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Haetinger VS, Sung JY, Adedokun SA, Dozier WA, Parsons CM, Rodehutscord M, Adeola O. Ileal phosphorus digestibility of soybean meal for broiler chickens remains consistent across institutions in a collaborative study regardless of non-phytate phosphorus concentration in the pre-experimental starter diet. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103602. [PMID: 38484566 PMCID: PMC10950890 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The same experimental protocol was used in 4 institutions to evaluate the impact of non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) concentration in the starter diet on regression method-derived ileal P digestibility of soybean meal (SBM) during the subsequent grower phase. A total of 1,536 Ross 308 male broiler chickens on d 0 post hatching were allotted to 2 pre-experimental starter diets that contained 3.5 or 4.5 g nPP/kg (96 replicate cages per diet, 8 birds per cage) for 18 d. Subsequently, 576 birds from each starter diet were selected and allocated to 3 experimental semi-purified grower diets containing 400, 510, or 620 g SBM/kg (32 replicate cages per diet, 6 birds per cage) for 3 d until collection of ileal digesta. Statistical analysis was conducted as a randomized complete block design with the starter period as whole plot and the grower period as split-plot. The only significant 2-way interaction was between grower diet and experimental institution (P < 0.05) on BW gain and gain to feed ratio. The main effect of institution and grower diet impacted (P < 0.05) feed intake, the digestibility of DM, P, and calcium, and disappearance of inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) in the grower diets. Birds fed the 3.5 g nPP/kg starter diet had lower (P < 0.05) BW gain and feed intake during the grower period, but presented higher (P < 0.05) digestibility of P and disappearance of InsP6 compared with the birds that were fed the 4.5 g nPP/kg starter diet. Regression method-derived ileal P digestibility of SBM was determined to be 46 or 42% for the respective 3.5 or 4.5 g nPP/kg pre-experimental starter diet and was not affected by the nPP concentration or by the institution. In conclusion, the experimental protocol used in the current study resulted in similar estimates across multiple institutions and is thus endorsed for future application in studies that aim to expand the database of digestible P content in plant source feed ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Haetinger
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - J Y Sung
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - S A Adedokun
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - W A Dozier
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - C M Parsons
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - M Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Omotoso AO, Reyer H, Oster M, Ponsuksili S, Wimmers K. Jejunal microbiota of broilers fed varying levels of mineral phosphorus. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103096. [PMID: 37797492 PMCID: PMC10562922 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts to achieve sustainable phosphorus (P) inputs in broiler farming which meet the physiological demand of animals include nutritional intervention strategies that have the potential to modulate and utilize endogenous and microbiota-associated capacities. A temporal P conditioning strategy in broiler nutrition is promising as it induces endocrinal and transcriptional responses to maintain mineral homeostasis. In this context, the current study aims to evaluate the composition of the jejunal microbiota as a functional entity located at the main absorption site involved in nutrient metabolism. Starting from a medium or high P supply in the first weeks of life of broilers, a depletion strategy was applied at growth intervals from d 17 to 24 and d 25 to 37 to investigate the consequences on the composition of the jejunal microbiota. The results on fecal mineral P, calcium (Ca), and phytate contents showed that the diets applied to the depleted and non-depleted cohorts were effective. Microbial diversity in jejunum was represented by alpha diversity indices which appeared unaffected between dietary groups. However, chickens assigned to the dietary P depletion groups showed significantly higher abundances of Facklamia, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae compared to non-depleted control groups. Based on current knowledge of microbial function, these microorganisms make only a minor contribution to the birds' adaptive mechanism in the jejunum following P depletion. Microbial taxa such as Brevibacterium, Brachybacterium, and genera of the Staphylococcaceae family proliferated in a P-enriched environment and might be considered biomarkers for excessive P supply in commercial broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewunmi O Omotoso
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henry Reyer
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Michael Oster
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6b, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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3
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Costa G, Dilelis F, Vasconcellos T, Reis T, Souza C, Lima C. True ileal digestibility of phosphorus from dicalcium phosphate in diets for broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2023.115601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Comparison of mucosal phosphatase activity, phytate degradation, and nutrient digestibility in 3-week-old turkeys and broilers at different dietary levels of phosphorus and phytase. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102457. [PMID: 36641994 PMCID: PMC9860161 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparison between 3-wk-old female turkeys (B.U.T. 6) and broilers (Ross 308) was performed to study the effects of species, dietary P, Ca, and phytase levels on gut mucosal phosphatase activity, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) degradation along the digestive tract, digestibility of P, Ca, and amino acids, and concentrations of myo-inositol in the digesta and blood. The experimental diets were corn-soybean meal-based and identical for both species. Two dietary P and Ca concentrations (CaP-: 4.1 g P/kg, 5.5 g Ca/kg and CaP+: 9.0 g P/kg, 12.0 g Ca/kg) and 2 levels of phytase supplementation (0 and 1,500 FTU/kg) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design and fed to the animals for 7 d in their third week of age. Each diet was randomly assigned to 6 broiler and 6 turkey pens, with 10 birds each. After slaughter, blood, digesta from the crop, gizzard, duodenum, lower ileum, and mucosa from the jejunum were collected. When fed CaP- without phytase supplementation, there were no differences between species in gut mucosal phosphatase activity, prececal InsP6 disappearance, and P and Ca digestibility, indicating a similar intrinsic capacity for phytate degradation in both species. When fed CaP+ without phytase supplementation, turkeys showed higher prececal InsP6 disappearance than broilers. Phytase supplementation increased prececal InsP6 disappearance and digestibility of P and Ca in both species. However, the phytase-induced increase in prececal InsP6 disappearance was more pronounced in broilers than in turkeys, possibly due to more adequate conditions for phytase activity in the broiler crop. In broilers, phytase supplementation increased amino acid digestibility overall, whereas, in turkeys, it increased with CaP+ and decreased with CaP-. In addition, the relationship between myo-inositol concentration in the ileum and blood differed between species, indicating differences in myo-inositol metabolism. It was concluded that 3-week-old turkeys and broilers differ in nutrient digestibility and InsP degradation in some segments of the digestive tract but have similar endogenous InsP6 degradation when fed low P and Ca diets.
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Shi H, Wang J, Teng PY, Tompkins YH, Jordan B, Kim WK. Effects of phytase and coccidial vaccine on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, bone mineralization, and intestinal gene expression of broilers. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102124. [PMID: 36130448 PMCID: PMC9489506 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate effects of phytase and coccidial vaccine on growth performance, bone mineralization, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal gene expression of broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted in a 2 × 4 completely randomized factorial arrangement with 6 replicates per treatment and 10 birds each. Applications of coccidiosis vaccine and different dietary treatments were the 2 main factors in the current study. The dietary treatments included 1) a positive control (PC; 0.90% Ca and 0.45% available P: avP); 2) a negative control (NC; 0.75% Ca and 0.30% AvP); 3) NC + 500 FTU/kg of phytase (NC + 500PHY); and 4) NC + 1500 FTU/kg of phytase (NC + 1500PHY). Data were analyzed using SAS by 2-way ANOVA via GLM procedure. The statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05, and means were further separated using Tukey's Test. The results indicated that vaccination had no effect on growth performance except for feed intake from 0 to 14 d but negatively (P < 0.05) regulated bone ash and Ca digestibility. Birds fed with the Ca and P-reduced diet (NC) showed a lower BWG and bone ash compared to birds fed with the normal diet (PC), but supplementing phytase mitigated the negative effects on those birds. Broilers fed the NC diet had higher (P < 0.05) total Ca and P digestibility, and phytate degradation; supplementing phytase further increased P digestibility and phytate degradation of the broilers. A significant interaction (P < 0.05) between phytase and vaccination was observed, suggesting the vaccinated birds fed the PC diet and the unvaccinated birds fed the NC + 1500PHY increased calcium-sensing receptor gene expression compared with the unvaccinated birds fed the PC diet. In conclusion, in spite of coccidiosis vaccine, supplementing phytase at 1,500 FTU/kg alleviated the negative effects on growth performance, bone mineralization, and apparent ileal digestibility of P and phytate.
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6
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The impact of dietary calcium and phosphorus on mitochondrial-linked gene expression in five tissues of laying hens. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270550. [PMID: 35749523 PMCID: PMC9231785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria and the energy metabolism are linked to both, the availability of Ca and P to provide the eukaryotic cell with energy. Both minerals are commonly used supplements in the feed of laying hens but little is known about the relationship between the feed content, energy metabolism and genetic background. In this study, we provide a large-scaled gene expression analysis of 31 mitochondrial and nuclear encoded genes in 80 laying hens in the context of dietary P and Ca concentrations. The setup included five tissues and gene expression was analysed under four different diets of recommended and reduced Ca and P concentrations. Our study shows, that mitochondrial gene expression is reacting to a reduction in P and that an imbalance of the nutrients has a higher impact than a combined reduction. The results suggest, that both strains (Lohmann Brown and Lohmann Selected Leghorn) react in a similar way to the changes and that a reduction of both nutrients might be possible without crucial influence on the animals’ health or gene expression.
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Zhang L, Guo Q, Duan Y, Lin X, Ni H, Zhou C, Li F. Comparison of the Effects of Inorganic or Amino Acid-Chelated Zinc on Mouse Myoblast Growth in vitro and Growth Performance and Carcass Traits in Growing-Finishing Pigs. Front Nutr 2022; 9:857393. [PMID: 35464034 PMCID: PMC9021508 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.857393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of the supplementation of different sources of zinc on mouse myoblast growth in vitro and the growth performance and carcass traits in growing-finishing pigs. In the in vitro trial, 25 or 75 mM zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), methionine-chelated zinc (ZnMet), and glycine-chelated zinc (ZnGly) were co-cultured with the myoblast during proliferation and differentiation. The results showed that the amino acid-chelated zinc supplementation, especially ZnMet, enhances cell proliferation and differentiation in mouse myoblast, and regulates the distribution in S and G2/M phases (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the protein expression levels of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathways were up-regulated after treatment with 25 μM ZnMet (P < 0.05), which is consistent with the results of the enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway in the transcriptome analysis. In the in vivo trial, 27 Duroc × (Landrace × Large White) pigs with an initial average weight of 31.62 ± 0.36 kg were divided into three groups with nine replicates per treatment. The dietary treatment groups were as follows: (1) ZnSO4 group, basal diet +75 mg/kg ZnSO4; (2) ZnMet group, basal diet +75 mg/kg ZnMet; and (3) ZnGly group, basal diet +75 mg/kg ZnGly. The whole trial lasted for 75 days. Increased final body weight, average daily gain, and decreased F/G were noted in the ZnMet group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the ZnMet group had higher carcass weight and loin eye area (P = 0.05). The ZnMet and ZnGly group both had lower serum total protein (P < 0.05), while the ZnMet group had higher serum alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05). Also, the addition of ZnMet showed higher concentrations of zinc and iron in muscle, kidney, and serum (P < 0.05), improving the deposition and availability of micronutrients. In conclusion, amino acid-chelated zinc, particularly ZnMet, had the best effect, which could improve growth in vitro and increase growth performance while boosting bioavailability in growing-finishing pigs, ultimately, enhancing muscle mass, providing a theoretical basis and guidance for the future use of amino acid-chelated zinc to effectively replenish energy in animal nutrition and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiuping Guo
| | - Yehui Duan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Lin
- Guangzhou Tanke Bio-tech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Hengjia Ni
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanshe Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Iqbal MA, Reyer H, Oster M, Hadlich F, Trakooljul N, Perdomo-Sabogal A, Schmucker S, Stefanski V, Roth C, Camarinha Silva A, Huber K, Sommerfeld V, Rodehutscord M, Wimmers K, Ponsuksili S. Multi-Omics Reveals Different Strategies in the Immune and Metabolic Systems of High-Yielding Strains of Laying Hens. Front Genet 2022; 13:858232. [PMID: 35432452 PMCID: PMC9010826 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.858232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lohmann Brown (LB) and Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL) are two commercially important laying hen strains due to their high egg production and excellent commercial suitability. The present study integrated multiple data sets along the genotype-phenotype map to better understand how the genetic background of the two strains influences their molecular pathways. In total, 71 individuals were analyzed (LB, n = 36; LSL, n = 35). Data sets include gut miRNA and mRNA transcriptome data, microbiota composition, immune cells, inositol phosphate metabolites, minerals, and hormones from different organs of the two hen strains. All complex data sets were pre-processed, normalized, and compatible with the mixOmics platform. The most discriminant features between two laying strains included 20 miRNAs, 20 mRNAs, 16 immune cells, 10 microbes, 11 phenotypic traits, and 16 metabolites. The expression of specific miRNAs and the abundance of immune cell types were related to the enrichment of immune pathways in the LSL strain. In contrast, more microbial taxa specific to the LB strain were identified, and the abundance of certain microbes strongly correlated with host gut transcripts enriched in immunological and metabolic pathways. Our findings indicate that both strains employ distinct inherent strategies to acquire and maintain their immune and metabolic systems under high-performance conditions. In addition, the study provides a new perspective on a view of the functional biodiversity that emerges during strain selection and contributes to the understanding of the role of host–gut interaction, including immune phenotype, microbiota, gut transcriptome, and metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arsalan Iqbal
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henry Reyer
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Michael Oster
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Frieder Hadlich
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Alvaro Perdomo-Sabogal
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Sonja Schmucker
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph Roth
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Korinna Huber
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vera Sommerfeld
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Science, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Wimmers
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
- University Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Rostock, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Siriluck Ponsuksili,
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Salisbury F, Cowieson A, Gous R. Constraints on the modelling of calcium and phosphorus growth of broilers: a systematic review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1974804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Salisbury
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | | | - R.M. Gous
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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10
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Papp M, Sommerfeld V, Schollenberger M, Avenhaus U, Rodehutscord M. Phytate degradation and phosphorus utilisation by broiler chickens fed diets containing wheat with increased phytase activity. Br Poult Sci 2021; 63:375-385. [PMID: 34378995 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1966756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1. The objective of this study was to investigate wheat genotypes bred for increased intrinsic phytase activity for InsP6 disappearance and the formation of lower inositol phosphates in such wheat-fed broiler chickens. The influence of monocalcium phosphate (MCP) supplementation on these characteristics and the utilisation of P and Ca were also determined. A three-step in vitro assay and a broiler trial were performed.2. In the 63 wheat genotypes tested in vitro, phytase activity varied from 1900 FTU/kg to 5200 FTU/kg, and InsP6 disappearance increased with higher phytase activity of wheat in a linear manner. The addition of MCP significantly reduced in vitro InsP6 disappearance by one-third, independent of the inclusion level of wheat in the feed. When exogenous phytase was added to wheat, in vitro InsP6 disappearance increased independently of the phytase activity of the wheat used.3. In the broiler trial, four wheat genotypes with phytase activities between 2400 and 3700 FTU/kg were included at 400 g/kg in diets with and without MCP. The diets were not pelleted. Separately, wheat 1, without MCP, was tested with the addition of exogenous phytase. Unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens were allocated to 72 metabolic units of 10 birds each and assigned one of the nine diets. Mineral utilisation was measured based on excreta collection from 20 to 23 d of age. Digesta from the crop and terminal ileum were collected on d 24.4. In the crop and ileum, InsP6 disappearance was not affected by the wheat genotypes, but the addition of MCP significantly decreased InsP6 disappearance. Precaecal P disappearance was significantly reduced by the addition of MCP, with wheat genotypes exerting an effect. Wheat genotypes and the addition of exogenous phytase significantly affected P utilisation. Exogenous phytase had no effect on InsP6 disappearance in the crop but did up to the terminal ileum, the precaecal InsP6 and P disappearance increased with the addition of exogenous phytase.5. Although the intrinsic wheat phytase activity exerted distinct effects on in vitro InsP6 disappearance, no such effect was found in the broiler trial. The addition of MCP significantly inhibited InsP6 degradation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Papp
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - V Sommerfeld
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Schollenberger
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - U Avenhaus
- W. von Borries-Eckendorf GmbH & Co. KG, 33818 Leopoldshöhe, Germany
| | - M Rodehutscord
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Mineral Phosphorus Supply in Piglets Impacts the Microbial Composition and Phytate Utilization in the Large Intestine. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061197. [PMID: 34205896 PMCID: PMC8227959 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A sufficient supply of phosphorus (P) to pigs in livestock farming is based on the optimal use of plant-based phytate and mineral P supplements to ensure proper growth processes and bone stability. However, a high P supplementation might bear the risk of higher environmental burden due to the occurrence of excess P and phytate degradation products in manure. In this context, the intestinal microbiota is of central importance to increase P solubility, to employ non-mineral P by the enzymatic degradation of phytate, and to metabolize residual P. A feeding experiment was conducted in which piglets were fed diets with different P levels, resulting in three groups with low, medium (covering requirements), and high concentrations of available P. Samples from caecum and colon digesta were analysed for microbial composition and phytate breakdown to estimate the microbial contribution to metabolize P sources. In terms of identified operational taxonomic units (OTU), caecum and colon digesta under the three feeding schemes mainly overlap in their core microbiome. Nevertheless, different microbial families correlate with increased dietary P supply. Specifically, microbes of Desulfovibrionaceae, Pasteurellaceae, Anaerovoracaceae, and Methanobacteriaceae were found significantly differentially abundant in the large intestine across the dietary treatments. Moreover, members of the families Veillonellaceae, Selenomonadaceae, and Succinivibrionaceae might contribute to the observed phytate degradation in animals fed a low P diet. In this sense, the targeted manipulation of the intestinal microbiota by feeding measures offers possibilities for the optimization of intestinal phytate and P utilization.
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Jlali M, Cozannet P, Moore D, Preynat A. Investigating the effect of available phosphorus and calcium level on the potential of a multi-carbohydrase and phytase complex on growth performance, amino acids and phosphorus digestibility in broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Hofmann T, Schmucker S, Sommerfeld V, Huber K, Rodehutscord M, Stefanski V. Immunomodulatory Effects of Dietary Phosphorus and Calcium in Two Strains of Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010129. [PMID: 33430096 PMCID: PMC7826506 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Phosphorus and calcium are essential nutrients for body functions including the immune system and are generally supplemented to poultry diets. Phosphorus is also present in plant feedstuffs, bound as phytate, which can be used by enzymatic hydrolyzation in the chicken. A reduction of dietary mineral phosphorus might consequently be conceivable, without negatively influencing the immune system. The high concentration of calcium in diets for laying hens that is needed for eggshell formation may inhibit phytate degrading enzymes, and thus, decrease phosphorus availability for the hen. Both phytate degradation and several immune parameters are known to be strain-specific, making an interaction of the genetic background and the dietary phosphorus and calcium supply with the immune system likely. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of reduced concentrations of dietary phosphorus and calcium on the peripheral and gut-associated immune system in two laying hen strains. Reduced mineral phosphorus enhanced, while reduced calcium reduced several immune parameters. The two strains showed differences in many immune parameters, but only the impact of dietary phosphorus was influenced by the genetic background. These results suggest that dietary phosphorus and calcium supply may strain-specifically influence immune defense and protection against infection in chicken. Abstract Insufficient nutrient supply can impair the immune system, which is important for animal health and welfare. Since chicken can partly hydrolyze phytate, which is the primary phosphorus storage in plant seeds, a reduction of mineral phosphorus in the diets could be an option for more sustainable egg production. Laying hens require high concentrations of calcium that might inhibit the function of endogenous enzymes for phytate hydrolyzation. The objective of this study was to characterize the impact of standard and reduced dietary phosphorus and calcium concentrations on the number and functionality of immune cells in the peripheral and gut-associated immune system in a white and brown laying hen strain. Reduced mineral phosphorus enhanced several immune parameters such as B cells in blood and IgA concentrations in bile in both strains, and peripheral monocytes and γδ T cells in cecal tonsils in brown hens. Reduced calcium levels resulted in lower numbers of T cells in blood and cecal tonsils in both strains, suggesting negative effects on adaptive immunity. Differences between the two strains were found in almost all immune parameters. Results suggest a potentially beneficial effect of reduced dietary mineral phosphorus on the immune system that is dependent on the genetic background.
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14
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Siegert W, Hofmann P, Rodehutscord M. Effect of low-temperature drying on the nitrogenous compounds and inositol phosphates in broiler chickens and cecectomized laying hen excreta. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13484. [PMID: 33398904 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated how the chemical composition of broiler chicken and cecectomized laying hen excreta is affected by drying in a forced-air drying chamber at low temperatures. Excreta that was immediately frozen after voiding provided the reference values. The excreta were dried in drying chambers for 4 hr, 6 hr, and 12 hr at 23°C or 33°C in the broiler experiment and 19°C or 29°C in the cecectomized laying hen experiment. The total N and inositol phosphate concentrations in the excreta of broiler chickens and cecectomized laying hens were not influenced (p > .050), except for one inositol tetrakisphosphate isomer (p = .026) in broilers. Compared to fresh excreta, drying did not affect the ammonia concentrations in the cecectomized laying hen experiment (p > .050), but the ammonia concentration was lower when dried for 12 hr at 33°C in the broiler experiment (p = .002). Amino acid concentrations in cecectomized laying hen excreta decreased until 4 hr of drying and then increased at both drying temperatures (p < .001). The results indicate that the applicability of drying poultry excreta at low temperatures in forced-air drying chambers to determine the chemical compound concentrations is trait-dependent. Future studies are necessary to investigate whether these results are also dependent upon the amount of excreta stored in the drying chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Siegert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Hofmann
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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15
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Strategies to determine the efficacy of multiple phytase use at low activities using Ross x Ross 708 male broilers from 0 to 14 d. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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16
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An SH, Sung JY, Kong C. Ileal Digestibility and Total Tract Retention of Phosphorus in Inorganic Phosphates Fed to Broiler Chickens Using the Direct Method. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2167. [PMID: 33233718 PMCID: PMC7699949 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine and compare the phosphorus (P) utilization of inorganic phosphates fed to broiler chickens using the direct method. On day 15 of age, six hundred forty 15-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens (initial body weight = 399 ± 38 g) were assigned to five experimental diets with 16 birds per cage in a randomized complete block design. The experimental diets consisted of four semi-purified diets containing monocalcium phosphate, monodicalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, and tricalcium phosphate as the sole P sources. Additionally, a P-free diet was prepared to measure basal endogenous P loss. Chromic oxide was added to the experimental diets as an indigestible index. Excreta were collected per cage on days 17 to 18 of age, and all birds were asphyxiated with carbon dioxide on day 19 of age for ileal digesta collection. The cage was an experimental unit, and the number of replications per each treatment was eight except for the tricalcium phosphate treatment (n = 4). There was no interaction observed between the P source and the collection site (ileal digestibility vs. total tract retention). Phosphorus utilization differed (p < 0.05) among inorganic phosphates and the ileal digestibility of P was greater (p < 0.05) than the total tract retention. In conclusion, the standardized ileal digestibility of P in inorganic phosphates ranged from 56.7% to 89.8% and ileal digestibility was greater than the total tract retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hyun An
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea;
| | - Jung Yeol Sung
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Changsu Kong
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea;
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
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17
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Sommerfeld V, Omotoso AO, Oster M, Reyer H, Camarinha-Silva A, Hasselmann M, Huber K, Ponsuksili S, Seifert J, Stefanski V, Wimmers K, Rodehutscord M. Phytate Degradation, Transcellular Mineral Transporters, and Mineral Utilization by Two Strains of Laying Hens as Affected by Dietary Phosphorus and Calcium. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1736. [PMID: 32987788 PMCID: PMC7598718 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Laying hens require less phosphorus (P) but markedly more calcium (Ca) in their diet than broilers. These differences may cause more distinct interactions with phytate degradation and utilization of minerals in laying hens than those in broilers. The objective of the study was to characterize intestinal phytate degradation, ileal transcript copy numbers of transcellular Ca and P transporters, and mineral utilization by two laying hen strains fed with standard or reduced levels of dietary Ca and P at the laying peak. The strains showed differences regarding several traits driving Ca and P metabolism along the digestive tract. Thus, the two strains may use different mechanisms to meet their respective P demand, i.e., via effective phytate degradation and transcellular transport. Clear effects of the Ca level on myo-inositol concentrations and mineral utilization revealed the significance of this element for the measured traits. The absence of P-mediated effects confirmed the findings of several studies recommending that P concentrations used in laying hen feeds are too high. Differences were noted between individuals within one treatment. The next step would be to evaluate the data in individual birds to identify birds that better cope with a challenging diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Sommerfeld
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (V.S.); (A.C.-S.); (M.H.); (K.H.); (J.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Adewunmi Omolade Omotoso
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.O.O.); (M.O.); (H.R.); (S.P.); (K.W.)
| | - Michael Oster
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.O.O.); (M.O.); (H.R.); (S.P.); (K.W.)
| | - Henry Reyer
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.O.O.); (M.O.); (H.R.); (S.P.); (K.W.)
| | - Amélia Camarinha-Silva
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (V.S.); (A.C.-S.); (M.H.); (K.H.); (J.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Martin Hasselmann
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (V.S.); (A.C.-S.); (M.H.); (K.H.); (J.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Korinna Huber
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (V.S.); (A.C.-S.); (M.H.); (K.H.); (J.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.O.O.); (M.O.); (H.R.); (S.P.); (K.W.)
| | - Jana Seifert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (V.S.); (A.C.-S.); (M.H.); (K.H.); (J.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (V.S.); (A.C.-S.); (M.H.); (K.H.); (J.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.O.O.); (M.O.); (H.R.); (S.P.); (K.W.)
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (V.S.); (A.C.-S.); (M.H.); (K.H.); (J.S.); (V.S.)
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18
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Sommerfeld V, Huber K, Bennewitz J, Camarinha-Silva A, Hasselmann M, Ponsuksili S, Seifert J, Stefanski V, Wimmers K, Rodehutscord M. Phytate degradation, myo-inositol release, and utilization of phosphorus and calcium by two strains of laying hens in five production periods. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6797-6808. [PMID: 33248595 PMCID: PMC7704748 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare 2 laying hen strains in 5 production periods regarding phytase activity, phytate (InsP6) degradation, and myo-inositol (MI) release in the digestive tract and phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) utilization. One offspring of 10 nonrelated roosters per strain (Lohmann Brown-classic (LB) or Lohmann LSL-classic (LSL)) was placed in one of 20 metabolic units in a completely randomized block design in week 8, 14, 22, 28, and 58 of life. All hens were fed the same corn and soybean meal–based diet at one time, but the diet composition was adjusted to the requirements in the respective period. For 4 consecutive days, excreta were collected quantitatively at 24-hour intervals. In week 10, 16, 24, 30, and 60, the blood plasma, digesta of crop, gizzard, jejunum, ileum, and ceca, and mucosa of the jejunum was collected. The concentration of inorganic P in the blood plasma was higher in LB than in LSL hens (P = 0.026). Plasma Ca concentrations increased with each period (P < 0.001) in both strains. In jejunum digesta, the MI concentration did not differ between strains, but InsP6 concentration was higher in LB than in LSL hens (P = 0.002) and the highest in week 30 and 60. Total phosphatase and phytase activities were higher in LB than in LSL hens (P ≤ 0.009). Period effects were also significant for these enzymes. Concentrations of some constituents of the cecal content were different between the strains. The MI concentration in the egg albumen and yolk was higher in LB than in LSL hens. Differences in InsP6- and MI-related metabolism of the 2 hen strains existed. These differences were partly dependent of the period. Especially, week 24 was a period of remarkable change of metabolism. Great differences also existed among individuals, making it worth to have a closer look at the metabolism of individuals in addition to evaluating treatment means. Further studies on metabolic, genetic, and microbiome level may help explain these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Sommerfeld
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Korinna Huber
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörn Bennewitz
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Martin Hasselmann
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute for Genome Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jana Seifert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute for Genome Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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19
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Gautier AE, Rochell SJ. Influence of coccidiosis vaccination on nutrient utilization of corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains with solubles in broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3540-3549. [PMID: 32616250 PMCID: PMC7597816 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the impact of coccidiosis vaccination on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients and ileal digestible energy (IDE) in commonly used feed ingredients in broilers. Eight experimental treatments based on a factorial arrangement of coccidiosis vaccination (control with in-feed diclazuril [CTL] or vaccinated [VAC]) and 4 different diets were administered to male Cobb 500 broilers in floor pens containing 12 birds per pen. For the vaccinated group, a 3× dose of a live coccidiosis vaccine was given via oral gavage on the day of hatch. Experimental diets consisted of a basal diet and 3 test diets in which 30% of the basal diet was replaced with either corn, soybean meal (SBM), or distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) to allow for calculation of nutrient digestibility of individual ingredients by difference. Broilers were fed a common diet from 0 to 7 D and experimental diets from 7 to 12 D. On day 12, blood and ileal digesta were collected to measure plasma carotenoids and determine AID of nitrogen, ether extract, IDE (experiments 1 and 2), and amino acids (AA) (experiment 2). Vaccination increased (P < 0.05) excreta oocyst counts and decreased (P < 0.05) plasma carotenoids when compared with CTL birds. Interactive effects (P < 0.05) were observed for AID of nitrogen (experiment 1) which was reduced by vaccination in birds fed the corn diet and increased for birds fed DDGS. No differences (P > 0.05) in IDE were observed between VAC and CTL birds in either experiment, whereas vaccination decreased (P < 0.05) AID of ether extract independently of diet. Interactive effects (P < 0.05) were observed for AA digestibility, whereby digestibility of all AA was reduced by VAC in corn diets but generally increased AA digestibility of DDGS diets, with minimal impact on SBM diets. In conclusion, the impact of coccidiosis vaccination on nutrient and energy digestibility varied among ingredients; however, digestibility was minimally impacted or improved with DDGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Gautier
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - S J Rochell
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR.
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20
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Rahimi Z, Modirsanei M, Mansoori B. The effect of enzymatic feed pretreatment on bioavailability of phytate phosphorous, performance, and bone indices of tibia in broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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21
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Sommerfeld V, Van Kessel AG, Classen HL, Schollenberger M, Kühn I, Rodehutscord M. Phytate degradation in gnotobiotic broiler chickens and effects of dietary supplements of phosphorus, calcium, and phytase. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5562-5570. [PMID: 31189179 PMCID: PMC6771544 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gnotobiotic broiler chickens were used to study interactive effects of supplemented phosphorus, calcium (PCa), and phytase (Phy) on myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6) degradation and release of myo-inositol in the digestive tract. In 2 subsequent runs, the chickens were subjected to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with and without PCa and Phy supplementation. Sanitized eggs were hatched in 8 germfree isolators, and a minimum of 9 male Ross 308 chickens were placed in each pen (total 16 pens). Treatments implemented on day 10 included gamma-irradiated diets without (PCa−; 4.1 g P and 6.2 g Ca/kg DM) or with (PCa+; 6.9 g P and 10.4 g Ca/kg DM) monosodium phosphate and limestone supplementation and without (Phy−) or with (Phy+) 1,500 FTU Phy/kg feed in a factorial arrangement. On day 15, digesta was collected from different sections of the intestinal tract and analyzed for InsP isomers and myo-inositol. The isolators did not remain germfree, but analysis of contaminants and results of InsP degradation indicated no or minor effects of the identified contaminants. Prececal InsP6 disappearance was 42% with the PCa−Phy− treatment and 17% with PCa+Phy−. No InsP3–4 isomers were found in the digesta of the terminal ileum in PCa−Phy−. The concentration of myo-inositol in the ileal digesta from PCa−Phy− (6.1 μmol/g DM) was significantly higher than that from PCa+Phy− (1.7 μmol/g DM), suggesting rapid degradation of the lower InsP isomers by mucosal phosphatases and their inhibition by PCa. Phytase supplementation increased InsP6 disappearance and prevented inhibitory effects of PCa supplements (72% in PCa−Phy+ and 67% in PCa+Phy+). However, PCa supplementation reduced the degradation of lower InsP isomers mainly in the posterior intestinal sections in the presence of Phy, resulting in significantly lower myo-inositol concentrations. It is concluded that mucosa-derived phosphatases might significantly contribute to InsP6 degradation in broiler chickens. The potential of mucosa-derived phosphatases to degrade InsP6 and lower InsP is markedly reduced by dietary PCa supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Sommerfeld
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrew G Van Kessel
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Henry L Classen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | | | | | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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22
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Siegert W, Zuber T, Sommerfeld V, Krieg J, Feuerstein D, Kurrle U, Rodehutscord M. Prececal amino acid digestibility and phytate degradation in broiler chickens when using different oilseed meals, phytase and protease supplements in the feed. Poult Sci 2019; 98:5700-5713. [PMID: 31250002 PMCID: PMC6771547 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of phytase and protease supplementation on prececal (pc) amino acid (AA) digestibility, phytate (InsP6) degradation, and MEn concentration in diets using 3 oilseed meals as main protein sources in broiler chicken feed. The broiler chicken diets, which lacked mineral phosphorus, contained either soybean meal (SBM), SBM and rapeseed meal (SBM/RSM), or SBM and sunflower meal (SBM/SFM) as main protein sources. Diets were not supplemented with enzymes or supplemented with 1,500 or 3,000 FTU phytase/kg, or with 1,600 mg protease/kg. For diets containing SBM as the main protein source, the effects of phytase supplementation with and without monocalcium phosphate were also investigated. Data were obtained during 2 subsequent runs from days 14 to 22 and from days 23 to 31. Each diet was tested using 8 replicates with 4 replicates per run. For pc AA digestibility, no significant interactions were observed between main protein sources, enzyme supplementation, or addition of monocalcium phosphate except for Cys. Supplementation of 1,500 FTU phytase/kg increased pc digestibility of all AA. No differences in pc AA digestibility were observed between 1,500 and 3,000 FTU phytase/kg supplementation treatments. Prececal disappearance of InsP6 and pc P digestibility were greater in the high phytase supplementation treatment. Protease supplementation increased pc digestibility of all AA except for Cys when SBM/RSM was the main protein source. Supplementation of protease and 3,000 FTU phytase/kg increased MEn concentrations. The effect of phytase on pc AA digestibility was fully expressed at a lower supplementation level than needed for a maximized pc InsP6 disappearance and MEn concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Siegert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - T Zuber
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - V Sommerfeld
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Krieg
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - U Kurrle
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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23
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Hirvonen J, Liljavirta J, Saarinen MT, Lehtinen MJ, Ahonen I, Nurminen P. Effect of Phytase on in Vitro Hydrolysis of Phytate and the Formation of myo-Inositol Phosphate Esters in Various Feed Materials. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11396-11402. [PMID: 31537068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytase is commonly used as a feed enzyme in monogastric animals to increase the bioavailability of phytate phosphorus and other nutrients. The accumulation of myo-inositol phosphate intermediates during phytate degradation in various segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of Buttiauxella spp. phytase in degrading the phytate in corn, soybean meal, and complete corn-soybean meal diet to myo-inositol phosphate esters (IP1-IP5) and completely dephosphorylated myo-inositol rings using an in vitro model of the poultry upper GIT. Our results show that the phytase hydrolyzes phytate efficiently to small IP esters, whereas the myo-inositol level remains constant between control and phytase treatments. Although the in vitro digestion model does not incorporate all factors that govern phytate hydrolysis, it is a valuable tool for evaluating phytase efficacy at various enzyme doses and with different feed ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Hirvonen
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health & Nutrition Science, Danisco Sweeteners Oy , 02460 Kantvik , Finland
| | - Jenni Liljavirta
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health & Nutrition Science, Danisco Sweeteners Oy , 02460 Kantvik , Finland
| | - Markku T Saarinen
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health & Nutrition Science, Danisco Sweeteners Oy , 02460 Kantvik , Finland
| | - Markus J Lehtinen
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health & Nutrition Science, Danisco Sweeteners Oy , 02460 Kantvik , Finland
| | | | - Päivi Nurminen
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Global Health & Nutrition Science, Danisco Sweeteners Oy , 02460 Kantvik , Finland
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Dietary phytase and myo-inositol supplementation are associated with distinct plasma metabolome profile in broiler chickens. Animal 2019; 14:549-559. [PMID: 31610823 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119002337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytase enzyme is used as a dietary supplement in broiler nutrition to improve phosphorous bioavailability. Phytase deliberates phosphate groups from phytic acid and produces myo-inositol after total dephosphorylation. Myo-inositol is a bioactive compound having beneficial modulatory effects on metabolism in humans. However, it is not well understood if and how phytic acid degradation products, particularly myo-inositol, can modulate metabolism in broiler chicken. The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of dietary supplements of phytase and myo-inositol on the blood plasma metabolome profile of broiler chickens. Broilers were provided a nutrient-adequate control diet or the same diet supplemented with either 3.5 g myo-inositol or 500, 1500 or 3000 units of phytase, per kilogram of feed (grower diet). Broilers were group-housed in floor pens (eight pens per diet) and provided one of the treatment diets for 22 days. Then, blood was collected from one bird per pen, resulting in eight replicated measurements per diet. A targeted metabolomics approach was applied to the heparin plasma. Body weight of the birds was not significantly affected by the treatments. Plasma myo-inositol concentrations were significantly increased by myo-inositol supplementation and phytase supplementation at 500 and 1500 units/kg. Metabolites generally affected by phytase supplementation belonged to the groups of acyl-carnitines, phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, lysophosphatidylcholine, biogenic amines and amino acids. Compared to the control diet, phytase supplements had significantly higher plasma concentrations of kynurenine and creatinine, but lower concentrations of histamine and cis-4-hydroxyproline. Myo-inositol supplementation significantly increased plasma concentrations of dopamine and serotonine. While some metabolites were similarly affected by myo-inositol and phytase supplementation, others were distinctly differently affected. We conclude that myo-inositol, either as a directly added supplement or indirectly released from phytate upon phytase supplementation, can affect specific metabolic pathways. Additional effects found on phytase supplementation may be related to intermediary phytate degradation products. Results are indicative for innovative hypothesis to be tested in future experiments, for instance, with regard to relationships between phytase or myo-inositol supplements and bird immunity or behaviour.
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25
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Künzel S, Borda-Molina D, Kraft R, Sommerfeld V, Kühn I, Camarinha-Silva A, Rodehutscord M. Impact of coccidiostat and phytase supplementation on gut microbiota composition and phytate degradation in broiler chickens. Anim Microbiome 2019; 1:5. [PMID: 33499963 PMCID: PMC7803125 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-019-0006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is good evidence for a substantial endogenous phytase activity originating from the epithelial tissue or the microbiota resident in the digestive tract of broiler chickens. However, ionophore coccidiostats, which are frequently used as feed additives in broiler diets to prevent coccidiosis, might affect the bacterial composition and the abundance of phytase producers in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether supplementation of a frequently used mixture of the coccidiostats Narasin and Nicarbazin alone or together with a phytase affects microbiota composition of the digestive tract of broiler chickens, characteristics of phytate breakdown in crop and terminal ileum, and precaecal phosphorus and crude protein digestibility. Results Large differences in the microbial composition and diversity were detected between the treatments with and without coccidiostat supplementation. Disappearance of myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis(dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6) in the digestive tract, precaecal P digestibility, inorganic P in blood serum, and the concentration of inositol phosphate isomers in the crop and ileum digesta were significantly affected by phytase supplementation, but not by coccidiostat supplementation. Crude protein digestibility was increased by coccidiostat supplementation when more phosphate was available. Neither microbial abundance and diversity nor any other trait measured at the end of the experiment was affected by coccidiostat when it was only supplemented from day 1 to 10 of age. Conclusions The coccidiostats used herein had large effects on overall microbiota composition of the digestive tract. The coccidiostats did not seem to affect endogenous or exogenous phytase activity up to the terminal ileum of broiler chickens. The effects of phytase on growth, phosphorus digestibility, and myo-inositol release were not altered by the presence of the coccidiostats. The effects of phytase and coccidiostats on nutrient digestibility can be of significant relevance for phosphorus and protein-reduced feeding concepts if confirmed in further experiments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s42523-019-0006-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Künzel
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniel Borda-Molina
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rebecca Kraft
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vera Sommerfeld
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Ingelmann CJ, Witzig M, Möhring J, Schollenberger M, Kühn I, Rodehutscord M. Phytate degradation and phosphorus digestibility in broilers and turkeys fed different corn sources with or without added phytase. Poult Sci 2019; 98:912-922. [PMID: 30272230 PMCID: PMC6376216 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to test whether different dietary corn sources and phytase supplementation affect the prececal phosphorus digestibility (pcdP) and appearance of inositol phosphates in the lower ileum of growing broiler chickens and turkeys. Two experiments were conducted, one with broiler chickens and one with turkeys. Four corn diets were provided; these were formulated to contain low P and calcium (Ca) contents and incorporated 43% of one of the four different corn sources. Diets were either unsupplemented or supplemented with 500 FTU of an Escherichia coli-derived phytase/kg feed. Experimental diets were fed ad libitum from day 20 post-hatch. At 28 d of age, digesta were sampled from the lower ileum of animals to determine pcdP and pc myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6) degradation and to analyze the concentrations of lower inositol phosphate isomers. The pcdP of non-supplemented diets ranged from 51 to 60% and from 22 to 28% in broilers and turkeys, respectively. A negative correlation was observed between the InsP6 content of the corn source and the pcdP of diets in broilers only. Without phytase supplementation, pc InsP6 degradation ranged from 64 to 76% in broilers and from 6 to 15% in turkeys. Phytase increased the pcdP by around 15% in broilers (P < 0.001) and 9 to 17% in turkeys (P < 0.001). In turkeys, phytase efficacy was greatest when the diets contained corn with higher contents of ether extract and InsP6. An effect of corn source on the appearance of lower InsPs in the ileal digesta was found in broilers only. These results suggest that broilers possess a greater capacity for InsP6 degradation and hydrolysis of lower InsPs compared with turkeys. Furthermore, the results are influenced by the corn source used. Further research is needed to identify the factors responsible for the low level of phytate degradation in turkeys in order to improve the availability of InsP6-P and the efficacy of phytase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-J Ingelmann
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Witzig
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Möhring
- Institut für Kulturpflanzenwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Schollenberger
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - I Kühn
- AB Vista, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Rodehutscord
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Pirgozliev V, Brearley C, Rose S, Mansbridge S. Manipulation of plasma myo-inositol in broiler chickens: effect on growth performance, dietary energy, nutrient availability, and hepatic function. Poult Sci 2019; 98:260-268. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Ingelmann CJ, Witzig M, Möhring J, Schollenberger M, Kühn I, Rodehutscord M. Effect of supplemental phytase and xylanase in wheat-based diets on prececal phosphorus digestibility and phytate degradation in young turkeys. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2011-2020. [PMID: 29462419 PMCID: PMC5950955 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of phytase and a combination of phytase and xylanase on the prececal phosphorus digestibility (pcdP) of wheat-based diets in turkeys. A low-P basal diet (BD) based on cornstarch and soybean meal, and 2 diets containing 43% of different wheat genotypes (genotype diets GD6 or GD7) were fed to turkeys from 20 to 27 d of age. Diets were fed either without enzyme supplementation or supplemented with phytase (500 FTU/kg) or a combination of phytase and xylanase (16,000 BXU/kg). At 27 d of age, digesta were sampled from the lower ileum of animals to determine pcdP and pc myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6) disappearance, and to analyze the concentrations of lower inositol phosphate isomers. Similar pcdP was observed in non-supplemented BD and GD (∼36%). Phytase alone increased the pcdP in all diets by 8 to 12%, but a beneficial effect of xylanase was found only for BD. Similar results were found for pc InsP6 disappearance, although xylanase addition compared to phytase alone decreased pc InsP6 disappearance in GD7 compared to phytase alone. Animals fed GD7 performed better than those fed GD6; however, these differences could not be linked to the pcdP. The pattern of lower inositol phosphates in digesta also changed with enzyme supplementation, resulting in lower proportions of InsP5 and higher proportions of InsP4. Phytase alone decreased Ins(1,2,3,4,6)P5 but increased D-Ins(1,2,3,4,5)P5 and D-Ins(1,2,5,6)P4 concentrations. An additional increase in D-Ins(1,2,3,4,5)P5 and D-Ins(1,2,5,6)P4 concentrations was achieved with xylanase, although for the former isomer, this was observed only with GD. These results indicate that enzyme supplementation alters the pc degradation of InsP6, and that combining both enzymes had a minor additional effect on the pcdP from wheat-based diets when compared to phytase alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-J Ingelmann
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Witzig
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Möhring
- Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Schollenberger
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - I Kühn
- AB Vista, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Sommerfeld V, Schollenberger M, Kühn I, Rodehutscord M. Interactive effects of phosphorus, calcium, and phytase supplements on products of phytate degradation in the digestive tract of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1177-1188. [PMID: 29325118 PMCID: PMC5914422 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to distinguish between the single and interactive effects of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and phytase on products of phytate degradation, including the disappearance of myo-inositol (MI), P, Ca, and amino acids (AA) in different segments of the digestive tract in broiler chickens. Additionally, all dephosphorylation steps from myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6) to MI were investigated in the digesta of the terminal ileum. Unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens were allocated to 56 pens with 19 birds per pen, and assigned to one of 8 dietary treatments. The dietary treatments included diets without (P−, 4.1 g/kg DM) or with (P+, 6.9 g/kg DM) monosodium phosphate supplementation, without (Ca−, 6.2 g/kg DM) or with (Ca+, 10.3 g/kg DM) additional fine limestone supplementation, and without or with 1,500 FTU phytase/kg feed in a factorial design. Adding Ca or P had no effect on InsP6 disappearance in the crop when phytase was added. InsP6 disappearance up to the terminal ileum (P−Ca− 56%) was decreased in P+Ca− (40%), and even more so in P+Ca+ (21%), when no phytase was added. Adding phytase removed all effects of P and Ca (77 to 87%); however, P+Ca+ increased the concentrations of lower InsP esters and reduced free MI in the ileum, even in the presence of phytase. These results indicate that mineral supplements, especially P and Ca combined, reduce the efficacy of endogenous microbial or epithelial phosphatases. Supplementation with phytase increased, while supplementation with Ca decreased the concentration of MI in all segments of the digestive tract and in blood plasma, demonstrating the ability of broilers to fully degrade phytate and absorb released MI. While AA disappearance was not affected by P or Ca, or an interaction among P, Ca, and phytase, it increased with the addition of phytase by 2 to 6%. This demonstrates the potential of the phytase used to increase AA digestibility, likely independent of P and Ca supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sommerfeld
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Schollenberger
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - I Kühn
- AB Vista, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Sommerfeld V, Künzel S, Schollenberger M, Kühn I, Rodehutscord M. Influence of phytase or myo-inositol supplements on performance and phytate degradation products in the crop, ileum, and blood of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:920-929. [PMID: 29300969 PMCID: PMC5850709 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementation with free myo-inositol (MI) or graded levels of phytase on inositol phosphate (InsP) degradation, concentrations of MI in the digestive tract and blood, bone mineralization, and prececal digestibility of amino acids (AA). Ross 308 broiler hatchlings were allocated to 40 pens with 11 birds each and assigned to one of 5 treatments. The birds were fed a starter diet until d 11 and a grower diet from d 11 to d 22. All diets were based on wheat, soybean meal, and corn. Birds were fed a control diet, calculated to contain adequate levels of all nutrients without (C) or with MI supplementation (C+MI), or one of 3 experimental diets that differed in phytase level (modified E. coli-derived 6-phytase; Phy500, Phy1500, or Phy3000 FTU/kg), with P and Ca levels adapted to the recommendations of the phytase supplier for a phytase level of 500 FTU/kg. The gain:feed ratio (G:F) was increased by MI or phytase in the starter+grower phase by 0.02 g/g. Prececal P and Ca digestibility, P and Ca concentration in blood serum, and tibia ash weight did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05). MI supplementation led to the highest MI concentration in the crop, ileum, and blood plasma across treatments. Phytase supplementation increased MI concentrations in the crop and ileum digesta in a dose-dependent manner and in plasma without any dose effect (P > 0.05). Prececal digestibility of some AA was increased by phytase. These outcomes indicate that MI might have been a relevant cause for the increase in G:F. Therefore, it is likely that the release of MI after complete dephosphorylation of phytate is one of the beneficial effects of phytase, along with the release of P and improvement in digestibility of other nutrients. Simultaneously, MI seems to have no diminishing effects on InsP degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sommerfeld
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S Künzel
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Schollenberger
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - I Kühn
- AB Vista, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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31
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Witzig M, Ingelmann CJ, Möhring J, Rodehutscord M. Variability of prececal phosphorus digestibility of triticale and wheat in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:910-919. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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32
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Abbasi F, Liu J, Zhang H, Shen X, Luo X. Effects of dietary total phosphorus concentration and casein supplementation on the determination of true phosphorus digestibility for broiler chickens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2017.1346489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Abbasi
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, Hebei, China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoyun Shen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xuegang Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
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Kupcikova L, Lichovnikova M, Anderle V, Vlcko T, Ohnoutkova L, Svidrnoch M, Maier V, Hampel D. Pre-caecal digestible phosphorus in maize and wheat for broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:712-717. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1370536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Kupcikova
- Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Lichovnikova
- Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Anderle
- Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Vlcko
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Ohnoutkova
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Svidrnoch
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vitezslav Maier
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Hampel
- Department of Statistics and Operation Analysis, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Perryman KR, Masey O'Neill HV, Bedford MR, Dozier WA. Methodology affects measures of phosphorus availability in growing broilers. 2. Effects of calcium feeding strategy and dietary adaptation period length on phytate hydrolysis at different locations in the gastrointestinal tract1. Poult Sci 2017; 96:622-633. [PMID: 27601686 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary adaptation period length (DAPL; 0, 24, and 48 h) and Ca feeding strategy (0.35% or 1.4:1 Ca:P ratio) on apparent phytate P (myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6 hexakis dihydrogen phosphate; IP6) hydrolysis (AIP6H) and apparent digestibility (AΣIPD) of the sum of all inositol phosphate esters (ΣIP) of corn-titration diets at 3 locations (proventriculus/gizzard [Pro/Giz], jejunum, and distal ileum) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Four hundred thirty-two Ross × Ross 708 male broilers were placed into 36 battery cages and fed a common starter diet until 18 d of age. Eight semipurified diets and a control diet for DAPL were fed from 19 to 21 d of age. Digesta were collected at each location from 4 birds per pen after each DAPL. Diets formulated with a 1.4:1 Ca:P ratio had higher (P < 0.001) AIP6H and AΣIPD when measured in the jejunum and ileum, but no differences were observed in the Pro/Giz. No interaction effects between DAPL and sampling location were observed for AIP6H and AΣIPD of the control diet. Conversely, interactive effects (P < 0.05) were measured for AIP6H and AΣIPD of the corn-titration diets. The highest values for both AIP6H (73.9%) and AΣIPD (80.7%) were measured in the Pro/Giz after 24 h. Phytate hydrolysis and AΣIPD were similar regardless of DAPL when sampled from the distal ileum. Concentrations of TiO2, IP6 and ΣIP also varied (P < 0.05) in response to DAPL and sampling location. Variability was likely due to inconsistencies in the flow of inositol phosphate esters and TiO2 through the GIT, specifically the Pro/Giz. Therefore, the use of TiO2 as an inert marker may have limitations when determining the hydrolysis and digestibility of phytate esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Perryman
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - H V Masey O'Neill
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - W A Dozier
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
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Sommerfeld V, Schollenberger M, Hemberle L, Rodehutscord M. Modification and application of an in vitro assay to examine inositol phosphate degradation in the digestive tract of poultry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:4219-4226. [PMID: 28247412 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An in vitro assay was modified to study the disappearance of inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6 ) and the formation of lower inositol phosphate (InsP) isomers in the poultry digestive tract, and three experiments investigated the influence of diets with different ingredients and additives. Using the poultry diet as a matrix, the assay simulated the conditions (e.g. pH, temperature, proteolytic enzymes, water content, and retention time) of the crop, stomach, and small intestine, and extraction and analysis of InsP isomers were immediately conducted. RESULTS The assay produced highly reproducible results with coefficients of variation ≤10% for an InsP isomer concentration ≥0.4 µmol g-1 DM (n = 3), and it was sensitive to the factors that varied in the three experiments. CONCLUSION The described assay is a suitable tool that can be used to screen feed enzymes and to investigate the effects of supplements in the absence of endogenous phytases. The ease of handling and high reproducibility of the assay indicated that the assay is a rapid and feasible method that can be used to examine the degradation pathway of phytate in feed under gastrointestinal conditions. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Sommerfeld
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Luca Hemberle
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Perryman KR, Masey O'Neill HV, Bedford MR, Dozier WA. Methodology affects measures of phosphorus availability in growing broilers: Effects of calcium feeding strategy and dietary adaptation period length on true ileal phosphorus digestibility and predicted endogenous phosphorus losses1. Poult Sci 2017; 96:611-621. [PMID: 27591272 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of Ca feeding strategy and dietary adaptation period length (DAPL) on the apparent ileal P digestibility (AIPD) and apparent ileal myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6 hexakis dihydrogen phosphate (IP6) hydrolysis (AIIP6H) of corn titration diets. Nine hundred sixty Ross × Ross 708 male broiler chicks were placed into 80 battery cages. Broilers received a common starter diet until 18 d of age and then were fed one of 10 experimental treatments from 19 to 21 d of age. Nine diets were formulated to evaluate 5 corn inclusion concentrations (15, 30, 45, 60, or 75%) and 2 Ca feeding strategies (fixed at 0.35% or 1.4:1 Ca:P) after 3 DAPL (zero, 24, and 48 h). As a control for DAPL, one treatment group received the common starter diet for the duration of the experiment. Broilers consuming the control diet had higher (P < 0.001) BW gain and feed intake than broilers fed the corn titration diets. Apparent ileal P digestibility of the control diet was affected (P = 0.038) by DAPL. For diets formulated with a 1.4:1 Ca:P ratio, negative linear effects (P < 0.05) on AIPD and AIIP6H were observed with increasing corn. Conversely, for diets formulated with 0.35% Ca, positive linear effects (P < 0.05) were measured for AIPD after a 48 DAPL while no linear or quadratic effects (P > 0.05) were measured for AIPD or AIIP6H for other DAPL. Broilers fed diets formulated with 1.4:1 Ca:P had variable (P < 0.05) true ileal P digestibility (TIPD; 32.2, 15.1, and 35.4%) and negative endogenous P losses (EPL; -190, -499, and -262 mg/kg DM intake) for zero, 24, and 48 h DAPL, respectively. Conversely, TIPD values (41.2, 39.1, and 47.3%) were similar (P > 0.05) and EPL were positive (102, 197, and 154 mg/kg DM intake), regardless of DAPL, for broilers fed diets formulated with 0.35% Ca. These data demonstrated that formulating diets with a 1.4:1 Ca:P ratio affected AIPD of the titration diets, shifting the regression line and predicted negative EPL and an underestimation of TIPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Perryman
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - H V Masey O'Neill
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - W A Dozier
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
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Bikker P, Spek JW, Van Emous RA, Van Krimpen MM. Precaecal phosphorus digestibility of inorganic phosphate sources in male broilers. Br Poult Sci 2016; 57:810-817. [PMID: 27635437 PMCID: PMC5351789 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1222604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study, comprising two experiments, was (1) to determine in Experiment 1 the relationship of incremental dietary P (phosphorus) content on precaecal digestible P in male broilers and (2) to determine in Experiment 2 the precaecal P digestibility of various inorganic P sources at marginal levels of P supply. In Experiment 1, a total of 260 male Ross 308 broilers were divided into groups of 10 birds per pen resulting in 8 replicates for treatment 1 and 6 replicates for treatments 2–4. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 4 incremental concentrations of digestible P by means of increasing concentrations of monocalcium phosphate (MCP). In the second experiment, 480-d-old male Ross 308 broilers were divided in groups of 12 birds per pen resulting in 16 replicates for the basal diet and 6 replicates for each test diet. A total of 4 inorganic P sources, MCP, monodicalcium phosphate (MDCP), dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and defluorinated phosphate (DFP) were added to the basal diet to determine the precaecal P digestibility. Three of the 4 inorganic P sources (MCP, MDCP and DCP) represented a mix of batches from different producers. At the end of both experiments, the chyme of the posterior part of the small intestine was collected. Digestibility of P and Ca was determined using titanium dioxide as indigestible marker. In Experiment 1, a reduction in precaecal digestibility of P was observed above an estimated precaecal digestible dietary P concentration of 4.8 g/kg. The precaecal P digestibility of the tested inorganic P sources in Experiment 2 was 78.3% for MCP, 59.0% for DCP, 70.7% for MDCP and 31.5% for DFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bikker
- a Wageningen Livestock Research , Department of Animal Nutrition , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - J W Spek
- a Wageningen Livestock Research , Department of Animal Nutrition , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - R A Van Emous
- a Wageningen Livestock Research , Department of Animal Nutrition , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - M M Van Krimpen
- a Wageningen Livestock Research , Department of Animal Nutrition , Wageningen , The Netherlands
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Xue P, Ajuwon K, Adeola O. Phosphorus and nitrogen utilization responses of broiler chickens to dietary crude protein and phosphorus levels. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2615-2623. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Perryman K, Cattley R, Masey O'Neill H, Bedford M, Dozier W. Interactive effects of dietary adaptation period length and titration diet type on apparent ileal phosphorus digestibility and phosphorus retention in growing broilers. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2332-41. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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40
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Kühn I, Schollenberger M, Männer K. Effect of dietary phytase level on intestinal phytate degradation and bone mineralization in growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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41
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Perryman K, Masey O'Neill H, Bedford M, Dozier W. Effects of calcium feeding strategy on true ileal phosphorus digestibility and true phosphorus retention determined with growing broilers. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1077-87. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Zeller E, Schollenberger M, Kühn I, Rodehutscord M. Dietary effects on inositol phosphate breakdown in the crop of broilers. Arch Anim Nutr 2015; 70:57-71. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2015.1112622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Witzig M, Camarinha da Silva A, Green-Engert R, Hoelzle K, Zeller E, Seifert J, Hoelzle LE, Rodehutscord M. Spatial Variation of the Gut Microbiota in Broiler Chickens as Affected by Dietary Available Phosphorus and Assessed by T-RFLP Analysis and 454 Pyrosequencing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143442. [PMID: 26588075 PMCID: PMC4654470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular fingerprinting and sequencing based techniques have been widely used to characterize microbial communities. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and 454-pyrosequencing were used to determine the microorganisms present in the different sections of the chicken gastrointestinal tract (GIT) (crop, jejunum, ileum and caeca). Broilers fed with diets differing in phosphorous (P) and calcium (Ca) as well as in phytase levels were used to study the microbiota of the upper and lower part of the GIT. A database with terminal restriction fragments (T-RF) of the most important organism present in the different gastrointestinal sections was constructed. The analysis revealed a distinct microbial assemblage on each section. Regardless of the diet, crop, jejunum and ileum were mainly colonized by Lactobacillaceae, and caeca were the most diverse site. The correlation between Lactobacillus crispatus and L. reuteri was positive in the crop, but negative in the jejunum. In crop samples, higher P and Ca levels led to a shift in the abundance of L. reuteri and L. crispatus to L. salivarius and L. taiwanensis whereas in the ileum supplementation of phytase favored L. salivarius and L. taiwanensis but resulted in decreased abundance of L. crispatus. Both methods were correlating significantly, being T-RFLP a reliable fingerprinting method to rapidly analyze large numbers of samples in a cost-effective and rapid manner. Results are easy to interpret with no need of deep bioinformatics knowledge and can be integrated with taxonomic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Witzig
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Katharina Hoelzle
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ellen Zeller
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jana Seifert
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ludwig E. Hoelzle
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Zeller E, Schollenberger M, Kühn I, Rodehutscord M. Effect of diets containing enzyme supplements and microwave-treated or untreated wheat on inositol phosphates in the small intestine of broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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The impact of phosphorus on the immune system and the intestinal microbiota with special focus on the pig. Nutr Res Rev 2015; 28:67-82. [PMID: 26004147 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422415000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in dietary ingredients that are appropriate to support digestive and immune functions, but also maintain a stable microbial ecosystem in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), particularly in weaned pigs. P is an essential nutrient for both microbes and their host, as it is involved, for example, in bone formation, energy metabolism, cellular signalling and stabilisation of cell membranes. Non-ruminant animals have limited access to phytate, the main storage form of P in plant seeds. The release of P bound to phytate requires phytase activity of plant or microbial origin, resulting in the formation of variable phosphorylated inositol phosphates (InsPs). The present review focuses on interactions between variations in dietary P supply, the immune system of the host, and the intestinal microbial ecosystem. Although results on the interaction between P and the immune system are inconsistent, several studies in different species have shown a positive impact of dietary P and phytase addition on the adaptive immune response. Recent studies with pigs suggest that P supply may influence intestinal microbial composition and activity. Individual InsPs or phosphate may also affect properties of pathogenic micro-organisms, such as metabolism or virulence. In conclusion, P may be considered as part of an integrated approach to support immune functions and maintain a stable microbial ecosystem in the GIT, thereby providing a barrier against potential pathogens. Within this regard, differences in phytate-P content and intrinsic phytase activity of plant feedstuffs, as well as the formation of individual InsPs, have to be taken into account.
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Zeller E, Schollenberger M, Witzig M, Shastak Y, Kühn I, Hoelzle LE, Rodehutscord M. Interactions between supplemented mineral phosphorus and phytase on phytate hydrolysis and inositol phosphates in the small intestine of broilers
,. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1018-29. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Haese E, Müller K, Steingass H, Schollenberger M, Rodehutscord M. Effects of mineral and rapeseed phosphorus supplementation on phytate degradation in dairy cows. Arch Anim Nutr 2014; 68:478-91. [PMID: 25319492 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2014.968702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of diet composition on phytate (InsP6) degradation in dairy cows. In Experiment 1, four diets that differed in the amount and source of phosphorus (P) were fed to 24 lactating cows in a 4 × 4 Latin Square design. The control diet (Diet C) contained 4.18 g P/kg dry matter (DM). Diet MP contained additional mineral P (5.11 g P/kg DM), Diet RS contained rapeseed and rapeseed meal as organic P sources (5.26 g P/kg DM) and Diet RSM contained rapeseed meal and rapeseed oil (5.04 g P/kg DM). Total P (tP) and InsP6 excretion in faeces were measured. In Experiment 2, we used a rumen simulation technique (Rusitec) to estimate ruminal disappearance of tP and InsP6 from Diets C, MP and RSM. In Experiment 1, tP concentration in faeces increased with tP intake and was highest for Diets RS and RSM. The source of supplemented P had no influence on tP digestibility, but tP digestibility was reduced for Diets MP, RS and RSM in comparison to that for Diet C. InsP6 disappearance decreased in Diet MP (85.0%) and increased in Diets RS (92.7%) and RSM (94.0%) compared to that in Diet C (90.0%). In Experiment 2, P source influenced ruminal tP disappearance (Diet MP, 78.6%; Diet RSM, 75.3%). InsP6 disappearance for Diet C (98.1%) was higher than that for Diets MP (95.6%) and RSM (94.9%). The results confirmed the high potential of ruminants to degrade InsP6, but differences in diet composition influenced InsP6 disappearance. Further studies of the site of InsP6 degradation are required to understand the relevance of InsP6 degradation for the absorption of P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Haese
- a Institut für Tierernährung , Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
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