1
|
Sorée M, Lozach S, Kéomurdjian N, Richard D, Hughes A, Delbarre-Ladrat C, Verrez-Bagnis V, Rincé A, Passerini D, Ritchie JM, Heath DH. Virulence phenotypes differ between toxigenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from western coasts of Europe. Microbiol Res 2024; 285:127744. [PMID: 38735242 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading bacterial cause of gastroenteritis associated with seafood consumption worldwide. Not all members of the species are thought to be pathogenic, thus identification of virulent organisms is essential to protect public health and the seafood industry. Correlations of human disease and known genetic markers (e.g. thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH), TDH-related hemolysin (TRH)) appear complex. Some isolates recovered from patients lack these factors, while their presence has become increasingly noted in isolates recovered from the environment. Here, we used whole-genome sequencing in combination with mammalian and insect models of infection to assess the pathogenic potential of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from European Atlantic shellfish production areas. We found environmental V. parahaemolyticus isolates harboured multiple virulence-associated genes, including TDH and/or TRH. However, carriage of these factors did not necessarily reflect virulence in the mammalian intestine, as an isolate containing TDH and the genes coding for a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) 2α virulence determinant, appeared avirulent. Moreover, environmental V. parahaemolyticus lacking TDH or TRH could be assigned to groups causing low and high levels of mortality in insect larvae, with experiments using defined bacterial mutants showing that a functional T3SS1 contributed to larval death. When taken together, our findings highlight the genetic diversity of V. parahaemolyticus isolates found in the environment, their potential to cause disease and the need for a more systematic evaluation of virulence in diverse V. parahaemolyticus to allow better genetic markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Solen Lozach
- Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | | | | | - Alexandra Hughes
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alain Rincé
- Biotargen, Université de Caen Normandie, Saint-Contest F-14380, France
| | | | - Jennifer M Ritchie
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Soto EF, Alegría M, Sepúlveda F, García K, Higuera G, Castillo D, Fontúrbel FE, Bastías R. Prophages carrying Zot toxins on different Vibrio genomes: A comprehensive assessment using multilayer networks. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16654. [PMID: 38779707 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Vibrios, a group of bacteria that are among the most abundant in marine environments, include several species such as Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which can be pathogenic to humans. Some species of Vibrio contain prophages within their genomes. These prophages can carry genes that code for toxins, such as the zonula occludens toxin (Zot), which contribute to bacterial virulence. Understanding the association between different Vibrio species, prophages and Zot genes can provide insights into their ecological interactions. In this study, we evaluated 4619 Vibrio genomes from 127 species to detect the presence of prophages carrying the Zot toxin. We found 2030 potential prophages with zot-like genes in 43 Vibrio species, showing a non-random association within a primarily modular interaction network. Some prophages, such as CTX or Vf33, were associated with specific species. In contrast, prophages phiVCY and VfO3K6 were found in 28 and 20 Vibrio species, respectively. We also identified six clusters of Zot-like sequences in prophages, with the ZOT2 cluster being the most frequent, present in 34 Vibrio species. This analysis helps to understand the distribution patterns of zot-containing prophages across Vibrio genomes and the potential routes of Zot-like toxin dissemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban F Soto
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Melissa Alegría
- Núcleo de Investigación en Data Science, Facultad de Ingeniería y Negocios, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Sepúlveda
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katherine García
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gastón Higuera
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinar en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad SEK, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco E Fontúrbel
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Roberto Bastías
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mevada V, Patel R, Dudhagara P, Chaudhari R, Vohra M, Khan V, J. H. Shyu D, Chen YY, Zala D. Whole Genome Sequencing and Pan-Genomic Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Vibrio cholerae VC01 Isolated from a Clinical Sample. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2030. [PMID: 37630590 PMCID: PMC10457874 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera, a disease caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacteria, threatens public health worldwide. The organism mentioned above has a significant historical record of being identified as a prominent aquatic environmental pollutant capable of adapting its phenotypic and genotypic traits to react to host patients effectively. This study aims to elucidate the heterogeneity of the sporadic clinical strain of V. cholerae VC01 among patients residing in Silvasa. The study involved conducting whole-genome sequencing of the isolate obtained from patients exhibiting symptoms, including those not commonly observed in clinical practice. The strain was initially identified through a combination of biochemical analysis, microscopy, and 16s rRNA-based identification, followed by type strain-based identification. The investigation demonstrated the existence of various genetic alterations and resistance profiles against multiple drugs, particularly chloramphenicol (catB9), florfenicol (floR), oxytetracycline (tet(34)), sulfonamide (sul2), and Trimethoprim (dfrA1). The pan-genomic analysis indicated that 1099 distinct clusters were detected within the genome sequences of recent isolates worldwide. The present study helps to establish a correlation between the mutation and the coexistence of antimicrobial resistance toward current treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Mevada
- DNA Division, Directorate of Forensic Science, Gandhinagar 382007, India;
| | - Rajesh Patel
- Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat 395007, India;
| | - Pravin Dudhagara
- Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat 395007, India;
| | - Rajesh Chaudhari
- School of Applied Sciences and Technology, Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad 382424, India;
| | - Mustafa Vohra
- Directorate of Medical & Health Services, UT of Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu, Silvassa 396230, India; (M.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Vikram Khan
- Directorate of Medical & Health Services, UT of Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu, Silvassa 396230, India; (M.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Douglas J. H. Shyu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 912, Taiwan;
| | - Yih-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 600, Taiwan;
| | - Dolatsinh Zala
- School of Applied Sciences and Technology, Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad 382424, India;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bonczarowska JH, Susat J, Krause-Kyora B, Dangvard Pedersen D, Boldsen J, Larsen LA, Seeberg L, Nebel A, Unterweger D. Ancient Yersinia pestis genomes lack the virulence-associated Ypf Φ prophage present in modern pandemic strains. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230622. [PMID: 37464758 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of at least three major plague pandemics (Justinianic, Medieval and Modern). Previous studies on ancient Y. pestis genomes revealed that several genomic alterations had occurred approximately 5000-3000 years ago and contributed to the remarkable virulence of this pathogen. How a subset of strains evolved to cause the Modern pandemic is less well-understood. Here, we examined the virulence-associated prophage (YpfΦ), which had been postulated to be exclusively present in the genomes of strains associated with the Modern pandemic. The analysis of two new Y. pestis genomes from medieval/early modern Denmark confirmed that the phage is absent from the genome of strains dating to this time period. An extended comparative genome analysis of over 300 strains spanning more than 5000 years showed that the prophage is found in the genomes of modern strains only and suggests an integration into the genome during recent Y. pestis evolution. The phage-encoded Zot protein showed structural homology to a virulence factor of Vibrio cholerae. Similar to modern Y. pestis, we observed phages with a common origin to YpfΦ in individual strains of other bacterial species. Our findings present an updated view on the prevalence of YpfΦ, which might contribute to our understanding of the host spectrum, geographical spread and virulence of Y. pestis responsible for the Modern pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna H Bonczarowska
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 12, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Julian Susat
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 12, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Ben Krause-Kyora
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 12, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Dorthe Dangvard Pedersen
- Unit of Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, 5230, Denmark
| | - Jesper Boldsen
- Unit of Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, 5230, Denmark
| | | | - Lone Seeberg
- Museum Horsens Arkæologisk Afdeling, Fussingsvej 8, Horsens 8700, Denmark
| | - Almut Nebel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 12, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Daniel Unterweger
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Michaelisstraße 5, Kiel 24105, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Straße 2, Plön 24306, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ghasemieshkaftaki M, Vasquez I, Eshraghi A, Gamperl AK, Santander J. Comparative Genomic Analysis of a Novel Vibrio sp. Isolated from an Ulcer Disease Event in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar). Microorganisms 2023; 11:1736. [PMID: 37512908 PMCID: PMC10385127 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcer diseases are a recalcitrant issue at Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture cage-sites across the North Atlantic region. Classical ulcerative outbreaks (also called winter ulcer disease) refer to a skin infection caused by Moritella viscosa. However, several bacterial species are frequently isolated from ulcer disease events, and it is unclear if other undescribed pathogens are implicated in ulcer disease in Atlantic salmon. Although different polyvalent vaccines are used against M. viscosa, ulcerative outbreaks are continuously reported in Atlantic salmon in Canada. This study analyzed the phenotypical and genomic characteristics of Vibrio sp. J383 isolated from internal organs of vaccinated farmed Atlantic salmon displaying clinical signs of ulcer disease. Infection assays conducted on vaccinated farmed Atlantic salmon and revealed that Vibrio sp. J383 causes a low level of mortalities when administered intracelomic at doses ranging from 107-108 CFU/dose. Vibrio sp. J383 persisted in the blood of infected fish for at least 8 weeks at 10 and 12 °C. Clinical signs of this disease were greatest 12 °C, but no mortality and bacteremia were observed at 16 °C. The Vibrio sp. J383 genome (5,902,734 bp) has two chromosomes of 3,633,265 bp and 2,068,312 bp, respectively, and one large plasmid of 201,166 bp. Phylogenetic and comparative analyses indicated that Vibrio sp. J383 is related to V. splendidus, with 93% identity. Furthermore, the phenotypic analysis showed that there were significant differences between Vibrio sp. J383 and other Vibrio spp, suggesting J383 is a novel Vibrio species adapted to cold temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghasemieshkaftaki
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Ignacio Vasquez
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Aria Eshraghi
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Anthony Kurt Gamperl
- Fish Physiology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Veres-Székely A, Szász C, Pap D, Szebeni B, Bokrossy P, Vannay Á. Zonulin as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Disorders: Encouraging Results and Emerging Questions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087548. [PMID: 37108711 PMCID: PMC10139156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between dysbiosis and central nervous diseases has been proved in the last 10 years. Microbial alterations cause increased intestinal permeability, and the penetration of bacterial fragment and toxins induces local and systemic inflammatory processes, affecting distant organs, including the brain. Therefore, the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier plays a central role in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In this review, we discuss recent findings on zonulin, an important tight junction regulator of intestinal epithelial cells, which is assumed to play a key role in maintaining of the blood-brain barrier function. In addition to focusing on the effect of microbiome on intestinal zonulin release, we also summarize potential pharmaceutical approaches to modulate zonulin-associated pathways with larazotide acetate and other zonulin receptor agonists or antagonists. The present review also addresses the emerging issues, including the use of misleading nomenclature or the unsolved questions about the exact protein sequence of zonulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apor Veres-Székely
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csenge Szász
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Domonkos Pap
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Szebeni
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Bokrossy
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Vannay
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
De Mesa CA, Mendoza RM, Penir SMU, de la Peña LD, Amar EC, Saloma CP. Genomic analysis of Vibrio harveyi strain PH1009, a potential multi-drug resistant pathogen due to acquisition of toxin genes. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14926. [PMID: 37025802 PMCID: PMC10070647 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In has increasingly been observed that viral and bacterial coinfection frequently occurs among cultured shrimp and this coinfection could exacerbate the disease phenotype. Here, we describe a newly discovered bacterial strain, Vibrio harveyi PH1009 collected from Masbate Island, Philippines that was found to be co-infecting with the White Spot Syndrome virus in a sample of black tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon. The genome of V. harveyi PH1009 was sequenced, assembled, and annotated. Average Nucleotide identity calculation with Vibrio harveyi strains confirmed its taxonomic identity. It is a potential multi-drug and multi-heavy metal resistant strain based on the multiple antibiotic and heavy metal resistance determinants annotated on its genome. Two prophage regions were identified in its genome. One contained genes for Zona occludens toxin (Zot) and Accessory cholera toxin (Ace), essential toxins of toxigenic V. cholerae strains apart from CTX toxins. Pan-genome analysis of V. harveyi strains, including PH1009, revealed an "open" pan-genome for V. harveyi and a core genome mainly composed of genes necessary for growth and metabolism. Phylogenetic tree based on the core genome alignment revealed that PH1009 was closest to strains QT520, CAIM 1754, and 823tez1. Published virulence factors present on the strain QT520 suggest similar pathogenicity with PH1009. However, PH1009 Zot was not found on related strains but was present in strains HENC-01 and CAIM 148. Most unique genes found in the PH1009 strain were identified as hypothetical proteins. Further annotation showed that several of these hypothetical proteins were phage transposases, integrases, and transcription regulators, implying the role of bacteriophages in the distinct genomic features of the PH1009 genome. The PH1009 genome will serve as a valuable genomic resource for comparative genomic studies and in understanding the disease mechanism of the Vibrio harveyi species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Czarina Anne De Mesa
- Philippine Genome Center, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
- Science Education Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Bicutan, Taguig City, Philippines
| | - Remilyn M. Mendoza
- Philippine Genome Center, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
- Science Education Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Bicutan, Taguig City, Philippines
| | - Sarah Mae U. Penir
- Philippine Genome Center, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Leobert D. de la Peña
- Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Aquaculture Department, Tigbauan Iloilo, Philippines
| | - Edgar C. Amar
- Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Aquaculture Department, Tigbauan Iloilo, Philippines
| | - Cynthia P. Saloma
- Philippine Genome Center, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
- Corresponding author. National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Greenrod STE, Stoycheva M, Elphinstone J, Friman VP. Global diversity and distribution of prophages are lineage-specific within the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:689. [PMID: 36199029 PMCID: PMC9535894 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) strains are destructive plant pathogenic bacteria and the causative agents of bacterial wilt disease, infecting over 200 plant species worldwide. In addition to chromosomal genes, their virulence is mediated by mobile genetic elements including integrated DNA of bacteriophages, i.e., prophages, which may carry fitness-associated auxiliary genes or modulate host gene expression. Although experimental studies have characterised several prophages that shape RSSC virulence, the global diversity, distribution, and wider functional gene content of RSSC prophages are unknown. In this study, prophages were identified in a diverse collection of 192 RSSC draft genome assemblies originating from six continents. Results Prophages were identified bioinformatically and their diversity investigated using genetic distance measures, gene content, GC, and total length. Prophage distributions were characterised using metadata on RSSC strain geographic origin and lineage classification (phylotypes), and their functional gene content was assessed by identifying putative prophage-encoded auxiliary genes. In total, 313 intact prophages were identified, forming ten genetically distinct clusters. These included six prophage clusters with similarity to the Inoviridae, Myoviridae, and Siphoviridae phage families, and four uncharacterised clusters, possibly representing novel, previously undescribed phages. The prophages had broad geographical distributions, being present across multiple continents. However, they were generally host phylogenetic lineage-specific, and overall, prophage diversity was proportional to the genetic diversity of their hosts. The prophages contained many auxiliary genes involved in metabolism and virulence of both phage and bacteria. Conclusions Our results show that while RSSC prophages are highly diverse globally, they make lineage-specific contributions to the RSSC accessory genome, which could have resulted from shared coevolutionary history. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08909-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Elphinstone
- Fera Science Ltd, National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sertedakis M, Kotsaridis K, Tsakiri D, Mermigka G, Dominguez‐Ferreras A, Ntoukakis V, Sarris P. Expression of putative effectors of different Xylella fastidiosa strains triggers cell death-like responses in various Nicotiana model plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:148-156. [PMID: 34628713 PMCID: PMC8659589 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The wide host range of Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) indicates the existence of yet uncharacterized virulence mechanisms that help pathogens to overcome host defences. Various bioinformatics tools combined with prediction of the functions of putative virulence proteins are valuable approaches to study microbial pathogenicity. We collected a number of putative effectors from three Xf strains belonging to different subspecies: Temecula-1 (subsp. fastidiosa), CoDiRO (subsp. pauca), and Ann-1 (subsp. sandyi). We designed an in planta Agrobacterium-based expression system that drives the expressed proteins to the cell apoplast, in order to investigate their ability to activate defence in Nicotiana model plants. Multiple Xf proteins differentially elicited cell death-like phenotypes in different Nicotiana species. These proteins are members of different enzymatic groups: (a) hydrolases/hydrolase inhibitors, (b) serine proteases, and (c) metal transferases. We also classified the Xf proteins according to their sequential and structural similarities via the I-TASSER online tool. Interestingly, we identified similar proteins that were able to differentially elicit cell death in different cultivars of the same species. Our findings provide a basis for further studies on the mechanisms that underlie both defence activation in Xf resistant hosts and pathogen adaptation in susceptible hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantinos Kotsaridis
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyFoundation for Research and Technology‐HellasHeraklionGreece
| | - Dimitra Tsakiri
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyFoundation for Research and Technology‐HellasHeraklionGreece
| | - Glykeria Mermigka
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyFoundation for Research and Technology‐HellasHeraklionGreece
| | | | | | - Panagiotis F. Sarris
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyFoundation for Research and Technology‐HellasHeraklionGreece
- BiosciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pazhani GP, Chowdhury G, Ramamurthy T. Adaptations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus to Stress During Environmental Survival, Host Colonization, and Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:737299. [PMID: 34690978 PMCID: PMC8530187 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.737299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) is an aquatic Gram-negative bacterium that may infect humans and cause gastroenteritis and wound infections. The first pandemic of Vp associated infection was caused by the serovar O3:K6 and epidemics caused by the other serovars are increasingly reported. The two major virulence factors, thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and/or TDH-related hemolysin (TRH), are associated with hemolysis and cytotoxicity. Vp strains lacking tdh and/or trh are avirulent and able to colonize in the human gut and cause infection using other unknown factors. This pathogen is well adapted to survive in the environment and human host using several genetic mechanisms. The presence of prophages in Vp contributes to the emergence of pathogenic strains from the marine environment. Vp has two putative type-III and type-VI secretion systems (T3SS and T6SS, respectively) located on both the chromosomes. T3SS play a crucial role during the infection process by causing cytotoxicity and enterotoxicity. T6SS contribute to adhesion, virulence associated with interbacterial competition in the gut milieu. Due to differential expression, type III secretion system 2 (encoded on chromosome-2, T3SS2) and other genes are activated and transcribed by interaction with bile salts within the host. Chromosome-1 encoded T6SS1 has been predominantly identified in clinical isolates. Acquisition of genomic islands by horizontal gene transfer provides enhanced tolerance of Vp toward several antibiotics and heavy metals. Vp consists of evolutionarily conserved targets of GTPases and kinases. Expression of these genes is responsible for the survival of Vp in the host and biochemical changes during its survival. Advanced genomic analysis has revealed that various genes are encoded in Vp pathogenicity island that control and expression of virulence in the host. In the environment, the biofilm gene expression has been positively correlated to tolerance toward aerobic, anaerobic, and micro-aerobic conditions. The genetic similarity analysis of toxin/antitoxin systems of Escherichia coli with VP genome has shown a function that could induce a viable non-culturable state by preventing cell division. A better interpretation of the Vp virulence and other mechanisms that support its environmental fitness are important for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and spread of infections. This review identifies some of the common regulatory pathways of Vp in response to different stresses that influence its survival, gut colonization and virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gururaja Perumal Pazhani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Prithvisagar KS, Krishna Kumar B, Kodama T, Rai P, Iida T, Karunasagar I, Karunasagar I. Whole genome analysis unveils genetic diversity and potential virulence determinants in Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with disease outbreak among cultured Litopenaeus vannamei (Pacific white shrimp) in India. Virulence 2021; 12:1936-1949. [PMID: 34415829 PMCID: PMC8381830 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1947448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus has caused widespread mortality in Indian shrimp aquaculture in recent years. However, there are insufficient genome data for the isolates from Indian shrimp vibriosis to analyze genetic diversity and track the acquisition of genetic features that could be involved in virulence and fitness. In this study, we have performed genome analysis of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from moribund shrimps collected from shrimp farms along coastal Karnataka, India, for better understanding of their diversity and virulence. Five newly sequenced genomes of V. parahaemolyticus along with 40 genomes retrieved from NCBI were subjected to comparative genome analysis. The sequenced genomes had an overall genome size of 5.2 Mb. MLST analysis and core genome phylogenomic analysis revealed considerable genetic diversity among the isolates obtained from the moribund shrimps. Interestingly, none of the V. parahaemolyticus isolates possessed the classical features (PirAB) of the strains associated with Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND). This study also revealed the presence of multiple virulence attributes, including ZOT, ACE and RTX toxins, secretion systems, and mobile genetic elements. The findings of this study provide insights into the possible transition of an environmental V. parahaemolyticus to emerge as pathogens of aquaculture species by increasing its virulence and host adaptation. Future studies focusing on continuous genomic surveillance of V. parahaemolyticus are required to study the evolution and transmission of new variants in shrimp aquaculture, as well as to design and implement biosecurity programs to prevent disease outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kattapuni Suresh Prithvisagar
- Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Deralakatte, Mangaluru-Karnataka, India
| | - Ballamoole Krishna Kumar
- Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Deralakatte, Mangaluru-Karnataka, India
| | - Toshio Kodama
- Department of Bacterial Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki Japan
| | - Praveen Rai
- Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Deralakatte, Mangaluru-Karnataka, India
| | - Tetsuya Iida
- Department of Bacterial Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Iddya Karunasagar
- Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Deralakatte, Mangaluru-Karnataka, India
| | - Indrani Karunasagar
- Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Deralakatte, Mangaluru-Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pérez-Reytor D, Puebla C, Karahanian E, García K. Use of Short-Chain Fatty Acids for the Recovery of the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Affected by Bacterial Toxins. Front Physiol 2021; 12:650313. [PMID: 34108884 PMCID: PMC8181404 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.650313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are carboxylic acids produced as a result of gut microbial anaerobic fermentation. They activate signaling cascades, acting as ligands of G-protein-coupled receptors, such as GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109A, that can modulate the inflammatory response and increase the intestinal barrier integrity by enhancing the tight junction proteins functions. These junctions, located in the most apical zone of epithelial cells, control the diffusion of ions, macromolecules, and the entry of microorganisms from the intestinal lumen into the tissues. In this sense, several enteric pathogens secrete diverse toxins that interrupt tight junction impermeability, allowing them to invade the intestinal tissue and to favor gastrointestinal colonization. It has been recently demonstrated that SCFAs inhibit the virulence of different enteric pathogens and have protective effects against bacterial colonization. Here, we present an overview of SCFAs production by gut microbiota and their effects on the recovery of intestinal barrier integrity during infections by microorganisms that affect tight junctions. These properties make them excellent candidates in the treatment of infectious diseases that cause damage to the intestinal epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diliana Pérez-Reytor
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Puebla
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Eduardo Karahanian
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katherine García
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|