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Jawabri AA, John A, Ghattas MA, Mahgoub RE, Hamad MIK, Barakat MT, Shobi B, Daggag H, Ali BR. Cellular and functional evaluation of LDLR missense variants reported in hypercholesterolemic patients demonstrates their hypomorphic impacts on trafficking and LDL internalization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1412236. [PMID: 39114568 PMCID: PMC11303217 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1412236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by increased LDL-cholesterol levels. About 85% of FH cases are caused by LDLR mutations encoding the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). LDLR is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where it undergoes post-translational modifications and then transported through Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. Over 2900 LDLR variants have been reported in FH patients with limited information on the pathogenicity and functionality of many of them. This study aims to elucidate the cellular trafficking and functional implications of LDLR missense variants identified in suspected FH patients using biochemical and functional methods. Methods We used HeLa, HEK293T, and LDLR-deficient-CHO-ldlA7 cells to evaluate the subcellular localization and LDL internalization of ten LDLR missense variants (p.C167F, p.D178N, p.C243Y, p.E277K, p.G314R, p.H327Y, p.D477N, p.D622G, p.R744Q, and p.R814Q) reported in multiethnic suspected FH patients. We also analyzed the functional impact of three variants (p.D445E, p.D482H, and p.C677F), two of which previously shown to be retained in the ER. Results We show that p.D622G, p.D482H, and p.C667F are largely retained in the ER whereas p.R744Q is partially retained. The other variants were predominantly localized to the plasma membrane. LDL internalization assays in CHO-ldlA7 cells indicate that p.D482H, p.C243Y, p.D622G, and p.C667F have quantitatively lost their ability to internalize Dil-LDL with the others (p.C167F, p.D178N, p.G314R, p.H327Y, p.D445E, p.D477N, p.R744Q and p.R814Q) showing significant losses except for p.E277K which retained full activity. However, the LDL internalization assay is only to able evaluate the impact of the variants on LDL internalization and not the exact functional defects such as failure to bind LDL. The data represented illustrate the hypomorphism nature of variants causing FH which may explain some of the variable expressivity of FH. Conclusion Our combinatorial approach of in silico, cellular, and functional analysis is a powerful strategy to determine pathogenicity and FH disease mechanisms which may provide opportunitites for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseel A. Jawabri
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anne John
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Radwa E. Mahgoub
- College of Pharmacy, Al-Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad I. K. Hamad
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maha T. Barakat
- Research Institute, Imperial College London Diabetes Centre (ICLDC), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bindu Shobi
- Research Institute, Imperial College London Diabetes Centre (ICLDC), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hinda Daggag
- Research Institute, Imperial College London Diabetes Centre (ICLDC), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R. Ali
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Shu LX, Cao LL, Guo X, Wang ZB, Wang SZ. Mechanism of efferocytosis in atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:831-840. [PMID: 38727748 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease that occurs in the intima of large and medium-sized arteries with the immune system's involvement. It is a common pathological basis for high morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases. Abnormal proliferation of apoptotic cells and necrotic cells leads to AS plaque expansion, necrotic core formation, and rupture. In the early stage of AS, macrophages exert an efferocytosis effect to engulf and degrade apoptotic, dead, damaged, or senescent cells by efferocytosis, thus enabling the regulation of the organism. In the early stage of AS, macrophages rely on this effect to slow down the process of AS. However, in the advanced stage of AS, the efferocytosis of macrophages within the plaque is impaired, which leads to the inability of macrophages to promptly remove the apoptotic cells (ACs) from the organism promptly, causing exacerbation of AS. Moreover, upregulation of CD47 expression in AS plaques also protects ACs from phagocytosis by macrophages, resulting in a large amount of residual ACs in the plaque, further expanding the necrotic core. In this review, we discussed the molecular mechanisms involved in the process of efferocytosis and how efferocytosis is impaired and regulated during AS, hoping to provide new insights for treating AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Shu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Liu-Li Cao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zong-Bao Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Shu-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
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3
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Nakamura Y, Kulkarni NN, Takahashi T, Alimohamadi H, Dokoshi T, Liu E, Shia M, Numata T, Luo EW, Gombart AF, Yang X, Secrest P, Gordts PL, Tsimikas S, Wong GC, Gallo RL. Increased LL37 in psoriasis and other inflammatory disorders promotes LDL uptake and atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e172578. [PMID: 38194294 PMCID: PMC10904043 DOI: 10.1172/jci172578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and elevated levels of LL37, a cathelicidin host defense peptide that has both antimicrobial and proinflammatory properties. To explore whether LL37 could contribute to the risk of heart disease, we examined its effects on lipoprotein metabolism and show that LL37 enhanced LDL uptake in macrophages through the LDL receptor (LDLR), scavenger receptor class B member 1 (SR-B1), and CD36. This interaction led to increased cytosolic cholesterol in macrophages and changes in expression of lipid metabolism genes consistent with increased cholesterol uptake. Structure-function analysis and synchrotron small-angle x-ray scattering showed structural determinants of the LL37-LDL complex that underlie its ability to bind its receptors and promote uptake. This function of LDL uptake is unique to cathelicidins from humans and some primates and was not observed with cathelicidins from mice or rabbits. Notably, Apoe-/- mice expressing LL37 developed larger atheroma plaques than did control mice, and a positive correlation between plasma LL37 and oxidized phospholipid on apolipoprotein B (OxPL-apoB) levels was observed in individuals with cardiovascular disease. These findings provide evidence that LDL uptake can be increased via interaction with LL37 and may explain the increased risk of cardiovascular disease associated with chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adrian F. Gombart
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Patrick Secrest
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Philip L.S.M. Gordts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Gerard C.L. Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Xu M, Cui Y, Wei S, Cong X, Chen Y, Tian S, Yao A, Chen W, Weng L. Emerging nanomaterials targeting macrophage adapted to abnormal metabolism in cancer and atherosclerosis therapy (Review). Int J Mol Med 2024; 53:13. [PMID: 38063240 PMCID: PMC10760796 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, as highly heterogeneous and plastic immune cells, occupy a pivotal role in both pro‑inflammatory (M1) and anti‑inflammatory (M2) responses. While M1‑type macrophages secrete pro‑inflammatory factors to initiate and sustain inflammation, M2‑type macrophages promote inflammation regression and uphold tissue homeostasis. These distinct phenotypic transitions in macrophages are closely linked to significant alterations in cellular metabolism, encompassing key response pathways such as glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phosphorylation, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and iron metabolism. These metabolic adaptations enable macrophages to adapt their activities in response to varying disease microenvironments. Therefore, the present review focused primarily on elucidating the intricate metabolic pathways that underlie macrophage functionality. Subsequently, it offers a comprehensive overview of the current state‑of‑the‑art nanomaterials, highlighting their promising potential in modulating macrophage metabolism to effectively hinder disease progression in both cancer and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Xu
- School of Geography and Biological Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Ying Cui
- School of Geography and Biological Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Wei
- School of Geography and Biological Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Xuelong Cong
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Yiying Chen
- School of Geography and Biological Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Shujie Tian
- School of Geography and Biological Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Anqi Yao
- RDFZ Chaoyang Branch School, Beijing 100028, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- School of Geography and Biological Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Lixing Weng
- School of Geography and Biological Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
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Qu X, Zhang L, Wang L. Pterostilbene as a Therapeutic Alternative for Central Nervous System Disorders: A Review of the Current Status and Perspectives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14432-14457. [PMID: 37786984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are diverse, have complex causes, and often result in disability; yet, effective treatments remain scarce. The resveratrol derivative pterostilbene possesses numerous physiological activities that hold promise as a novel therapy for the central nervous system (CNS) disorders. This review aimed to summarize the protective mechanisms of pterostilbene in in vitro and in vivo models of CNS disorders and the pharmacokinetics and safety to assess its possible effects on CNS disorders. Available evidence supports the protective effects of pterostilbene in CNS disorders involving mechanisms such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, regulation of lipid metabolism and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, improvement of synaptic function and neurogenesis, induction of glioma cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of glioma cell migration and invasion. Studies have identified possible molecular targets and pathways for the protective actions of pterostilbene in CNS disorders including the AMPK/STAT3, Akt, NF-κB, MAPK, and ERK signaling pathways. The possible pharmacological effects and molecular pathways of pterostilbene in CNS disorders are critically discussed in this review. Future studies should aim to increase our understanding of pterostilbene in animal models and humans to further evaluate its role in CNS disorders and the detailed mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Tiexi District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning, P.R. China
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Yao X, Bunt C, Liu M, Quek SY, Shaw J, Cornish J, Wen J. Enhanced Cellular Uptake and Transport of Bovine Lactoferrin Using Pectin- and Chitosan-Modified Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2168. [PMID: 37631382 PMCID: PMC10457979 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this project is to use pectin- and chitosan-modified solid lipid nanoparticles for bovine lactoferrin to enhance its cellular uptake and transport. METHODS Solid lipid particles containing bovine lactoferrin (bLf) were formulated through the solvent evaporation technique, incorporating stearic acid along with either chitosan or pectin modification. bLf cellular uptake and transport were evaluated in vitro using the human adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 cell model. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The bLf-loaded SLPs showed no significant effect on cytotoxicity and did not induce apoptosis within the eight-hour investigation. The use of confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed that bLf follows the receptor-mediated endocytosis, whereas the primary mechanism for the cellular uptake of SLPs was endocytosis. The bLf-loaded SLPs had significantly more cellular uptake compared to bLf alone, and it was observed that this impact varied based on the time, temperature, and concentration. Verapamil and EDTA were determined to raise the apparent permeability coefficients (App) of bLf and bLf-loaded SLPs. CONCLUSION This occurred because they hindered efflux by interacting with P-glycoproteins and had a penetration-enhancing influence. These findings propose the possibility of an additional absorption mechanism for SLPs, potentially involving active transportation facilitated by the P-glycoprotein transporter in Caco-2 cells. These results suggest that SLPs have the potential to be applied as effective carriers to improve the oral bioavailability of proteins and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand (M.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Craig Bunt
- Department of Food Science, Otago University, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - Mengyang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand (M.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Siew-Young Quek
- Chemical Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - John Shaw
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand (M.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Jillian Cornish
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jingyuan Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand (M.L.); (J.S.)
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Mazura AD, Pietrzik CU. Endocrine Regulation of Microvascular Receptor-Mediated Transcytosis and Its Therapeutic Opportunities: Insights by PCSK9-Mediated Regulation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041268. [PMID: 37111752 PMCID: PMC10144601 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, many neurological disorders lack effective treatment options due to biological barriers that effectively separate the central nervous system (CNS) from the periphery. CNS homeostasis is maintained by a highly selective exchange of molecules, with tightly controlled ligand-specific transport systems at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) playing a key role. Exploiting or modifying these endogenous transport systems could provide a valuable tool for targeting insufficient drug delivery into the CNS or pathological changes in the microvasculature. However, little is known about how BBB transcytosis is continuously regulated to respond to temporal or chronic changes in the environment. The aim of this mini-review is to draw attention to the sensitivity of the BBB to circulating molecules derived from peripheral tissues, which may indicate a fundamental endocrine-operating regulatory system of receptor-mediated transcytosis at the BBB. We present our thoughts in the context of the recent observation that low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1)-mediated clearance of brain amyloid-β (Aβ) across the BBB is negatively regulated by peripheral proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). We hope that our conclusions will inspire future investigations of the BBB as dynamic communication interface between the CNS and periphery, whose peripheral regulatory mechanisms could be easily exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Mazura
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Agirbasli M, Korkmaz R, Isman FK. Association of Low Levels of Soluble Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1 and COVID-19 Outcomes During the First Wave of Pandemic. Cureus 2023; 15:e37254. [PMID: 37168200 PMCID: PMC10166571 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) is an endocytosis receptor that clears inflammatory proteins from circulation. LRP1 has anti-inflammatory effects that bind pro-inflammatory cytokines or ligands. LRP1 has a soluble form (sLRP1) which can be measured in serum. We report sLRP1 levels in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The first objective of this study is to compare the sLRP1 levels between COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. The second objective is to examine the association between sLRP1 and the clinical outcome of COVID-19. All patients (20-80 years of age) were evaluated in a hospital using a positive PCR test for SARS‑CoV‑2 between April 1, 2020, and June 1, 2020. Controls (n=59) were selected from healthy subjects. sLRP1 levels were measured in patients from the emergency department (ED), inpatient service (IS), and the intensive care unit (ICU). The study included 180 cases. COVID-19 patients showed significantly lower sLRP1 levels compared to controls (1.43 (1.86) versus 2.27 (1.68) μg/mL, respectively, p<0.001). sLRP1 levels were 1.26 (1.81), 1.37 (1.65), and 1.74 (1.98) μg/mL in patients from ED, IS, and ICU, respectively (p=0.022). Patients who were admitted from ED displayed lower sLRP1 levels compared to those who were discharged (median sLRP1 levels were 0.86 versus 1.7 μg/mL, p=0.045). COVID-19 patients display significantly lower sLRP1 levels compared to the healthy controls. sLRP1 levels do not show any association with the clinical outcome of COVID-19. This study demonstrates that LRP1 displays a bidirectional course in COVID-19. A low sLRP1 level is a potential risk factor for susceptibility and hospital admission due to COVID-19. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-ups are needed to understand the long-term effects of novel biomarkers such as sLRP1 on the outcome of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Agirbasli
- Department of Cardiology, İstanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Rabia Korkmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul Medeniyet University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Ferruh K Isman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, TUR
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Insights into Transcriptomic Differences in Ovaries between Lambs and Adult Sheep after Superovulation Treatment. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040665. [PMID: 36830452 PMCID: PMC9951745 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Superovulation technology shows a great potential for shortening breeding time. Using the juvenile superovulation technology, juvenile animals can generate more follicles than adult animals. By sequencing using high-throughput methods, we studied and described differentially expressed (DE) long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in the ovaries of young and adult sheep. Herein, 242 DE lncRNAs and 3150 DE mRNAs were screened. Through GO and KEGG analyses, we obtained genes related to ovarian/follicle development and ovulation in DE mRNAs, including OaFSHR, OaLHCGR, OaLDLR, OaZP3, OaSCARB1, and OaPDGFRA; through lncRNA-mRNA correlation analysis, we found that genes associated with ovarian/follicle development or ovulation include: XR_003585520.1, MSTRG.15652.1, XR_003588840.1, and their paired genes PDGFC, LRP5, and LRP1. We observed a synergistic effect between PDGFR and LRP1. PDGFR may play a leading role compared with LRP1. The induced LHCGR in lambs is higher than in adult sheep, showing more sensitivity to LH. The release of the oocytes was stimulated. Among the three lncRNAs, we found that XR_003588840.1 was significantly different and might perform a regulatory role in ovarian/follicle growth or ovulation.
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Baraniecki Ł, Tokarz-Deptuła B, Syrenicz A, Deptuła W. Macrophage efferocytosis in atherosclerosis. Scand J Immunol 2022; 97:e13251. [PMID: 36583598 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the role of macrophage efferocytosis, the process of elimination of apoptotic bodies-elements formed during vascular atherosclerosis. The mechanisms of macrophage efferocytosis are presented, introducing the specific signals of this process, that is, 'find me', 'eat me' and 'don't eat me'. The role of the process of efferocytosis in the formation of vascular atherosclerosis is also presented, including the factors and mechanisms that determine it, as well as the factors that determine the maintenance of homeostasis in the vessels, including the formation of vascular atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anhelli Syrenicz
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolic Diseases and Internal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wiesław Deptuła
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
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11
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Su X, Chen X, Wang B. Relationship between the development of hyperlipidemia in hypothyroidism patients. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:11025-11035. [PMID: 36097119 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07423-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As shown in the previous studies, hypothyroidism (HT) is identified to be closely associated with the elevated plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and with the decreased plasma levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). On the other hand, the thyroid hormone (TH), which has been considered as a vital hormone produced and released by the thyroid gland, are well-established to regulate the metabolism of plasma TC; whereas other evidence proposed that the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) also regulated the plasma cholesterol metabolism independently of the TH, which further promotes the progression of hyperlipidemia. Nevertheless, the potential mechanism is still not illustrated. It is worth noting that several studies has found that the progression of HT-induced hyperlipidemia might be associated with the down-regulated plasma levels of TH and the up-regulated plasma levels of TSH, revealing that HT could promote hyperlipidemia and its related cardio-metabolic disorders. Otherwise, multiple novel identified plasma proteins, such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTLs), and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), have also been demonstrated to embrace a vital function in modulating the progression of hyperlipidemia induced by HT. In the present comprehensive review, the recent findings which elucidated the association of HT and the progression of hyperlipidemia were summarized. Furthermore, other results which illustrated the underlying mechanisms by which HT facilitates the progression of hyperlipidemia and its cardio-metabolic disorders are also listed in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, 361000, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, 361000, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, 361000, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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The complex genetic basis of fibromuscular dysplasia, a systemic arteriopathy associated with multiple forms of cardiovascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1241-1255. [PMID: 36043395 PMCID: PMC9434409 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Artery stenosis is a common cause of hypertension and stroke and can be due to atherosclerosis accumulation in the majority of cases and in a small fraction of patients to arterial fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD). Artery stenosis due to atherosclerosis is widely studied with known risk factors (e.g. increasing age, male gender, and dyslipidemia) to influence its etiology, including genetic factors. However, the causes of noninflammatory and nonatherosclerotic stenosis in FMD are less understood. FMD occurs predominantly in early middle-age women, a fraction of the population where cardiovascular risk is different and understudied. FMD arteriopathies are often diagnosed in the context of hypertension and stroke and co-occur mainly with spontaneous coronary artery dissection, an atypical cause of acute myocardial infarction. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the understanding of molecular origins of FMD. Data were obtained from genetic studies using complementary methodological approaches applied to familial, syndromic, and sporadic forms of this intriguing arteriopathy. Rare variation analyses point toward mechanisms related to impaired prostacyclin signaling and defaults in fibrillar collagens. The study of common variation, mainly through a recent genome-wide association study, describes a shared genetic link with blood pressure, in addition to point at potential risk genes involved in actin cytoskeleton and intracellular calcium homeostasis supporting impaired vascular contraction as a key mechanism. We conclude this review with future strategies and approaches needed to fully understand the genetic and molecular mechanisms related to FMD.
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Albertini RA, Nicolas JC, Actis Dato V, Ferrer DG, Tinti ME, Capra RH, Chiabrando GA. Decreased low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 expression in pro-inflammatory monocytes is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:949778. [PMID: 35958411 PMCID: PMC9360420 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.949778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclinical atherosclerosis (SCA) occurs in asymptomatic individuals. Blood peripheral monocytes are involved in the development of atherosclerosis. Circulating monocytes acquire pro-inflammatory profiles, and they are involved in the early stages of atherosclerosis development. Low-density lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein 1 (LRP1) is expressed in monocytes, mainly in classical and intermediate subsets. Although LRP1 is highly expressed in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in atherosclerotic plaque formation, its expression in circulating monocytes has not been studied in SCA. The aim of this study was to characterize the LRP1 expression level in circulating monocytes of individuals with SCA and compared with individuals with low (LR) and intermediate (IR) risk of cardiovascular diseases, both without evidence of atherosclerotic lesions in carotid and coronary arteries. LRP1 and additional markers (CD11b, CD11c, and CD36) at cell surface of monocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry assays, whereas LRP1 and pro-inflammatory factors gene expressions were measured in isolated monocytes by quantitative RT-PCRs. Both LRP1 protein and LRP1 mRNA were significantly reduced in monocytes in SCA and IR respect to LR. Conversely, CD36, CD11b, and CD11c monocytic markers showed no significant changes between the different study groups. Finally, increased gene expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β were detected in monocytes of SCA, which were associated with decreased LRP1 expression at the cell surface in total monocytes. In summary, we propose that the decreased LRP1 expression at cell surface in total monocytes with pro-inflammatory profile is associated with the development of atherosclerosis in asymptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A. Albertini
- Servicio de Clínica Médica, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan C. Nicolas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Virginia Actis Dato
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Darío G. Ferrer
- Servicio de Laboratorios, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María E. Tinti
- Servicio de Diagnóstico por Imágenes, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Raúl H. Capra
- Servicio de Laboratorios, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A. Chiabrando
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Traslacional Severo Amuchástegui (CIMETSA), Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Gustavo A. Chiabrando,
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Liu Z, Andraska E, Akinbode D, Mars W, Alvidrez RIM. LRP1 in the Vascular Wall. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-022-00231-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Mogensen EH, Poulsen ET, Thøgersen IB, Yamamoto K, Brüel A, Enghild JJ. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) interactome in the human cornea. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109081. [PMID: 35461874 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The human cornea is responsible for approximately 70% of the eye's optical power and, together with the lens, constitutes the only transparent tissue in the human body. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), a large, multitalented endocytic receptor, is expressed throughout the human cornea, yet its role in the cornea remains unknown. More than 30 years ago, LRP1 was purified by exploiting its affinity for the activated form of the protease inhibitor alpha-2-macroblulin (A2M), and the original purification protocol is generally referred to in studies involving full-length LRP1. Here, we provide a novel and simplified LRP1 purification protocol based on LRP1's affinity for receptor-related protein (RAP) that produces significantly higher yields of authentic LRP1. Purified LRP1 was used to map its unknown interactome in the human cornea. Corneal proteins extracted under physiologically relevant conditions were subjected to LRP1 affinity pull-down, and LRP1 ligand candidates were identified by LC-MS/MS. A total of 28 LRP1 ligand candidates were found, including 22 novel ligands. The LRP1 corneal interactome suggests a novel role for LRP1 as a regulator of the corneal immune response, structure, and ultimately corneal transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Hage Mogensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Ida B Thøgersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Annemarie Brüel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 527:61-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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