1
|
Jiang Q, Liu Y, Ban Z, Zhang B. Broiler Age Differently Affects Apparent Metabolizable Energy and Net Energy of Expanded Soybean Meal. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1198. [PMID: 38672346 PMCID: PMC11047715 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Accurately determining the energy values of ingredients is crucial for meeting energy requirements and achieving maximum production performance of animals. This study was conducted to measure the available energy values of three expanded soybean meals (ESBMs) for Arbor Acres male broilers from 14 to 16 day and 28 to 30 day using the difference method. A corn-soybean basal diet was formulated, and test diets were developed with 25% ESBMs as substitutes for energy-yielding ingredients. A completely randomized design was used for determining heat production and energy balance of broilers in 12 open-circuit respiration chambers, with six replicates per group. Prior to measurement, four (14 to 16 day) or two (28 to 30 day) birds per chamber were given a 4-day adaption to diets and chambers. The period lasted for 3 days to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen balance, gas exchanges, and heat production. Broilers fed test diets with 25% ESBM exhibited higher nitrogen intake (p < 0.05), nitrogen excreta (p < 0.05), and increased energy deposition as protein irrespective of age (p < 0.05). Furthermore, results showed that AME, nitrogen corrected AME (AMEn), and net energy (NE) values of 3 ESBMs averaged 10.48, 8.93, and 6.88 MJ/kg for broilers from 14 to 16 day, while averaged 11.91, 10.42, and 6.43 MJ/kg for broilers from 28 to 30 day. Broilers from 28 to 30 day showed significantly higher AMEn values but lower NE/AME values of ESBMs compared with those from 14 to 16 day (p < 0.05). Therefore, age-dependent energy values of a single ingredient should be considered in feed formulations to optimize economic returns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.J.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.)
| | - Yongfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.J.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zhibin Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.J.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.)
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolism, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling 136100, China
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.J.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ali M, Joseph M, Alfaro-Wisaquillo MC, Quintana-Ospina GA, Peñuela-Sierra LM, Patiño D, Vu T, Mian R, Toomer O, Oviedo-Rondón EO. Influence of extruded soybean meal with varying fat and oleic acid content on nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy in broilers. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103408. [PMID: 38320393 PMCID: PMC10851207 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
High oleic (HO) soybeans may serve as a value-added feed ingredient; providing amino acids and estimating their dietary energy value for broilers is essential. In this study, we determined the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), AME corrected for zero nitrogen retention (AMEn), digestibility, and nitrogen (N) retention of HO full-fat (HO-FF) soybean as compared to solvent-extracted soybean meal (SE-SBM), normal oleic full-fat (NO-FF) and extruded expeller (NO-EE) soybean. A total of 240 Ross-708 male broilers were selected, with 8 replicates per treatment and 6 chicks per cage. The AME and AMEn were estimated using the difference method with a 30% inclusion of test ingredients using a corn-soy reference diet with partial and total excreta collection. The index method with partial excreta collection used titanium dioxide as an inert marker. The same starter diet was provided for all birds for 14 d, followed by the reference and assay diets for the next 6 adaptation days. Total excreta were collected twice a day for 3 d. The AME and AMEn values determined for the HO-FF and NO-FF were higher (P < 0.001) than the NO-EE and SE-SBM. The AME of SE-SBM and NO-EE were similar with both methods, but the AMEn of SE-SBM was lower than the NO-EE only with the partial collection method. The agreement between AME and AMEn values determined by partial and total excreta collection analysis was 98%. Data from the total excreta collection method yielded higher AME and AMEn values (P < 0.001) than those from the partial collection method. In summary, HO-FF and NO-FF soybean meals had similar AME and AMEn values. The HO-FF soybean had 39 and 24% higher AME and AMEn than SE-SBM. Hence, high oleic full-fat soybean meal could serve as a valuable alternative feed ingredient to conventional SE-SBM meals in broiler diets, providing additional energy while providing amino acids and more oleic acid to enrich poultry meat products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Michael Joseph
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | | | - Lina-Maria Peñuela-Sierra
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnia, University of Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Danny Patiño
- Trouw Nutrition, South & Central America, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Thien Vu
- Food Science & Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Rouf Mian
- Soybean & Nitrogen Fixation Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ondula Toomer
- Food Science & Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rueda MS, Bonilla S, de Souza C, Starkey JD, Starkey CW, Mejia L, Pacheco WJ. Evaluation of particle size and feed form on performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and gastrointestinal tract development of broilers at 39 d of age. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103437. [PMID: 38290341 PMCID: PMC10840342 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate combined effects of corn particle size and feed form on performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and gastrointestinal tract development of broilers from 1 to 39 d of age. A total of 1,800 days old, male Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to 9 dietary treatments with 8 replicate pens (25 birds/pen). The experiment consisted of a factorial arrangement of 3 corn particle sizes (750, 1,150, and 1,550 μm) and 3 feed forms (mash, 3- and 4-mm pellets) provided from 1 to 39 d. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) was added as an indigestible marker (0.5%) during the finisher phase (27-39 d) to determine nutrient digestibility. Feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined at 17, 27, and 39 d of age, with FCR adjusted for mortality. On d 40, 10 birds/pen were randomly selected and processed for meat yield determination. Data were analyzed as a 3×3 factorial (particle size x feed form) arrangement of treatments. Broilers fed 3- and 4-mm pellets had increased (P < 0.05) BW, FI, and lower FCR than broilers fed mash diets at 39 d of age. At 39 d of age, broilers fed diets with 750 µm corn particle size had heavier (P < 0.05) BW and increased FI than broilers fed diets with corn particle sizes of 1,150 and 1,550 µm. At 39 d of age FCR was unaffected by corn particle size. Heavier (P < 0.05) carcass and breast weights were observed for broilers fed 3-mm pellets. Broilers fed diets with corn particle size of 750 µm had heavier (P < 0.05) carcass and breast weight than broilers fed diets with 1,550 µm. Digestibility of nutrients was higher (P < 0.05) in pelleted diets, particularly when corn particle size was increased from 750 to 1,550 µm. Breast myopathies such as wooden breast (WB) and spaghetti meat (SM), were greater (P < 0.05) in broilers fed 3-mm pellets compared to mash diets. In conclusion, broilers fed 3- and 4-mm pelleted diets had greater nutrient digestibility and improved broiler performance compared to broilers fed mash diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Rueda
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA
| | - S Bonilla
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA
| | - C de Souza
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA
| | - J D Starkey
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA
| | - C W Starkey
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA
| | - L Mejia
- Cobb Vantress, Siloam Springs, AR 72761, USA
| | - W J Pacheco
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ahasic EM, Utterback PL, Parsons CM. Nutritional evaluation of soybean meals varying in particle size. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102708. [PMID: 37148573 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of varying soybean meal (SBM) particle sizes on nutritional value of the SBM. Seven samples of dehulled solvent-extracted SBM from the same batch were ground to varying mean particles of <386, 466, 809, 1,174, 1,577, 2,026, and 2,321 μm. Two precision-fed rooster assays (crop intubation with 25 g of SBM followed by 48 h total excreta collection) were performed to determine TMEn and standardized amino acid (AA) digestibility. There were no significant differences for TMEn among SBM samples, and there was also no consistent significant effect of particle size on standardized AA digestibility. In addition to the 2 precision-fed rooster assays, a 21 d broiler chick trial was conducted using corn-SBM based diets using 4 diets that differed only in the mean particle size of SBM (466, 809, 1,174, or 1,577 μm), being fed from 2 to 23 d of age. Chicks fed diets containing 809 or 1,174 μm SBM had increased (P < 0.05) weight gain compared with chicks fed the diet containing 466 μm SBM, and chicks fed diets containing 1,174 or 1,577 μm SBM had increased (P < 0.05) feed efficiency compared with chicks fed the diet containing 466 μm SBM. The diet containing 466 μm SBM yielded the highest (P < 0.05) AMEn and total tract P retention. Ileal P digestibility and standardized AA digestibilities did not differ among treatments. Relative gizzard weight (percent of body weight) was increased (P < 0.05) by the 2 largest SBM particle sizes. The results from these 3 experiments showed that increasing SBM particle size may be beneficial to broiler growth performance and may increase gizzard size but had no consistent significant effect on ME, AA digestibility, or P digestibility/retention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Ahasic
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - P L Utterback
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - C M Parsons
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hammermill screen selection for soybean processing: Effects of soybean meal particle size on amino acid digestibility, feed milling efficiency, and D1-42 broiler performance. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
6
|
Effects of Protein Source, Whole Wheat and Butyric Acid on Live Performance, Gut Health and Amino Acid Digestibility in Broiler Chickens. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12100989. [PMID: 36295891 PMCID: PMC9611649 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12100989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 896 1-day-old straight-run (Ross-308) broilers were used to investigate the interactive effects of protein source (PS), diet structure (DS) and butyric acid (BA) on live performance and carcass characteristics, gut development and its morphology and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of protein and amino acids (AA). Eight experimental diets comprising 8 replicates with 14 birds each were tested in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with complete randomized design by two levels of BA (0 and 0.1%), two forms of DS (whole vs. ground wheat) and two PS, i.e., soybean meal and canola meal (SBM vs. CM). Throughout the entire experimental period (0 to 35 d), broilers fed SBM-based diets exhibited better (p < 0.05) growth performance (feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR)), carcass parameters (p < 0.05), gut health (p < 0.05), and nutrient digestibility (p < 0.05) than CM-fed broilers. Dietary whole wheat (WW) positively affected FI (p = 0.001), BWG (p = 0.004) and FCR (p = 0.035) during the overall experimental period. Broilers fed WW had 6, 5, 8, 11 and 10% lower empty relative weights of crop, proventriculus, jejunum, ileum and colon and 25 and 15% heavier gizzard and pancreas, respectively, with longer villus height (p < 0.001), reduced crypt depth (p = 0.031) and longer villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (p < 0.001) than those fed ground-wheat-based diets. Broilers fed WW had greater (p < 0.05) AID of CP and most of the AA. Butyric acid supplementation resulted in improved (p < 0.05) growth performance and digestibility of threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, serine and aspartate. The broilers consuming SBM had 28% lower abdominal fat than those fed CM-based diets. In conclusion, harmful consequences of a less digestible PS can partially be compensated by the inclusion of WW, and supplementation of BA further reduces these detrimental effects.
Collapse
|
7
|
Effects of corn particle size distributions and formic acid on productive and processing performance of broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
8
|
Lyons A, Patterson P, Boney J. Hammermill screen selection for soybean processing: Soybean meal particle size and pullet performance effects. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
9
|
Itani K, Hansen JØ, Kierończyk B, Benzertiha A, Kurk AE, Ånestad RM, Schüller RB, Mydland LT, Svihus B, Øverland M. Air-classified faba bean protein fraction as a substitute to soybean meal in pelleted and extruded broiler diets. Br Poult Sci 2022; 63:62-72. [PMID: 34380337 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1960949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1. The hypothesis that air-classified faba bean protein fraction (FBP) can replace soybean meal (SBM) in pelleted or extruded broiler diets without adverse effect on performance or nutrient digestibility was tested.2. At 17 d of age, male broilers were randomly distriibuted among four dietary treatments consisting of either SBM or FBP (main dietary protein source) and pelleting or extrusion as processing methods. Treatments had 10 replicate pens containing five birds each.3. Compared to SBM, birds fed FBP had significantly lower feed intake, less weight gain and had poorer feed conversion.4. Pellet durability was high (above 92%) for all diets. In pelleted diets, FBP was harder than SBM whereas extruded diets had similar hardness. Pelleting increased water stability compared to extrusion. FBP diets were more water stable than the SBM diets.5. Gizzard content weight was 2.2-fold higher (P = 0.002) for birds given FBP compared to those fed SBM. The weight of the jejunum and ileum with contents was 1.4-fold lower for the FBP diets, and this effect was larger (P < 0.05) for the extruded FBP diet.6. Birds fed FBP diets had significantly higher nitrogen digestibility in the lower jejunum and ileum compared to those given SBM diets, while the starch digestibility coefficient was above 0.980 in all treatments.7. The high nutrient digestibility of FBP diets indicates that the poor performance of the FBP group was due to lower feed intake which was not explained by the differences in pellet durability or hardness. The reduced palatability of the FBP and the longer retention of the FBP diets in the upper gut are more likely to have depressed feed intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Itani
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - J Ø Hansen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - B Kierończyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - A Benzertiha
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - A E Kurk
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - R M Ånestad
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - R B Schüller
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - L T Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - B Svihus
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - M Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Polonskiy VI, Sumina AV. Influence of grain physical characteristics on functional value of poultry feed. RUDN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND ANIMAL INDUSTRIES 2021. [DOI: 10.22363/2312-797x-2021-16-2-167-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the scientific literature concerning the influence of grain physical characteristics on functional value of poultry feed. The review considers the role of grain feed particle size and its shape in ensuring optimal development and functioning of digestive tract and increasing productivity of birds. The results showed that compared to the feeding with smaller particles, the use of coarse feed increased stomach weight in broilers, enhanced enzymatic degradation of feed in digestive tract and improved nutrient bioavailability. The study found that increase in the level of coarse corn in the diet increased the number of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacteria spp. beneficial bacteria in digestive tract. Meanwhile, number of opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms decreased. In birds which were given granular feed we found insufficient development of stomach, mainly due to the lack of mechanical stimulation. We assume that in order to improve stomach function and health of birds, it is necessary to apply a source of dietary fiber to their diet. The results of studies suggest that adding 2-3% of insoluble source of fiber to the routine diets of young chickens based on high-protein soy flour and corn can improve their digestive tract development and growth characteristics.
Collapse
|
11
|
Duangnumsawang Y, Zentek J, Goodarzi Boroojeni F. Development and Functional Properties of Intestinal Mucus Layer in Poultry. Front Immunol 2021; 12:745849. [PMID: 34671361 PMCID: PMC8521165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.745849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucus plays important roles in protecting the epithelial surfaces against pathogens, supporting the colonization with commensal bacteria, maintaining an appropriate environment for digestion, as well as facilitating nutrient transport from the lumen to the underlying epithelium. The mucus layer in the poultry gut is produced and preserved by mucin-secreting goblet cells that rapidly develop and mature after hatch as a response to external stimuli including environmental factors, intestinal microbiota as well as dietary factors. The ontogenetic development of goblet cells affects the mucin composition and secretion, causing an alteration in the physicochemical properties of the mucus layer. The intestinal mucus prevents the invasion of pathogens to the epithelium by its antibacterial properties (e.g. β-defensin, lysozyme, avidin and IgA) and creates a physical barrier with the ability to protect the epithelium from pathogens. Mucosal barrier is the first line of innate defense in the gastrointestinal tract. This barrier has a selective permeability that allows small particles and nutrients passing through. The structural components and functional properties of mucins have been reviewed extensively in humans and rodents, but it seems to be neglected in poultry. This review discusses the impact of age on development of goblet cells and their mucus production with relevance for the functional characteristics of mucus layer and its protective mechanism in the chicken’s intestine. Dietary factors directly and indirectly (through modification of the gut bacteria and their metabolic activities) affect goblet cell proliferation and differentiation and can be used to manipulate mucosal integrity and dynamic. However, the mode of action and mechanisms behind these effects need to be studied further. As mucins resist to digestion processes, the sloughed mucins can be utilized by bacteria in the lower part of the gut and are considered as endogenous loss of protein and energy to animal. Hydrothermal processing of poultry feed may reduce this loss by reduction in mucus shedding into the lumen. Given the significance of this loss and the lack of precise data, this matter needs to be carefully investigated in the future and the nutritional strategies reducing this loss have to be defined better.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yada Duangnumsawang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Farshad Goodarzi Boroojeni
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Marx F, Massuquetto A, Bassi L, Krabbe E, Rocha C, Oliveira S, Maiorka A. Different soybean meal particle sizes on growth performance, nutrient ileal digestibility, digestible energy, and carcass yield of broiler chickens. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
13
|
Moradi S, Moradi A, Atabaigi Elmi V, Reza Abdollahi M. Interactive effect of corn particle size and insoluble fiber source on performance, nutrient utilization and intestine morphology in broilers fed pelleted diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 105:1113-1126. [PMID: 33847001 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of corn particle size and dietary fibre on the performance, coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) and intestinal characteristics in broiler starters fed pelleted diets were studied. The experiment included 10 treatments arranged as a 2 × 5 factorial with two corn particle sizes (GMD of 1071 [CGC] vs. 534 [FGC]) and five diets that consisted in a low-fibre diet and four extra diets resulting from the inclusion of insoluble fibre sources (10 g/kg of lignocellulose (LC), and 30 g/kg of oat hulls; OH, rice hulls; RH, and sunflower hulls; SFH). In coarse grinding, all-fibre sources improved body weight gain and feed intake compared to the control diet (p < 0.01). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved with fibre supplementation (p < 0.01) and fine grinding of corn (FGC) (p < 0.01). Coarse grinding of corn (CGC) and inclusion of RH, SFH and OH reduced gizzard pH (p < 0.01). Fibre inclusion increased ileal fat and Ca digestibility (p < 0.01), gizzard weight (p < 0.01), digesta transit time (p < 0.01) and length of duodenum and small intestine (p < 0.01). The CAID of phosphorus increased in CGC fed birds and inclusion of RH, SFH and OH (p < 0.05). The weight of gizzard, proventriculus and pancreas (p < 0.01) was greater in CGC fed birds. Feeding SFH, RH and OH (p < 0.01), and CGC (p < 0.01) increased the villus height (VH) of the duodenum. The OH, RH and SFH supplementation increased the caecal population of Lactobacillus spp. and total anaerobic bacteria (p < 0.01) only in FGC fed birds. Overall, birds fed pelleted diets containing RH, OH and SFH (3%) exhibited improved performance, and increased nutrient digestibility, which may be caused by developed gizzards and intestine. Furthermore, coarse grinding of corn is beneficial to gizzard development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soudabeh Moradi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Arash Moradi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Vahid Atabaigi Elmi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Córdova-Noboa HA, Oviedo-Rondón EO, Ortiz A, Matta Y, Hoyos JS, Buitrago GD, Martinez JD, Yanquen JJ, Chico M, Martin VES, Fahrenholz A, Ospina-Rojas IC, Peñuela L. Effects of corn kernel hardness and grain drying temperature on particle size and pellet durability when grinding using a roller mill or hammermill. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
15
|
Córdova-Noboa HA, Oviedo-Rondón EO, Ortiz A, Matta Y, Hoyos S, Buitrago GD, Martinez JD, Yanquen J, Peñuela L, Sorbara JOB, Cowieson AJ. Corn drying temperature, particle size, and amylase supplementation influence growth performance, digestive tract development, and nutrient utilization of broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5681-5696. [PMID: 33142486 PMCID: PMC7647712 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Broiler live performance may be influenced by postharvest corn drying temperature, and results could depend on particle size after grinding. The supplementation with an exogenous amylase may improve performance parameters, but responses to enzymes are also affected by particle size. Two parallel experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of hard-kernel corn dried at 2 temperatures (35°C and 120°C), ground at 2 particle sizes (coarse or fine), and 3 supplementation levels (0, 133, and 266 g ton-1) of an exogenous amylase on live performance, gastrointestinal organ development, energy utilization, and nutrient digestibility. Twelve dietary treatments resulting from a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of drying temperature, particle size, and amylase supplementation were evaluated in both experiments. A total of 1,920 day-old male chicks were randomly allocated to 96 floor pens, while 480 chicks were distributed among 4 battery brooder units. Ileal and fecal samples were collected to determine energy utilization and nutrient digestibility using titanium dioxide as inert marker. At 42 D, organs were collected, and relative weight or length was determined. Data were analyzed using a three-way ANOVA in a randomized complete block design. Feeding fine corn-based diets showed improvements on live performance for both studies. At 40 D, supplementing 266 g ton-1 of amylase improved feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) by 1 point compared to chickens that consumed nonsupplemented diets and feed with amylase at 133 g ton-1. Broilers fed coarse corn-based diets had heavier gizzard (P < 0.001) and liver (P < 0.05) than chickens that consumed fine corn-based diets. In addition, starch digestibility was improved by amylase (P < 0.05) at 133 g ton-1 and by feeding coarse corn-based diets (P = 0.06). For chicks raised in cages (16 D), AMEn was increased (P < 0.01) by amylase supplementation regardless of its inclusion level. In conclusion, drying temperature and particle size interactions influenced broiler live performance, gastrointestinal organ development, nutrient digestibility, and energy utilization, and these parameters were improved by supplementing amylase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edgar O Oviedo-Rondón
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
| | - Andrés Ortiz
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; University of Tolima, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Ibague, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Yilmar Matta
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; University of Tolima, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Ibague, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Sebastian Hoyos
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; University of Tolima, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Ibague, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Gherly D Buitrago
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; University of Tolima, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Ibague, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Juan D Martinez
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; University of Tolima, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Ibague, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Jose Yanquen
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; University of Tolima, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Ibague, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Lina Peñuela
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; University of Tolima, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Ibague, Tolima, Colombia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Greene G, Koolman L, Whyte P, Lynch H, Coffey A, Lucey B, Egan J, O'Connor L, Bolton D. An in vitro investigation of the survival and/or growth of Campylobacter jejuni in broiler digestate from different feed types. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:36-40. [PMID: 32964486 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and poultry are the primary reservoir. The aim of this study was to investigate the survival and/or growth of Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 in broiler digestate prepared from commercial starter, grower and finisher feed formulations. Bolton broth and digestates were prepared, inoculated with C. jejuni NCTC 11168 (approximately 3 log10 CFU per ml) and incubated under microaerobic conditions at 42°C for 24 h. Samples were taken at t = 0 (immediately after inoculation) and every 3 h thereafter, serially diluted and plated onto mCCDA. Campylobacter jejuni grew as expected in Bolton broth (control) reaching the early stationary phase after approximately 15 h. In contrast, although bacterial concentrations were maintained for at least 9 h, none of the feed digestates supported the growth of C. jejuni, which were not detected after 15 h. It is suggested that the nutrients available in the feed digestates are not enough to support C. jejuni growth and that additional factors may be at play in the avian gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Greene
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L Koolman
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P Whyte
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - H Lynch
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland
| | - A Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - B Lucey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - J Egan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland
| | - L O'Connor
- Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Bolton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jelveh K, Behrouz R, Seidavi A, Makovicky P, Hatzigiannakis E, Chatzispyroglou I, Milis C. Effect of dilution of broiler chicken diet with cracked maize on performance and intestinal morphology. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/127687/2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
18
|
Rubio A, Hess J, Berry W, Dozier W, Pacheco W. Effects of corn particle size on broiler performance during the starter, grower, and finisher periods. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
19
|
Particle size and feed form in broiler diets: impact on gastrointestinal tract development and gut health. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933916000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
20
|
|
21
|
|
22
|
Combining alternative processing methods for European soybeans to be used in broiler diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Abdollahi M, Zaefarian F, Ravindran V. Feed intake response of broilers: Impact of feed processing. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
25
|
Siegert W, Ganzer C, Kluth H, Rodehutscord M. Effect of particle size distribution of maize and soybean meal on the precaecal amino acid digestibility in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:68-75. [PMID: 28905633 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1380295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. Herein, it was investigated whether different particle size distributions of feed ingredients achieved by grinding through a 2- or 3-mm grid would have an effect on precaecal (pc) amino acid (AA) digestibility. Maize and soybean meal were used as the test ingredients. 2. Maize and soybean meal was ground with grid sizes of 2 or 3 mm. Nine diets were prepared. The basal diet contained 500 g/kg of maize starch. The other experimental diets contained maize or soybean meal samples at concentrations of 250 and 500, and 150 and 300 g/kg, respectively, instead of maize starch. Each diet was tested using 6 replicate groups of 10 birds each. The regression approach was applied to calculate the pc AA digestibility of the test ingredients. 3. The reduction of the grid size from 3 to 2 mm reduced the average particle size of both maize and soybean meal, mainly by reducing the proportion of coarse particles. Reducing the grid size significantly (P < 0.050) increased the pc digestibility of all AA in the soybean meal. In maize, reducing the grid size decreased the pc digestibility of all AA numerically, but not significantly (P > 0.050). The mean numerical differences in pc AA digestibility between the grid sizes were 0.045 and 0.055 in maize and soybean meal, respectively. 4. Future studies investigating the pc AA digestibility should specify the particle size distribution and should investigate the test ingredients ground similarly for practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Siegert
- a Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften , Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - C Ganzer
- b Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften , Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - H Kluth
- b Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften , Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - M Rodehutscord
- a Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften , Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu W, Liu GH, Liao RB, Chang YL, Huang XY, Wu YB, Yang HM, Yan HJ, Cai HY. Apparent metabolizable and net energy values of corn and soybean meal for broiler breeding cocks. Poult Sci 2017; 96:135-143. [PMID: 27287380 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The AME and net energy (NE) values of 4 corn varieties, including 2 normal corn varieties (Zheng Dan 958 and Xian Yu 335), and one each of waxy corn and sweet corn, and 2 soybean meal samples including regular (RSBM) and dehulled soybean meal (DSBM), were determined in 2 experiments for broiler breeding cocks using the indirect calorimetry method. The 4 test diets in Experiment 1 consisted of each test corn, which replaced 40% of the corn-soybean meal basal diet, and the test diets in Experiment 2 contained 25% RSBM or DSBM, which was used to replace the corn basal diet. Thirty (Experiment 1) or 18 (Experiment 2) 50-week-old Arbor Acre (AA) broiler breeding cocks were used in a completely randomized design. After a 7 d dietary adaptation period, 6 birds as replicates from each treatment were assigned to individual respiration chambers for energy measurement via gaseous exchange and total excreta collection for 10 d. In Experiment 1, the AME, ME intake (MEI), retained energy (RE), NE, and NE:AME ratio values were higher (P < 0.001) in the test diets as compared with the corn-soybean meal basal diet. The AME and NE values in the sweet corn diet were higher (P < 0.05) than those values in the other 3 test diets. The heat production (HP), fasting heat production (FHP), and respiration quotient (RQ) were not influenced by the various experimental diets. The respective AME and NE values were 3,785, 3,775, 3,738, and 3,997 kcal/kg (DM basis), and 2,982, 3,006, 2,959, and 3,146 kcal/kg (DM basis) for Zheng Dan 958, Xian Yu 335, waxy corn, and sweet corn. Birds fed a corn basal diet in Experiment 2 had higher AME, MEI, RE, NE, and NE:AME ratio values (P < 0.001). Soybean meal substitution had no effect on HP, FHP, or RQ. The average AME and NE content was 2,492 and 1,581 kcal/kg (DM basis) for RSBM, and 2,580 and 1,654 kcal/kg (DM basis) for DSBM, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Liu
- The key laboratory of feed biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, China
| | - G H Liu
- The key laboratory of feed biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, China
| | - R B Liao
- The key laboratory of feed biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, China
| | - Y L Chang
- The key laboratory of feed biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, China
| | - X Y Huang
- The key laboratory of feed biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, China
| | - Y B Wu
- The key laboratory of feed biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, China
| | - H M Yang
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1363 Caiyu Street, Changchun, China
| | - H J Yan
- The key laboratory of feed biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, China
| | - H Y Cai
- The key laboratory of feed biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kini A, Fernandes C, Suryawanshi D. Effect of KiFAY on Performance, Insulin-like Growth Factor-1, and Thyroid Hormones in Broilers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:1451-7. [PMID: 27221245 PMCID: PMC5003970 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
28
|
Naderinejad S, Zaefarian F, Abdollahi M, Hassanabadi A, Kermanshahi H, Ravindran V. Influence of feed form and particle size on performance, nutrient utilisation, and gastrointestinal tract development and morphometry in broiler starters fed maize-based diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
29
|
Qaisrani SN, van Krimpen MM, Kwakkel RP, Verstegen MWA, Hendriks WH. Diet structure, butyric acid, and fermentable carbohydrates influence growth performance, gut morphology, and cecal fermentation characteristics in broilers. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2152-64. [PMID: 26175052 PMCID: PMC4988549 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An experiment with 288 male (Ross 308) 1-d-old broilers was conducted to test the hypothesis that a coarse diet supplemented with butyric acid (BA) and fermentable carbohydrates (FC) improves performance of broilers with a poorly digestible protein source. The interaction effects of diet structure (fine or coarse), FC supplementation (with or without), and BA supplementation (with or without) in a poorly digestible diet based on rapeseed meal (RSM) were tested in a factorial arrangement of 8 (2×2×2) dietary treatments. The coarseness of the diet affected feed intake (FI) (P<0.001), BW gain (P=0.001), and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P=0.001) positively. Broilers fed the coarse diets had, on average, 14% heavier gizzards and 11, 7, 5, and 6% lower relative empty weights of the crop, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, respectively, compared with those fed the fine diets. Dietary coarseness resulted in, on average, 6% greater ileal protein digestibility, 20% lower gizzard pH, 19% greater villus height, 18% lower crypt depth, and 23% reduced cecal branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) compared with chickens fed the fine diets. Broilers fed BA-supplemented diets had an improved FCR (P=0.004) and decreased crypt depth (P<0.001) compared with those fed diets without BA. Fermentable carbohydrate supplementation did not influence growth performance, gut development, or contents of total BCFA and total biogenic amines in the cecal digesta (P>0.05). Supplementation with FC, however, decreased the cecal concentration of spermine by approximately 31% compared with broilers fed diets without FC (P=0.002). In conclusion, feeding a coarse diet supplemented with BA improved performance of broilers fed a diet containing a poorly digestible protein source. The negative effects of a poorly digestible protein source can thus be partly counterbalanced by coarse grinding and BA supplementation in the diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S N Qaisrani
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M M van Krimpen
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, PO Box 65, NL-8200 AB Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - R P Kwakkel
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M W A Verstegen
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Qaisrani S, Moquet P, van Krimpen M, Kwakkel R, Verstegen M, Hendriks W. Protein source and dietary structure influence growth performance, gut morphology, and hindgut fermentation characteristics in broilers. Poult Sci 2014; 93:3053-64. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-04091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
31
|
Pacheco WJ, Stark CR, Ferket PR, Brake J. Effects of trypsin inhibitor and particle size of expeller-extracted soybean meal on broiler live performance and weight of gizzard and pancreas. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2245-52. [PMID: 25071228 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-03986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean meal (SBM) is a co-product that remains after the oil is removed from whole soybeans by either solvent extraction or mechanically pressing soybeans using an expeller. Expeller-extracted soybean meal (ESBM) contains more fat and less protein than solvent-extracted soybean meal (SSBM), but has higher trypsin inhibitors (TI) that limit its inclusion in poultry diets. We hypothesized that increasing the particle size of ESBM could enhance chick tolerance to dietary TI. The experiment consisted of a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement of 2 ESBM particle sizes (coarse, 1,300 µm, and fine, 530 µm) and 6 TI levels (6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 TIU/mg). A total of 672 male broiler chicks was randomly assigned among the 12 treatment combinations with 8 replicates per combination. The birds were provided with 1 kg/bird of starter diet in a crumble form. The pancreas and gizzard were excised and weighed at 16 d of age and organ weights relative to BW calculated. Feed consumption, BW, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined at 7 and 14 d of age. Increasing TI level produced a quadratic effect (P < 0.01) on BW and FCR at 14 d of age. The best performance was obtained when chicks were fed diets containing ESBM at intermediate TI levels. Increasing the particle size of the ESBM from 530 to 1,300 µm improved BW and feed intake (P < 0.01) without affecting FCR. The relative weight of the pancreas increased linearly as TI level increased (P < 0.001). The results of this study indicated that chicks performed better when fed coarse ESBM at an intermediate TI level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W J Pacheco
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7608
| | - C R Stark
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7608
| | - P R Ferket
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7608
| | - J Brake
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7608
| |
Collapse
|