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Kauffman KM, Chang WK, Brown JM, Hussain FA, Yang J, Polz MF, Kelly L. Resolving the structure of phage-bacteria interactions in the context of natural diversity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:372. [PMID: 35042853 PMCID: PMC8766483 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities are shaped by viral predators. Yet, resolving which viruses (phages) and bacteria are interacting is a major challenge in the context of natural levels of microbial diversity. Thus, fundamental features of how phage-bacteria interactions are structured and evolve in the wild remain poorly resolved. Here we use large-scale isolation of environmental marine Vibrio bacteria and their phages to obtain estimates of strain-level phage predator loads, and use all-by-all host range assays to discover how phage and host genomic diversity shape interactions. We show that lytic interactions in environmental interaction networks (as observed in agar overlay) are sparse-with phage predator loads being low for most bacterial strains, and phages being host-strain-specific. Paradoxically, we also find that although overlap in killing is generally rare between tailed phages, recombination is common. Together, these results suggest that recombination during cryptic co-infections is an important mode of phage evolution in microbial communities. In the development of phages for bioengineering and therapeutics it is important to consider that nucleic acids of introduced phages may spread into local phage populations through recombination, and that the likelihood of transfer is not predictable based on lytic host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Kauffman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, The University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - William K Chang
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Julia M Brown
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, 04544, USA
| | - Fatima A Hussain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Joy Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Martin F Polz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Libusha Kelly
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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Mauritzen JJ, Castillo D, Tan D, Svenningsen SL, Middelboe M. Beyond Cholera: Characterization of zot-Encoding Filamentous Phages in the Marine Fish Pathogen Vibrio anguillarum. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070730. [PMID: 32640584 PMCID: PMC7412436 DOI: 10.3390/v12070730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zonula occludens toxin (Zot) is a conserved protein in filamentous vibriophages and has been reported as a putative toxin in Vibrio cholerae. Recently, widespread distribution of zot-encoding prophages was found among marine Vibrio species, including environmental isolates. However, little is known about the dynamics of these prophages beyond V. cholerae. In this study, we characterized and quantified the zot-encoding filamentous phage VAIϕ, spontaneously induced from the fish pathogen V. anguillarum. VAIϕ contained 6117 bp encoding 11 ORFs, including ORF8pVAI, exhibiting 27%–73% amino acid identity to Inovirus Zot-like proteins. A qPCR method revealed an average of four VAIϕ genomes per host genome during host exponential growth phase, and PCR demonstrated dissemination of induced VAIϕ to other V. anguillarum strains through re-integration in non-lysogens. VAIϕ integrated into both chromosomes of V. anguillarum by recombination, causing changes in a putative ORF in the phage genome. Phylogenetic analysis of the V. anguillarumInoviridae elements revealed mosaic genome structures related to mainly V. cholerae. Altogether, this study contributes to the understanding of Inovirus infection dynamics and mobilization of zot-like genes beyond human pathogenic vibrios, and discusses their potential role in the evolution of the fish pathogen V. anguillarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Juel Mauritzen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark; (J.J.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark; (J.J.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Demeng Tan
- Section for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 København N, Denmark; (D.T.); (S.L.S.)
| | - Sine Lo Svenningsen
- Section for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 København N, Denmark; (D.T.); (S.L.S.)
| | - Mathias Middelboe
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark; (J.J.M.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-35-32-19-91
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Choudhury TG, Maiti B, Venugopal MN, Karunasagar I. Influence of some environmental variables and addition of r-lysozyme on efficacy of Vibrio harveyi phage for therapy. J Biosci 2019; 44:8. [PMID: 30837359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophage therapy is a viable proposition for controlling luminous vibriosis caused by Vibrio harveyi in shrimp aquaculture. However, environmental factors influence the growth and activity of phage and affect its efficiency in controlling bacterial diseases. An essential problem in the use of vibrio phage as a therapeutic agent was the development of resistance to phage attachment, rendering them resistant to the lytic action of phage. This problem could be overcome by applying a cocktail of phages. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of salinity and pH on the phage activity and also to study the role of recombinant shrimp lysozyme on the performance of the V. harveyi phage. Out of three different levels of salinity (20, 25 and 30 ppt) and pH (6, 7 and 8) tested, optimum phage activity was observed at a salinity of 25 ppt and at neutral pH. Application of recombinant shrimp lysozyme in combination with V. harveyi phage significantly improved the activity of phage in in vitro assay as well as in microcosm study using seawater. The application of phage along with lysozyme can be a useful approach to overcome the inability of phage to enter the bacteria and thus eliminate or reduce fish/ shrimp pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Gon Choudhury
- Department of Fishery Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore 575 002, India
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Arens DK, Brady TS, Carter JL, Pape JA, Robinson DM, Russell KA, Staley LA, Stettler JM, Tateoka OB, Townsend MH, Whitley KV, Wienclaw TM, Williamson TL, Johnson SM, Grose JH. Characterization of two related Erwinia myoviruses that are distant relatives of the PhiKZ-like Jumbo phages. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200202. [PMID: 29979759 PMCID: PMC6034870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are a major force in the evolution of bacteria due to their sheer abundance as well as their ability to infect and kill their hosts and to transfer genetic material. Bacteriophages that infect the Enterobacteriaceae family are of particular interest because this bacterial family contains dangerous animal and plant pathogens. Herein we report the isolation and characterization of two jumbo myovirus Erwinia phages, RisingSun and Joad, collected from apple trees. These two genomes are nearly identical with Joad harboring two additional putative gene products. Despite mass spectrometry data that support the putative annotation, 43% of their gene products have no significant BLASTP hit. These phages are also more closely related to Pseudomonas and Vibrio phages than to published Enterobacteriaceae phages. Of the 140 gene products with a BLASTP hit, 81% and 63% of the closest hits correspond to gene products from Pseudomonas and Vibrio phages, respectively. This relatedness may reflect their ecological niche, rather than the evolutionary history of their host. Despite the presence of over 800 Enterobacteriaceae phages on NCBI, the uniqueness of these two phages highlights the diversity of Enterobacteriaceae phages still to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Arens
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - T. Scott Brady
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - John L. Carter
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jenny A. Pape
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - David M. Robinson
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kerri A. Russell
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lyndsay A. Staley
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Stettler
- Plant and Wildlife Sciences Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Olivia B. Tateoka
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Michelle H. Townsend
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kiara V. Whitley
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Trevor M. Wienclaw
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Taryn L. Williamson
- Plant and Wildlife Sciences Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Johnson
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Julianne H. Grose
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
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Abstract
Novel deterministic and stochastic models are proposed in this paper for the within-host dynamics of cholera, with a focus on the bacterial-viral interaction. The deterministic model is a system of differential equations describing the interaction among the two types of vibrios and the viruses. The stochastic model is a system of Markov jump processes that is derived based on the dynamics of the deterministic model. The multitype branching process approximation is applied to estimate the extinction probability of bacteria and viruses within a human host during the early stage of the bacterial-viral infection. Accordingly, a closed-form expression is derived for the disease extinction probability, and analytic estimates are validated with numerical simulations. The local and global dynamics of the bacterial-viral interaction are analysed using the deterministic model, and the result indicates that there is a sharp disease threshold characterized by the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text]: if [Formula: see text], vibrios ingested from the environment into human body will not cause cholera infection; if [Formula: see text], vibrios will grow with increased toxicity and persist within the host, leading to human cholera. In contrast, the stochastic model indicates, more realistically, that there is always a positive probability of disease extinction within the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Wang
- a Department of Mathematics , Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Jin Wang
- b Department of Mathematics , University of Tennessee at Chattanooga , Chattanooga , TN , USA
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Kalatzis PG, Rørbo NI, Castillo D, Mauritzen JJ, Jørgensen J, Kokkari C, Zhang F, Katharios P, Middelboe M. Stumbling across the Same Phage: Comparative Genomics of Widespread Temperate Phages Infecting the Fish Pathogen Vibrio anguillarum. Viruses 2017; 9:E122. [PMID: 28531104 PMCID: PMC5454434 DOI: 10.3390/v9050122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nineteen Vibrio anguillarum-specific temperate bacteriophages isolated across Europe and Chile from aquaculture and environmental sites were genome sequenced and analyzed for host range, morphology and life cycle characteristics. The phages were classified as Siphoviridae with genome sizes between 46,006 and 54,201 bp. All 19 phages showed high genetic similarity, and 13 phages were genetically identical. Apart from sporadically distributed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genetic diversifications were located in three variable regions (VR1, VR2 and VR3) in six of the phage genomes. Identification of specific genes, such as N6-adenine methyltransferase and lambda like repressor, as well as the presence of a tRNAArg, suggested a both mutualistic and parasitic interaction between phages and hosts. During short term phage exposure experiments, 28% of a V. anguillarum host population was lysogenized by the temperate phages and a genomic analysis of a collection of 31 virulent V. anguillarum showed that the isolated phages were present as prophages in >50% of the strains covering large geographical distances. Further, phage sequences were widely distributed among CRISPR-Cas arrays of publicly available sequenced Vibrios. The observed distribution of these specific temperate Vibriophages across large geographical scales may be explained by efficient dispersal of phages and bacteria in the marine environment combined with a mutualistic interaction between temperate phages and their hosts which selects for co-existence rather than arms race dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos G Kalatzis
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark.
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Crete, 71500, Greece.
| | - Nanna Iben Rørbo
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark.
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark.
| | | | - Jóhanna Jørgensen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark.
| | - Constantina Kokkari
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Crete, 71500, Greece.
| | - Faxing Zhang
- Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI) Park, No.21 Hongan 3rd Street, Building NO. 7, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Pantelis Katharios
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Crete, 71500, Greece.
| | - Mathias Middelboe
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark.
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Lal TM, Sano M, Ransangan J. Isolation and Characterization of Large Marine Bacteriophage (Myoviridae), VhKM4 Infecting Vibrio harveyi. J Aquat Anim Health 2017; 29:26-30. [PMID: 28166465 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2016.1249578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The causative agent responsible for vibriosis in tropical fish aquaculture, Vibrio harveyi, has become a major bacterial pathogen. Studies suggest that this bacterium has developed resistance to antibiotics commonly used in aquaculture. In view of this situation and the requirement for the proposed postantibiotic era, bacteriophage therapy seems to be a promising control strategy for fish vibriosis. In this study, a lytic Vibrio phage VhKM4 belonging to a member of large, marine Myoviridae was successfully isolated. It exhibited bacteriolysis to both V. harveyi VHJR7 and V. parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802. The latent period of the VhKM4 phage was recorded at 60 min. It also recorded average burst size of approximately 52 plaque-forming units per infected cell. A strong bacteriolytic activity at low multiplicity of infection of 0.01 indicates the effectiveness of this large marine myovirid against fish pathogenic strain of V. harveyi VHJR7. Received June 16, 2016; accepted October 7, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamrin M Lal
- a Borneo Marine Research Institute , Universiti Malaysia Sabah , Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu , Sabah , Malaysia
| | - Motohiko Sano
- b Laboratory of Fish Pathology, Department of Marine Biosciences , Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology , Room 223, Building 2 2F, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku , Tokyo 108-8477 , Japan
| | - Julian Ransangan
- a Borneo Marine Research Institute , Universiti Malaysia Sabah , Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu , Sabah , Malaysia
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Li Z, Li X, Zhang J, Wang X, Wang L, Cao Z, Xu Y. Use of phages to control Vibrio splendidus infection in the juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 54:302-311. [PMID: 27108378 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we isolated 3 bacteriophages with the ability to control Vibrio splendidus, a bacterium known to cause disease in the juvenile sea cucumber. These bacteriophages were designated as vB_VspS_VS-ABTNL-1 (PVS-1), vB_VspS_VS-ABTNL-2 (PVS-2) and vB_VspS_VS-ABTNL-3 (PVS-3). The ability of the 3 phages to inhibit the growth of V. splendidus VS-ABTNL was tested in vitro using each of the 3 phages individually or in the form of a cocktail of all 3 phages in the proportion of 1:1:1. All treated cultures produced a significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of growth of V. splendidus VS-ABTNL compared with untreated V. splendidus VS-ABTNL with the cocktail being superior to any of the 3 phages used individually. The lytic capability of the 3 phages was subsequently determined with a Spot Assay Technique performed with 4 isolates of V. splendidus, 3 other Vibrio species and 2 environmental isolates. Both PVS-1 and PVS-2 were lytic to all 4 isolates of V. splendidus while PVS-3 only inhibited the growth of 3 of them. V. splendidus VS-ABTNL was more susceptible to phage PVS-2 than the other 2 phages. In an in vivo performance trial, 360 sea cucumbers (23 ± 2 g) were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 treatments. Each treatment was housed in 3 PVC tanks (38 cm × 54 cm × 80 cm) with 20 sea cucumbers per tank. Six diets were prepared including an unsupplemented control diet, antibiotic treatment diet, 3 diets containing 1 of the 3 phages individually and a diet containing a cocktail of all 3 phages. After 60 days of feeding, all sea cucumber were challenged with V. splendidus VS-ABTNL by immersion in sea water containing a bacterial concentration of 6 × 10(6) CFU/mL for 2 days. The survival rate of sea cucumbers during the next 10 days was 18% for the unsupplemented diet, 82% for the antibiotic treatment, 82% for the phage cocktail, 65% for phage PVS-1, 58% for phage PVS-2 and 50% for phage PVS-3. There were no significant differences in weight gain, ingestion rate or feed conversion among sea cucumber fed the 4 phage treatments compared with those fed the unsupplemented diet (P > 0.05). The levels of nitric oxide synthase and acid phosphatase of sea cucumbers fed phage-containing diets were significantly (P < 0.05) increased compared with those fed the control diet. However, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were detected among the 4 phage-fed treatments. An additional study was conducted in which 60 healthy sea cucumbers (23 ± 2 g) were randomly assigned to a control, an untreated group and a test group to investigate the effects of injecting phages by coelomic injection on the survival rate and enzyme activities in the coelomic fluid of the sea cucumbers. The control was injected with 1 ml of sterilized seawater while the untreated group and the test group were injected with the same volume of V. splendidus-ABTNL culture (3 × 10(5) CFU/mL). Then, the test group was injected with 1 ml of the 3 phage cocktail (MOI = 10). After 48 h, the activities of lysozyme, acid phosphatase and superoxide dismutase were elevated in the untreated group while the levels of these enzymes in the test group were similar to the blank control. After 10-day observation, the survival rate of the sea cucumber was 100% for the blank control, 80% for the test group and 20% for the negative control. The overall results of this experiment indicate that phage therapy increased the survival of sea cucumber infected with V. splendidus VS-ABTNL. The above results demonstrate that using phages, especially a combination of different phages, may be a feasible way to control Vibrio infection in the sea cucumber industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiancheng Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xitao Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhui Cao
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China; Ministry of Education Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Dalian 116600, People's Republic of China.
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Lorenz N, Reiger M, Toro-Nahuelpan M, Brachmann A, Poettinger L, Plener L, Lassak J, Jung K. Identification and Initial Characterization of Prophages in Vibrio campbellii. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156010. [PMID: 27214518 PMCID: PMC4877103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phages are bacteria targeting viruses and represent the most abundant biological entities on earth. Marine environments are exceptionally rich in bacteriophages, harboring a total of 4x1030 viruses. Nevertheless, marine phages remain poorly characterized. Here we describe the identification of intact prophage sequences in the genome of the marine γ-proteobacterium Vibrio campbellii ATCC BAA-1116 (formerly known as V. harveyi ATCC BAA-1116), which presumably belong to the family of Myoviridae. One prophage was found on chromosome I and shows significant similarities to the previously identified phage ΦHAP-1. The second prophage region is located on chromosome II and is related to Vibrio phage kappa. Exposure of V. campbellii to mitomycin C induced the lytic cycle of two morphologically distinct phages and, as expected, extracellular DNA from induced cultures was found to be specifically enriched for the sequences previously identified as prophage regions. Heat stress (50°C, 30 min) was also found to induce phage release in V. campbellii. Notably, promoter activity of two representative phage genes indicated heterogeneous phage induction within the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Lorenz
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) at the Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Reiger
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) at the Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mauricio Toro-Nahuelpan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas Brachmann
- Department of Biology I, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lisa Poettinger
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) at the Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Laure Plener
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) at the Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lassak
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) at the Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kirsten Jung
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) at the Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Mookerjee S, Batabyal P, Sarkar MH, Palit A. Seasonal Prevalence of Enteropathogenic Vibrio and Their Phages in the Riverine Estuarine Ecosystem of South Bengal. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137338. [PMID: 26340543 PMCID: PMC4560433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal disease remains an unsolved problem in developing countries. The emergence of new etiological agents (non-cholera vibrios) is a major cause of concern for health planners. We attempted to unveil the seasonal dynamics of entero-pathogenic Vibrios in Gangetic riverine-estuarine ecosystem. 120 surface water samples were collected for a period of one year from 3 sampling sites on the Hooghly river. Five enteropathogenic Vibrio species, V. cholerae (35%), V. parahaemolyticus (22.5%), V. mimicus (19.1%), V. alginolyticus (15.8%) and V. vulnificus (11.6%), were present in the water samples. The vibriophages, V. vulnificus ɸ (17.5%), V. alginolyticus ɸ (17.5%), V. parahaemolyticus ɸ (10%), V. cholerae non-O1/O139 ɸ (26.6%) and V. mimicus ɸ (9.1%), were also detected in these samples. The highest number of Vibrios were noted in the monsoon (20-34°C), and to a lesser extent, in the summer (24-36°C) seasons. Samples positive for phages for any of the identified Vibrio species were mostly devoid of that particular bacterial organism and vice versa. The detection of toxin genes and resistance to β-lactam antibiotics in some environmental enteropathogenic Vibrio species in the aquatic niches is a significant outcome. This finding is instrumental in the south Bengal diarrhoeal incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Mookerjee
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, P- 33, Scheme-XM, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Prasenjit Batabyal
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, P- 33, Scheme-XM, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Madhumanti Halder Sarkar
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, P- 33, Scheme-XM, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Anup Palit
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, P- 33, Scheme-XM, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
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Gaevskaia NE, Kudriakova TA, Makedonova LD, Kachkina GV. [THE IDENTIFICATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES OF HUMAN PATHOGENIC VIBRIO]. Klin Lab Diagn 2015; 60:62-64. [PMID: 26189294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The issue of identification and differentiation of large group of bacteriophages of human pathogenic vibrio is still unresolved. In research and practical applied purposes it is important to consider characteristics of bacteriophages for establishing similarity and differences between them. The actual study was carried out to analyze specimens of DNA-containing bacteriophages of pathogenic vibrio. The overwhelming majority of them characterized by complicated type of symmetry--phages with double-helical DNA and also phages with mono-helical DNA structure discovered recently in vibrio. For the first time, the general framework of identification and differentiation of bacteriophages of pathogenic vibrio was developed. This achievement increases possibility to establish species assignment of phages and to compare with phages registered in the database. "The collection of bacteriophages and test-strains of human pathogenic vibrio" (No2010620549 of 24.09.210).
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Pryshliak M, Hammerl JA, Reetz J, Strauch E, Hertwig S. Vibrio vulnificus phage PV94 is closely related to temperate phages of V. cholerae and other Vibrio species. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94707. [PMID: 24732980 PMCID: PMC3986222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vibrio vulnificus is an important pathogen which can cause serious infections in humans. Yet, there is limited knowledge on its virulence factors and the question whether temperate phages might be involved in pathogenicity, as is the case with V. cholerae. Thus far, only two phages (SSP002 and VvAW1) infecting V. vulnificus have been genetically characterized. These phages were isolated from the environment and are not related to Vibrio cholerae phages. The lack of information on temperate V. vulnificus phages prompted us to isolate those phages from lysogenic strains and to compare them with phages of other Vibrio species. Results In this study the temperate phage PV94 was isolated from a V. vulnificus biotype 1 strain by mitomycin C induction. PV94 is a myovirus whose genome is a linear double-stranded DNA of 33,828 bp with 5′-protruding ends. Sequence analysis of PV94 revealed a modular organization of the genome. The left half of the genome comprising the immunity region and genes for the integrase, terminase and replication proteins shows similarites to V. cholerae kappa phages whereas the right half containing genes for structural proteins is closely related to a prophage residing in V. furnissii NCTC 11218. Conclusion We present the first genomic sequence of a temperate phage isolated from a human V. vulnificus isolate. The sequence analysis of the PV94 genome demonstrates the wide distribution of closely related prophages in various Vibrio species. Moreover, the mosaicism of the PV94 genome indicates a high degree of horizontal genetic exchange within the genus Vibrio, by which V. vulnificus might acquire virulence-associated genes from other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Pryshliak
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung), Department of Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens A. Hammerl
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung), Department of Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Reetz
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung), Department of Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckhard Strauch
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung), Department of Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hertwig
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung), Department of Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Islam MS, Rahman MZ, Khan SI, Mahmud ZH, Ramamurthy T, Nair GB, Sack RB, Sack DA. Organization of the CTX Prophage in Environmental Isolates ofVibrio mimicus. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 49:779-84. [PMID: 16113506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The organization of the CTX prophage in environmental strains of Vibrio mimicus was investigated. Sixteen hundred non-sucrose fermenting vibrios were examined for ctx gene by hybridization. Out of 1,600 isolates, 6 V. mimicus isolates contained ctxA gene. The organization of CTX prophage was determined by RFLP using ctxA probe. The CTX prophage integrated at a single site in V. mimicus genome which was present as a single copy flanked by at least a single RS element. Ribotype pattern revealed that a particular clone of V. mimicus acquired the CTXPhi in the aquatic environment. This study demonstrated that V. mimicus could act as a reservoir of CTXPhi in the aquatic environment.
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Barbosa C, Venail P, Holguin AV, Vives MJ. Co-evolutionary dynamics of the bacteria Vibrio sp. CV1 and phages V1G, V1P1, and V1P2: implications for phage therapy. Microb Ecol 2013; 66:897-905. [PMID: 24013213 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are the second largest cause of mortality in shrimp hatcheries. Among them, bacteria from the genus Vibrio constitute a major threat. As the use of antibiotics may be ineffective and banned from the food sector, alternatives are required. Historically, phage therapy, which is the use of bacteriophages, is thought to be a promising option to fight against bacterial infections. However, as for antibiotics, resistance can be rapidly developed. Since the emergence of resistance is highly undesirable, a formal characterization of the dynamics of its acquisition is mandatory. Here, we explored the co-evolutionary dynamics of resistance between the bacteria Vibrio sp. CV1 and the phages V1G, V1P1, and V1P2. Single-phage treatments as well as a cocktail composed of the three phages were considered. We found that in the presence of a single phage, bacteria rapidly evolved resistance, and the phages decreased their infectivity, suggesting that monotherapy may be an inefficient treatment to fight against Vibrio infections in shrimp hatcheries. On the contrary, the use of a phage cocktail considerably delayed the evolution of resistance and sustained phage infectivity for periods in which shrimp larvae are most susceptible to bacterial infections, suggesting the simultaneous use of multiple phages as a serious strategy for the control of vibriosis. These findings are very promising in terms of their consequences to different industrial and medical scenarios where bacterial infections are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Barbosa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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15
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Karunasagar I, Girisha SK, Venugopal MN, Biswajit M. Bacteriophage application as a management strategy in shrimp hatcheries. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2013; 78:204-205. [PMID: 25141668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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16
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Baudoux AC, Hendrix RW, Lander GC, Bailly X, Podell S, Paillard C, Johnson JE, Potter CS, Carragher B, Azam F. Genomic and functional analysis of Vibrio phage SIO-2 reveals novel insights into ecology and evolution of marine siphoviruses. Environ Microbiol 2012; 14:2071-86. [PMID: 22225728 PMCID: PMC3338904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on a genomic and functional analysis of a novel marine siphovirus, the Vibrio phage SIO-2. This phage is lytic for related Vibrio species of great ecological interest including the broadly antagonistic bacterium Vibrio sp. SWAT3 as well as notable members of the Harveyi clade (V.harveyi ATTC BAA-1116 and V.campbellii ATCC 25920). Vibrio phage SIO-2 has a circularly permuted genome of 80598 bp, which displays unusual features. This genome is larger than that of most known siphoviruses and only 38 of the 116 predicted proteins had homologues in databases. Another divergence is manifest by the origin of core genes, most of which share robust similarities with unrelated viruses and bacteria spanning a wide range of phyla. These core genes are arranged in the same order as in most bacteriophages but they are unusually interspaced at two places with insertions of DNA comprising a high density of uncharacterized genes. The acquisition of these DNA inserts is associated with morphological variation of SIO-2 capsid, which assembles as a large (80 nm) shell with a novel T=12 symmetry. These atypical structural features confer on SIO-2 a remarkable stability to a variety of physical, chemical and environmental factors. Given this high level of functional and genomic novelty, SIO-2 emerges as a model of considerable interest in ecological and evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-C Baudoux
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Marine Biology Research Division, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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17
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Sun J, Ye D, Kochel A, Jost G. [Isolation and physiological characteristics of lytic bacteriophages of Vibrio]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2008; 48:780-784. [PMID: 18720843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vibrio is a widely distributed pathogen in aquatic environment. Our study aimed at searching for possible biological control of pathogenic vibrio. METHODS We collected natural samples from coast and lakes in spring of 2006 and autumn of 2005; and isolated lytic phages by double-layer plate method. We identified the hosts with 16S rDNA sequencing and observed their morphology with phages under electron microscopy. We also tested the physiological characteristics of phages. RESULTS We isolated 96 bacteria and 2 phages (Vibio/XM/P1, Vibio/XM/P2). Their hosts belonged to Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio anguillarum. Both phages were hexagonal-headed and one with a tail. Physiological tests show that their optimum grow condition were pH7, 25 degrees C and pH8, 30 degrees C. Both phages were sensitive to high temperature and UV light. Vibrio/XM/P2 was sensitive to aether and chloroform whereas Vibrio/XM/P1 not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sun
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, China.
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18
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Abstract
This study examined the distribution, susceptibility to viral infection and genetic diversity of Vibrio spp. in the coastal waters and sediments of British Columbia during summer (July and August). Abundances of presumptive Vibrio spp. ranged from 1.5 to 346 ml(-1) within the water column (1-291 m); whereas, abundances at the water-sediment interface were much higher (up to approximately 3 x 10(4)Vibrio spp. cc(-1)), and decreased with sediment depth (down to 30 cm). The genetic diversity of Vibrio spp. isolates was not tied to the location from which they originated and was only influenced in a minor way by the type of environment. However, the environment had a greater effect on phage-typing patterns. Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from environments with high abundances of cells (sediments and oysters) were generally more susceptible to viral infection than those from the water column which were highly resistant. Therefore, although Vibrio spp. were widespread in the areas investigated, the results show that there is segregation of bacterial host strains in different environments, under differing selection pressures, which ultimately will affect in situ phage production.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M Comeau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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19
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Defoirdt T, Boon N, Sorgeloos P, Verstraete W, Bossier P. Alternatives to antibiotics to control bacterial infections: luminescent vibriosis in aquaculture as an example. Trends Biotechnol 2007; 25:472-9. [PMID: 17719667 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The massive (mis)use of antibiotics to control infections in aquaculture has resulted in the development of resistant strains, which have rendered antibiotic treatments ineffective. Moreover, the horizontal transfer of resistance determinants to human pathogens and the presence of antibiotic residues in aquaculture products for human consumption constitute important threats to public health. Therefore, to make the aquaculture industry more sustainable, new strategies to control infections are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Defoirdt
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Shivu MM, Rajeeva BC, Girisha SK, Karunasagar I, Krohne G, Karunasagar I. Molecular characterization of Vibrio harveyi bacteriophages isolated from aquaculture environments along the coast of India. Environ Microbiol 2007; 9:322-31. [PMID: 17222131 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Seven bacteriophages specific to Vibrio harveyi, the causative agent of luminous vibriosis in shrimp, were isolated from coastal aquaculture systems like shrimp farms, hatcheries and tidal creeks along the east and west coast of India. All the seven phages were found to have the typical head and tail morphology with double-stranded DNA as genetic material. Morphologically, six phages were grouped under family Siphoviridae and one under Myoviridae. These phages were further characterized with respect to host range, morphology and structural proteins. Genomic fingerprinting was carried out using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Major capsid proteins of all the phages detected by SDS-PAGE were distinct from one another. All the phages were found to be highly lytic for V. harveyi and had different lytic spectrum for the large number of isolates tested. Six of the seven phages isolated had a broad lytic spectrum and could be potential candidates for biocontrol of V. harveyi in aquaculture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mockshanath M Shivu
- Department of Fishery Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, College of Fisheries, Mangalore-575 002, India
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21
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Vidgen M, Carson J, Higgins M, Owens L. Changes to the phenotypic profile of Vibrio harveyi when infected with the Vibrio harveyi myovirus-like (VHML) bacteriophage. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 100:481-7. [PMID: 16478487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine if infection of Vibrio harveyi with the V. harveyi myovirus-like (VHML) bacteriophage causes a change to the phenotypic profile of this species. METHODS AND RESULTS Using 46 biochemical and metabolic tests, phenotypic profiles for noninfected V. harveyi and VHML infected V. harveyi were developed. Comparison of the infected and bacteriophage-infected strains of V. harveyi 645, 20 and 45 were found to have different test results for d-gluconate utilization, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and sulfatase activity, respectively. Using probabilistic identification, VHML infected and noninfected strains were identified as V. harveyi and had similar Willcox probability scores though the modal likelihood scores were reduced for VHML infected strains. One VHML infected strain, 642b, was misidentified as V. campbellii by phenotyping but not by PCR. It would appear that the phenotype of V. harveyi strains infected with VHML, are sufficiently altered that they occur at the margins of the known range of strain variation for V. harveyi. CONCLUSION Infection of V. harveyi with VHML causes the phenotypic profile of the bacterium to change. This change reduces the modal likelihood score resulting in a poorer level of assurance for an identification of V. harveyi, especially in the natural host, strain 642. The bacteriophage VHML integrates into different sites in different strains of V. harveyi. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The identification of V. harveyi as the causative agent of mortality in aquatic organisms is predominantly achieved through phenotyping. Since bacteriophages alter virulence in V. harveyi, understanding the effect they have on phenotype is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vidgen
- Microbiology and Immunology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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22
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Khemayan K, Pasharawipas T, Puiprom O, Sriurairatana S, Suthienkul O, Flegel TW. Unstable lysogeny and pseudolysogeny in Vibrio harveyi siphovirus-like phage 1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:1355-63. [PMID: 16461687 PMCID: PMC1392941 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.2.1355-1363.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of Vibrio harveyi (strain VH1114) to V. harveyi siphovirus-like phage 1 (VHS1) resulted in the production of a low percentage of lysogenized clones of variable stability. These were retrieved most easily as small colonies within dot plaques. Analysis revealed that VHS1 prophage was most likely carried by VH1114 as an episome rather than integrated into the host chromosome. In the late exponential growth phase, lysogenized VH1114 continuously produced VHS1 but also gave rise to a large number of cured progeny. The absence of phage DNA in the cured progeny was confirmed by the absence of VHS1 DNA in Southern blot and PCR assays. Curiously, these very stable, cured subclones did not show the parental phenotype of clear plaques with VHS1 but instead showed turbid plaques, both in overlaid lawns and in dot plaque assays. This phenotypic difference from the original parental isolate suggested that transient lysogeny by VHS1 had resulted in a stable genetic change in the cured clones. Such clones may be called pseudolysogens (i.e., false lysogens), since they have undergone transient lysogeny and have retained some resistance to full lytic phage development, despite the loss of viable or detectable prophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krit Khemayan
- Centex Shrimp, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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23
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Abstract
Bacteriophage morphotype diversity and latent period duration upon induction were correlated with the host population growth. The prophages of the lysogenic Vibrio sp. (DSM14379) were induced with mitomycin C in a batch culture with different salinity, substrate concentration or composition, and at different temperatures. Under all experimental conditions, phages were induced and a population of different complete and incomplete phage-like particles was observed in the lysate. Under favorable growth conditions, the phage-like particle community in the lysate was overpopulated with phage tail-like rigid rods. The number of rods was reduced in samples with low organic carbon concentration, samples with 8% and 10% NaCl, and samples induced at 40 and 43 degrees C. Although all lysates contained all phage-like particle-size fractions, their relative abundances varied. Up to a fivefold difference in phage-like particle size was observed in lysates. Size distribution of phage-like particles changed along temperature, salinity and organic carbon gradients. Results also indicated that the latent period of the induced phage-like particle population converged to approximately 90 min above a growth rate of 1.0 h(-1). At lower host growth rates, the latent period generally increased. However, at 40 and 43 degrees C and at low peptone-yeast extract concentration in the growth medium, the latent period remained short. We propose that different host physiological conditions influence organic matter composition upon prophage induction and may thus affect virus-controlled flow of the energy and carbon in the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Gnezda-Meijer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Food Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Pasharawipas T, Thaikua S, Sriurairatana S, Ruangpan L, Direkbusarakum S, Manopvisetcharean J, Flegel TW. Partial characterization of a novel bacteriophage of Vibrio harveyi isolated from shrimp culture ponds in Thailand. Virus Res 2005; 114:63-9. [PMID: 16023243 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Revised: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 05/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bacteriophage was isolated together with Vibrio harveyi (VH) 1114 a from a black tiger shrimp-rearing pond in Thailand. By negative staining transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the phage had an icosahedral head (diameter 60-62 nm), a rigid, non-contractile tail (9-10 nm x 100-120 nm) without a collar or terminal fibers and a genome of double stranded DNA of approximately 80 kb as determined by analysis of restriction enzyme digestion fragments. Since these features would place it in the family Siphoviridae, it was tentatively named V. harveyi siphoviridae-like phage or VHS1. VHS1 could also infect two VH reference strains LMD 22.30 and LMD 80.33 (=ATCC 14126) but yielded smaller plaques than with VH1114. The phage tolerated temperatures as high as 60 degrees C for up to 2h and overnight exposure to a broad range of pH. VHS1 lysogens of VH1114 were unstable, contained unaltered VHS1 DNA, were immune to VHS1 lysis and spontaneously released VHS1 in liquid cultures. Approximately 20 kb of the genome has been sequenced and deposited at GenBank but it mostly showed no significant homology with existing sequences in the database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirasak Pasharawipas
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rangsit University, Pathumthani 12000, Thailand
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25
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Abstract
AIMS To determine the host range of the Vibrio harveyi myovirus-like bacteriophage (VHML) and the cholera toxin conversion bacteriophage (CTX Phi) within a range of Vibrio cholerae and V. mimicus and V. harveyi, V. cholerae and V. mimicus isolates respectively. METHODS AND RESULTS Three V. harveyi, eight V. cholerae and five V. mimicus isolates were incubated with VHML and CTX Phi. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine the presence of VHML and CTX Phi in infected isolates. We demonstrated that it was possible to infect one isolate of V. cholerae (isolate ACM #2773/ATCC #14035) with VHML. This isolate successfully incorporated VHML into its genome as evident by positive PCR amplification of the sequence coding part of the tail sheath of VHML. Attempts to infect all other V. cholerae and V. mimicus isolates with VHML were unsuccessful. Attempts to infect V. cholerae non-01, V. harveyi and V. mimicus isolates with CTX Phi were unsuccessful. CONCLUSIONS Bacteriophage infection is limited by bacteriophage-exclusion systems operating within bacterial strains and these systems appear to be highly selective. One system may allow the co-existence of one bacteriophage while excluding another. VHML appears to have a narrow host range which may be related to a common receptor protein in such strains. The lack of the vibrio pathogenicity island bacteriophage (VPI Phi) in the isolates used in this study may explain why infections with CTX Phi were unsuccessful. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The current study has demonstrated that Vibrio spp. bacteriophages may infect other Vibrio spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Payne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Qld, Australia.
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26
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Zhu H, Yin S, Shuman S. Characterization of polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase enzymes from Mycobacteriophages omega and Cjw1 and vibriophage KVP40. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:26358-69. [PMID: 15056675 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403200200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Coliphage T4 Pnkp is a bifunctional polynucleotide 5'-kinase/3'-phosphatase that catalyzes the end-healing steps of a RNA repair pathway. Here we show that mycobacteriophages Omega and Cjw1 and vibriophage KVP40 also encode bifunctional Pnkp enzymes consisting of a proximal 5'-kinase module with an essential P-loop motif, GXGK(S/T), and a distal 3'-phosphatase module with an essential acyl-phosphatase motif, DX- DGT. Biochemical characterization of the viral Pnkp proteins reveals several shared features, including an alkaline pH optimum for the kinase component, an intrinsic RNA kinase activity, and a homotetrameric or homodimeric quaternary structure, that distinguish them from the monomeric DNA-specific phosphatase/kinase enzymes found in mammals and fission yeast. Whereas the phage 5'-kinases differ from each other in their preferences for phosphorylation of 5' overhangs, blunt ends, or recessed ends, none of them displays the preference for recessed ends reported for mammalian DNA kinase. We hypothesize that Pnkp provides phages that have it with a means to evade an RNA-damaging antiviral host response. Genetic complementation of the essential end-healing steps of yeast tRNA splicing by the Omega and Cjw1 Pnkp enzymes establishes their capacity to perform RNA repair reactions in vivo. A supportive correlation is that Omega and Cjw1, which are distinguished from other mycobacteriophages by their possession of a Pnkp enzyme, are also unique among the mycobacteriophages in their specification of putative RNA ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10021, USA
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27
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Abstract
AIMS To determine the complete nucleotide sequence of the bacteriophage VHML and establish a hypothesis for the virulence conversion caused by VHML infection of Vibrio harveyi. METHODS AND RESULTS The complete nucleotide sequence of VHML was determined (43,193 bp) and used to identify putative genes. The translated products of these genes were compared with reported sequences to assign hypothetical functions. All anticipated structural genes and putative genes for lysogeny were identified. In addition, we found a complete N6-adenine methyltransferase (Dam) gene that appeared to have an essential site for ADP-ribosylating toxins at the C-terminal of the translated product. CONCLUSIONS Virulence conversion of V. harveyi by VHML may be associated with Dam transcriptional regulation. The Dam gene may also encode for a toxin component similar to ADP-ribosylating toxins. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This manuscript lays the foundation for understanding the virulence of toxin-producing V. harveyi. Further research into aspects discussed here will lead to a greater comprehension regarding the invertebrate disease vibriosis and its control in the farming of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Oakey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.
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28
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Peresedova ES, Kudriakova TA, Makedonov LD, Kachkina GV, Saiamov SR, Mironova AV, Alieva AA. [Indicator strains of cholera vibrions for detection and primary identification of cholera phages]. Klin Lab Diagn 2003:39-41. [PMID: 12822308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
A set of test-strains is suggested; it comprises V. eltor P-13169 and V. cholerae 163-0139 designed for the primary identification of unknown previously choleraic bacteriophages.
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Abstract
Vibriosis is a major disease problem in prawn aquaculture. Until now there has been no clear explanation why some strains of Vibrio are pathogenic, while others are not. This study demonstrated that the presence of the bacteriophage V. harveyi myovirus like (VHML) may confer virulence to V. harveyi Strain 642. This was demonstrated by infecting naïve avirulent V. harveyi Strains 12, 20, 45 and 645 with the bacteriophage and converting them into virulent strains. The previously naïve strains of Vibrio infected with Bacteriophage VHML from V. harveyi Strain 642 demonstrated up-regulation of haemolysin, up-regulation of protein excretion, additional proteins which were recognised as toxic proteins from Strain 642 by monoclonal antibodies specific to the exotoxin sub-units, and a significant increase in mortality of larval Penaeus monodon. It was concluded that Bacteriophage VHML conferred virulence to V. harveyi Strains 12, 20, 45 and 645 and that Bacteriophage VHML either fully or partly confers virulence in V. harveyi Strain 642.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Munro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- B Austin
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK.
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Koo J, Marshall DL, DePaola A. Antacid increases survival of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio vulnificus phage in a gastrointestinal model. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:2895-902. [PMID: 11425699 PMCID: PMC92958 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.7.2895-2902.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2001] [Accepted: 04/15/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viable counts of three strains of Vibrio vulnificus and its phage were determined during exposure to a mechanical gastrointestinal model with or without antacid for 9 h at 37 degrees C. V. vulnificus was eliminated (>4-log reduction) within 30 min in the gastric compartment (pH decline from 5.0 to 3.5). Viable V. vulnificus cells delivered from the gastric compartment during the first 30 min of exposure reached 10(6) to 10(8) CFU/ml in the intestinal compartment after 9 h (pH 7.0). Phages were eliminated within 45 min in the gastric compartment (pH decline from 5.1 to 2.5). Less than a 2-log reduction of phage was observed in the intestinal compartment after 9 h (pH 7.0). When the gastric compartment contained antacid V. vulnificus counts decreased slightly (<2 log) during 2 h of exposure (pH decline from 7.7 to 6.0), while counts in the intestinal compartment (pH 7.5) reached 10(7) to 10(9) CFU/ml. Phage numbers decreased 1 log after 2 h in the gastric compartment (pH decline from 7.7 to 5.7) containing antacid and decreased 1 log in the intestinal compartment (pH 7.6) after 9 h. Presence of antacid in the gastric compartment of the model greatly increased the ability of both V. vulnificus and its phage to survive simulated gastrointestinal transit and may be a factor involved with oyster-associated illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Koo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
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Khan SA, Khan AA, Nawaz MS, DePaola A, Andrews A, Cerniglia CE. DNA packaging and developmental intermediates of a broad host range Vibrio vulnificus bacteriophage 71A-6. Mol Cell Probes 2001; 15:61-9. [PMID: 11292322 DOI: 10.1006/mcpr.2000.0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The structural intermediates in the capsid assembly and DNA packaging pathway of Vibrio vulnificus bacteriophage 71A-6, a rod-shaped double-stranded DNA podovirus, were isolated by ultracentrifugation and studied by electron microscopy, SDS-PAGE and pulsed-field gel electrophoretic analysis. Bacteriophage 71A-6 synthesized rod-shaped capsids (mean length=200+/-8 nm; mean width=47+/-3 nm n=50) during its development. Several host proteins that probably help in the assembly and maturation of the capsids were attached to these capsids as spherical structures. A capsid-DNA or DNA packaging complex that consisted of the mature capsids, DNA and a 42.5-kDa protein was also isolated. The size of the capsids increased in length and decreased in width (mean length=220+/-8 nm; mean width=45+/-3 nm n=50) either during or after the DNA packaging. The capsid fractions contained about 12 phage structural proteins and eight host proteins. At least three proteins were tentatively identified: a 38.5-kDa major capsid protein, a 35.2-kDa tail protein and 42.5-kDa packaging initiator or terminator protein. The size of the bacteriophage 71A-6 genome was determined to be 143.0-kb by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The total mass of all the mature phage proteins corresponded to only 14.0% of the coding capacity of phage genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Khan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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33
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Abstract
Some strains of Vibrio harveyi are known to be pathogenic for fish and many invertebrates including crustaceans. Despite their importance, their modes of virulence have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we present a previously unreported bacteriophage extracted from a toxin-producing strain of V. harveyi isolated from moribund prawn larvae in tropical Australia. Classification into the family Myoviridae was based upon morphological characteristics (an icosahedral head, a neck/collar region and a sheathed rigid tail) and nucleic acid characteristics (double-stranded linear DNA). We have termed the bacteriophage VHML (Vibrio Harveyi Myovirus Like). VHML is a temperate bacteriophage that has a narrow host range and shows an apparent preference for V. harveyi above other vibrios (63 Vibrio isolates tested) and other genera (10 other genera were tested). The conventional methods for phage concentration and extraction of nucleic acids from phage particles were not efficient and the alternative methods that were used are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Oakey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland and Aquaculture CRC Ltd, Broadway, NSW, Australia.
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34
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Abstract
Temperate phage PS166 infection of Vibrio eltor MAK757 resulted in complete changes in all biotype-specific determinants. About 10% of the PS166 lysogens of MAK757 lost their eltor-specific determinants, namely, the ability to produce soluble hemolysin, cell-associated hemagglutinin for chicken erythrocytes, and resistance to polymyxin B, as well as resistance to Mukherjee's group IV phage and sensitivity to eltor phage e4. These lysogens were found to have acquired the properties of classical strains, most significantly becoming sensitive to group IV phage but resistant to eltor-specific e4. The remainder of these lysogens, however, retained their parental biotype and serotype but acquired auxotrophy for glycine and histidine. The differential behavior of the two types of lysogen was due to the integration of the phage PS166 genome at different locations in the host chromosome. A 800-bp BglII fragment was found to contain the attP site. Phage PS166 has a polyhedral head (95 nm in diameter) and a contractile tail (98 nm in length). The phage chromosome is a linear double-stranded DNA of 110 kb and a G + C content of 58.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Mitra
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Calcutta, 700032, India
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35
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Abstract
CTXphi is a lysogenic filamentous bacteriophage that encodes cholera toxin. Filamentous phages that infect Escherichia coli require both a pilus and the products of tolQRA in order to enter host cells. We have previously shown that toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP), a type IV pilus that is an essential Vibrio cholerae intestinal colonization factor, serves as a receptor for CTXphi. To test whether CTXphi also depends upon tol gene products to infect V. cholerae, we identified and inactivated the V. cholerae tolQRAB orthologues. The predicted amino acid sequences of V. cholerae TolQ, TolR, TolA, and TolB showed significant similarity to the corresponding E. coli sequences. V. cholerae strains with insertion mutations in tolQ, tolR, or tolA were reduced in their efficiency of CTXphi uptake by 4 orders of magnitude, whereas a strain with an insertion mutation in tolB showed no reduction in CTXphi entry. We could detect CTXphi infection of TCP(-) V. cholerae, albeit at very low frequencies. However, strains with mutations in both tcpA and either tolQ, tolR, or tolA were completely resistant to CTXphi infection. Thus, CTXphi, like the E. coli filamentous phages, uses both a pilus and TolQRA to enter its host. This suggests that the pathway for filamentous phage entry into cells is conserved between host bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Heilpern
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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Boyd EF, Moyer KE, Shi L, Waldor MK. Infectious CTXPhi and the vibrio pathogenicity island prophage in Vibrio mimicus: evidence for recent horizontal transfer between V. mimicus and V. cholerae. Infect Immun 2000; 68:1507-13. [PMID: 10678967 PMCID: PMC97308 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.3.1507-1513.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio mimicus differs from Vibrio cholerae in a number of genotypic and phenotypic traits but like V. cholerae can give rise to diarrheal disease. We examined clinical isolates of V. mimicus for the presence of CTXPhi, the lysogenic filamentous bacteriophage that carries the cholera toxin genes in epidemic V. cholerae strains. Four V. mimicus isolates were found to contain complete copies of CTXPhi. Southern blot analyses revealed that V. mimicus strain PT5 contains two CTX prophages integrated at different sites within the V. mimicus genome whereas V. mimicus strains PT48, 523-80, and 9583 each contain tandemly arranged copies of CTXPhi. We detected the replicative form of CTXPhi, pCTX, in all four of these V. mimicus isolates. The CTX prophage in strain PT5 was found to produce infectious CTXPhi particles. The nucleotide sequences of CTXPhi genes orfU and zot from V. mimicus strain PT5 and V. cholerae strain N16961 were identical, indicating contemporary horizontal transfer of CTXPhi between these two species. The receptor for CTXPhi, the toxin-coregulated pilus, which is encoded by another lysogenic filamentous bacteriophage, VPIPhi, was also present in the CTXPhi-positive V. mimicus isolates. The nucleotide sequences of VPIPhi genes aldA and toxT from V. mimicus strain PT5 and V. cholerae N16961 were identical, suggesting recent horizontal transfer of this phage between V. mimicus and V. cholerae. In V. mimicus, the vibrio pathogenicity island prophage was integrated in the same chromosomal attachment site as in V. cholerae. These results suggest that V. mimicus may be a significant reservoir for both CTXPhi and VPIPhi and may play an important role in the emergence of new toxigenic V. cholerae isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Boyd
- Division of Geographic Medicine, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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37
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Abstract
The filamentous bacteriophage CTXPhi, which encodes cholera toxin (CT) in toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, is known to propagate by infecting susceptible strains of V. cholerae by using the toxin coregulated pilus (TCP) as its receptor and thereby causing the origination of new strains of toxigenic V. cholerae from nontoxigenic progenitors. Besides V. cholerae, Vibrio mimicus strains which are normally TCP negative have also been shown to occasionally produce CT and cause diarrhea in humans. We analyzed nontoxigenic V. mimicus strains isolated from surface waters in Bangladesh for susceptibility and lysogenic conversion by CTXPhi and studied the expression of CT in the lysogens by using genetically marked derivatives of the phage. Of 27 V. mimicus strains analyzed, which were all negative for genes encoding TCP but positive for the regulatory gene toxR, 2 strains (7.4%) were infected by CTX-KmPhi, derived from strain SM44(P27459 ctx::km), and the phage genome integrated into the host chromosome, forming stable lysogens. The lysogens spontaneously produced infectious phage particles in the supernatant fluids of the culture, and high titers of the phage could be achieved when the lysogens were induced with mitomycin C. This is the first demonstration of lysogenic conversion of V. mimicus strains by CTXPhi. When a genetically marked derivative of the replicative form of the CTXPhi genome carrying a functional ctxAB operon, pMSF9.2, was introduced into nontoxigenic V. mimicus strains, the plasmid integrated into the host genome and the strains produced CT both in vitro and inside the intestines of adult rabbits and caused mild-to-severe diarrhea in rabbits. This suggested that in the natural habitat infection of nontoxigenic V. mimicus strains by wild-type CTXPhi may lead to the origination of toxigenic V. mimicus strains which are capable of producing biologically active CT. The results of this study also supported the existence of a TCP-independent mechanism for infection by CTXPhi and showed that at least one species of Vibrio other than V. cholerae may contribute to the propagation of the phage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Faruque
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.
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Matsuzaki S, Kuroda M, Kimura S, Tanaka S. Major capsid proteins of certain Vibrio and Aeromonas phages are homologous to the equivalent protein, gp23(*), of coliphage T4. Arch Virol 1999; 144:1647-51. [PMID: 10486118 DOI: 10.1007/s007050050618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
N-terminal amino acid sequences of major capsid proteins (Mcps) of three vibriophages (KVP20, KVP40 and nt-1), two aeromonad phages (Aeh 1 and 65) and coliphage T4 were compared. All these phages are morphologically similar, belonging to family Myoviridae and the vernacular genus name "T4-like phages". A dendrogram constructed from homology data indicated that (i) the three vibriophages were closely related, (ii) the two aeromonad phages were also fairly related and (iii) these five phages were all distantly, but definitely, related to coliphage T4. These results suggest that Mcps of morphologically similar phages are highly conserved and may serve as a measure to assess the phylogenetic relationships among different phages of similar morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matsuzaki
- Department of Microbiology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan
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39
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Høi L, Dalsgaard I, DePaola A, Siebeling RJ, Dalsgaard A. Heterogeneity among isolates of Vibrio vulnificus recovered from eels (Anguilla anguilla) in Denmark. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:4676-82. [PMID: 9835548 PMCID: PMC90908 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.12.4676-4682.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The findings of this study demonstrate that Vibrio vulnificus isolates recovered from diseased eels in Denmark are heterogeneous as shown by O serovars, capsule types, ribotyping, phage typing, and plasmid profiling. The study includes 85 V. vulnificus isolates isolated from the gills, intestinal contents, mucus, spleen, and kidneys of eels during five disease outbreaks on two Danish eel farms from 1995 to 1997, along with a collection of 12 V. vulnificus reference strains. The results showed that more than one serovar may be capable of causing disease in eels and that these isolates are genetically heterogenous as shown by ribotyping. Ribotyping also showed that the same isolates may persist in an eel farm and cause recurrent outbreaks. Phage typing did not correlate with ribotyping or serotyping. However, we observed that 26 of 28 isolates, which were not susceptible to any of the phages, showed the same ribotype, O serovar, and capsule type. This suggests that these isolates may possess features that make them resistant to lysis by the phages used in this study. Ninety-three of 97 isolates harbored between one and three high-molecular-weight plasmids which previously had been suggested to be associated with eel virulence. The subdivision of V. vulnificus into two biotypes based on the indole reaction can no longer be supported, since 82 of 97 isolates in this study were indole positive, and a subdivision into serovars appears to be more correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Høi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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40
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Abstract
The mcp gene encoding the major capsid protein (Mcp) of vibriophage KVP40, a large-tailed DNA phage, was cloned and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence of the mcp gene was 64.4% similar to that of gene 23 of coliphage T4. Analysis of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of purified native Mcp revealed that the mcp gene actually coded for a precursor, pro-Mcp, whose 62 N-terminal amino acids must be removed upon maturation to Mcp. Thus, mature Mcp would consist of 452 amino acid residues and have a calculated molecular mass of 47,561 Da. Comparison of amino acid sequences of Mcp and gp23*, the major capsid protein of T4, demonstrated 61.8% identity and 89.7% similarity between them. In addition, a sequence, TATAAATA, identical to a typical T4 late promoter sequence was seen in the region upstream of the mcp gene. These findings, together with their morphological similarity, suggest that KVP40 and T4 are phylogenetically related.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matsuzaki
- Department of Microbiology, Kochi Medical School, Japan.
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41
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DePaola A, Motes ML, Chan AM, Suttle CA. Phages infecting Vibrio vulnificus are abundant and diverse in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) collected from the Gulf of Mexico. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:346-51. [PMID: 9435088 PMCID: PMC124716 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.1.346-351.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phages infecting Vibrio vulnificus were abundant (> 10(4) phages g of oyster tissue-1) throughout the year in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) collected from estuaries adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico (Apalachicola Bay, Fla.; Mobile Bay, Ala.; and Black Bay, La.). Estimates of abundance ranged from 10(1) to 10(5) phages g of oyster tissue-1 and were dependent on the bacterial strain used to assay the sample. V. vulnificus was near or below detection limits (< 0.3 cell g-1) from January through March and was most abundant (10(3) to 10(4) cells g-1) during the summer and fall, when phage abundances also tended to be greatest. The phages isolated were specific to strains of V. vulnificus, except for one isolate that caused lysis in a few strains of V. parahaemolyticus. Based on morphological evidence obtained by transmission electron microscopy, the isolates belonged to the Podoviridae, Styloviridae, and Myoviridae, three families of double-stranded DNA phages. One newly described morphotype belonging to the Podoviridae appears to be ubiquitous in Gulf Coast oysters. Isolates of this morphotype have an elongated capsid (mean, 258 nm; standard deviation, 4 nm; n = 35), with some isolates having a relatively broad host range among strains of V. vulnificus. Results from this study indicate that a morphologically diverse group of phages which infect V. vulnificus is abundant and widely distributed in oysters from estuaries bordering the northeastern Gulf of Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- A DePaola
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Phages lytic to Vibrio vulnificus were found in estuarine waters, sediments, plankton, crustacea, molluscan shellfish, and the intestines of finfish of the U.S. Gulf Coast, but no apparent relationship between densities of V. vulnificus and its phages was observed. Phage diversity and abundance in molluscan shellfish were much greater than in other habitats. V. vulnificus phages isolated from oysters did not lyse other mesophilic bacteria also isolated from oysters. Both V. vulnificus and its phages were found in a variety of oyster tissues and fluids with lowest densities in the hemolymph and mantle fluid. These findings suggest a close ecological relationship between V. vulnificus phages and molluscan shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- A DePaola
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528, USA.
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43
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Abstract
Nine phage isolates infectious for Vibrio vulnificus and falling into four morphological groups were isolated from estuarine waters collected in Louisiana. Of the 60 V. vulnificus strains tested, 87% were susceptible to one or more of the isolates. With the exception of V. fluvialis, Vibrio species other than vulnificus were resistant to infection. A spectrum of enteric bacterial strains were similarly resistant. Susceptibility differences were seen between opaque (virulent) V. vulnificus strains and those with translucent (nonvirulent) colony types, with the former being more susceptible. Susceptibility patterns to infection by the nine phage isolates among the V. vulnificus test strains suggest that the latter may fall into several groups. Other aspects relating to the phage isolates are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Pelon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans 70112-1393, USA
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44
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Chen K, Lin Y, Chen G. [Studies on diagnostic bacteriophage of Vibrio fluvialis]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 1995; 29:138-40. [PMID: 7648946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Species of Vibrio fluvialis are identified by their biochemical characteristics so far, with a lot of items to be determined, overelaborate procedure and expensiveness. Inaccordance with the fact that bacteriophage is a specific parasite inhabited in bacteria and has been used in identifying other bacteria with high specificity, some of Vibrio fluvialis bacteriophage isolated from natural environment were selected to make diagnostic preparation for Vibrio fluvialis identification. Diagnostic positivity of Vibrio fluvialis averaged 84.27%, and 87.84% for those of human source. Cross-lysis rates both for the same Vibrio genus and that of different families in the same genus were less then 3%, and no cross-lysis was found for the other enteric bacteria in different genera. There was no significant difference between diagnostic bacteriophage and biochemical tests for Vibrio of unknown species. This method was highly specific, sensitive, rapid, simple and inexpensive, and could be used in diagnosis of Vibrio fluvialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chen
- Fujian Provincial Health and Anti-epidemic Station, Fuzhou
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45
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Inoue T, Matsuzaki S, Tanaka S. A 26-kDa outer membrane protein, OmpK, common to Vibrio species is the receptor for a broad-host-range vibriophage, KVP40. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995; 125:101-5. [PMID: 7867914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
KVP40 is a broad-host-range vibriophage forming plaques on strains of at least eight Vibrio and one Photobacterium species. A spontaneous KVP40-resistant mutant, R4000, derived from Vibrio parahaemolyticus 1010 lacked a 26-kDa outer membrane protein designated OmpK. KVP40 was inactivated by outer membrane and OmpK prepared from 1010, but not by outer membrane from R4000. These results strongly suggest that OmpK is the receptor for KVP40. Immunoblotting analyses using an anti-OmpK rabbit serum revealed that OmpK or its homologs of molecular masses 25-29 kDa were distributed widely among Vibrio and Photobacterium strains including those naturally resistant to KVP40.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Inoue
- Department of Microbiology, Kochi Medical School, Japan
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46
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Libinzon AE, Us ZI, Gal'tseva GV, Degtiareva BM, Golkovskiĭ GM. [Phages of halophilic vibrios]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1995:15-8. [PMID: 7778366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The morphology and antigenic properties of 34 phages of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus strains isolated from Black Sea water, as well as their range of lytic activity and specificity of action, have been studied. Most of these phages have been found to lyze both V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus strains. In addition, highly specific phages capable of lyzing only V. parahaemolyticus serotype O5:K15, have been detected. The latter fact is a precedent indicating the possibility of search for other typing phages and the development of the scheme for the phage typing of V. parahaemolyticus in future.
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