of aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase showed an increment in both the CONT and 2 kg LS groups (P < 0.001). The high level of LS (2 kg per ton of feed) caused a decline in the levels of IgY, IgA and IgM, when compared to the 0.5 and 1 kg LS groups (P < 0.001). Laying hens in 0.5 and 1 kg LS groups had longer villus height (1335.9 μm) in the jejunum than the others (P < 0.001). These findings showed that the 1 kg LS per ton of feed improved EP and EW, eggshell quality, immunoglobulin levels and intestinal morphology, and decreased the total aerobic bacterial load.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sozcu
- Odemis Vocational High School, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - A Ipek
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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García J, Fondevila G, Cámara L, Scappaticcio RE, Aguirre L, Mateos GG. Influence of egg weight and inclusion of oat hulls in the diet on digestive tract traits and growth performance of brown pullets reared under stress conditions. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5767-5777. [PMID: 31287890 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the influence of pre-hatch egg weight (EW) and the inclusion of oat hulls (OH) in the diet on gastrointestinal tract (GIT) traits and growth performance of pullets reared under stress conditions early in life. There were 14 treatments organized as a 7 × 2 factorial with 7 EW groups (47.0 to 54.0 g differing in 1 g between groups) and 2 inclusion levels of OH in the diet (0 vs. 3%). The pullets were reared under a series of stresses early in life (no access to feed for extended time post-hatching, reduced accessibility to feed and water at arrival to the farm, reduced ambient temperature at night, low light intensity, and hot-blade beak trimming at 18 D of age). Feed intake, BW gain, and FCR were measured by period (0 to 5, 5 to 10, and 10 to 16 wk of age) and cumulatively. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with EW and OH inclusion as main effects. In addition, EW effect was partitioned into linear and quadratic components. The stress conditions applied affected similarly the growth and GIT development of the pullets, independent of EW. An increase in EW increased BW at hatch and at 5 wk of age linearly (P < 0.05), but no effects were detected thereafter. Oat hulls inclusion increased ADFI and impaired FCR (P < 0.05) from 0 to 5 wk of age but did not affect energy efficiency at any age. At 5 wk of age, the relative weight (% BW) of the GIT decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increases in EW and increased with OH inclusion (P < 0.05). Oat hulls inclusion increased the relative weight of the gizzard at all ages (P < 0.01). In conclusion, egg weight did not affect pullet growth from hatch to 16 wk of age. Independent of the initial BW of the pullets, OH inclusion improved gizzard development at all ages without affecting growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J García
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Camar Agroalimentaria, S. L., 45212, Lominchar, Toledo, Spain
| | - G Fondevila
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L Cámara
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - L Aguirre
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - G G Mateos
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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García J, Mandalawi HA, Fondevila G, Mateos GG. Influence of beak trimming and inclusion of sodium butyrate in the diet on growth performance and digestive tract traits of brown-egg pullets differing in initial body weight. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3937-3949. [PMID: 30938811 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the effects of beak trimming and sodium-butyrate inclusion in the diet on growth performance and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) traits of brown-egg pullets differing in initial BW. In experiment 1, a total of 6 treatments were organized as a 2 × 3 factorial with 2 BW at hatch (light, 33.9 g and heavy, 37.6 g) and 3 beak trimming protocols [mild (MI-0) or aggressive (AG-0) infrared power setting at hatch and traditional hot blade at 8 D of age (HB-8)] as main effects. Initial BW did not affect growth performance or GIT traits at any age. From hatch to 5 wk of age, HB-8 pullets had lower ADFI (P < 0.01) and ADG (P < 0.05) than MI-0 and AG-0 pullets but no differences were detected after this age. Beak trimming did not affect FCR, BW uniformity, GIT traits, or bacteria count in the excreta at any age. In experiment 2, a total of 12 treatments were organized as a 2 × 3 × 2 factorial, with 2 BW at hatch, 3 beak trimming protocol (as per in experiment 1), and 2 levels of a sodium-butyrate additive (0 vs. 0.3%) as main effects. At 7 D of life, beak treatment reduced pullet growth and AG-0 procedure impaired pullet uniformity (P < 0.001) but the birds recovered completely by day 14 (P < 0.001 for the interaction with time). Cumulatively (0 to 6 wk of age), pullets beak treated at hatch (MI-0 and AG-0) had greater ADFI than HB-8 pullets (P < 0.01). Sodium butyrate tended to improve ADG (P = 0.073) and FCR (P = 0.069) with most of the benefits observed for the first 2 wk of life. In summary, initial BW and beak trimming procedure did not affect final pullet growth in any of the 2 experiments, or GIT traits in experiment 1. Sodium butyrate tended to improve growth and FCR from 0 to 6 wk of age but did not affect BW uniformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J García
- Camar Agroalimentaria, S. L., 45214 Toledo, Spain.,Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - H A Mandalawi
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - G Fondevila
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - G G Mateos
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Bozkurt M, Koçer B, Ege G, Tüzün AE, Bıyık HH, Poyrazoğlu E. Influence of the particle size and form of feed on growth performance, digestive tract traits and nutrient digestibility of white egg-laying pullets from 1 to 112 D of age. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4016-4029. [PMID: 30953064 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the grinding and physical form of diets on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development and nutrient digestibility was studied in layer pullets from hatch to 112 d of age. Diet formed a 2 × 2 factorial with 2 hammer mill screen sizes to grind cereals (4 and 8 mm) and 2 forms (mash and crumble). A total of 864 1-day-old layer chickens were randomly assigned to 1 of the 4 treatment groups with 8 replicates (27 birds per replicate). Cumulatively, pullets fed crumbles consumed less feed (P < 0.05) and had better feed conversion ratio (FCR; P < 0.01) than those fed mash. Coarse grinding cereals (CG) improved FCR (P < 0.05) without significant change in cumulative feed consumption compared to that of fine grinding (FG). With regard to body weight gain (BWG), pullets benefited from crumbles from 1 to 56 d of age (P < 0.01). There were interactions (P < 0.05) between screen size and feed form in relation to FCR (1 to 28 d) and overall BWG. At 112 d of age, the relative weight (RW, g/100 g body weight) of the crop, gizzard, pancreas, and liver of crumble-fed birds were lower (P < 0.05) than those for birds fed mash. Pullets fed coarsely ground feed had higher RW of the crop, proventriculus, gizzard, liver, and caecum compared to those fed finely ground feed. Compared to mash feeding, pullets fed crumbles increased (P < 0.05) total tract digestibility of ether extract and crude protein and the activities of pancreatic amylase and lipase. Digestibility of ether extract (P < 0.05) and pancreatic amylase activity (P < 0.01) were higher in birds fed a CG diet than in birds fed the FG regimen. Regarding the nutrition of egg-laying pullets, crumbles might be preferred to mash feed when the main objective is to improve FCR. Data also suggested that cereals used for pullet feed can be ground more coarsely than is in current practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bozkurt
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın-Turkey
| | - B Koçer
- General Directorate of Research, Erbeyli Experimental Station, Aydın-Turkey
| | - G Ege
- General Directorate of Research, Erbeyli Experimental Station, Aydın-Turkey
| | - A E Tüzün
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Koçarlı Vocational Scholl, South Campus, Aydın-Turkey
| | - H H Bıyık
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın-Turkey
| | - E Poyrazoğlu
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın-Turkey
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Ege G, Bozkurt M, Koçer B, Tüzün AE, Uygun M, Alkan G. Influence of feed particle size and feed form on productive performance, egg quality, gastrointestinal tract traits, digestive enzymes, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of laying hens reared in enriched cages. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3787-3801. [PMID: 30839089 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 640 Lohmann LSL hens were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments arranged in 2 × 2 factorial with 2 feed particle sizes (fine and coarse) and 2 feed forms (mash and crumble). The 2 particle sizes were achieved by grinding whole corn and wheat in the hammer mill to pass through 4- and 8-mm sieves. The laying hen diet was isonutritive, and each diet was fed to 8 enriched cages of 20 hens from 21 to 52 wk of age. Screen size and feed form did not affect feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and quality traits of the eggs, except for yolk color score, which decreased with crumbling of the feed. Feed conversion ratio was greater (P < 0.01) in hens fed the coarsely ground diet than in hens fed the finely ground diet. Crumbling the feed increased (P < 0.01) feed intake and feed conversion ratio compared to those after mashing. The relative weight of the liver and length of the small intestines were greater (P < 0.05) in hens fed crumble than in hens fed mash. Finely grinding cereals decreased (P < 0.01) the pancreas and gizzard weight compared to those after coarse grinding. The pH of digestive organs showed significant responses to feed form. Crumbling resulted in increased (P < 0.01) pancreatic activities of amylase, while lipase secretion was not affected by the manipulations in screen size and feed form. Ileal villus measurements (villus height, villus height/crypt depth ratio, villus surface area) were greater (P < 0.01) in hens fed crumble than in hens fed mash, whereas particle size had no effect. Total tract digestibility coefficients of crude ash and ether extracts were improved narrowing screen size from 8 to 4 mm. Data illustrated that grinding cereals to pass through a 4-mm screen could improve the efficiency of feed conversion. However, feeding crumbles provided no benefit to productive performance and egg quality, although the absorptive capacity of laying hens increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ege
- General Directorate of Research, Erbeyli Experimental Station, Aydın-Turkey
| | - M Bozkurt
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın-Turkey
| | - B Koçer
- General Directorate of Research, Erbeyli Experimental Station, Aydın-Turkey
| | - A E Tüzün
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Koçarlı Vocational Scholl, South Campus, Aydın-Turkey
| | - M Uygun
- Chemistry Department, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın-Turkey
| | - G Alkan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın-Turkey
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Mateos G, Cámara L, Fondevila G, Lázaro R. Critical Review of the Procedures Used for Estimation of the Energy Content of Diets and Ingredients in Poultry. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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15
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Jiménez-Moreno E, González-Alvarado J, de Coca-Sinova A, Lázaro R, Cámara L, Mateos G. Insoluble fiber sources in mash or pellets diets for young broilers. 2. Effects on gastrointestinal tract development and nutrient digestibility. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2531-2547. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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Hussein SM, Yokhana JS, Frankel TL. Supplementing the feeds of layer pullets, at different ages with two different fiber sources improves immune function. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2718-2727. [PMID: 28371891 PMCID: PMC7112000 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of lignocellulose supplementation on immune function in layer pullets at different stages of growth. Four-wk-old pullets (Experiment 1) were fed a control, diet (Diet C); Diet C plus 1% mixed soluble/insoluble fiber (Diet MF), or plus 1% insoluble fiber (Diet IF). At 7.5 wk-of-age, heterophil phagocytosis, and oxidative burst in Groups MF (328.5 beads/100 cells; 4,330.0 ΔRFU; relative fluorescent units) and IF (350.3; 5,264.4) were greater (P < 0.05) than Controls (303.4; 3,509.0). At 8 wk-of-age, Group MF and IF relative weights of bursa of Fabricius (0.57 g/100 g BW; 0.58 g /100 g BW), thymus glands (0.77; 0.78), and areas of Peyer's patches (PP) (2.7 cm2; 2.9 cm2) were higher (P < 0.05) than Controls (bursa, 0.50 g; thymus, 0.70 g; PP area, 1.8 cm2). In Experiment 2, 10-wk-old pullets were fed a control diet or diets containing 1.5% MF or IF for 8 wk. At 14 wk-of-age IF pullets had higher (P < 0.05) heterophil phagocytosis efficiency (447.9 beads/100 cells) than Controls (376.4) and MF and IF had greater (P < 0.05) oxidative burst (1,302.9 and 1,857.7 ΔRFU) than Controls (744.1). At 17 wk-of-age MF and IF had increased (P < 0.05) proliferation of T-lymphocytes (ConcanavalinA-stimulated) (100.4 and 103.1% of unstimulated cells) and B-lymphocytes (lipopolysaccharide-stimulated) (122.4 and 129.0) than Controls (ConA, 79.4; lipopolysaccharide, 106.6). At 18 wk-of-age, IF pullets were heavier (1,607.5 g, P < 0.05) than Controls (1,506.5 g), had heavier (P < 0.05) bursa of Fabricius (1.12 g) than MF and Control groups (0.98 g; 0.92 g) and cecal tonsils of MF (0.38 g) and IF (0.39 g) weighted more (P < 0.05) than Controls (0.33 g). Number of jejunal and ileal PP (10.0) in IF pullets was higher (P < 0.05) than Controls (7.1). These results indicate that both MF and IF can improve development of the immune system of young and grower pullets during periods of maturation and involution of lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Theresa L Frankel
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Kimiaeitalab M, Cámara L, Mirzaie Goudarzi S, Jiménez-Moreno E, Mateos G. Effects of the inclusion of sunflower hulls in the diet on growth performance and digestive tract traits of broilers and pullets fed a broiler diet from zero to 21 d of age. A comparative study. Poult Sci 2017; 96:581-592. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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18
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Saldaña B, Gewehr C, Guzmán P, García J, Mateos G. Influence of feed form and energy concentration of the rearing phase diets on productivity, digestive tract development and body measurements of brown-egg laying hens fed diets varying in energy concentration from 17 to 46 wk of age. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Guzmán P, Saldaña B, Bouali O, Cámara L, Mateos G. Effect of level of fiber of the rearing phase diets on egg production, digestive tract traits, and body measurements of brown egg-laying hens fed diets differing in energy concentration. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1836-47. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Berrocoso JD, Menoyo D, Guzmán P, Saldaña B, Cámara L, Mateos GG. Effects of fiber inclusion on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of piglets reared under optimal or poor hygienic conditions. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:3919-31. [PMID: 26440172 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of inclusion of additional fiber in the Phase I diet on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in piglets reared under "optimal" or "poor" hygienic conditions. In both experiments, the design was completely randomized with a control diet that contained 2.2% crude fiber and 8 additional isonutritive diets that included 2.5 or 5.0% of sugar beet pulp (SBP), straw, oat hulls (OH), or wheat middlings (WHM). Preplanned polynomial contrasts were used to study the effects of 1) fiber inclusion (control diet vs. average of the 8 fiber-containing diets), 2) source of fiber, 3) level of fiber, and 4) interaction between source and level of fiber. In Exp. 1 (clean barn), fiber inclusion increased ( < 0.01) the incidence of postweaning diarrhea (PWD) and reduced ( < 0.05) feed efficiency and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of all nutrients except that of CP, which was not affected. Piglet performance was not affected by source or level of dietary fiber. The ATTD of all nutrients decreased ( < 0.05) as the level of fiber increased and was lower in pigs fed straw or OH than in pigs fed SBP or WHM. The apparent ileal digestibility of GE and DM decreased ( < 0.05) with fiber inclusion, a reduction that was more pronounced ( < 0.05) with straw or SBP than with OH inclusion, with WHM inclusion being intermediate. Fiber inclusion did not affect villous height to crypt depth ratio of the ileum mucosa. The inclusion of 5% of a fiber source increased and counts in the cecum ( < 0.001) but the to ratio was not affected. In Exp. 2 (dirty barn), fiber inclusion did not affect piglet performance but tended to increase PWD ( = 0.07). Also, fiber inclusion reduced ( < 0.05) the ATTD of all dietary components except that of CP, which was not affected. Source and level of fiber did not affect ATTD of nutrients except for DM, which was greater for pigs fed SBP than for pigs fed straw ( < 0.05). In conclusion, in the current research, pigs reared under optimal hygienic conditions had lower incidence of PWD, better growth performance, and greater DM and GE digestibility than pigs reared under poor hygienic conditions. An excess of dietary fiber was more detrimental for all these traits in piglets reared under optimal hygienic conditions. The effects of the source and level of fiber on piglet performance was limited in the 2 experiments.
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Guzmán P, Saldaña B, Kimiaeitalab M, García J, Mateos G. Inclusion of fiber in diets for brown-egg laying pullets: Effects on growth performance and digestive tract traits from hatching to 17 weeks of age. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2722-33. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Saldaña B, Guzmán P, Safaa HM, Harzalli R, Mateos GG. Influence of the main cereal and feed form of the rearing phase diets on performance, digestive tract, and body traits of brown-egg laying pullets from hatch to 17 weeks of age. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2650-61. [PMID: 26362977 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of the main cereal and feed form of the rearing phase diets on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract characteristics, and body traits were studied in brown-egg pullets from hatch to 17 wk of age. Eight dietary treatments that were a combination of 2 main cereals (corn vs. wheat) and 4 feeding programs were used. The feeding program consisted in feeding crumbles from 0 to 5, 0 to 10, or 0 to 17 wk of age followed by mash until 17 wk, or feeding mash continuously from 0 to 17 wk. Each treatment was replicated 9 times. From hatch to 17 wk of age, pullets fed corn had similar ADG but poorer feed conversion ratio (FCR; P < 0.001) than pullets fed wheat. Also, pullets fed crumbles continuously (0 to 17 wk) had greater ADG (12.3 vs. 11.5 g; P < 0.001) and better FCR (4.21 vs. 4.36; P < 0.001) than pullets feed mash continuously, with pullets that were changed at any age of the rearing period from crumbles to mash feeding showing intermediate results. At 17 wk of age, the relative weights (% BW) of the gastrointestinal tract and gizzard were greater in pullets fed corn than in pullets fed wheat (P < 0.01) but the relative length (cm/kg full BW) of the small intestine, body, and tarsus was not affected. Pullets fed crumbles continuously had lighter gizzards (P < 0.001), higher gizzard pH (P < 0.001), and were shorter (P < 0.01) than pullets fed mash continuously, with pullets fed the other 2 treatments being intermediate. In summary, wheat can be used in substitution of corn in pullet diets without any adverse effect on growth performance. Feeding crumbles improves pullet performance but hinders gizzard and gastrointestinal tract development. Growth performance, gastrointestinal tract, and body traits of the pullets re-adapt quickly to changes in feed form of the rearing diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Saldaña
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P Guzmán
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - H M Safaa
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Harzalli
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - G G Mateos
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Saldaña B, Guzmán P, Cámara L, García J, Mateos G. Feed form and energy concentration of the diet affect growth performance and digestive tract traits of brown-egg laying pullets from hatching to 17 weeks of age. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1879-93. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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