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Hille F, Gieschler S, Brinks E, Franz CMAP. Characterisation of the Novel Filamentous Phage PMBT54 Infecting the Milk Spoilage Bacteria Pseudomonas carnis and Pseudomonas lactis. Viruses 2023; 15:1781. [PMID: 37766190 PMCID: PMC10534721 DOI: 10.3390/v15091781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous bacteriophages are lysogenic and pseudo-lysogenic viruses that do not lyse their host but are often continuously secreted from the infected cell. They belong to the order Tubulavirales, which encompasses three families, with the Inoviridae being the largest. While the number of identified inoviral sequences has greatly increased in recent years due to metagenomic studies, morphological and physiological characterisation is still restricted to only a few members of the filamentous phages. Here, we describe the novel filamentous phage PMBT54, which infects the spoilage-relevant Pseudomonas species P. carnis and P. lactis. Its genome is 7320 bp in size, has a mol% GC content of 48.37, and codes for 13 open-reading frames, two of which are located on the (-) strand. The virion exhibits a typical filamentous morphology and is secreted from the host cell at various lengths. The phage was shown to promote biofilm formation in both host strains and, therefore, has potential implications for milk spoilage, as biofilms are a major concern in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hille
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany; (S.G.); (E.B.); (C.M.A.P.F.)
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2
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Li X, Wang X, Li R, Zhang W, Wang L, Yan B, Zhu T, Xu Y, Tan D. Characterization of a Filamentous Phage, Vaf1, from Vibrio alginolyticus AP-1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0052023. [PMID: 37255423 PMCID: PMC10304664 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00520-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous phages are ubiquitously distributed in the global oceans. However, little is known about their biological contribution to their host's genetic and phenotypic diversity. In this study, a filamentous phage, Vaf1, was isolated and characterized from the emerging marine pathogen strain Vibrio alginolyticus AP-1. We explored the effects of the resident phage Vaf1 on the host physiology under diverse conditions by precisely deleting the entire phage Vaf1. Our results demonstrate that the presence of phage Vaf1 significantly increased biofilm formation, swarming motility, and contact-dependent competition. Furthermore, the gene expression profile suggests that several phage genes were upregulated in response to low-nutrient conditions. Unexpectedly, an in vivo study of zebrafish shows that fish infected with strain ΔVaf1 survived longer than those infected with wild-type strain AP-1, indicating that Vaf1 contributes to the virulence of V. alginolyticus. Together, our results provide direct evidence for the effect of Vaf1 phage-mediated phenotypic changes in marine bacteria V. alginolyticus. This further emphasizes the impressive complexity and diversity that filamentous phage-host interactions pose and the challenges associated with bacterial disease control in marine aquaculture. IMPORTANCE Non-lytic filamentous phages can replicate without killing their host, establishing long-term persistence within the bacterial host. In contrast to the well-studied CTXφ phage of the human-pathogenic Vibrio cholerae, little is known about the filamentous phage Vaf1 and its biological role in host fitness. In this study, we constructed a filamentous phage-deleted strain, ΔVaf1, and provided direct evidence on how an intact phage, φVaf1, belonging to the family Inoviridae, helps the bacterial host AP-1 to overcome adverse environmental conditions. Our results likely open new avenues for fundamental studies on how filamentous phage-host interactions regulate different aspects of Vibrio cell behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Wan Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Bo Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Demeng Tan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Prokopczuk FI, Im H, Campos-Gomez J, Orihuela CJ, Martínez E. Engineered Superinfective Pf Phage Prevents Dissemination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Mouse Burn Model. mBio 2023; 14:e0047223. [PMID: 37039641 PMCID: PMC10294672 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00472-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pf is a filamentous bacteriophage integrated in the chromosome of most clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Under stress conditions, mutations occurring in the Pf genome result in the emergence of superinfective variants of Pf (SI-Pf) that are capable of circumventing phage immunity; therefore, SI-Pf can even infect Pf-lysogenized P. aeruginosa. Here, we identified specific mutations located between the repressor and the excisionase genes of Pf4 phage in the P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain that resulted in the emergence of SI-Pf. Based on these findings, we genetically engineered an SI-Pf (eSI-Pf) and tested it as a phage therapy tool for the treatment of life-threatening burn wound infections caused by PAO1. In validation experiments, eSI-Pf was able to infect PAO1 grown in a lawn as well as biofilms formed in vitro on polystyrene. eSI-Pf also infected PAO1 present in burned skin wounds on mice but was not capable of maintaining a sustained reduction in bacterial burden beyond 24 h. Despite not lowering bacterial burden in burned skin tissue, eSI-Pf treatment completely abolished the capability of P. aeruginosa to disseminate from the burn site to internal organs. Over the course of 10 days, this resulted in bacterial clearance and survival of all treated mice. We subsequently determined that eSI-Pf induced a small-colony variant of P. aeruginosa that was unable to disseminate systemically. This attenuated phenotype was due to profound changes in virulence determinant production and altered physiology. Our results suggest that eSI-Pf has potential as a phage therapy against highly recalcitrant antimicrobial-resistant P. aeruginosa infections of burn wounds. IMPORTANCE Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of burn-related infections. It is also the most likely bacterial infection to advance to sepsis and result in burn-linked death. Frequently, P. aeruginosa strains isolated from burn patients display a multidrug-resistant phenotype necessitating the development of new therapeutic strategies and prophylactic treatments. In this context, phage therapy using lytic phages has demonstrated exciting potential in the control P. aeruginosa infection. However, lytic phages can present a set of drawbacks during phage therapy, including the induction of bacterial resistance and limited bacteria-phage interactions in vivo. Here, we propose an alternative approach to interfere with P. aeruginosa pathogenesis in a burn infection model, i.e., by using an engineered superinfective filamentous phage. Our study demonstrates that treatment with the engineered Pf phage can prevent sepsis and death in a burn mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico I. Prokopczuk
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hansol Im
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Javier Campos-Gomez
- Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Carlos J. Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Eriel Martínez
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Goehlich H, Roth O, Sieber M, Chibani CM, Poehlein A, Rajkov J, Liesegang H, Wendling CC. Suboptimal environmental conditions prolong phage epidemics in bacterial populations. Mol Ecol 2023. [PMID: 37337348 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Infections by filamentous phages, which are usually nonlethal to the bacterial cells, influence bacterial fitness in various ways. While phage-encoded accessory genes, for example virulence genes, can be highly beneficial, the production of viral particles is energetically costly and often reduces bacterial growth. Consequently, if costs outweigh benefits, bacteria evolve resistance, which can shorten phage epidemics. Abiotic conditions are known to influence the net-fitness effect for infected bacteria. Their impact on the dynamics and trajectories of host resistance evolution, however, remains yet unknown. To address this, we experimentally evolved the bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus in the presence of a filamentous phage at three different salinity levels, that is (1) ambient, (2) 50% reduction and (3) fluctuations between reduced and ambient. In all three salinities, bacteria rapidly acquired resistance through super infection exclusion (SIE), whereby phage-infected cells acquired immunity at the cost of reduced growth. Over time, SIE was gradually replaced by evolutionary fitter surface receptor mutants (SRM). This replacement was significantly faster at ambient and fluctuating conditions compared with the low saline environment. Our experimentally parameterized mathematical model explains that suboptimal environmental conditions, in which bacterial growth is slower, slow down phage resistance evolution ultimately prolonging phage epidemics. Our results may explain the high prevalence of filamentous phages in natural environments where bacteria are frequently exposed to suboptimal conditions and constantly shifting selections regimes. Thus, our future ocean may favour the emergence of phage-born pathogenic bacteria and impose a greater risk for disease outbreaks, impacting not only marine animals but also humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Goehlich
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Marine Evolutionary Ecology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Olivia Roth
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Marine Evolutionary Ecology, Kiel, Germany
- Marine Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Sieber
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Cynthia M Chibani
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Poehlein
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jelena Rajkov
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Marine Evolutionary Ecology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Heiko Liesegang
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carolin C Wendling
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Marine Evolutionary Ecology, Kiel, Germany
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Zürich, Switzerland
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Klonowska A, Ardley J, Moulin L, Zandberg J, Patrel D, Gollagher M, Marinova D, Reddy TBK, Varghese N, Huntemann M, Woyke T, Seshadri R, Ivanova N, Kyrpides N, Reeve W. Discovery of a novel filamentous prophage in the genome of the Mimosa pudica microsymbiont Cupriavidus taiwanensis STM 6018. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1082107. [PMID: 36925474 PMCID: PMC10011098 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1082107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrated virus genomes (prophages) are commonly found in sequenced bacterial genomes but have rarely been described in detail for rhizobial genomes. Cupriavidus taiwanensis STM 6018 is a rhizobial Betaproteobacteria strain that was isolated in 2006 from a root nodule of a Mimosa pudica host in French Guiana, South America. Here we describe features of the genome of STM 6018, focusing on the characterization of two different types of prophages that have been identified in its genome. The draft genome of STM 6018 is 6,553,639 bp, and consists of 80 scaffolds, containing 5,864 protein-coding genes and 61 RNA genes. STM 6018 contains all the nodulation and nitrogen fixation gene clusters common to symbiotic Cupriavidus species; sharing >99.97% bp identity homology to the nod/nif/noeM gene clusters from C. taiwanensis LMG19424T and "Cupriavidus neocalidonicus" STM 6070. The STM 6018 genome contains the genomes of two prophages: one complete Mu-like capsular phage and one filamentous phage, which integrates into a putative dif site. This is the first characterization of a filamentous phage found within the genome of a rhizobial strain. Further examination of sequenced rhizobial genomes identified filamentous prophage sequences in several Beta-rhizobial strains but not in any Alphaproteobacterial rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Klonowska
- Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroPHIM Plant Health Institute, Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Ardley
- Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Lionel Moulin
- Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroPHIM Plant Health Institute, Montpellier, France
| | - Jaco Zandberg
- Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Delphine Patrel
- Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroPHIM Plant Health Institute, Montpellier, France
| | - Margaret Gollagher
- Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Dora Marinova
- Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - T B K Reddy
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Neha Varghese
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Marcel Huntemann
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Tanja Woyke
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Rekha Seshadri
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Natalia Ivanova
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Nikos Kyrpides
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Wayne Reeve
- Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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6
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Madariaga-Troncoso D, Leyton-Carcaman B, Garcia M, Kawai M, Abanto Marin M. Comprehensive Genome Analysis of Neisseria meningitidis from South America Reveals a Distinctive Pathogenicity-Related Prophage Repertoire. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415731. [PMID: 36555373 PMCID: PMC9779448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis, a bacterium that colonizes in the human nasopharynx, occasionally causes invasive meningococcal disease leading to meningitis or septicemia. Different serogroups and lineages (clonal complexes) are related to the occurrence and epidemiology of N. meningitidis. Despite vaccines for most serogroups, N. meningitidis lineages causing unusual clinical manifestations and a higher fatality rate compared to other lineages have been reported in South America. The present study focused on exploring the diversity of N. meningitidis prophages from South America and their relationship with the epidemiological variables of these strains. We found a high diversity of prophages among the different clonal complexes. By comparing them with previously described N. meningitidis phages and prophages, we revealed groups of prophages sharing similar compositions, which could be useful for prophage comparison in N. meningitidis. Furthermore, we observed a high correlation between the prophage content and epidemiological features, e.g., pathogenicity or clonal complex. Additionally, a distinctive filamentous prophage named here as IMSAR-11 (Invasive Meningococci from South America Related to cc11) was identified. Interestingly, two versions of IMSAR-11, circular and chromosomally integrated, were found. Overall, this study reinforces the importance of the genomic characterization of circulating N. meningitidis lineages to generate new targets for lineage monitoring, diagnosis, or appropriateness of vaccine development. Further studies are necessary to understand the role of these prophages in the persistence, dispersal, and virulence of N. meningitidis in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Madariaga-Troncoso
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Benjamin Leyton-Carcaman
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Matias Garcia
- Laboratory of Molecular Applied Biology, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Mikihiko Kawai
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Michel Abanto Marin
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Correspondence:
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7
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Bach MS, de Vries CR, Khosravi A, Sweere JM, Popescu MC, Chen Q, Demirdjian S, Hargil A, Van Belleghem JD, Kaber G, Hajfathalian M, Burgener EB, Liu D, Tran QL, Dharmaraj T, Birukova M, Sunkari V, Balaji S, Ghosh N, Mathew-Steiner SS, El Masry MS, Keswani SG, Banaei N, Nedelec L, Sen CK, Chandra V, Secor PR, Suh GA, Bollyky PL. Filamentous bacteriophage delays healing of Pseudomonas-infected wounds. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100656. [PMID: 35732145 PMCID: PMC9244996 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wounds infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) are characterized by disease progression and increased mortality. We reveal Pf, a bacteriophage produced by Pa that delays healing of chronically infected wounds in human subjects and animal models of disease. Interestingly, impairment of wound closure by Pf is independent of its effects on Pa pathogenesis. Rather, Pf impedes keratinocyte migration, which is essential for wound healing, through direct inhibition of CXCL1 signaling. In support of these findings, a prospective cohort study of 36 human patients with chronic Pa wound infections reveals that wounds infected with Pf-positive strains of Pa are more likely to progress in size compared with wounds infected with Pf-negative strains. Together, these data implicate Pf phage in the delayed wound healing associated with Pa infection through direct manipulation of mammalian cells. These findings suggest Pf may have potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target in chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Bach
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christiaan R de Vries
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arya Khosravi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Johanna M Sweere
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Medeea C Popescu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Qingquan Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sally Demirdjian
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aviv Hargil
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonas D Van Belleghem
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maryam Hajfathalian
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Burgener
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dan Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Quynh-Lam Tran
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tejas Dharmaraj
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maria Birukova
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vivekananda Sunkari
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Swathi Balaji
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nandini Ghosh
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | | | - Sundeep G Keswani
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Niaz Banaei
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Pathology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laurence Nedelec
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Venita Chandra
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Patrick R Secor
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Gina A Suh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Gavric D, Knezevic P. Optimized Method for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Integrative Filamentous Bacteriophage Propagation. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:707815. [PMID: 35095778 PMCID: PMC8790315 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.707815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous bacteriophages frequently infect Pseudomonas aeruginosa and alter its phenotypic traits, including virulence factors. The first step in examination of these phages is to obtain suspensions with high virus titer, but as there are no methods for integrative filamentous phage multiplication, the aim was to design, describe, and compare two methods for this purpose. As models, three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, containing (pro)phages Pf4, Pf5, and PfLES were used (PAO1, UCBPP-PA14, and LESB58, respectively). Method 1 comprised propagation of phages in 6 L of bacterial culture for 48 h, and method 2 applied 600 mL culture and incubation for 6 days with centrifugation and addition of new medium and inoculum at 2-day intervals. In method 1, phages were propagated by culture agitation, followed by centrifugation and filtration (0.45 and 0.22 μm), and in method 2, cultures were agitated and centrifuged several times to remove bacteria without filtration. Regardless of the propagation method, supernatants were subjected to concentration by PEG8000 and CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation, and phage bands were removed after ultracentrifugation and dialyzed. In the obtained suspensions, phage titer was determined, and concentration of isolated ssDNA from virions was measured. When propagation method 2 was compared with method 1, the phage bands in CsCl were much thicker, phage number was 3.5–7.4 logs greater, and concentration of ssDNA was 7.6–22.4 times higher. When phage count was monitored from days 2 to 6, virion numbers increased for 1.8–5.6 logs, depending on phage. We also observed that filamentous phage plaques faded after 8 h of incubation when the double layer agar spot method was applied, whereas the plaques were visible for 24 h on single-layer agar. Finally, for the first time, we confirmed existence of replicative form and virions of PfLES (pro)phage as well as its ability to produce plaques. Similarly, for the first time, we confirmed plaque production of Pf5 (pro)phage present in P. aeruginosa strain UCBPP-PA14. The described method 2 has many advantages and can be further improved and adopted for filamentous phages of other hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Gavric
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Petar Knezevic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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9
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Sweedan A, Cohen Y, Yaron S, Bashouti MY. Binding Capabilities of Different Genetically Engineered pVIII Proteins of the Filamentous M13/Fd Virus and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12030398. [PMID: 35159743 PMCID: PMC8839290 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Binding functional biomolecules to non-biological materials, such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), is a challenging task with relevance for different applications. However, no one has yet undertaken a comparison of the binding of SWNTs to different recombinant filamentous viruses (phages) bioengineered to contain different binding peptides fused to the virus coat proteins. This is important due to the range of possible binding efficiencies and scenarios that may arise when the protein’s amino acid sequence is modified, since the peptides may alter the virus’s biological properties or they may behave differently when they are in the context of being displayed on the virus coat protein; in addition, non-engineered viruses may non-specifically adsorb to SWNTs. To test these possibilities, we used four recombinant phage templates and the wild type. In the first circumstance, we observed different binding capabilities and biological functional alterations; e.g., some peptides, in the context of viral templates, did not bind to SWNTs, although it was proven that the bare peptide did. The second circumstance was excluded, as the wild-type virus was found to hardly bind to the SWNTs. These results may be relevant to the possible use of the virus as a “SWNT shuttle” in nano-scale self-assembly, particularly since the pIII proteins are free to act as binding-directing agents. Therefore, knowledge of the differences between and efficiencies of SWNT binding templates may help in choosing better binding phages or peptides for possible future applications and industrial mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro Sweedan
- The Ilse-Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel;
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yachin Cohen
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (S.Y.); (M.Y.B.)
| | - Sima Yaron
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (S.Y.); (M.Y.B.)
| | - Muhammad Y. Bashouti
- The Ilse-Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel;
- Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Sede Boqer Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer 8499000, Israel
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (S.Y.); (M.Y.B.)
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10
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Wang HY, Chang YC, Hu CW, Kao CY, Yu YA, Lim SK, Mou KY. Development of a Novel Cytokine Vehicle Using Filamentous Phage Display for Colorectal Cancer Treatment. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:2087-2095. [PMID: 34342970 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to its highly immunogenic nature and the great engineerability, filamentous phage has shown promising antitumor activities in preclinical studies. Previous designs of antitumor phage mainly focused on tumor targeting using a cancer-specific moiety displayed on the minor capsid protein, pIII. In this work, we developed a new therapeutic platform of filamentous phage, in which the major capsid protein pVIII was utilized for displaying an antitumor cytokine. We showcased that a 16.1-kD cytokine GM-CSF could be efficiently presented on the M13 phage particle using the 8 + 8 type display system through a highly tolerable pVIII variant P8(1a). We verified that the GM-CSF phage was a potent activator for STAT5 signaling in murine macrophage. The GM-CSF phage significantly reduced the tumor size by more than 50% as compared to the unmodified phage in a murine colorectal cancer model. Immunological profiling of the tumor-infiltrating leukocytes revealed that an increase of CD4+ lymphocytes in the GM-CSF phage treatment group. Furthermore, the combined therapy of the GM-CSF phage and radiation greatly improved the therapeutic potency with a 100% survival rate and a 25% complete remission rate. We observed that the IFN-γ expression was dramatically up-regulated by the combined therapy in multiple types of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Overall, we created a novel vehicle for cytokine therapy using the pVIII filamentous phage display. This new platform can be multiplexed with other phage engineering approaches, such as displaying targeting ligands on pIII or encapsulating therapeutic genes inside phage capsids, to create multifunctional nanoparticles for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ying Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - You-Chiun Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Kao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yao-An Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program of Translational Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - See-Khai Lim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kurt Yun Mou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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11
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Akremi I, Holtappels D, Brabra W, Jlidi M, Hadj Ibrahim A, Ben Ali M, Fortuna K, Ahmed M, Meerbeek BV, Rhouma A, Lavigne R, Ben Ali M, Wagemans J. First Report of Filamentous Phages Isolated from Tunisian Orchards to Control Erwinia amylovora. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111762. [PMID: 33182526 PMCID: PMC7697814 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly discovered Erwinia amylovora phages PEar1, PEar2, PEar4 and PEar6 were isolated from three different orchards in North Tunisia to study their potential as biocontrol agents. Illumina sequencing revealed that the PEar viruses carry a single-strand DNA genome between 6608 and 6801 nucleotides and belong to the Inoviridae, making them the first described filamentous phages of E. amylovora. Interestingly, phage-infected cells show a decreased swimming and swarming motility and a cocktail of the four phages can significantly reduce infection of E. amylovora in a pear bioassay, potentially making them suitable candidates for phage biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismahen Akremi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Enzymatics and Biomolecules (LBMEB), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (I.A.); (W.B.); (M.J.); (A.H.I.); (M.B.A.); (M.B.A.)
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21-Box 2462, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (D.H.); (K.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Dominique Holtappels
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21-Box 2462, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (D.H.); (K.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Wided Brabra
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Enzymatics and Biomolecules (LBMEB), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (I.A.); (W.B.); (M.J.); (A.H.I.); (M.B.A.); (M.B.A.)
- Astrum Biotech, Business Incubator, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Jlidi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Enzymatics and Biomolecules (LBMEB), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (I.A.); (W.B.); (M.J.); (A.H.I.); (M.B.A.); (M.B.A.)
| | - Adel Hadj Ibrahim
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Enzymatics and Biomolecules (LBMEB), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (I.A.); (W.B.); (M.J.); (A.H.I.); (M.B.A.); (M.B.A.)
| | - Manel Ben Ali
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Enzymatics and Biomolecules (LBMEB), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (I.A.); (W.B.); (M.J.); (A.H.I.); (M.B.A.); (M.B.A.)
- Astrum Biotech, Business Incubator, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Kiandro Fortuna
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21-Box 2462, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (D.H.); (K.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Mohammed Ahmed
- Biomaterials Research Group (BIOMAT), Department of Oral Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7-Block A Box 7001, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.A.); (B.V.M.)
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Tanta University, Biomedical Campus, 32511 Tanta, Gharbia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Bart Van Meerbeek
- Biomaterials Research Group (BIOMAT), Department of Oral Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7-Block A Box 7001, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.A.); (B.V.M.)
| | - Ali Rhouma
- Laboratory of Integrated Olive Production, Olive Tree Institute, BP208 Marhajene City, Tunis 1082, Tunisia;
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21-Box 2462, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (D.H.); (K.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Mamdouh Ben Ali
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Enzymatics and Biomolecules (LBMEB), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; (I.A.); (W.B.); (M.J.); (A.H.I.); (M.B.A.); (M.B.A.)
- Astrum Biotech, Business Incubator, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Jeroen Wagemans
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21-Box 2462, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (D.H.); (K.F.); (R.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-1637-4622
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12
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Ishina IA, Filimonova IN, Zakharova MY, Ovchinnikova LA, Mamedov AE, Lomakin YA, Belogurov AA. Exhaustive Search of the Receptor Ligands by the CyCLOPS (Cytometry Cell-Labeling Operable Phage Screening) Technique. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176258. [PMID: 32872428 PMCID: PMC7504098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective and versatile screening of the peptide ligands capable of selectively binding to diverse receptors is in high demand for the state-of-the-art technologies in life sciences, including probing of specificity of the cell surface receptors and drug development. Complex microenvironment and structure of the surface receptors significantly reduce the possibility to determine their specificity, especially when in vitro conditions are utilized. Previously, we designed a publicly available platform for the ultra-high-throughput screening (uHTS) of the specificity of surface-exposed receptors of the living eukaryotic cells, which was done by consolidating the phage display and flow cytometry techniques. Here, we significantly improved this methodology and designed the fADL-1e-based phage vectors that do not require a helper hyperphage for the virion assembly. The enhanced screening procedure was tested on soluble human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules and transgenic antigen-specific B cells that express recombinant lymphoid B-cell receptor (BCR). Our data suggest that the improved vector system may be successfully used for the comprehensive search of the receptor ligands in either cell-based or surface-immobilized assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A. Ishina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.I.); (I.N.F.); (M.Y.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.E.M.)
| | - Ioanna N. Filimonova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.I.); (I.N.F.); (M.Y.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.E.M.)
| | - Maria Y. Zakharova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.I.); (I.N.F.); (M.Y.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.E.M.)
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Leyla A. Ovchinnikova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.I.); (I.N.F.); (M.Y.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.E.M.)
| | - Azad E. Mamedov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.I.); (I.N.F.); (M.Y.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.E.M.)
| | - Yakov A. Lomakin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.I.); (I.N.F.); (M.Y.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.E.M.)
- Correspondence: (Y.A.L.); (A.A.B.J.)
| | - Alexey A. Belogurov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.I.); (I.N.F.); (M.Y.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.E.M.)
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (Y.A.L.); (A.A.B.J.)
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13
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Mauritzen JJ, Castillo D, Tan D, Svenningsen SL, Middelboe M. Beyond Cholera: Characterization of zot-Encoding Filamentous Phages in the Marine Fish Pathogen Vibrio anguillarum. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070730. [PMID: 32640584 PMCID: PMC7412436 DOI: 10.3390/v12070730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zonula occludens toxin (Zot) is a conserved protein in filamentous vibriophages and has been reported as a putative toxin in Vibrio cholerae. Recently, widespread distribution of zot-encoding prophages was found among marine Vibrio species, including environmental isolates. However, little is known about the dynamics of these prophages beyond V. cholerae. In this study, we characterized and quantified the zot-encoding filamentous phage VAIϕ, spontaneously induced from the fish pathogen V. anguillarum. VAIϕ contained 6117 bp encoding 11 ORFs, including ORF8pVAI, exhibiting 27%–73% amino acid identity to Inovirus Zot-like proteins. A qPCR method revealed an average of four VAIϕ genomes per host genome during host exponential growth phase, and PCR demonstrated dissemination of induced VAIϕ to other V. anguillarum strains through re-integration in non-lysogens. VAIϕ integrated into both chromosomes of V. anguillarum by recombination, causing changes in a putative ORF in the phage genome. Phylogenetic analysis of the V. anguillarumInoviridae elements revealed mosaic genome structures related to mainly V. cholerae. Altogether, this study contributes to the understanding of Inovirus infection dynamics and mobilization of zot-like genes beyond human pathogenic vibrios, and discusses their potential role in the evolution of the fish pathogen V. anguillarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Juel Mauritzen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark; (J.J.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark; (J.J.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Demeng Tan
- Section for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 København N, Denmark; (D.T.); (S.L.S.)
| | - Sine Lo Svenningsen
- Section for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 København N, Denmark; (D.T.); (S.L.S.)
| | - Mathias Middelboe
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark; (J.J.M.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-35-32-19-91
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14
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Li Y, Qu X, Cao B, Yang T, Bao Q, Yue H, Zhang L, Zhang G, Wang L, Qiu P, Zhou N, Yang M, Mao C. Selectively Suppressing Tumor Angiogenesis for Targeted Breast Cancer Therapy by Genetically Engineered Phage. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2001260. [PMID: 32495365 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antiangiogenesis is a promising approach to cancer therapy but is limited by the lack of tumor-homing capability of the current antiangiogenic agents. Angiogenin, a protein overexpressed and secreted by tumors to trigger angiogenesis for their growth, has never been explored as an antiangiogenic target in cancer therapy. Here it is shown that filamentous fd phage, as a biomolecular biocompatible nanofiber, can be engineered to become capable of first homing to orthotopic breast tumors and then capturing angiogenin to prevent tumor angiogenesis, resulting in targeted cancer therapy without side effects. The phage is genetically engineered to display many copies of an identified angiogenin-binding peptide on its side wall and multiple copies of a breast-tumor-homing peptide at its tip. Since the tumor-homing peptide can be discovered and customized virtually toward any specific cancer by phage display, the angiogenin-binding phages are thus universal "plug-and-play" tumor-homing cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019-5300, USA
| | - Xuewei Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019-5300, USA
| | - Binrui Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019-5300, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Qing Bao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Hui Yue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019-5300, USA
| | - Genwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019-5300, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019-5300, USA
| | - Penghe Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019-5300, USA
| | - Ningyun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019-5300, USA
| | - Mingying Yang
- Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019-5300, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
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15
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Meng C, Li S, Fan Q, Chen R, Hu Y, Xiao X, Jian H. The thermo-regulated genetic switch of deep-sea filamentous phage SW1 and its distribution in the Pacific Ocean. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 367:5854536. [PMID: 32510559 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses, especially bacteriophages, are thought to have important functions in the deep-sea ecosystem, but little is known about the induction mechanism of benthic phages in response to environmental change. Our prior work characterized a cold-active filamentous phage SW1 that infects the deep-sea bacterium Shewanella piezotolerans WP3; however, the underlying mechanism of the putative thermo-regulated genetic switch of SW1 is still unclear. In this study, the DNA copy number and mRNA abundance of the deep-sea phage SW1 were quantified in the whole life cycle of its host S. piezotolerans WP3 at different temperatures. Our results demonstrated that the induction of SW1 is dependent on a threshold temperature (4°C), but this dependency is not proportional to temperature gradient. RNA-Seq analyses revealed two highly transcribed regions at 4°C and verified the presence of a long 3' untranslated region (UTR) in the SW1 genome. Interestingly, recruitment analysis showed that SW1-like inoviruses prevail in deep sea (depth >1000 m) and photic epipelagic and mesopelagic zones (depth <1000 m), which suggested that the thermo-regulated genetic switch revealed in SW1 may be widely distributed in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canxing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Site Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Qilian Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Rouke Chen
- School of Oceanography, State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.,School of Oceanography, State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Huahua Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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16
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Cubo MT, Alías-Villegas C, Balsanelli E, Mesa D, de Souza E, Espuny MR. Diversity of Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) meliloti Bacteriophages in the Rhizosphere of Medicago marina: Myoviruses, Filamentous and N4-Like Podovirus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:22. [PMID: 32038600 PMCID: PMC6992544 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Using different Sinorhizobium meliloti strains as hosts, we isolated eight new virulent phages from the rhizosphere of the coastal legume Medicago marina. Half of the isolated phages showed a very narrow host range while the other half exhibited a wider host range within the strains tested. Electron microscopy studies showed that phages M_ort18, M_sf1.2, and M_sf3.33 belonged to the Myoviridae family with feature long, contractile tails and icosaedral head. Phages I_sf3.21 and I_sf3.10T appeared to have filamentous shape and produced turbid plaques, which is a characteristic of phages from the Inoviridae family. Phage P_ort11 is a member of the Podoviridae, with an icosahedral head and a short tail and was selected for further characterization and genome sequencing. P_ort11 contained linear, double-stranded DNA with a length of 75239 bp and 103 putative open reading frames. BLASTP analysis revealed strong similarities to Escherichia phage N4 and other N4-like phages. This is the first report of filamentous and N4-like phages that infect S. meliloti.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Cubo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Cynthia Alías-Villegas
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Eduardo Balsanelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Dany Mesa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Emanuel de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - María Rosario Espuny
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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17
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Johnson AK, Jones RL, Kraneburg CJ, Cochran AM, Samoylov AM, Wright JC, Hutchinson C, Picut C, Cattley RC, Martin DR, Samoylova TI. Phage constructs targeting gonadotropin-releasing hormone for fertility control: evaluation in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 22:685-695. [PMID: 31566070 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19875831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Phage-gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) constructs with potential contraceptive properties were generated in our previous study via selection from a phage display library using neutralizing GnRH antibodies as selection targets. In mice, these constructs invoked the production of antibodies against GnRH and suppressed serum testosterone. The goal of this study was to evaluate this vaccine against GnRH for its potential to suppress reproductive characteristics in cats. METHODS Sexually mature male cats were injected with a phage-GnRH vaccine using the following treatment groups: (1) single phage-GnRH vaccine with adjuvant; (2) phage-GnRH vaccine without adjuvant and half-dose booster 1 month later; or (3) phage-GnRH vaccine with adjuvant and two half-dose boosters with adjuvant 3 and 6 months later. Anti-GnRH antibodies and serum testosterone, testicular volume and sperm characteristics were evaluated monthly for 7-9 months. RESULTS All cats developed anti-GnRH antibodies following immunization. Serum antibody titers increased significantly after booster immunizations. In group 3, serum testosterone was suppressed 8 months after primary immunization. Total testicular volume decreased in group 1 by 24-42% and in group 3 by 15-36% at 7 months after immunization, indicating potential gonadal atrophy. Vacuolation of epididymides was observed histologically. Although all cats produced sperm at the conclusion of the study, normal morphology was decreased as much as 38%. Phage alone produced no local or systemic reactions. Immunization of phage with AdjuVac produced unacceptable injection site reactions. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our phage-based vaccine against GnRH demonstrated a potential for fertility impairment in cats. Future research is required to optimize vaccine regimens and identify animal age groups most responsive to the vaccine. If permanent contraception (highly desirable in feral and shelter cats) cannot be achieved, the vaccine has a potential use in zoo animals or pets where multiple administrations are more practical and/or reversible infertility is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aime K Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Rebecca L Jones
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Anna M Cochran
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - James C Wright
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Douglas R Martin
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Tatiana I Samoylova
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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18
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Hay ID, Lithgow T. Filamentous phages: masters of a microbial sharing economy. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201847427. [PMID: 30952693 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage ("bacteria eaters") or phage is the collective term for viruses that infect bacteria. While most phages are pathogens that kill their bacterial hosts, the filamentous phages of the sub-class Inoviridae live in cooperative relationships with their bacterial hosts, akin to the principal behaviours found in the modern-day sharing economy: peer-to-peer support, to offset any burden. Filamentous phages impose very little burden on bacteria and offset this by providing service to help build better biofilms, or provision of toxins and other factors that increase virulence, or modified behaviours that provide novel motile activity to their bacterial hosts. Past, present and future biotechnology applications have been built on this phage-host cooperativity, including DNA sequencing technology, tools for genetic engineering and molecular analysis of gene expression and protein production, and phage-display technologies for screening protein-ligand and protein-protein interactions. With the explosion of genome and metagenome sequencing surveys around the world, we are coming to realize that our knowledge of filamentous phage diversity remains at a tip-of-the-iceberg stage, promising that new biology and biotechnology are soon to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain D Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Trevor Lithgow
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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19
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Ahmad AA, Kawabe M, Askora A, Kawasaki T, Fujie M, Yamada T. Dynamic integration and excision of filamentous phage XacF1 in Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, the causative agent of citrus canker disease. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1715-1721. [PMID: 29123980 PMCID: PMC5666396 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inovirus XacF1 (7325 nucleotides) is integrated into the genome of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc) strains at the host dif site (attB) by the host XerC/D recombination system. The XacF1 attP sequence is located within the coding region of ORF12, a possible phage regulator. After integration, this open reading frame (ORF) is split into two pieces on the host genome. We examined dynamic integration/excision of XacF1 in Xcc strain MAFF 301080 and found that the integration started at 4 h postinfection (p.i.) and peaked at 12 h p.i. Thereafter, the ratio of integrated to free forms remained constant, suggesting equilibrium of integration and excision of XacF1 in the host genome. However, the integrated state became very unstable following a 5′‐deletion of ORF12 in XacF1, suggesting that ORF12 plays a key role in the integration cycle of XacF1 in Xcc strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmonim A Ahmad
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology Graduate School of Advanced Science of Matter Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima Japan.,Department of Plant Pathology Faculty of Agriculture Minia University El-minia Egypt.,Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit US National Arboretum USDA/ARS, BARC-West Beltsville MD USA
| | - Makoto Kawabe
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology Graduate School of Advanced Science of Matter Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
| | - Ahmed Askora
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology Graduate School of Advanced Science of Matter Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima Japan.,Department of Microbiology Faculty of Science Zagazig University Zagazig Egypt
| | - Takeru Kawasaki
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology Graduate School of Advanced Science of Matter Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
| | - Makoto Fujie
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology Graduate School of Advanced Science of Matter Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology Graduate School of Advanced Science of Matter Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
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20
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Loh B, Haase M, Mueller L, Kuhn A, Leptihn S. The Transmembrane Morphogenesis Protein gp1 of Filamentous Phages Contains Walker A and Walker B Motifs Essential for Phage Assembly. Viruses 2017; 9:E73. [PMID: 28397779 DOI: 10.3390/v9040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to lytic phages, filamentous phages are assembled in the inner membrane and secreted across the bacterial envelope without killing the host. For assembly and extrusion of the phage across the host cell wall, filamentous phages code for membrane-embedded morphogenesis proteins. In the outer membrane of Escherichia coli, the protein gp4 forms a pore-like structure, while gp1 and gp11 form a complex in the inner membrane of the host. By comparing sequences with other filamentous phages, we identified putative Walker A and B motifs in gp1 with a conserved lysine in the Walker A motif (K14), and a glutamic and aspartic acid in the Walker B motif (D88, E89). In this work we demonstrate that both, Walker A and Walker B, are essential for phage production. The crucial role of these key residues suggests that gp1 might be a molecular motor driving phage assembly. We further identified essential residues for the function of the assembly complex. Mutations in three out of six cysteine residues abolish phage production. Similarly, two out of six conserved glycine residues are crucial for gp1 function. We hypothesise that the residues represent molecular hinges allowing domain movement for nucleotide binding and phage assembly.
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21
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Nagayoshi Y, Kumagae K, Mori K, Tashiro K, Nakamura A, Fujino Y, Hiromasa Y, Iwamoto T, Kuhara S, Ohshima T, Doi K. Physiological Properties and Genome Structure of the Hyperthermophilic Filamentous Phage φOH3 Which Infects Thermus thermophilus HB8. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:50. [PMID: 26941711 PMCID: PMC4763002 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A filamentous bacteriophage, φOH3, was isolated from hot spring sediment in Obama hot spring in Japan with the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus HB8 as its host. Phage φOH3, which was classified into the Inoviridae family, consists of a flexible filamentous particle 830 nm long and 8 nm wide. φOH3 was stable at temperatures ranging from 70 to 90°C and at pHs ranging from 6 to 9. A one-step growth curve of the phage showed a 60-min latent period beginning immediately postinfection, followed by intracellular virus particle production during the subsequent 40 min. The released virion number of φOH3 was 109. During the latent period, both single stranded DNA (ssDNA) and the replicative form (RF) of phage DNA were multiplied from min 40 onward. During the release period, the copy numbers of both ssDNA and RF DNA increased sharply. The size of the φOH3 genome is 5688 bp, and eight putative open reading frames (ORFs) were annotated. These ORFs were encoded on the plus strand of RF DNA and showed no significant homology with any known phage genes, except ORF 5, which showed 60% identity with the gene VIII product of the Thermus filamentous phage PH75. All the ORFs were similar to predicted genes annotated in the Thermus aquaticus Y51MC23 and Meiothermus timidus DSM 17022 genomes at the amino acid sequence level. This is the first report of the whole genome structure and DNA multiplication of a filamentous T. thermophilus phage within its host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nagayoshi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Genetic Resources, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenta Kumagae
- Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Genetic Resources, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Mori
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tashiro
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ayano Nakamura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Genetic Resources, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujino
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Hiromasa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Attached Promotive Center for International Education and Research of Agriculture, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeo Iwamoto
- Core Research Facilities, Research Center for Medical Sciences, Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Kuhara
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Ohshima
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsumi Doi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Genetic Resources, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
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22
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Martínez E, Campos-Gómez J, Barre FX. CTXϕ: Exploring new alternatives in host factor-mediated filamentous phage replications. Bacteriophage 2016; 6:e1128512. [PMID: 27607139 DOI: 10.1080/21597081.2015.1128512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
For a long time Ff phages from Escherichia coli provided the majority of the knowledge about the rolling circle replication mechanism of filamentous phages. Host factors involved in coliphages replication have been fully identified. Based on these studies, the function of Rep protein as the accessory helicase directly implicated in filamentous phage replication was considered a paradigm. We recently reported that the replication of some filamentous phages from Vibrio cholerae, including the cholera toxin phage CTXϕ, depended on the accessory helicase UvrD instead of Rep. We also identified HU protein as one of the host factors involved in CTXϕ and VGJϕ replication. The requirement of UvrD and HU for rolling circle replication was previously reported in some family of plasmids but had no precedent in filamentous phages. Here, we enrich the discussion of our results and present new preliminary data highlighting remarkable divergence in the lifestyle of filamentous phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriel Martínez
- Southern Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drug Discovery Division, Birmingham, AL, USA; Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Javier Campos-Gómez
- Southern Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drug Discovery Division , Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - François-Xavier Barre
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud , Gif sur Yvette, France
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23
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Henry KA, Arbabi-Ghahroudi M, Scott JK. Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:755. [PMID: 26300850 PMCID: PMC4523942 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For the past 25 years, phage display technology has been an invaluable tool for studies of protein-protein interactions. However, the inherent biological, biochemical, and biophysical properties of filamentous bacteriophage, as well as the ease of its genetic manipulation, also make it an attractive platform outside the traditional phage display canon. This review will focus on the unique properties of the filamentous bacteriophage and highlight its diverse applications in current research. Particular emphases are placed on: (i) the advantages of the phage as a vaccine carrier, including its high immunogenicity, relative antigenic simplicity and ability to activate a range of immune responses, (ii) the phage's potential as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent for infectious and chronic diseases, (iii) the regularity of the virion major coat protein lattice, which enables a variety of bioconjugation and surface chemistry applications, particularly in nanomaterials, and (iv) the phage's large population sizes and fast generation times, which make it an excellent model system for directed protein evolution. Despite their ubiquity in the biosphere, metagenomics work is just beginning to explore the ecology of filamentous and non-filamentous phage, and their role in the evolution of bacterial populations. Thus, the filamentous phage represents a robust, inexpensive, and versatile microorganism whose bioengineering applications continue to expand in new directions, although its limitations in some spheres impose obstacles to its widespread adoption and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A. Henry
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, OttawaON, Canada
| | - Mehdi Arbabi-Ghahroudi
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, OttawaON, Canada
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, OttawaON, Canada
| | - Jamie K. Scott
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BCCanada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, BurnabyBC, Canada
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24
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Askora A, Yamada T. Two different evolutionary lines of filamentous phages in Ralstonia solanacearum: their effects on bacterial virulence. Front Genet 2015; 6:217. [PMID: 26150828 PMCID: PMC4471427 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration and excision of various filamentous phage genomes into and out of their host chromosomes occurs by site-specific recombination. The mechanisms proposed for these events include reactions mediated by phage-encoded recombinases and host recombination systems. Site-specific integration of filamentous phages plays a vital role in a variety of biological functions of the host, such as phase variation of certain pathogenic bacterial virulence factors. The importance of these filamentous phages in bacterial evolution is rapidly increasing with the discovery of new phages that are involved in pathogenicity. Studies of the diversity of two different filamentous phages infecting the phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum provide us with novel insights into the dynamics of phage genomes, biological roles of prophages, and the regulation and importance of phage-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Askora
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig Egypt
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
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25
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Sattar S, Bennett NJ, Wen WX, Guthrie JM, Blackwell LF, Conway JF, Rakonjac J. Ff-nano, short functionalized nanorods derived from Ff (f1, fd, or M13) filamentous bacteriophage. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:316. [PMID: 25941520 PMCID: PMC4403547 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
F-specific filamentous phage of Escherichia coli (Ff: f1, M13, or fd) are long thin filaments (860 nm × 6 nm). They have been a major workhorse in display technologies and bionanotechnology; however, some applications are limited by the high length-to-diameter ratio of Ff. Furthermore, use of functionalized Ff outside of laboratory containment is in part hampered by the fact that they are genetically modified viruses. We have now developed a system for production and purification of very short functionalized Ff-phage-derived nanorods, named Ff-nano, that are only 50 nm in length. In contrast to standard Ff-derived vectors that replicate in E. coli and contain antibiotic-resistance genes, Ff-nano are protein-DNA complexes that cannot replicate on their own and do not contain any coding sequences. These nanorods show an increased resistance to heating at 70∘C in 1% SDS in comparison to the full-length Ff phage of the same coat composition. We demonstrate that functionalized Ff-nano particles are suitable for application as detection particles in sensitive and quantitative “dipstick” lateral flow diagnostic assay for human plasma fibronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Sattar
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas J Bennett
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wesley X Wen
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jenness M Guthrie
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University Palmerston North, New Zealand ; Science Haven Limited, Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Len F Blackwell
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University Palmerston North, New Zealand ; Science Haven Limited, Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - James F Conway
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jasna Rakonjac
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University Palmerston North, New Zealand
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26
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Mai-Prochnow A, Hui JGK, Kjelleberg S, Rakonjac J, McDougald D, Rice SA. 'Big things in small packages: the genetics of filamentous phage and effects on fitness of their host'. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:465-87. [PMID: 25670735 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuu007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review synthesizes recent and past observations on filamentous phages and describes how these phages contribute to host phentoypes. For example, the CTXφ phage of Vibrio cholerae encodes the cholera toxin genes, responsible for causing the epidemic disease, cholera. The CTXφ phage can transduce non-toxigenic strains, converting them into toxigenic strains, contributing to the emergence of new pathogenic strains. Other effects of filamentous phage include horizontal gene transfer, biofilm development, motility, metal resistance and the formation of host morphotypic variants, important for the biofilm stress resistance. These phages infect a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria, including deep-sea, pressure-adapted bacteria. Many filamentous phages integrate into the host genome as prophage. In some cases, filamentous phages encode their own integrase genes to facilitate this process, while others rely on host-encoded genes. These differences are mediated by different sets of 'core' and 'accessory' genes, with the latter group accounting for some of the mechanisms that alter the host behaviours in unique ways. It is increasingly clear that despite their relatively small genomes, these phages exert signficant influence on their hosts and ultimately alter the fitness and other behaviours of their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mai-Prochnow
- The Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, the University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Janice Gee Kay Hui
- The Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, the University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Staffan Kjelleberg
- The Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, the University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia The Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering and the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Jasna Rakonjac
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Diane McDougald
- The Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, the University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia The Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering and the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Scott A Rice
- The Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, the University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia The Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering and the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
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27
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Abstract
Historically filamentous bacteriophage have been known to be the workhorse of phage display due to their ability to link genotype to phenotype. More recently, the filamentous phage scaffold has proven to be powerful outside the realm of phage display technology in fields such as molecular imaging, cancer research and materials, and vaccine development. The ability of the virion to serve as a platform for a variety of applications heavily relies on the functionalization of the phage coat proteins with a wide variety of functionalities. Genetic modification of the coat proteins has been the most widely used strategy for functionalizing the virion; however, complementary chemical modification strategies can help to diversify the range of materials that can be developed. This review emphasizes the recent advances that have been made in the chemical modification of filamentous phage as well as some of the challenges that are involved in functionalizing the virion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M L Bernard
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA ; Materials Sciences Division - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Matthew B Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA ; Materials Sciences Division - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories Berkeley, CA, USA
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28
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Hui JGK, Mai-Prochnow A, Kjelleberg S, McDougald D, Rice SA. Environmental cues and genes involved in establishment of the superinfective Pf4 phage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:654. [PMID: 25520708 PMCID: PMC4251444 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm development in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is in part dependent on a filamentous phage, Pf4, which contributes to biofilm maturation, cell death, dispersal and variant formation, e.g., small colony variants (SCVs). These biofilm phenotypes correlate with the conversion of the Pf4 phage into a superinfection (SI) variant that reinfects and kills the prophage carrying host, in contrast to other filamentous phage that normally replicate without killing their host. Here we have investigated the physiological cues and genes that may be responsible for this conversion. Flow through biofilms typically developed SI phage approximately days 4 or 5 of development and corresponded with dispersal. Starvation for carbon or nitrogen did not lead to the development of SI phage. In contrast, exposure of the biofilm to nitric oxide, H2O2 or the DNA damaging agent, mitomycin C, showed a trend of increased numbers of SI phage, suggesting that reactive oxygen or nitrogen species (RONS) played a role in the formation of SI phage. In support of this, mutation of oxyR, the major oxidative stress regulator in P. aeruginosa, resulted in higher level of and earlier superinfection compared to the wild-type (WT). Similarly, inactivation of mutS, a DNA mismatch repair gene, resulted in the early appearance of the SI phage and this was four log higher than the WT. In contrast, loss of recA, which is important for DNA repair and the SOS response, also resulted in a delayed and decreased production of SI phage. Treatments or mutations that increased superinfection also correlated with an increase in the production of morphotypic variants. The results suggest that the accumulation of RONS by the biofilm may result in DNA lesions in the Pf4 phage, leading to the formation of SI phage, which subsequently selects for morphotypic variants, such as SCVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice G K Hui
- The Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne Mai-Prochnow
- The Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Staffan Kjelleberg
- The Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; The Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering and The School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Diane McDougald
- The Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; The Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering and The School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Scott A Rice
- The Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; The Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering and The School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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29
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Ahmad AA, Askora A, Kawasaki T, Fujie M, Yamada T. The filamentous phage XacF1 causes loss of virulence in Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, the causative agent of citrus canker disease. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:321. [PMID: 25071734 PMCID: PMC4076744 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, filamentous phage XacF1, which can infect Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) strains, was isolated and characterized. Electron microscopy showed that XacF1 is a member of the family Inoviridae and is about 600 nm long. The genome of XacF1 is 7325 nucleotides in size, containing 13 predicted open reading frames (ORFs), some of which showed significant homology to Ff-like phage proteins such as ORF1 (pII), ORF2 (pV), ORF6 (pIII), and ORF8 (pVI). XacF1 showed a relatively wide host range, infecting seven out of 11 strains tested in this study. Frequently, XacF1 was found to be integrated into the genome of Xac strains. This integration occurred at the host dif site (attB) and was mediated by the host XerC/D recombination system. The attP sequence was identical to that of Xanthomonas phage Cf1c. Interestingly, infection by XacF1 phage caused several physiological changes to the bacterial host cells, including lower levels of extracellular polysaccharide production, reduced motility, slower growth rate, and a dramatic reduction in virulence. In particular, the reduction in virulence suggested possible utilization of XacF1 as a biological control agent against citrus canker disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmonim Ali Ahmad
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ahmed Askora
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig UniversityZagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Takeru Kawasaki
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Fujie
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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30
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Abstract
Some phages from genus Inovirus use host or bacteriophage-encoded site-specific integrases or recombinases establish a prophage state. During integration or excision, a superinfective form can be produced. The three states (free, prophage, and superinfective) of such phages exert different effects on host bacterial phenotypes. In Ralstonia solanacearum, the causative agent of bacterial wilt disease of crops, the bacterial virulence can be positively or negatively affected by filamentous phages, depending on their state. The presence or absence of a repressor gene in the phage genome may be responsible for the host phenotypic differences (virulent or avirulent) caused by phage infection. This strategy of virulence control may be widespread among filamentous phages that infect pathogenic bacteria of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamada
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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31
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Abstract
Understanding the genetic and ecological factors which support the emergence of new clones of pathogenic bacteria is vital to develop preventive measures. Vibrio cholerae the causative agent of cholera epidemics represents a paradigm for this process in that this organism evolved from environmental non-pathogenic strains by acquisition of virulence genes. The major virulence factors of V. cholerae, cholera toxin (CT) and toxin coregulated pilus (TCP) are encoded by a lysogenic bacteriophage (CTXφ) and a pathogenicity island, respectively. Additional phages which cooperate with the CTXφ in horizontal transfer of genes in V. cholerae have been characterized, and the potential exists for discovering yet new phages or genetic elements which support the transfer of genes for environmental fitness and virulence leading to the emergence of new epidemic strains. Phages have also been shown to play a crucial role in modulating seasonal cholera epidemics. Thus, the complex array of natural phenomena driving the evolution of pathogenic V. cholerae includes, among other factors, phages that either participate in horizontal gene transfer or in a bactericidal selection process favoring the emergence of new clones of V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah M Faruque
- Centre for Food and Waterborne Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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32
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have been successfully utilized as cancer-targeting therapeutics and diagnostics, but the efficacies of these treatments are limited in part by the size of the molecules and non-specific uptake by the reticuloendothelial system. Peptides are much smaller molecules that can specifically target cancer cells and as such may alleviate complications with antibody therapy. Although many endogenous and exogenous peptides have been developed into clinical therapeutics, only a subset of these consists of cancer-targeting peptides. Combinatorial biological libraries such as bacteriophage-displayed peptide libraries are a resource of potential ligands for various cancer-related molecular targets. Target-binding peptides can be affinity selected from complex mixtures of billions of displayed peptides on phage and further enriched through the biopanning process. Various cancer-specific ligands have been isolated by in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo screening methods. As several peptides derived from phage-displayed peptide library screenings have been developed into therapeutics in current clinical trials, which validates peptide-targeting potential, the use of phage display to identify cancer-targeting therapeutics should be further exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R.H. Krumpe
- Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick, MD USA
| | - Toshiyuki Mori
- Molecular Targets Development Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD USA
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-17-85 Yodogawaku, Osaka, 532-8686 Japan
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33
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Nagesha HS, Wang LF, Shiell B, Beddome G, White JR, Irving RA. A single chain Fv antibody displayed on phage surface recognises conformational group-specific epitope of bluetongue virus. J Virol Methods 2001; 91:203-7. [PMID: 11164502 PMCID: PMC7172176 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(00)00266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A single chain fragment variable (scFv) antibody gene was isolated from hybridoma cell line secreting monoclonal antibody (MAb) 20E9 that recognises bluetongue virus (BTV) VP7. DNA fragments encoding variable regions of heavy and light chains were amplified by RT-PCR and library of scFv was constructed in phage vector. Two scFv clones that were selected showed specific reactivity with conformational epitope VP7. The N-terminal 22 amino acid residues of 20E9 light chain were identical to that deduced from scFv DNA sequence. An in-frame TAG stop codon was found in the coding sequence and its potential role in regulating the expression and stability of scFv in phage is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Antibody Specificity
- Bacteriophages
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Bluetongue virus/immunology
- Cloning, Molecular
- Codon, Terminator
- DNA, Viral
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/isolation & purification
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Library
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Viral Core Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Nagesha
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, PO Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
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Rousch M, Lutgerink JT, Coote J, de Bruïne A, Arends JW, Hoogenboom HR. Somatostatin displayed on filamentous phage as a receptor-specific agonist. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 125:5-16. [PMID: 9776337 PMCID: PMC1565581 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. In search of methods to identify bio-active ligands specific for G protein-coupled receptors with seven transmembrane spanning regions, we have developed a filamentous phage-based selection and functional screening method. 2. First, methods for panning peptide phage on cells were established, using the hormone somatostatin as a model. Somatostatin was displayed on the surface of filamentous phage by cloning into phage(mid) vectors and fusion to either pIII or pVIII viral coat proteins. Peptide displaying phage bound to a polyclonal anti-somatostatin serum, and, more importantly, to several somatostatin receptor subtypes (Sst) expressed on transfected CHO-K1 cells, in a pattern which was dependent on the used display method. Binding was competed with somatostatin, with an IC50 in the nanomolar range. The phage were specifically enriched by panning on cells, establishing conditions for cell selections of phage libraries. 3. Binding of somatostatin displaying phage to sst2 on a reporter cell line, in which binding of natural ligand reduces secretion of alkaline phosphatase (via a cyclic AMP responsive element sensitive promoter), proved that the phage particles act as receptor-specific agonists. Less than 100 phage particles per cell were required for this activity, which is approximately 1000 fold less than soluble somatostatin, suggesting that phage binding interferes with normal receptor desensitization and/or recycling. 4. The combination of biopanning of phage libraries on cells with functional screening of phage particles for receptor triggering activity, may be used to select novel, bio-active ligands from phage libraries of random peptides, antibody fragments, or libraries based on the natural receptor ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rousch
- CESAME at Dept. Pathology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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