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Al Amaz S, Mishra B. Embryonic thermal manipulation: a potential strategy to mitigate heat stress in broiler chickens for sustainable poultry production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:75. [PMID: 38831417 PMCID: PMC11149204 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to high environmental temperatures and climate change, heat stress is a severe concern for poultry health and production, increasing the propensity for food insecurity. With climate change causing higher temperatures and erratic weather patterns in recent years, poultry are increasingly vulnerable to this environmental stressor. To mitigate heat stress, nutritional, genetic, and managerial strategies have been implemented with some success. However, these strategies did not adequately and sustainably reduce the heat stress. Therefore, it is crucial to take proactive measures to mitigate the effects of heat stress on poultry, ensuring optimal production and promoting poultry well-being. Embryonic thermal manipulation (TM) involves manipulating the embryonic environment's temperature to enhance broilers' thermotolerance and growth performance. One of the most significant benefits of this approach is its cost-effectiveness and saving time associated with traditional management practices. Given its numerous advantages, embryonic TM is a promising strategy for enhancing broiler production and profitability in the poultry industry. TM increases the standard incubation temperature in the mid or late embryonic stage to induce epigenetic thermal adaption and embryonic metabolism. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the available literature and scientific evidence of the beneficial effect of pre-hatch thermal manipulation on broiler health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadid Al Amaz
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, AgSci 216, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Birendra Mishra
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, AgSci 216, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
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Bernardi O, Fréville M, Ramé C, Reverchon M, Dupont J. Chemerin concentration in egg white in layer and broiler hens during the laying period for 2 successive generations. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103342. [PMID: 38141273 PMCID: PMC10784314 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic selection progress in layers and broilers makes poultry production one of the fastest growing industries. Objectives of the breeding companies are the stability or the increase in the laying rate and the production of viable chicks. New biomarkers are necessary to improve reproductive and egg performances. Chemerin (Chem) produced by oviduct accumulates in egg white (EW). Here, we hypothesized that EW Chem concentration was dependent on the stage of laying and on the breed (layer vs. broiler). In addition, they could be associated to laying performance and fertility parameters. In breeding companies, we collected during 2 successive generations (G0 (mother) and G1 (daughter)) eggs from 100 layers and 100 broilers hens during 5 d at 3 stages: before, after laying peak and at the end of laying period. For each egg, the EW was sampled to measure Chem concentration by ELISA assay. In each generation at the end of laying period, magnums from oviduct, where the EG is formed, were collected in layers and broilers in order to investigate Chem differential expression by RT-qPCR between both breeds. Chem concentration in EW was dependent on the time of laying period and its profile was differently regulated in layers and broilers. Indeed, it increased at the end of laying in layers whereas it decreased after the laying peak in broilers. At the end of laying period, Chem concentration in EW was almost 2-fold higher in layers than in broilers and this was confirmed in both G0 and G1 generations at the Chem mRNA and protein levels in the magnum. For the 2 successive generations, Chem concentration in EW was negatively correlated with the laying rate and the fertility parameter in broiler hens whereas it was negatively correlated with the egg quality (weight of whole egg and weight of albumen) and positively with the fertility rate at some time of laying in layer hens. Taken together, the Chem concentration in EW could be a potential predictive tool for reproductive parameters in genetic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Bernardi
- French Poultry and Aquaculture Breeders Technical Center, Centre INRAE Val de Loire, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; National Centre for Scientific Research, French Institute of Horse and Riding, Research for Agriculture Food and Environment, Tours University, Physiology of Reproduction and Behaviors, UMR85, F-37280 Nouzilly, France
| | - Mathias Fréville
- National Centre for Scientific Research, French Institute of Horse and Riding, Research for Agriculture Food and Environment, Tours University, Physiology of Reproduction and Behaviors, UMR85, F-37280 Nouzilly, France
| | - Christelle Ramé
- National Centre for Scientific Research, French Institute of Horse and Riding, Research for Agriculture Food and Environment, Tours University, Physiology of Reproduction and Behaviors, UMR85, F-37280 Nouzilly, France
| | - Maxime Reverchon
- French Poultry and Aquaculture Breeders Technical Center, Centre INRAE Val de Loire, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- National Centre for Scientific Research, French Institute of Horse and Riding, Research for Agriculture Food and Environment, Tours University, Physiology of Reproduction and Behaviors, UMR85, F-37280 Nouzilly, France.
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Jafari Arvari AR, Mirzaie Goudarzi S, Abdollahi MR, Sadeghi M. A comparative study on the effect of limestone particle size on performance, ileal digestibility of calcium and phosphorus, and bone characteristics in broilers and pullets. Br Poult Sci 2024; 65:52-61. [PMID: 37861101 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2023.2272966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
1. The effects of limestone particle size on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) traits, ileal morphology, duodenal gene expression of calbindin, apparent ileal digestibility coefficients (AIDC) of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) and tibia characteristics in broilers and pullets were assessed in broilers and pullets. These birds have different growth rates and likely different responses to parameters, such as particle size.2. A total of 240 chicks aged one day, 120 Ross 308 female broilers, and 120 Hy-Line pullets were allocated randomly into four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two bird types (broilers vs. pullets) and two limestone particle sizes (<0.5 mm versus 1-2 mm) to give six replicates containing 10 chicks in each from 1 to 21 d of age.3. Feed intake and weight gain were greater (P < 0.001) and feed per gain (FCR) was better (P < 0.001) in broilers compared to pullets from 1 to 21 d of age. Greater villus width (P < 0.01), villus height (P < 0.001) and crypt depth (P < 0.01) were seen for broilers compared to pullets.4. Pullets fed coarse Ca particles had higher calbindin gene expression at 21 d of age (P = 0.05). Both AIDC of Ca and P were higher (P < 0.001) in broilers compared to pullets. The AIDC of Ca from 0.463 to 0.516 was increased (P < 0.05) by feeding coarse limestone particles. A significant interaction was found between bird type and limestone particle size (P < 0.01), where pullets fed coarse Ca particles had higher bone P concentration in tibia than broilers.5. Broilers had better ileum absorptive capacity and growth performance compared to pullets. The AIDC of Ca and P was higher in broilers than in pullets. Increased limestone particle size elevated villus height, AIDC of Ca and concentration of P in the tibia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Jafari Arvari
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - S Mirzaie Goudarzi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - M R Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M Sadeghi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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Iqbal MA, Hadlich F, Reyer H, Oster M, Trakooljul N, Murani E, Perdomo‐Sabogal A, Wimmers K, Ponsuksili S. RNA-Seq-based discovery of genetic variants and allele-specific expression of two layer lines and broiler chicken. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1135-1153. [PMID: 37360029 PMCID: PMC10286233 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the selective breeding of broilers and layers have made poultry production one of the fastest-growing industries. In this study, a transcriptome variant calling approach from RNA-seq data was used to determine population diversity between broilers and layers. In total, 200 individuals were analyzed from three different chicken populations (Lohmann Brown (LB), n = 90), Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL, n = 89), and Broiler (BR, n = 21). The raw RNA-sequencing reads were pre-processed, quality control checked, mapped to the reference genome, and made compatible with Genome Analysis ToolKit for variant detection. Subsequently, pairwise fixation index (F ST) analysis was performed between broilers and layers. Numerous candidate genes were identified, that were associated with growth, development, metabolism, immunity, and other economically significant traits. Finally, allele-specific expression (ASE) analysis was performed in the gut mucosa of LB and LSL strains at 10, 16, 24, 30, and 60 weeks of age. At different ages, the two-layer strains showed significantly different allele-specific expressions in the gut mucosa, and changes in allelic imbalance were observed across the entire lifespan. Most ASE genes are involved in energy metabolism, including sirtuin signaling pathways, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. A high number of ASE genes were found during the peak of laying, which were particularly enriched in cholesterol biosynthesis. These findings indicate that genetic architecture as well as biological processes driving particular demands relate to metabolic and nutritional requirements during the laying period shape allelic heterogeneity. These processes are considerably affected by breeding and management, whereby elucidating allele-specific gene regulation is an essential step towards deciphering the genotype to phenotype map or functional diversity between the chicken populations. Additionally, we observed that several genes showing significant allelic imbalance also colocalized with the top 1% of genes identified by the FST approach, suggesting a fixation of genes in cis-regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frieder Hadlich
- Research Institute for Farm Animal BiologyInstitute of Genome BiologyDummerstorfGermany
| | - Henry Reyer
- Research Institute for Farm Animal BiologyInstitute of Genome BiologyDummerstorfGermany
| | - Michael Oster
- Research Institute for Farm Animal BiologyInstitute of Genome BiologyDummerstorfGermany
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Research Institute for Farm Animal BiologyInstitute of Genome BiologyDummerstorfGermany
| | - Eduard Murani
- Research Institute for Farm Animal BiologyInstitute of Genome BiologyDummerstorfGermany
| | | | - Klaus Wimmers
- Research Institute for Farm Animal BiologyInstitute of Genome BiologyDummerstorfGermany
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesUniversity RostockRostockGermany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Research Institute for Farm Animal BiologyInstitute of Genome BiologyDummerstorfGermany
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Velleman SG. Satellite cell-mediated breast muscle growth and repair: The impact of thermal stress. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1173988. [PMID: 37064890 PMCID: PMC10102635 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1173988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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Halgrain M, Bernardet N, Hennequet-Antier C, Hincke M, Réhault-Godbert S. RNA-seq analysis of the active chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane reveals genes that encode proteins assigned to ion transport and innate immunity. Genomics 2023; 115:110564. [PMID: 36642281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is an extraembryonic membrane that is vital for the embryo. It undergoes profound cell differentiation between 11 and 15 days of embryonic incubation (EID), which corresponds to the acquisition of its physiological functions. To gain insight into the functional genes that accompany these biological changes, RNA sequencing of the CAM at EID11 and EID15 was performed. Results showed that CAM maturation coincides with the overexpression of 4225 genes, including many genes encoding proteins involved in mineral metabolism, innate immunity, homeostasis, angiogenesis, reproduction, and regulation of hypoxia. Of these genes, some exhibit variability in expression depending on the chicken breed (broiler versus layer breeds). Besides the interest of these results for the poultry sector, the identification of new functional gene candidates opens additional research avenues in the field of developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christelle Hennequet-Antier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, BioinfOmics, MIGALE bioinformatics facility, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Maxwell Hincke
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; LE STUDIUM Research Consortium, Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, Orléans-Tours, France
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Malila Y, Thanatsang KV, Sanpinit P, Arayamethakorn S, Soglia F, Zappaterra M, Bordini M, Sirri F, Rungrassamee W, Davoli R, Petracci M. Differential expression patterns of genes associated with metabolisms, muscle growth and repair in Pectoralis major muscles of fast- and medium-growing chickens. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275160. [PMID: 36190974 PMCID: PMC9529130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of genes related to muscle growth, hypoxia and oxidative stress responses, a multi-substrate serine/threonine-protein kinase (AMPK) and AMPK-related kinases, carbohydrate metabolism, satellite cells activities and fibro- adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) in fast-growing (FG) (n = 30) and medium-growing (MG) chickens (n = 30). Pectoralis major muscles were collected at 7d, 14d, 21d, 28d, 35d and 42d of age. According to their macroscopic features, the samples from FG up to 21d of age were classified as unaffected, while all samples collected at an older age exhibited macroscopic features ascribable to white striping and/or wooden breast abnormalities. In contrast, MG samples did not show any feature associated to muscle disorders. The absolute transcript abundance of 33 target genes was examined by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction. The results showed differential gene expression profiles between FG and MG chickens at different ages. While most genes remained unchanged in MG chickens, the expression patterns of several genes in FG were significantly affected by age. Genes encoding alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 2 and gamma 3 isoforms of AMPK, as well as AMPK-related kinases, were identified as differentially expressed between the two strains. The results support the hypothesis of oxidative stress-induced muscle damage with metabolic alterations in FG chickens. An increased expression of ANXA2, DES, LITAF, MMP14, MYF5 and TGFB1 was observed in FG strain. The results suggest the occurrence of dysregulation of FAP proliferation and differentiation occurring during muscle repair. FAPs could play an important role in defining the proliferation of connective tissue (fibrosis) and deposition of intermuscular adipose tissue which represents distinctive traits of muscle abnormalities. Overall, these findings demonstrate that dysregulated molecular processes associated with myopathic lesions in chickens are strongly influenced by growth rate, and, to some extent, by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwares Malila
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Pornnicha Sanpinit
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sopacha Arayamethakorn
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Francesca Soglia
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Cesena (FC), Italy
| | - Martina Zappaterra
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna (BO), Italy
| | - Martina Bordini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna (BO), Italy
| | - Federico Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Cesena (FC), Italy
| | - Wanilada Rungrassamee
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Roberta Davoli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna (BO), Italy
| | - Massimiliano Petracci
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Cesena (FC), Italy
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Shen X, Cui C, Tang S, Han S, Zhang Y, Xia L, Tan B, Ma M, Kang H, Yu J, Zhu Q, Yin H. MyoG-enhanced circGPD2 regulates chicken skeletal muscle development by targeting miR-203a. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:2212-2224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Erensoy K, Sarıca M. Fast growing broiler production from genetically different pure lines in Turkey. 1. Parental traits: growth, feed intake, reproduction, and hatching traits. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:322. [PMID: 36161536 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03319-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to reveal the trends in age-related growth, feed intake, reproduction, and hatchability traits in 5 pure line (PL) breeders (3 dam [A1: slow-feathering, A2: fast-feathering, A3: slow-feathering] and 2 sire [B1: fast-feathering, B2: fast-feathering]) and their reciprocal two-way cross parent stock (PS) breeders (6 female [A1♂ × A2♀; A1♂ × A3♀; A2♂ × A1♀; A2♂ × A3♀; A3♂ × A1♀; A3♂ × A2♀] and 2 male [B1♂ × B2♀; B2♂ × B1♀]) and to identify heterotic effects in two-way cross PS combinations showing superiority over PL breeders. In the rearing period, 60 females and 15 males in the each PL group, 120 females in each female PS and 120 males in each male PS breeders, and 40 females and 5 males were used in each PL and PS genotype in the laying period. Body weight (BW), average daily feed intake (ADFI), reproductive traits (age at first egg [AFE], age at sexual maturity [ASM], egg number, weekly and total %Lay, egg weight, egg mass), hatching traits (fertility, hatchability of fertile [HOF] and set [HOS] and embryonic mortality), and heterosis (%) values for some traits were assesed. Both males and females of PLs and PSs had different BW at 4 and 8 weeks of age (P < 0.01), but had similar BW from 12 to 24 weeks of age. The A2, B1, and B2 hens had a higher BW (nearly 4000 g) than the others at 31 weeks of age (P < 0.01), and B2 hens showed a BW of more than 5000 g at 64 weeks (P < 0.001). Weekly ADFI per female in rearing, laying, and overall period was not different between groups. The A1 (179 days), A3 (183 days), two-way cross (from 175.5 to 185.5 days) hens started laying at a similar age and earlier than B1 (184 days), A2 (192 days), and B2 (194 days) hens. From AFE to 64 weeks, %Lay was the highest in the A1 line (69.7%), lowest in the B1 (45.3%) and B2 (48.8%) line, and between 56.9 and 64.8% in PS breeder hens. The PS eggs tended to have higher fertility, HOF, and HOS, and less embryonic mortality compared to PL eggs. Negative and low heterosis for AFE was observed in PS eggs, while positive heterosis for fertility, HOF, and HOS was generally observed in four-way hybrid eggs. The highest heterosis for the 64-week cumulative egg number was observed in A3 × A2 hens. Our study results show that mating of B1 × B2 males with A3 × A2 females seems more favorable in terms of higher egg or chick production. However, more knowledge is also needed for the overall efficiency of each PS, including the final performance of its hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Erensoy
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Musa Sarıca
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
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Temporal Expression of Myogenic Regulatory Genes in Different Chicken Breeds during Embryonic Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710115. [PMID: 36077516 PMCID: PMC9456251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic units of skeletal muscle in all vertebrates are multinucleate myofibers, which are formed from the fusion of mononuclear myoblasts during the embryonic period. In order to understand the regulation of embryonic muscle development, we selected four chicken breeds, namely, Cornish (CN), White Plymouth Rock (WPR), White Leghorn (WL), and Beijing-You Chicken (BYC), for evaluation of their temporal expression patterns of known key regulatory genes (Myomaker, MYOD, and MSTN) during pectoral muscle (PM) and thigh muscle (TM) development. The highest expression level of Myomaker occurred from embryonic days E13 to E15 for all breeds, indicating that it was the crucial stage of myoblast fusion. Interestingly, the fast-growing CN showed the highest gene expression level of Myomaker during the crucial stage. The MYOD gene expression at D1 was much higher, implying that MYOD might have an important role after hatching. Histomorphology of PM and TM suggested that the myofibers was largely complete at E17, which was speculated to have occurred because of the expression increase in MSTN and the expression decrease in Myomaker. Our research contributes to lay a foundation for the study of myofiber development during the embryonic period in different chicken breeds.
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A significant quantitative trait locus on chromosome Z and its impact on egg production traits in seven maternal lines of meat-type chicken. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:96. [PMID: 35941697 PMCID: PMC9361671 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00744-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egg production is economically important in the meat-type chicken industry. To better understand the molecular genetic mechanism of egg production in meat-type chicken, genetic parameter estimation, genome-wide association analyses combined with meta-analyses, Bayesian analyses, and selective sweep analyses were performed to screen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other genetic loci that were significantly associated with egg number traits in 11,279 chickens from seven material lines. RESULTS Yellow-feathered meat-type chickens laid 115 eggs at 43 weeks of age and white-feathered chickens laid 143 eggs at 60 weeks of age, with heritability ranging from 0.034-0.258. Based on meta-analyses and selective sweep analyses, one region (10.81-13.05 Mb) on chromosome Z was associated with egg number in all lines. Further analyses using the W2 line was also associated with the same region, and 29 SNPs were identified that significantly affected estimation of breeding value of egg numbers. The 29 SNPs were identified as having a significant effect on the egg number EBV in 3194 birds in line W2. There are 36 genes in the region, with glial cell derived neurotrophic factor, DAB adaptor protein 2, protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1, NAD kinase 2, mitochondrial, WD repeat domain 70, leukemia inhibitory factor receptor alpha, complement C6, and complement C7 identified as being potentially affecting to egg number. In addition, three SNPs (rs318154184, rs13769886, and rs313325646) associated with egg number were located on or near the prolactin receptor gene. CONCLUSION Our study used genomic information from different chicken lines and populations to identify a genomic region (spanning 2.24 Mb) associated with egg number. Nine genes and 29 SNPs were identified as the most likely candidate genes and variations for egg production. These results contribute to the identification of candidate genes and variants for egg traits in poultry.
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Liu Y, Wei Y, Jiang Q, Li P, Ban Z, Lv Z, Guo Y. Comparative study of apparent metabolizable energy and net energy values of dephenolized cottonseed proteins for laying hens. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 12:72-76. [PMID: 36514375 PMCID: PMC9731882 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optimizing the energy utilization of nutrients and ensuring maximum benefits are continuous goals for livestock producers. The net energy (NE) value of feed reflects its nutritional value in the precision feeding system. An experiment was conducted to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and NE values of 3 types of dephenolized cottonseed protein (DCP) for Hy Line Brown hens aged 42 to 45 weeks using the reference diet substitution method. A reference diet based on corn soybean meal was used to meet the nutritional needs of Hy Line Brown laying hens. To render the crude protein and energy values of the 3 test diets similar, 10.5%, 12%, and 16% of the gross energy yielding ingredients from the reference diet were replaced with DCP 1, DCP 2, and DCP 3, respectively. The birds were fed 4 diets during a 7-d adaptation period. After the dietary adaptation period, 2 birds per replicate from each treatment group were placed in an individual open circuit respiratory calorimetry chamber for a 3-d experimental period. Daily O2 consumption and CO2 production were recorded, and excreta samples were collected. The AME values of DCP 1, DCP 2, and DCP 3 were 3,049.05, 2,820.13, and 2,982.31 kcal/kg of dry matter (DM), respectively. The NE values of DCP 1, DCP 2, DCP 3 were 1,475.77, 1,910.31, and 1,905.37 kcal/kg of DM, respectively, and the NE:AME ratios were 48.40%, 67.74%, and 63.89%, respectively. Our data show that the AME value of DCP does not reflect the nutritional value of the feed. The NE value of DCP with a high ME value was not necessarily high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiuyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhibin Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolism, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, Jilin 136100, China
| | - Zengpeng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Corresponding author.
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Effects of Dietary Inclusion of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate on Growth Performance, Fat Deposition, Bile Acid Metabolism, and Gut Microbiota Function in High-Fat and High-Cholesterol Diet-Challenged Layer Chickens. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3413-3427. [PMID: 36005131 PMCID: PMC9406763 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44080235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive lipid deposition in layer chickens due to inappropriate feeding adversely affects egg production; however, nutritional manipulation methods to deal with this issue are still limited. β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), a metabolite of L-leucine, was recently reported as a lipid-lowering nutrient in mice and pigs, although its role in layers had not been investigated. Here, we employed high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFHCD)−challenged growing layers as an obese model to explore HMB function in the regulation of lipid metabolism and the potential mechanisms involved. We found that dietary supplementation with (0.05% or 0.10%) HMB significantly reduced HFHCD−induced bodyweight growth in layers, mainly due to reduction in abdominal fat deposition. Mechanistically, HMB supplementation enhanced hepatic bile acid synthesis from cholesterol through elevating expression of Cyp7a1, a gene coding a key enzyme in bile acid synthesis. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that HMB supplementation remodeled the diversity and composition of the layers’ cecal microbiota, and the abundance of Bacteroidetes at the phylum level were especially affected. Correlation analysis further indicated a strong negative association between Bacteroidetes abundance and lipid metabolism−related parameters. Taken together, these data suggest that dietary HMB supplementation could improve abdominal fat deposition in layers, probably through modulating hepatic bile acid synthesis and gut microbiota function.
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14
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Adriaensen H, Parasote V, Castilla I, Bernardet N, Halgrain M, Lecompte F, Réhault-Godbert S. How Egg Storage Duration Prior to Incubation Impairs Egg Quality and Chicken Embryonic Development: Contribution of Imaging Technologies. Front Physiol 2022; 13:902154. [PMID: 35711308 PMCID: PMC9194560 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.902154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Storing fertilised eggs prior to incubation is a frequent practice in commercial hatcheries to coordinate activities and synchronise hatchings. However, the conditions used to store eggs can have major impacts on egg quality and the subsequent viability of chicken embryos. While storage temperatures of 16-18°C are classically used in hatcheries, the duration of storage varies from three to more than 10 days. We explored the effect of storage duration (zero, three or 10 days; D0, D3 and D10, respectively) at 16°C, 80% relative humidity (RH) on egg quality (Broiler, Ross 308), using computed tomography (CT) and classical measurements (egg weight, eggshell strength, egg white pH, Haugh units, yolk index and colour). The results revealed that a storage duration of up to 10 days negatively affected some egg quality traits (yolk index and volume, air chamber volume and egg white pH). Eggs stored for three or 10 days were further incubated for 11, 13 or 15 days (37.8°C, 55% RH). Eggs were analysed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT to assess the development of the embryo and internal egg changes occurring during incubation. First, data showed that the fertility and sex ratio of eggs were not affected by storage duration. However, the mortality of viable eggs was increased in the D10 group compared to the D3 group. Results of non-invasive imaging technologies revealed that the storage of eggs for 10 days impaired embryo growth as early as 11 days of incubation (decrease in brain and embryo volumes). Collectively, these data provide new evidence that the duration of egg storage negatively affects embryonic growth. They further corroborate that this parameter is likely to be crucial to synchronising embryonic stages and maybe reducing the hatching window, hence limiting the time spent by newborn chicks in hatchers. In addition, our results highlight that CT and MRI imaging technologies are useful non-invasive tools to evaluate egg quality prior to incubation and the impact of storage (or incubation) practices on developmental growth of the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Adriaensen
- INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly, France.,INRAE, CHU de Tours, Université de Tours, PIXANIM, Nouzilly, France
| | - Vanille Parasote
- INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly, France.,INRAE, CHU de Tours, Université de Tours, PIXANIM, Nouzilly, France
| | - Ines Castilla
- INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly, France.,INRAE, CHU de Tours, Université de Tours, PIXANIM, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - François Lecompte
- INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly, France.,INRAE, CHU de Tours, Université de Tours, PIXANIM, Nouzilly, France
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15
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Ruvalcaba-Gómez JM, Villagrán Z, Valdez-Alarcón JJ, Martínez-Núñez M, Gomez-Godínez LJ, Ruesga-Gutiérrez E, Anaya-Esparza LM, Arteaga-Garibay RI, Villarruel-López A. Non-Antibiotics Strategies to Control Salmonella Infection in Poultry. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:102. [PMID: 35011208 PMCID: PMC8749512 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is a facultative intracellular pathogen causing localized or systemic infections, involving economic and public health significance, and remains the leading pathogen of food safety concern worldwide, with poultry being the primary transmission vector. Antibiotics have been the main strategy for Salmonella control for many years, which has allowed producers to improve the growth and health of food-producing animals. However, the utilization of antibiotics has been reconsidered since bacterial pathogens have established and shared a variety of antibiotic resistance mechanisms that can quickly increase within microbial communities. The use of alternatives to antibiotics has been recommended and successfully applied in many countries, leading to the core aim of this review, focused on (1) describing the importance of Salmonella infection in poultry and the effects associated with the use of antibiotics for disease control; (2) discussing the use of feeding-based (prebiotics, probiotics, bacterial subproducts, phytobiotics) and non-feeding-based (bacteriophages, in ovo injection, vaccines) strategies in poultry production for Salmonella control; and (3) exploring the use of complementary strategies, highlighting those based on -omics tools, to assess the effects of using the available antibiotic-free alternatives and their role in lowering dependency on the existing antimicrobial substances to manage bacterial infections in poultry effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Martín Ruvalcaba-Gómez
- National Center for Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (J.M.R.-G.); (L.J.G.-G.)
| | - Zuamí Villagrán
- Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (Z.V.); (E.R.-G.); (L.M.A.-E.)
| | - Juan José Valdez-Alarcón
- Multidisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Studies, Centenary and Meritorious University of Michoacán of San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán 58893, Mexico;
| | | | - Lorena Jacqueline Gomez-Godínez
- National Center for Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (J.M.R.-G.); (L.J.G.-G.)
| | - Edmundo Ruesga-Gutiérrez
- Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (Z.V.); (E.R.-G.); (L.M.A.-E.)
| | - Luis Miguel Anaya-Esparza
- Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (Z.V.); (E.R.-G.); (L.M.A.-E.)
| | - Ramón Ignacio Arteaga-Garibay
- National Center for Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (J.M.R.-G.); (L.J.G.-G.)
| | - Angélica Villarruel-López
- University Center for Exact and Engineering Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Jalisco 44430, Mexico
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16
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Halgrain M, Bernardet N, Crepeau M, Même N, Narcy A, Hincke M, Réhault-Godbert S. Eggshell decalcification and skeletal mineralization during chicken embryonic development: defining candidate genes in the chorioallantoic membrane. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101622. [PMID: 34959155 PMCID: PMC8717587 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During chicken embryonic development, skeleton calcification mainly relies on the eggshell, whose minerals are progressively solubilized and transported to the embryo via the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). However, the molecular components involved in this process remain undefined. We assessed eggshell demineralization and calcification of the embryo skeleton after 12 and 16 d of incubation, and analyzed the expression of several candidate genes in the CAM: carbonic anhydrases that are likely involved in secretion of protons for eggshell dissolution (CA2, CA4, CA9), ions transporters and regulators (CALB1, SLC4A1, ATP6V1B2, SGK1, SCGN, PKD2) and vitamin-D binding protein (GC). Our results confirmed that eggshell weight, thickness, and strength decreased during incubation, with a concomitant increase in calcification of embryonic skeletal system. In the CAM, the expression of CA2 increased during incubation while CA4 and CA9 were expressed at similar levels at both stages. SCL4A1 and SCGN were expressed, but not differentially, between the two stages, while the expression of ATP6V1B2 and PKD2 genes decreased. The expression of SGK1 and TRPV6 increased over time, although the expression of the latter gene was barely detectable. In parallel, we analyzed the expression of these candidate genes in the yolk sac (YS), which mediates the transfer of yolk minerals to the embryo during the first half of incubation. In YS, CA2 expression increases during incubation, similar to the CAM, while the expression of the other candidate genes decreases. Moreover, CALB1 and GC genes were found to be expressed during incubation in the YS, in contrast to the CAM where no expression of either was detected. This study demonstrates that the regulation of genes involved in the mobilization of egg minerals during embryonic development is different between the YS and CAM extraembryonic structures. Identification of the full suite of molecular components involved in the transfer of eggshell calcium to the embryo via the CAM should help to better understand the role of this structure in bone mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nathalie Même
- INRAE, Université de Tours, BOA, Nouzilly 37380, France
| | - Agnès Narcy
- INRAE, Université de Tours, BOA, Nouzilly 37380, France
| | - Maxwell Hincke
- Departments of Innovation in Medical Education and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada; LE STUDIUM Research Consortium, Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, Orléans-Tours, France
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17
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Kouame YAE, Voemesse K, Lin H, Onagbesan OM, Tona K. Effects of egg storage duration on egg quality, metabolic rate, hematological parameters during embryonic and post-hatch development of guinea fowl broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101428. [PMID: 34601439 PMCID: PMC8531856 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the value of guinea fowl keets, successful incubation of eggs is particularly desirable in this poultry species. This study evaluated the effect of egg storage duration on egg quality, heat production, hematological parameters during embryonic development and post hatch performance of guinea fowl broilers. A total of 800 hatching eggs of guinea fowl were used for this study. Before incubation, 12 eggs per treatment were used to analyse egg quality. Then, eggs were numbered, weighed, and assigned to 2 treatment groups of 400 eggs each according to storage duration of 5, and 10 d at a temperature of 18°C. The eggs were set for incubation at 37.7°C and 55% relative humidity for 28 d in a forced-draft incubator. To determine heat production as a measure of metabolism, 60 eggs in each replicate were transferred to respiratory cages post hatch two 12 wk old guinea fowl were also used to determine heat production. CO2 and O2 were recorded to calculate heat production at internal pipping, hatch and at 12 wk of age. The hatched keets were reared for 12 wk and data were collected on feed intake, body weight and feed conversion ratio. Blood samples were collected at hatch and at 12 wk of age from 24 guinea fowls per treatment to analyze haematological parameters. The results showed that embryos and guinea fowls at 12 wks of age from eggs stored for 5 d had higher (P ˂ 0.05) heat production and body weights. However, a significant higher (P ˂ 0.05) level of basophile, eosinophils, and lymphocytes was observed in guinea fowls from 10 d storage egg. It was concluded that extended duration of egg storage negatively influenced the metabolic rate of embryos. It also impacted hematological parameters which may suggest influence on immune response during embryonic and post-hatch growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A E Kouame
- Excellence Régional center on Avian Science, University of Lomé, Lomé, BP 1515, Togo; Laboratory of Endocrinology and Biology of Animal Reproduction, Felix Houphouët Boigny University, 01BP V 34 Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - K Voemesse
- Excellence Régional center on Avian Science, University of Lomé, Lomé, BP 1515, Togo
| | - H Lin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - O M Onagbesan
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - K Tona
- Excellence Régional center on Avian Science, University of Lomé, Lomé, BP 1515, Togo; Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, School of Agriculture, University of Lome, Lome, BP 1515 Togo
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18
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Dunislawska A, Siwek M, Stadnicka K, Bednarczyk M. Comparison of the Transcriptomic and Epigenetic Profiles of Gonadal Primordial Germ Cells of White Leghorn and Green-Legged Partridgelike Chicken Embryos. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071090. [PMID: 34356106 PMCID: PMC8306151 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Green-legged Partridgelike fowl is a native, dual-purpose Polish chicken. The White Leghorn has been intensively selected for several decades to mainly improve reproductive traits. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) represent the germline stem cells in chickens and are the only cells that can transfer the information stored in the genetic material from generation to generation. The aim of the study was to carry out a transcriptomic and an epigenetic comparison of the White Leghorn and Green-legged Partridgelike gonadal PGCs (gPGCs) at three developmental stages: days 4.5, 8, and 12 of the embryonic development. RNA and DNA were isolated from collected gPGCs. The RNA was further subjected to microarray analysis. An epigenetic analysis was performed based on the global methylation analysis and qMSP method for the particular silenced genes demonstrated in transcriptomic analysis. Statistically significant differences between the gPGCs from both breeds were detected on the day 8 of embryonic development. Global methylation analysis showed significant changes at the methylation level in the White Leghorn gPGCs on day 8 of embryonic development. The results suggest faster development of Green-legged Partridgelike embryos as compared to White Leghorn embryos. Changes in the levels of gene expression during embryonic development are determined by genetic and environmental factors, and this variability is influenced by breed and gender.
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19
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Ben-Gigi R, Haron A, Shinder D, Ruzal M, Druyan S. Differential physiological response of slow- and fast-growing broiler lines to hypoxic conditions during chorioallantoic membrane development. Poult Sci 2021; 100:1192-1204. [PMID: 33518077 PMCID: PMC7858093 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient conditions during chicken embryogenesis, such as insufficient oxygen or changes in temperature, are expected to cause permanent phenotypic changes and affect their posthatch performance. Decades of genetic selection for high growth rate resulted with various physiological and morphological changes that can affect the broiler fitness under environmental stress. To evaluate the selection effect on responses to environmental challenge during embryonic development, and the long-term implications, we have used a unique genetic line, that was not selected for over 30 yr (since 1986), as control for the modern commercial genetic line. At embryonic day 5 (E5), broiler embryos from these 2 genetic lines were divided into 2 treatments: 1) control; 2) 15% O2 concentration for 12 h/day from E5 through E12 the embryonic period of chorioallantoic membrane formation. Embryos and hatched chicks were characterized for physiological and morphological parameters. Significant differences in relative embryo weight and yolk consumption were found between the 2 lines. The modern line was characterized by a higher metabolic rate and rapid growth, supported by higher hemoglobin levels and hematocrit concentrations, whereas the 1986 line had slower metabolism, lower levels of hematocrit and hemoglobin, higher oxygen volume per 1 g of embryonic tissue indicating higher oxygen availability. Both lines exhibited changes in heart rate, and blood parameters corresponding to cardiovascular system adaptation after hypoxic exposure, seemingly implemented to increase oxygen-carrying capacity to the embryo tissues. Our finding stand in agreement that the genetic selection for high growth rate that led to higher metabolism without a fit of the cardiovascular system, increased the imbalance between oxygen supply and demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ben-Gigi
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon Le Tsiyon 7528809, Israel; Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - A Haron
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon Le Tsiyon 7528809, Israel; Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - D Shinder
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon Le Tsiyon 7528809, Israel
| | - M Ruzal
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon Le Tsiyon 7528809, Israel
| | - S Druyan
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon Le Tsiyon 7528809, Israel.
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20
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Maoba S, Ogbuewu IP, Oguttu JW, Mbajiorgu CA. Prediction of responses of indigenous Boschveld chickens to probiotic-yeast additive levels using a quadratic optimisation model. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:148. [PMID: 33515049 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02590-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was performed to determine the nutrient content of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and effect on carcass characteristics, relative internal organ weights, digesta pH, and lengths and weights of the different segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of indigenous Boschveld chickens. Six hundred-day-old unsexed Boschveld chicks were divided into six groups of 100 birds with each group replicated five times. Birds were fed broiler starter from 1 to 49 days and grower diet from 50 to 91 days. Each group was allotted to commercial broiler mash diet supplemented with yeast designated 0 g kg-1 feed (T0), 2.5 g kg-1 feed (T1), 5.0 g kg-1 feed (T2), 7.5 g kg-1 feed (T3), 10.0 g kg-1 feed (T4) and 12.5 g kg-1 feed (T5) in a completely randomised design. Proximate composition of yeast was assessed using the standard method. Live weight, carcass characteristics, organ weights, digesta pH and the lengths and weights of the different segments of the digestive tract were measured and analysed statistically. Probiotic-yeast levels for optimal productivity were determined using a quadratic optimisation model. Results revealed that probiotic-yeast is rich in crude protein (496.0 g kg-1), ash (61.60 g kg-1) and moderate in crude fibre (29.0 g kg-1). Birds in groups fed with diets supplemented with yeast at 7.5 and 10.0 g kg-1 feed gave the best (p < 0.05) carcass characteristics, organ weights, length and weight of the different sections of the digestive system in Boschveld chickens. The optimal inclusion rates of probiotic-yeast that gave the best live weight, carcass characteristics, organ weights and linear measurement of the GIT were found 6.9 and 8.5 g kg-1 feed, suggesting that no single inclusion level optimised all the parameters measured in Boschveld chickens in the present study. In conclusion, yeast is suitable for use as a feed additive and for optimal productivity; it should be included at the rates of 7.5 and 10.0 g kg-1 feed in Boschveld chicken diet. It is recommended that yeast supplementation level beyond 10.0 g kg-1 feed may not be well-tolerated by the Boschveld chickens for best live weight, carcass characteristics, organ weights and linear measurement of the GIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maoba
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - I P Ogbuewu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa.
| | - J W Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - C A Mbajiorgu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa
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21
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Response of turkey pectoralis major muscle satellite cells to hot and cold thermal stress: Effect of growth selection on satellite cell proliferation and differentiation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 252:110823. [PMID: 33148517 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cell (SCs), the main progenitors for post-hatch poultry muscle growth, has maximal mitotic activity and sensitivity to temperature during the first week after hatch. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of hot and cold temperatures on the proliferation and differentiation of SCs from pectoralis major (P. major) muscle of fast-growing 1-week-old Nicholas commercial (NC) turkeys compared to Randombred Control Line 2 (RBC2) turkeys representing commercial turkeys from 1966. Three temperature regimens were used: SCs proliferation at 38 °C (control) with differentiation at 43° or 33 °C; proliferation at 43° or 33 °C with differentiation at 38 °C; or both proliferation and differentiation at 43°, 38°, or 33°C. Satellite cell proliferation and differentiation increased at 43 °C and decreased at 33 °C in both lines. When a thermal challenge was administered during proliferation, greater stimulatory or suppressive effects on differentiation were observed compared to if the thermal challenge was applied only during differentiation in both lines. Expression of myoblast determination protein 1 during proliferation showed a higher increase in the NC line compared to the RBC2 line at 43 °C. Increased myogenin expression was observed in all hot treatment groups in the NC line but was only observed in the RBC2 line if the hot treatment was administered throughout proliferation and differentiation. Cold treatment suppressed myogenin expression independent of line. These results suggest turkey P. major muscle SCs are more sensitive to environmental temperatures during proliferation, and SCs from growth-selected NC turkeys are more sensitive to thermal stress compared to the RBC2 turkeys.
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22
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Rahman A, Syduzzaman M, Khaliduzzaman A, Fujitani S, Kashimori A, Suzuki T, Ogawa Y, Kondo N. Non-destructive sex-specific monitoring of early embryonic growth rate in light brown broiler eggs using light transmission and its correlation with hatching time and chick weight. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:147-155. [PMID: 32902332 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1820952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. Monitoring early embryonic growth rate (EGR) has significant economic and animal welfare benefits. This study focuses on monitoring sex-specific early EGR using light transmission, and correlating this with hatching time and chick weight. For broiler eggs in particular, spectral masking of the light brown eggshells needed to be addressed. This was done using longitudinal visible transmission spectroscopy combined with eggshell colour image analysis. 2. Prior to incubation, colour images of eggs were captured followed by daily measurements of transmission spectra of eggs from days one to nine of incubation. The sex of the eggs was subsequently verified 2 d after hatching. 3. To accurately and sensitively determine sex differences in EGR using light transmission, while minimising interference from eggshell colour and thickness, the ratio of longitudinal transmissions was determined to be most effective at 575 and 610 nm. 3. Embryonic growth was detectable from d 3 (72 h) of incubation, 24 h earlier than previously reported lateral transmission measurements. However, at this time, low blood levels meant that no significant sex-differences (P > 0.05) for the mean T575/T610 ratio were detectable. This may have been due, in part, to spectral masking from the light brown eggshells. At d 7, female embryos had a significantly lower (P < 0.05) mean T575/T610 ratio than males. 4. Although the T575/T610 ratio had low correlations with hatching time and hatch-weight of chicks, this could be a good starting point for further non-destructive investigations for such predictions. 5. In conclusion, the methodology had the sensitivity to differentiate sex-specific early EGR in broiler eggs, even with pigmented eggshells, and has the potential to advance precision hatchery management and poultry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rahman
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Japan.,Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University , Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - M Syduzzaman
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Japan.,Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology , Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - A Khaliduzzaman
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Japan.,Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Sylhet Agricultural University , Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | | | - A Kashimori
- Research and Development, NABEL Co. Ltd , Minami-ku, Japan
| | - T Suzuki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Japan
| | - Y Ogawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Japan
| | - N Kondo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Japan
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23
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van der Wagt I, de Jong IC, Mitchell MA, Molenaar R, van den Brand H. A review on yolk sac utilization in poultry. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2162-2175. [PMID: 32241502 PMCID: PMC7587635 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During incubation, embryonic growth and development are dependent on nutrients deposited in the egg. The content of the yolk can be transferred to the embryo in 2 ways: directly into the intestine via the yolk stalk or through the highly vascularized yolk sac membrane. It has been suggested that, as a result of genetic selection and improved management, the increase in posthatch growth rate and concurrently the increase in metabolic rate of broiler chickens during the last 50 yr has also increased embryonic metabolism. A higher metabolic rate during incubation would imply a lower residual yolk weight and possibly lower energy reserve for the hatchling. This might affect posthatch development and performance. This review examined scientific publications published between 1930 and 2018 to compare residual yolk weight at hatch, metabolic heat production, and yolk utilization throughout incubation. This review aimed to investigate 1) whether or not residual yolk weight and composition has been changed during the 88-yr period considered and 2) which abiotic and biotic factors affect yolk utilization in poultry during incubation and the early posthatch period. It can be concluded that 1) residual yolk weight and the total solid amount of the residual yolk at hatch seem to be decreased in the recent decades. It cannot be concluded whether the (lack of) differences between old and modern strains are due to genetic selection, changed management and incubation conditions, or moment of sampling (immediately after hatch or at pulling). It is remarkable that with the genetic progress and improved management and incubation conditions over the last 88 yr, effects on yolk utilization efficiency and embryonic metabolic heat production are limited; 2) factors specially affecting residual yolk weight at hatch include egg size and incubation temperature, whereas breeder age has more influence on nutrient composition of the residual yolk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilonka van der Wagt
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid C de Jong
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Malcolm A Mitchell
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, SRUC, Roslin Institute Building, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Roos Molenaar
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henry van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Wilson KM, Rodrigues DR, Briggs WN, Duff AF, Chasser KM, Bottje WG, Bielke LR. Impact of in ovo administered pioneer colonizers on intestinal proteome on day of hatch. Poult Sci 2020; 99:1254-1266. [PMID: 32111303 PMCID: PMC7587751 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pioneer colonization of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) by bacteria is thought to have major influence on neonatal tissue development. Previous studies have shown in ovo inoculation of embryos with saline (S), species of Citrobacter (C, C2), or lactic acid bacteria (L) resulted in an altered microbiome on day of the hatch (DOH). The present study investigated GIT proteomic changes at DOH in relation to different inoculations. Embryos were inoculated in ovo with S or ∼102 cfu of C, C2, or L at 18 embryonic days. On DOH, the GIT was collected, and tissue proteins were extracted for analysis via tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 493 proteins were identified for differential comparison with S at P ≤ 0.10. Different levels were noted in 107, 39, and 78 proteins in C, C2, and L groups, respectively, which were uploaded to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to determine canonical pathways and biological functions related to these changes. Three members of the cytokine family (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL6, and Oncostatin M) were predicted to be activated in C2, indicated with Z-score ≥ 1.50, which suggested an overall proinflammatory GIT condition. This was consistent with the activation of the acute-phase response signaling pathway seen exclusively in C2 (Z-score = 2.00, P < 0.01). However, activation (Z-score = 2.00) of IL-13, upregulation of peroxiredoxin-1 and superoxide dismutase 1, in addition to activation of nitric oxide signaling in the cardiovascular system of the L treatment may predict a state of increased antioxidant capacity and decreased inflammatory status. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-mediated oxidative stress response (Z-score = 2.00, P < 0.01) was predicted to be upregulated in C which suggested that chicks were in an inflammatory state and associated oxidative stress, but the impact of these pathways differed from that of C2. These changes in the proteome suggest that pioneer colonizing microbiota may have a strong impact on pathways associated with GIT immune and cellular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Wilson
- Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - D R Rodrigues
- Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - W N Briggs
- Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - A F Duff
- Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - K M Chasser
- Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - W G Bottje
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - L R Bielke
- Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
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Dietary phytase and myo-inositol supplementation are associated with distinct plasma metabolome profile in broiler chickens. Animal 2019; 14:549-559. [PMID: 31610823 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119002337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytase enzyme is used as a dietary supplement in broiler nutrition to improve phosphorous bioavailability. Phytase deliberates phosphate groups from phytic acid and produces myo-inositol after total dephosphorylation. Myo-inositol is a bioactive compound having beneficial modulatory effects on metabolism in humans. However, it is not well understood if and how phytic acid degradation products, particularly myo-inositol, can modulate metabolism in broiler chicken. The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of dietary supplements of phytase and myo-inositol on the blood plasma metabolome profile of broiler chickens. Broilers were provided a nutrient-adequate control diet or the same diet supplemented with either 3.5 g myo-inositol or 500, 1500 or 3000 units of phytase, per kilogram of feed (grower diet). Broilers were group-housed in floor pens (eight pens per diet) and provided one of the treatment diets for 22 days. Then, blood was collected from one bird per pen, resulting in eight replicated measurements per diet. A targeted metabolomics approach was applied to the heparin plasma. Body weight of the birds was not significantly affected by the treatments. Plasma myo-inositol concentrations were significantly increased by myo-inositol supplementation and phytase supplementation at 500 and 1500 units/kg. Metabolites generally affected by phytase supplementation belonged to the groups of acyl-carnitines, phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, lysophosphatidylcholine, biogenic amines and amino acids. Compared to the control diet, phytase supplements had significantly higher plasma concentrations of kynurenine and creatinine, but lower concentrations of histamine and cis-4-hydroxyproline. Myo-inositol supplementation significantly increased plasma concentrations of dopamine and serotonine. While some metabolites were similarly affected by myo-inositol and phytase supplementation, others were distinctly differently affected. We conclude that myo-inositol, either as a directly added supplement or indirectly released from phytate upon phytase supplementation, can affect specific metabolic pathways. Additional effects found on phytase supplementation may be related to intermediary phytate degradation products. Results are indicative for innovative hypothesis to be tested in future experiments, for instance, with regard to relationships between phytase or myo-inositol supplements and bird immunity or behaviour.
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Sączyńska V, Romanik-Chruścielewska A, Florys K, Cecuda-Adamczewska V, Łukasiewicz N, Sokołowska I, Kęsik-Brodacka M, Płucienniczak G. Prime-Boost Vaccination With a Novel Hemagglutinin Protein Produced in Bacteria Induces Neutralizing Antibody Responses Against H5-Subtype Influenza Viruses in Commercial Chickens. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2006. [PMID: 31552018 PMCID: PMC6736996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza virus (AIV), H5N1 and reassortant H5-subtype HPAIVs, H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8, cause high mortality in domestic birds, resulting in economic losses in the poultry industry. H5N1 and H5N6 also pose significant public health risks and H5N1 viruses are a permanent pandemic threat. To control HPAIVs, eukaryotic expression systems have traditionally been exploited to produce vaccines based on hemagglutinin (HA), a protective viral antigen. In contrast, we used a bacterial expression system to produce vaccine targeting the HA protein. A fragment of the HA ectodomain from H5N1, with a multibasic cleavage site deletion, was expressed in Escherichia coli, refolded, and chromatographically purified from inclusion bodies. The resulting antigen, rH5-E. coli, was validated in terms of conformational integrity and oligomerization status. Previously, the protective efficacy of rH5-E. coli adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide, has been positively verified by challenging the specific pathogen-free layer chickens with homologous and heterologous H5N1 HPAIVs. Protection was provided primarily by the H5 subtype-specific antibodies, as detected in the FluAC H5 test. The present studies were conducted to assess the performance of alum-adjuvanted rH5-E. coli in commercial birds. Broiler chickens were vaccinated twice with 25 μg of rH5-E. coli at 2- and 4-week intervals, while the layer chickens were vaccinated with 5- to 25-μg antigen doses at 4- and 6-week intervals. Post-vaccination sera were analyzed for anti-H5 HA antibodies, using homologous ELISA and heterologous FluAC H5 and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. Prime-boost immunizations with rH5-E. coli elicited H5 HA-specific antibodies in all the chickens tested. Two antigen doses administered at 4- or 6-week intervals were sufficient to induce neutralizing antibodies against H5-subtype HAs; however, they were ineffective when applied with a 2-week delay. In the layers, 80% to 100% of individuals developed antibodies that were active in the FluAC H5 and/or HI tests. A dose-sparing effect was seen when using the longer prime-boost interval. In the broiler chickens, 62.5% positivity was achieved in the FluAC H5 and/or HI tests. The trials confirmed the vaccine potential of rH5-E. coli and provided indications for anti-influenza vaccination with respect to the chicken type and immunization scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Sączyńska
- ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network-Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Florys
- ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network-Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Natalia Łukasiewicz
- ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network-Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Sokołowska
- ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network-Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Grażyna Płucienniczak
- ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network-Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics, Warsaw, Poland
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Rawson T, Dawkins MS, Bonsall MB. A Mathematical Model of Campylobacter Dynamics Within a Broiler Flock. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1940. [PMID: 31497006 PMCID: PMC6712969 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, the bacterial genus Campylobacter is one of the leading causes of human gastroenteritis, with its primary route of infection being through poultry meat. The application of biosecurity measures is currently limited by a lack of understanding of the transmission dynamics within a flock. Our work is the first to undertake a mathematical modeling approach to Campylobacter population dynamics within a flock of broilers (chickens bred specifically for meat). A system of stochastic differential equations is used to model the routes of infection between co-housed birds. The presented model displays the strong correlation between housing density and Campylobacter prevalence, and shows how stochastic variation is the driving factor determining which strains of Campylobacter will emerge first within a flock. The model also shows how the system will rapidly select for phenotypic advantages, to quickly eliminate demographically-weaker strains. A global sensitivity analysis is performed, highlighting that the growth and death rate of other native bacterial species likely contributes the greatest to preventing flock outbreaks, presenting a promising approach to hypothesizing new methods of combatting disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rawson
- Mathematical Ecology Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marian Stamp Dawkins
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, John Krebs Field Station, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B. Bonsall
- Mathematical Ecology Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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28
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Krause ET, Schrader L. Suggestions to Derive Maximum Stocking Densities for Layer Pullets. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9060348. [PMID: 31200454 PMCID: PMC6617375 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The housing of farm animals, such as laying hens and broiler chickens, is regulated by the European Union (EU). However, for young laying hens which are not laying eggs yet, i.e., so-called pullets, no regulation for the number of birds per space is available. We exemplarily calculated maximum stocking densities for pullets based on their body size taking into account the European regulations for adult laying hens and broiler chickens. Our approach is mainly considering that a certain proportion of additional space should be provided to enable the birds to perform active behaviour. Abstract Stocking densities for domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) are regulated by the Council Directives of the European Union for both laying hens and broiler chickens. For layer pullets no regulation of stocking density has been established yet. Based on the existing Council Directives for laying hens (1999/74/EC), broiler chickens (2007/43/EC) and calculations of the floor space that is required for the respective chicken’s body, we exemplarily calculated maximum stocking densities for layer pullets. Based on the calculations we obtained absolute additional spaces for birds of different live body mass classes, i.e., useable floor space that the birds have additionally available to the space covered by their body. This allowed us to calculate the relative additional space per individual. We suggest the relative additional space to be a key parameter to derive requirements for a maximum stocking density in layer pullets. We analysed several scenarios for pullets under consideration of the Council Directives for laying hens and for broiler chickens, coming to the conclusion that layer pullets at the end of their rearing period should be provided ideally with a relative additional space of about 40–60%.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tobias Krause
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Dörnbergstr. 25/27, 29223 Celle, Germany.
| | - Lars Schrader
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Dörnbergstr. 25/27, 29223 Celle, Germany.
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29
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Hamidu JA, Torres CA, Johnson-Dahl ML, Korver DR. Physiological response of broiler embryos to different incubator temperature profiles and maternal flock age during incubation. 1. Embryonic metabolism and day-old chick quality. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2934-2946. [PMID: 29788504 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Broiler strain, maternal age, and incubation temperature influence embryo metabolism. Hatching eggs were obtained from young (Y; 28 to 34 wk, $\bar{\rm x}$ = 31.2 wk), mid (M; 36 to 45 wk, $\bar{\rm x}$ = 40.5 wk) and old (O; 49 to 54 wk, $\bar{\rm x}$ = 51.4 wk) Ross 708 (n = 88; Experiment 1) and Ross 308 [(n = 45; Experiment 2: (Y; 25 to 34 wk, $\bar{\rm x}$ = 30.5 wk), (M; 35 to 44 wk, $\bar{\rm x}$ = 40.2 wk), and (O; 49 to 54 wk, $\bar{\rm x}$ = 51.6 wk)] breeders. Eggs were stored for 2 to 4 d (18°C, 73% RH), and incubated for 14 d at 37.5°C and 56% RH. At 15 d (E15), 8 fertile eggs per flock age were incubated in individual metabolic chambers at 36.0, 36.5, 37.0, or 37.5°C until E21.5. Each temperature was repeated one additional time. O2 consumption and CO2 production were used to calculate embryonic heat production (EHP). Embryo temperature was measured as eggshell temperature (EST). Initial egg weight was used as a covariate; significance was assessed at P < 0.05. In Ross 708, daily EHP tended to be higher in M and O than Y treatments at E16; EHP of M was higher than Y and O eggs at E18; M and O were higher than O eggs at E19. Incubation at 37.0°C resulted in the highest EHP from E15 to E21, except at E17. Embryos at 37.5°C had reduced EHP beyond E17. Daily EST from E15 to E21 was higher at 37.5 and 37.0°C than at 36.0 and 36.5°C. In Ross 308, daily EST was highest at 37.5°C except at E20. Incubation temperature and EST were highly correlated (R2 = 0.90 to 0.89; P < 0.001). Ross 708 chicks were longer and hatched earlier at 37.0°C than at 36.0 and 37.5°C. EST and EHP increased with incubation temperature in Ross 708. In Ross 308, maternal flock age and incubation temperature did not impact EHP. However, EST was highest at 37.5°C except at E20. Ross 708 was more sensitive to incubation temperature than Ross 308.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hamidu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - C A Torres
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - M L Johnson-Dahl
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - D R Korver
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
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Dishon L, Avital-Cohen N, Zaguri S, Bartman J, Heiblum R, Druyan S, Porter TE, Gumulka M, Rozenboim I. In-ovo green light photostimulation during different embryonic stages affect somatotropic axis. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1998-2004. [PMID: 29562345 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that in-ovo photostimulation with monochromatic green light increased the somatotropic axis expression in broilers embryos. The objective of the current study was to detect the critical period for in-ovo GL photostimulation, in order to find the optimal targeted photostimulation period during the incubation process. Three hundred thirty-six fertile broiler eggs were divided into 4 groups. The first group was incubated under dark conditions as a negative control. The second incubated under intermittent monochromatic green light using light-emitting diode (LED) lamps with an intensity of 0.1 W\m2 at shell level from d 0 of the incubation as a positive control. The third group incubated under intermittent monochromatic green light from d 10 of the incubation. The last group incubated under intermittent monochromatic green light from d 15 of the incubation. In-ovo green light photostimulation from embryonic d 0 (ED0) increased plasma growth hormone (GH), as well as hypothalamic growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and liver growth hormone receptor (GHR) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mRNA levels. In-ovo green light photostimulation from ED10 increased the GH plasma levels compared to the negative control group, without affecting somatotropic axis mRNA genes expressions of GHRH, GHR, and IGF-1. In-ovo green light photostimulation from ED15 caused an increase in both the plasma GH levels and the somatotropic axis mRNA genes expressions of GHRH, GHR, and IGF-1, compared to the negative control group. These results suggest that the critical period of somatotropic axis acceleration by GL photostimulation start at 15 d of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dishon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - N Avital-Cohen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - S Zaguri
- Department of Animal Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - J Bartman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - R Heiblum
- Department of Animal Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - S Druyan
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, the Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - T E Porter
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - M Gumulka
- Department of Swine and Small Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - I Rozenboim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Onbaşılar EE, Güngör ÖF, Taban S, Ahlat O, Yalçın S, Gebeş ES, Duru I, Varol Avcılar Ö. Comparison of different brown and white layer hybrid embryonic development and uptake of nutrients in the egg. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 198:57-64. [PMID: 30219378 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the comparison of different brown and white layers in embryonic development and uptake of nutrients in the egg. A total of 360 fertilized eggs obtained from two brown (Atak-S and Brown Nick) and two white (Atabey and Nick) layer breeders at 28 wk old. Hatching eggs from each genotype were examined on the day of setting for fresh egg analysis and then at the beginning of the embryonic day (E19) and embryonic day (E21) for egg, embryo and villus analysis. Differences in egg weight, shell percentages, relative weight of yolk and albumen, relative weight and length of embryo, villus height, some values of shell, yolk and albumen and relative chick weight in examined hybrids were significant. Yolk sac utilization of embryos during the incubation in the white layer hybrids was greater than that in the brown layer hybrids. Villus heights in the duodenum, jejenum and ileum of embryos in the brown layer hybrids was greater than that in the white layer hybrids. Genotype is important parameter to determine the egg composition at the same age and in animals being fed the same diet. It was observed that the consumption of yolk and shell nutrients from the embryos during the incubation was not related to whether embryos were from the brown or white layer hybrids. Only uptake of the yolk sac and villus height in the embryo among examined variables varied depending on whether the embryos were from the brown or white layer hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Onbaşılar
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110, Turkey.
| | - Ö F Güngör
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110, Turkey
| | - S Taban
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110, Turkey
| | - O Ahlat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Yalçın
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, 42003, Turkey
| | - E S Gebeş
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110, Ankara, Turkey
| | - I Duru
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ö Varol Avcılar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, 80000, Turkey
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Wang A, Anderson D, Rathgeber B. Using different levels of glycerine, glucose, or sucrose in broiler starter diets to overcome negative effects of delayed feed access on growth performance. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two trials were conducted to evaluate the inclusion of glycerine, glucose, or sucrose in broiler starter diets to overcome negative effects of delayed feed access. In trial 1, 2160 newly hatched chicks (mixed sexed) were randomly assigned to two feeding programs (immediate vs. 36 h delayed feed access). Nine starter diets prepared with crude glycerine, glucose, or sucrose fed at 0%, 4%, or 8% levels were fed during the first 14 d post hatch (PH). In trial 2, 720 male and 720 female newly hatched chicks were randomly assigned to two feeding programs (immediate vs. 48 h delayed feed access). Starter diets fed during the first 14 d of feed access, consisted of a control, 8% glycerine, or 8% glucose. In both trials, a common grower and finisher diet were fed during days 14–24 and 25–35, respectively. Body weight and feed consumed were measured on 7, 14, 24, and 35 d. In trial 1, all 8% diet-fed birds were heavier compared with the control on day 35 PH (2259 vs. 2198 g, P < 0.01). Birds fed glycerine starter diets had improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) during 22–35 d (P < 0.01). In trial 2, glycerine diet resulted in heavier birds after 35 d of feed access, compared with birds fed control and glucose diets immediately after hatch (2373 vs. 2276 g, P < 0.01). Dietary inclusion of 8% glycerine can assist newly hatched broiler chicks to overcome delayed feed access induced growth suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anhao Wang
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant and Animal Science, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant and Animal Science, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Derek Anderson
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant and Animal Science, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant and Animal Science, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Bruce Rathgeber
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant and Animal Science, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant and Animal Science, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
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Bornelöv S, Seroussi E, Yosefi S, Benjamini S, Miyara S, Ruzal M, Grabherr M, Rafati N, Molin AM, Pendavis K, Burgess SC, Andersson L, Friedman-Einat M. Comparative omics and feeding manipulations in chicken indicate a shift of the endocrine role of visceral fat towards reproduction. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:295. [PMID: 29695257 PMCID: PMC5922311 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mammalian adipose tissue plays a central role in energy-balance control, whereas the avian visceral fat hardly expresses leptin, the key adipokine in mammals. Therefore, to assess the endocrine role of adipose tissue in birds, we compared the transcriptome and proteome between two metabolically different types of chickens, broilers and layers, bred towards efficient meat and egg production, respectively. Results Broilers and layer hens, grown up to sexual maturation under free-feeding conditions, differed 4.0-fold in weight and 1.6-fold in ovarian-follicle counts, yet the relative accumulation of visceral fat was comparable. RNA-seq and mass-spectrometry (MS) analyses of visceral fat revealed differentially expressed genes between broilers and layers, 1106 at the mRNA level (FDR ≤ 0.05), and 203 at the protein level (P ≤ 0.05). In broilers, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed activation of the PTEN-pathway, and in layers increased response to external signals. The expression pattern of genes encoding fat-secreted proteins in broilers and layers was characterized in the RNA-seq and MS data, as well as by qPCR on visceral fat under free feeding and 24 h-feed deprivation. This characterization was expanded using available RNA-seq data of tissues from red junglefowl, and of visceral fat from broilers of different types. These comparisons revealed expression of new adipokines and secreted proteins (LCAT, LECT2, SERPINE2, SFTP1, ZP1, ZP3, APOV1, VTG1 and VTG2) at the mRNA and/or protein levels, with dynamic gene expression patterns in the selected chicken lines (except for ZP1; FDR/P ≤ 0.05) and feed deprivation (NAMPT, SFTPA1 and ZP3) (P ≤ 0.05). In contrast, some of the most prominent adipokines in mammals, leptin, TNF, IFNG, and IL6 were expressed at a low level (FPKM/RPKM< 1) and did not show differential mRNA expression neither between broiler and layer lines nor between fed vs. feed-deprived chickens. Conclusions Our study revealed that RNA and protein expression in visceral fat changes with selective breeding, suggesting endocrine roles of visceral fat in the selected phenotypes. In comparison to gene expression in visceral fat of mammals, our findings points to a more direct cross talk of the chicken visceral fat with the reproductive system and lower involvement in the regulation of appetite, inflammation and insulin resistance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4675-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bornelöv
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.,Present Address: Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Eyal Seroussi
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Sara Yosefi
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Sharon Benjamini
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel.,Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shoval Miyara
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Mark Ruzal
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Manfred Grabherr
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.,Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Life Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nima Rafati
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna-Maja Molin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ken Pendavis
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Shane C Burgess
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Leif Andersson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4458, USA
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Boschiero C, Moreira GCM, Gheyas AA, Godoy TF, Gasparin G, Mariani PDSC, Paduan M, Cesar ASM, Ledur MC, Coutinho LL. Genome-wide characterization of genetic variants and putative regions under selection in meat and egg-type chicken lines. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:83. [PMID: 29370772 PMCID: PMC5785814 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meat and egg-type chickens have been selected for several generations for different traits. Artificial and natural selection for different phenotypes can change frequency of genetic variants, leaving particular genomic footprints throghtout the genome. Thus, the aims of this study were to sequence 28 chickens from two Brazilian lines (meat and white egg-type) and use this information to characterize genome-wide genetic variations, identify putative regions under selection using Fst method, and find putative pathways under selection. Results A total of 13.93 million SNPs and 1.36 million INDELs were identified, with more variants detected from the broiler (meat-type) line. Although most were located in non-coding regions, we identified 7255 intolerant non-synonymous SNPs, 512 stopgain/loss SNPs, 1381 frameshift and 1094 non-frameshift INDELs that may alter protein functions. Genes harboring intolerant non-synonymous SNPs affected metabolic pathways related mainly to reproduction and endocrine systems in the white-egg layer line, and lipid metabolism and metabolic diseases in the broiler line. Fst analysis in sliding windows, using SNPs and INDELs separately, identified over 300 putative regions of selection overlapping with more than 250 genes. For the first time in chicken, INDEL variants were considered for selection signature analysis, showing high level of correlation in results between SNP and INDEL data. The putative regions of selection signatures revealed interesting candidate genes and pathways related to important phenotypic traits in chicken, such as lipid metabolism, growth, reproduction, and cardiac development. Conclusions In this study, Fst method was applied to identify high confidence putative regions under selection, providing novel insights into selection footprints that can help elucidate the functional mechanisms underlying different phenotypic traits relevant to meat and egg-type chicken lines. In addition, we generated a large catalog of line-specific and common genetic variants from a Brazilian broiler and a white egg layer line that can be used for genomic studies involving association analysis with phenotypes of economic interest to the poultry industry. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4444-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Boschiero
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil. .,Noble Reserch Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma, 73401, USA.
| | - Gabriel Costa Monteiro Moreira
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Almas Ara Gheyas
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Thaís Fernanda Godoy
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Gasparin
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Pilar Drummond Sampaio Corrêa Mariani
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Marcela Paduan
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva Mello Cesar
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Lehmann Coutinho
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
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Nassar FS, El-Komy EM, Abdou AM. Ovarian Morphology and Egg Quality Traits of Egyptian Selected Strain for Egg Production Compared with Commercial Laying Strains. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Burggren WW, Elmonoufy NA. Critical developmental windows for morphology and hematology revealed by intermittent and continuous hypoxic incubation in embryos of quail (Coturnix coturnix). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183649. [PMID: 28926567 PMCID: PMC5604962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia during embryonic growth in embryos is frequently a powerful determinant of development, but at least in avian embryos the effects appear to show considerable intra- and inter-specific variation. We hypothesized that some of this variation may arise from different protocols that may or may not result in exposure during the embryo’s critical window for hypoxic effects. To test this hypothesis, quail embryos (Coturnix coturnix) in the intact egg were exposed to hypoxia (~15% O2) during “early” (Day 0 through Day 5, abbreviated as D0-D5), “middle” (D6-D10) or “late” (D11-D15) incubation or for their entire 16–18 day incubation (“continuous hypoxia”) to determine critical windows for viability and growth. Viability, body mass, beak and toe length, heart mass, and hematology (hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration) were measured on D5, D10, D15 and at hatching typically between D16 and D18 Viability rate was ~50–70% immediately following the exposure period in the early, middle and late hypoxic groups, but viability improved in the early and late groups once normoxia was restored. Middle hypoxia groups showed continuing low viability, suggesting a critical period from D6-D10 for embryo viability. The continuous hypoxia group experienced viability reaching <10% after D15. Hypoxia, especially during late and continuous hypoxia, also inhibited growth of body, beak and toe when measured at D15. Full recovery to normal body mass upon hatching occurred in all other groups except for continuous hypoxia. Contrary to previous avian studies, heart mass, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration were not altered by any hypoxic incubation pattern. Although hypoxia can inhibit embryo viability and organ growth during most incubation periods, the greatest effects result from continuous or middle incubation hypoxic exposure. Hypoxic inhibition of growth can subsequently be “repaired” by catch-up growth if a final period of normoxic development is available. Collectively, these data indicate a critical developmental window for hypoxia susceptibility during the mid-embryonic period of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren W. Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nourhan A. Elmonoufy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States of America
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Redkiewicz P, Stachyra A, Sawicka RA, Bocian K, Góra-Sochacka A, Kosson P, Sirko A. Immunogenicity of DNA Vaccine against H5N1 Containing Extended Kappa B Site: In Vivo Study in Mice and Chickens. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1012. [PMID: 28883819 PMCID: PMC5573718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is one of the most important illnesses in the modern world, causing great public health losses each year due to the lack of medication and broadly protective, long-lasting vaccines. The development of highly immunogenic and safe vaccines is currently one of the major problems encountered in efficient influenza prevention. DNA vaccines represent a novel and powerful alternative to the conventional vaccine approaches. To improve the efficacy of the DNA vaccine against influenza H5N1, we inserted three repeated kappa B (κB) motifs, separated by a 5-bp nucleotide spacer, upstream of the cytomegalovirus promoter and downstream of the SV40 late polyadenylation signal. The κB motif is a specific DNA element (10pb-long) recognized by one of the most important transcription factors NFκB. NFκB is present in almost all animal cell types and upon cell stimulation under a variety of pathogenic conditions. NFκB is released from IκB and translocates to the nucleus and binds to κB sites, thereby leading to enhanced transcription and expression of downstream genes. We tested the variants of DNA vaccine with κB sites flanking the antigen expression cassette and without such sites in two animal models: chickens (broilers and layers) and mice (BALB/c). In chickens, the variant with κB sites stimulated stronger humoral response against the target antigen. In mice, the differences in humoral response were less apparent. Instead, it was possible to spot several gene expression differences in the spleens isolated from mice immunized with both variants. The results of our study indicate that modification of the sequence outside of the sequence encoding the antigen might enhance the immune response to the target but understanding the mechanisms responsible for this process requires further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Redkiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Stachyra
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Róz A Sawicka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Anna Góra-Sochacka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Kosson
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sirko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Genetic evaluation and selection response for growth in meat-type quail through random regression models using B-spline functions and Legendre polynomials. Animal 2017; 12:667-674. [PMID: 28803586 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117001951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to estimate (co)variance functions using random regression models (RRM) with Legendre polynomials, B-spline function and multi-trait models aimed at evaluating genetic parameters of growth traits in meat-type quail. A database containing the complete pedigree information of 7000 meat-type quail was utilized. The models included the fixed effects of contemporary group and generation. Direct additive genetic and permanent environmental effects, considered as random, were modeled using B-spline functions considering quadratic and cubic polynomials for each individual segment, and Legendre polynomials for age. Residual variances were grouped in four age classes. Direct additive genetic and permanent environmental effects were modeled using 2 to 4 segments and were modeled by Legendre polynomial with orders of fit ranging from 2 to 4. The model with quadratic B-spline adjustment, using four segments for direct additive genetic and permanent environmental effects, was the most appropriate and parsimonious to describe the covariance structure of the data. The RRM using Legendre polynomials presented an underestimation of the residual variance. Lesser heritability estimates were observed for multi-trait models in comparison with RRM for the evaluated ages. In general, the genetic correlations between measures of BW from hatching to 35 days of age decreased as the range between the evaluated ages increased. Genetic trend for BW was positive and significant along the selection generations. The genetic response to selection for BW in the evaluated ages presented greater values for RRM compared with multi-trait models. In summary, RRM using B-spline functions with four residual variance classes and segments were the best fit for genetic evaluation of growth traits in meat-type quail. In conclusion, RRM should be considered in genetic evaluation of breeding programs.
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Invited review: resource allocation mismatch as pathway to disproportionate growth in farm animals - prerequisite for a disturbed health. Animal 2017; 12:528-536. [PMID: 28803599 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117002051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of resources including energy, nutrients and (developmental) time has a crucial impact on productivity of farm animals. Availability of energy and nutrients depends on voluntary feed intake and intestinal digestive and absorptive capacity at optimal feeding conditions. Availability of time is provided by the management in animal production. According to the resource allocation theory, resources have to be allocated between maintenance, ontogenic growth, production and reproduction during lifetime. Priorities for these processes are mainly determined by the genetic background, the rearing system and the feeding regimen. Aim of this review was to re-discuss the impact of a proper resource allocation for a long and healthy life span in farm animals. Using the barrel model of resource allocation, resource fluxes were explained and were implemented to specific productive life conditions of different farm animal species, dairy cows, sows and poultry. Hypothetically, resource allocation mismatch neglecting maintenance is a central process, which might be associated with morphological constraints of extracellular matrix components; evidence for that was found in the literature. A potential consequence of this limitation is a phenomenon called disproportionate growth, which counteracts the genetically determined scaling rules for body and organ proportions and could have a strong impact on farm animal health and production.
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Faure M, Guibert E, Crochet S, Chartrin P, Brillard JP, Collin A, Froment P. Differential proliferation and metabolic activity of Sertoli cells in the testes of broiler and layer breeder chickens. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2459-2470. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Scheel A, Deal N, St John N, Wells A, Caruso M, Gilbert ER, Cline M. LPLRFamide exerts short-term anorexigenic effects that coincide with magnocellular division of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 246:116-119. [PMID: 27318277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
LPLRFamide is a member of the RFamide peptide family that elicits an anorexigenic effect when centrally injected in chicks although the mechanism mediating this response is poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to elucidate the hypothalamic mechanism of short-term anorexia after central administration of LPLRFamide in chicks. In Experiment 1 chicks centrally injected with LPLRFamide decreased food intake at 15min but not 30min following administration compared to vehicle-injected chicks. For Experiment 2, c-Fos immunoreactivity was quantified in several appetite-associated hypothalamic nuclei and in LPLRF-injected chicks, compared to vehicle-injected chicks, there was an increase in the number of reactive cells in the magnocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus. Lastly in Experiment 3, real time-PCR was performed and hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA abundance was increased in LPRLFamide-injected chicks compared to vehicle-injected chicks. Thus, following central injection of LPLRFamide there is activation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and increased expression of hypothalamic POMC mRNA in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Scheel
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nick Deal
- Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Natalie St John
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Amy Wells
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Maggie Caruso
- Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Mark Cline
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Xiao Y, Wu C, Li K, Gui G, Zhang G, Yang H. Association of growth rate with hormone levels and myogenic gene expression profile in broilers. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:43. [PMID: 28484596 PMCID: PMC5420090 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The growth rate often varies among individual broilers of the same breed under a common management condition. To investigate whether a variation in the growth rate is associated with a difference in hormone levels and myogenic gene expression profile in broilers, a feeding trial was conducted with 10,000 newly hatched Ross 308 chicks in a commercial production facility under standard management. At 38 d of age, 30 fast-, 30 medium-, and 30 slow-growing broilers were selected among 600 healthy male individuals. The levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and growth hormone in the serum or breast muscle were assayed by ELISA or RIA kits, and the expression levels of several representative pro- and anti-myogenic genes in the breast muscle were also measured by real-time PCR. Results Results showed that both absolute and relative weights of the breast muscle were in linear positive correlations with the body weight of broilers (P < 0.001). Fast-growing broilers had higher concentrations of IGF-1 than slow-growing broilers (P < 0.05) in both the serum and breast muscle. The serum concentration of T3 was significantly higher in fast-growing birds than in slow-growing birds (P < 0.05). However, no difference was observed in growth hormone or T4 concentration among three groups of birds. Additionally, a decreased expression of an anti-myogenic gene (myostatin) and increased expressions of pro-myogenic genes such as myogenic differentiation factor 1, myogenin, muscle regulatory factor 4, myogenic factor 5, IGF-1, and myocyte enhancer factor 2B, C, and D were observed in fast-growing broilers (P < 0.05), relative to slow-growing broilers. Conclusions Collectively, these findings suggested that the growth rate is linked to the hormone and myogenic gene expression levels in broiler chickens. Some of these parameters such as serum concentrations of IGF-1 and T3 could be employed to breed for enhanced growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingping Xiao
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Choufei Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000 China
| | - Kaifeng Li
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Guohong Gui
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078 USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Institute of Quality and Standards for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
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Kimiaeitalab M, Cámara L, Mirzaie Goudarzi S, Jiménez-Moreno E, Mateos G. Effects of the inclusion of sunflower hulls in the diet on growth performance and digestive tract traits of broilers and pullets fed a broiler diet from zero to 21 d of age. A comparative study. Poult Sci 2017; 96:581-592. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Peña-Villalobos I, Piriz G, Palma V, Sabat P. Energetic Effects of Pre-hatch Albumen Removal on Embryonic Development and Early Ontogeny in Gallus gallus. Front Physiol 2017; 7:690. [PMID: 28119633 PMCID: PMC5222843 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the yolk and albumen content in bird eggs, and the effects of variations in their relative loads in the phenotype of the birds, have revealed multiple consequences at different levels of biological organization, from biochemical traits to behavior. However, little is known about the effect of albumen variation on energetics performance during development and early ontogeny, despite the fact that variation in energy expenditure may have consequences in terms of fitness for both feral and domestic species. In this work, we evaluated experimentally whether variations in the content of albumen of Gallus gallus eggs could generate differences in metabolic rates during embryonic development. Additionally, we assessed changes in the activity of mitochondrial enzymes (cytochrome c oxidase and citrate synthase) in skeletal muscles and liver. Finally, we evaluated the success of hatching of these embryos and their metabolic rates (MR) post-hatching. The results revealed a significant reduction in MR in the last fifth of embryonic life, and reduced catabolic activities in the skeletal muscle of chicks hatched from albumen-removed eggs. However, the same group demonstrated an increase in catabolic activity in the liver, suggesting the existence of changes in energy allocation between tissues. Besides, we found a decrease in hatching success in the albumen-removed group, suggesting a negative effect of the lower albumen content on eggs, possibly due to lower catabolic activities in skeletal muscle. We also found a compensatory phenomenon in the first week after hatching, i.e., birds from albumen-removed eggs did not show a decrease in MR either at thermoneutral temperatures or at 10°C, compared to the control group. Collectively, our data suggest that a reduction in albumen may generate a trade-off between tissue metabolic activities, and may explain the differences in metabolic rates and hatching success, supporting the immediate adaptive response (IAR) hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Peña-Villalobos
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Animal, Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Piriz
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Animal, Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Palma
- Laboratorio de Células troncales y Biología del Desarrollo, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Sabat
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Animal, Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
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Buzala M, Słomka A, Janicki B, Ponczek M, Żekanowska E. Review: The mechanism of blood coagulation, its disorders and measurement in poultry. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Naseri D, Asasi K, Karimi I. Similar developmental fluctuations of hepato-renal xanthine oxidoreductase gene expression and xanthine oxidase activity in layer and broiler chicken embryos. Br Poult Sci 2016; 58:144-150. [PMID: 27924639 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1268250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Xanthine oxidase (XO) has many physiological functions associated with the synthesis of both antioxidant (uric acid: UA) and numerous oxidants (e.g. H2O2), which makes it an important regulator of the cellular redox potential involving organogenesis. The ontogenetic study of hepatic and renal XO makes a better understanding of the putative role of this enzyme in the development of these tissues. 2. Developmental changes of gene expression of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), XO activity and UA content of liver and kidney tissues in both broiler and layer chicken embryos were examined during incubation d 14-21. 3. In both strains, hepatic XOR gene expression peaked on d 21 while renal XOR gene expression did not change. 4. The XO activity was higher in kidney than liver in both strains. Hepatic XO activity of both strains peaked on d 18 and thereafter was decreased on d 21. Renal XO activity peaked on d 18 and from then on did not show any significant changes until d 21 in both strains. 5. The UA content was higher in kidney vs. liver in both strains. The hepatic and renal UA values of the both strains increased significantly from d 14 to d 21. 6. The present results showed dissimilar behaviour of XOR gene expression, XO activity and UA content of liver and kidney tissues in both broiler and layer chicken embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Naseri
- a Poultry Diseases Research Center, Avian Medicine Section, Department of Clinical Studies , School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - K Asasi
- a Poultry Diseases Research Center, Avian Medicine Section, Department of Clinical Studies , School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - I Karimi
- b Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology 1214, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine , Razi University , Kermanshah , Iran.,c Department of Biology, Faculty of Science , Razi University , Kermanshah , Iran
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Scott A, Vadalasetty K, Sawosz E, Łukasiewicz M, Vadalasetty R, Jaworski S, Chwalibog A. Effect of copper nanoparticles and copper sulphate on metabolic rate and development of broiler embryos. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Stachyra A, Redkiewicz P, Kosson P, Protasiuk A, Góra-Sochacka A, Kudla G, Sirko A. Codon optimization of antigen coding sequences improves the immune potential of DNA vaccines against avian influenza virus H5N1 in mice and chickens. Virol J 2016; 13:143. [PMID: 27562235 PMCID: PMC5000471 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses are a serious threat to domestic poultry and can be a source of new human pandemic and annual influenza strains. Vaccination is the main strategy of protection against influenza, thus new generation vaccines, including DNA vaccines, are needed. One promising approach for enhancing the immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine is to maximize its expression in the immunized host. Methods The immunogenicity of three variants of a DNA vaccine encoding hemagglutinin (HA) from the avian influenza virus A/swan/Poland/305-135V08/2006 (H5N1) was compared in two animal models, mice (BALB/c) and chickens (broilers and layers). One variant encoded the wild type HA while the other two encoded HA without proteolytic site between HA1 and HA2 subunits and differed in usage of synonymous codons. One of them was enriched for codons preferentially used in chicken genes, while in the other modified variant the third position of codons was occupied in almost 100 % by G or C nucleotides. Results The variant of the DNA vaccine containing almost 100 % of the GC content in the third position of codons stimulated strongest immune response in two animal models, mice and chickens. These results indicate that such modification can improve not only gene expression but also immunogenicity of DNA vaccine. Conclusion Enhancement of the GC content in the third position of the codon might be a good strategy for development of a variant of a DNA vaccine against influenza that could be highly effective in distant hosts, such as birds and mammals, including humans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0599-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stachyra
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul., Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Redkiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul., Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Kosson
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, ul., Pawinskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Protasiuk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul., Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Góra-Sochacka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul., Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kudla
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, Scotland, UK
| | - Agnieszka Sirko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul., Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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Klein DR, Vale MM, Silva LP, Santos JPA, Branco T, Fernandes MO. Bioimpedance as a Non-Invasive Method to Evaluate Eggs and Poultry. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2015-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- DR Klein
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - MM Vale
- Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
| | - LP Silva
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - JPA Santos
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - T Branco
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil
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Buzala M, Janicki B. Review: Effects of different growth rates in broiler breeder and layer hens on some productive traits. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2151-9. [PMID: 27194733 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic selection that has been carried out for several dozen years has led to significant progress in poultry production by improving productive traits and increasing the profitability of broiler breeder and layer hen production. After hatching, broilers and layers differ mainly in feed intake, growth rate, efficiency of nutrient utilization, and development of muscles and adipose tissue. A key role can be played by hormonal mechanisms of appetite control in broilers and layers. The paper discusses the consequences of different growth rates resulting from long-term genetic selection on feed intake, efficiency of nutrient utilization, and development of muscles and adipose tissue, with particular consideration of the hormonal mechanisms of appetite control in broilers and layers. The information presented in this review paper shows that it would be worth comparing these issues in a meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Buzala
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - B Janicki
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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