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Vassallo M, Durant J, Addou S, Ticchioni M, Fabre R, Chirio D, Naqvi A, Cua E, Ameil L, Godemert M, Pradier C, Carles M. Immunosenescence markers in T- and NK-cells according to the CD4/CD8 ratio in successfully treated people living with HIV. Front Med (Lausanne) 2025; 12:1562537. [PMID: 40303366 PMCID: PMC12037392 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1562537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2025] [Accepted: 03/28/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction The CD4/CD8 ratio has emerged as a useful indicator of immune dysfunction and comorbid conditions in people living with HIV (PLWH). However, its optimal cut-off value is unclear. We explored the correlation between the CD4/CD8 ratio, immunosenescence markers and comorbid conditions. Methods We prospectively included PLWH on successful and stable ART (antiretroviral therapy) > 60 years old and receiving either BIC/FTC/TAF or DTG/3TC, in Nice, France. HIV-negative healthy subjects were included as controls. We measured T-cell subsets (naïve, central memory, effector memory and terminally differentiated cells) and the distribution of KLRG1 + CD57+ senescent cells. We correlated CD4/CD8 ratio, background measurements and comorbid conditions. Results We included 68 PLWH (median age 69 years, 31 years on ART, median CD4/CD8 ratio 0.76). PLWH had higher levels of senescence markers than controls (n = 8). Among PLWH, adjusting for age, gender, HIV follow-up and duration on ART, those with a CD4/CD8 ratio < 0.76 had more senescent CD8+ cells (AdjOR = 0.93, 95%CI = [0.88; 0.97], p-value = 0.003). Higher levels of CD8+ senescence persisted for lower CD4/CD8 ratios, with, in addition, a significant decrease in NK cells in case of a ratio < 0.4. After adjustment, CD8+ effector memory senescent cells were significantly more abundant in PLWH with hypertension. Conclusion PLWH on successful ART display elevated immunosenescence markers, mainly on CD8+ T-cells. A CD4/CD8 cut-off value below 0.4 showed the strongest association with immune dysfunction, including NK+ cells. Such results could be useful for identifying patients requiring closer follow-up and screening for complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Vassallo
- Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases Department, Cannes, France
| | - Jacques Durant
- Infectious Diseases Department, University of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Sami Addou
- Department of Immunology, University of Nice, Nice, France
| | | | - Roxane Fabre
- Department of Public Health, University of Nice, Nice, France
- Pain Department and FHU InovPain, CHU Nice and Cote Azur University, Nice, France
| | - David Chirio
- Infectious Diseases Department, University of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Alissa Naqvi
- Infectious Diseases Department, University of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Eric Cua
- Infectious Diseases Department, University of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Leslie Ameil
- Infectious Diseases Department, University of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Maeva Godemert
- Clinical Research Department, University of Nice, Nice, France
| | | | - Michel Carles
- Infectious Diseases Department, University of Nice, Nice, France
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Li X, Wang X, Peng Y, Xia Q, Lu Y, Sun H, Zhou B. Association of low-sodium salt intervention with osteoporosis: A cross-sectional study based on the SSaSS study. Arch Osteoporos 2025; 20:12. [PMID: 39875743 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-024-01495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 12/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2025]
Abstract
Low-sodium salt has a protective effect on BMD and also reduces the risk of osteopenia due to elevated blood glucose. This provides a direct and effective way to improve bone health in patients with hyperglycemia. OBJECTIVE There is no consensus on the relationship between salt type and bone mineral density (BMD). This study examined the factors affecting osteoporosis and the relationship between low-sodium salt consumption with osteoporosis based on the Substitute Salt and Stroke Study (SSaSS). METHODS This study was a cross-sectional study and compares the prevalence and characteristics of osteoporosis and osteopenia. Multiple linear regression and restricted spline models were used to analyze the factors affecting BMD and its dose-response relationship with osteoporosis and to compare the effects of different salts. RESULTS The rates of osteoporosis and osteopenia were lower in those consuming low-sodium salt (31.11% and 38.52%) than in those consuming normal salt (38.65% and 41.10%). BMD was higher in the population consuming low-sodium salt than in that using normal salt (= 0.64, 95%CI: 0.25, 0.97). Age, gender, and blood glucose level interacted with low-sodium salt and together affected BMD. Analysis of the dose-response relationship revealed a positive linear association between elevated blood glucose and the risk of osteopenia (P for overall < 0.05, P for nonlinear = 0.77), but intake of low-sodium salt significantly reduced this risk. The risk of OP increased with age (P for overall < 0.05, P for nonlinear = 0.72); low-sodium salt intake reduced this risk, with the effect being more pronounced among individuals < 70 years old. CONCLUSION Low-sodium salt has a positive effect on maintaining BMD. Elevated blood glucose and age < 70 years increase the risk of osteoporosis, but use of low-sodium salt mitigates this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Li
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuyi Peng
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qiu Xia
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Soleimani M, Najafabadi SJ, Razavi A, Tabatabaei SA, Mirmoosavi S, Asadigandomani H. Clinical characteristics, predisposing factors, and management of moraxella keratitis in a tertiary eye hospital. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2024; 14:36. [PMID: 39080177 PMCID: PMC11289192 DOI: 10.1186/s12348-024-00417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Moraxella species is a very uncommon pathogen that leads to microbial keratitis (MK). This study aimed to evaluate the clinical features, predisposing factors, and outcomes of Moraxella keratitis in patients of a tertiary eye hospital. METHODS This retrospective study was conducted from 2015 to 2022, on patients who were admitted with the diagnosis of Moraxella keratitis confirmed by positive culture in a referral eye hospital. Demographics, predisposing factors, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and prognosis were assessed. RESULTS A total of 106 individuals diagnosed with Moraxella keratitis, were analyzed. The mean age was 54.42 ± 19.43 years. The mean baseline BCVA of the patients was 2.28 ± 0.6 LogMAR, while this amount reached 1.49 ± 0.81 in the 6-month follow-up (P-value = 0.02). The mean BCVA in the six-month follow-up of the patients who needed surgical interventions was significantly lower than the patients who received only medical treatment (2.15 ± 0.65 vs. 1.29 ± 0.75 LogMAR, P-value = 0.02). Patients with diabetes and those without diabetes did not substantially vary in the prevalence of corneal perforation (P-value = 0.515). Three predisposing factors including corneal perforation (odds ratio = 19.27, P-value = 0.001), hypertension (HTN) (odds ratio = 3.62, P-value = 0.03), and older age (odds ratio = 1.03, P-value = 0.008) were significantly associated with more need for surgical interventions. CONCLUSION In this cohort, poor prognosis necessitating surgical interventions in Moraxella keratitis was found to be associated with corneal perforation, HTN, and older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Soleimani
- Ocular Trauma and Emergency Department, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin Square, Qazvin Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadra Jalali Najafabadi
- Ocular Trauma and Emergency Department, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin Square, Qazvin Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Razavi
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Tabatabaei
- Ocular Trauma and Emergency Department, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin Square, Qazvin Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Mirmoosavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Asadigandomani
- Ocular Trauma and Emergency Department, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin Square, Qazvin Street, Tehran, Iran.
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Masenga SK, Liweleya S, Kirabo A. High salt intake and HIV infection on endothelial glycocalyx shedding in salt-sensitive hypertension. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1395885. [PMID: 39081863 PMCID: PMC11286502 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1395885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is closely associated with various physiological and pathophysiological events. Significant modification of the endothelial glycocalyx is an early process in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. High dietary salt and HIV infection damages the endothelial glycocalyx causing endothelial dysfunction and increasing the risk for salt-sensitive hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The two factors, HIV infection and dietary salt are critical independent predictors of hypertension and cardiovascular disease and often synergize to exacerbate and accelerate disease pathogenesis. Salt-sensitive hypertension is more common among people living with HIV and is associated with risk for cardiovascular disease, stroke, heart attack and even death. However, the underlying mechanisms linking endothelial glycocalyx damage to dietary salt and HIV infection are lacking. Yet, both HIV infection/treatment and dietary salt are closely linked to endothelial glycocalyx damage and development of salt-sensitive hypertension. Moreover, the majority of individuals globally, consume more salt than is recommended and the burden of HIV especially in sub-Sahara Africa is disproportionately high. In this review, we have discussed the missing link between high salt and endothelial glycocalyx shedding in the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension. We have further elaborated the role played by HIV infection and treatment in modifying endothelial glycocalyx integrity to contribute to the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepiso K. Masenga
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone, Zambia
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Situmbeko Liweleya
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone, Zambia
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, TN, United States
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Prakash P, Swami Vetha BS, Chakraborty R, Wenegieme TY, Masenga SK, Muthian G, Balasubramaniam M, Wanjalla CN, Hinton AO, Kirabo A, Williams CR, Aileru A, Dash C. HIV-Associated Hypertension: Risks, Mechanisms, and Knowledge Gaps. Circ Res 2024; 134:e150-e175. [PMID: 38781298 PMCID: PMC11126208 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.323979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
HIV type 1 (HIV-1) is the causative agent of AIDS. Since the start of the epidemic, HIV/AIDS has been responsible for ≈40 million deaths. Additionally, an estimated 39 million people are currently infected with the virus. HIV-1 primarily infects immune cells, such as CD4+ (cluster of differentiation 4+) T lymphocytes (T cells), and as a consequence, the number of CD4+ T cells progressively declines in people living with HIV. Within a span of ≈10 years, HIV-1 infection leads to the systemic failure of the immune system and progression to AIDS. Fortunately, potent antiviral therapy effectively controls HIV-1 infection and prevents AIDS-related deaths. The efficacy of the current antiviral therapy regimens has transformed the outcome of HIV/AIDS from a death sentence to a chronic disease with a prolonged lifespan of people living with HIV. However, antiviral therapy is not curative, is challenged by virus resistance, can be toxic, and, most importantly, requires lifelong adherence. Furthermore, the improved lifespan has resulted in an increased incidence of non-AIDS-related morbidities in people living with HIV including cardiovascular diseases, renal disease, liver disease, bone disease, cancer, and neurological conditions. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge of the cardiovascular comorbidities associated with HIV-1 infection, with a particular focus on hypertension. We also discuss the potential mechanisms known to drive HIV-1-associated hypertension and the knowledge gaps in our understanding of this comorbid condition. Finally, we suggest several directions of future research to better understand the factors, pathways, and mechanisms underlying HIV-1-associated hypertension in the post-antiviral therapy era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Prakash
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, USA
| | - Berwin Singh Swami Vetha
- Department of Foundational Sciences and Research, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, 1851 MacGregor Downs Road, MS 701, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - Rajasree Chakraborty
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, USA
| | - Tara-Yesomi Wenegieme
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology; Boonshoft School of Medicine and the College of Science and Mathematics; Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Sepiso K. Masenga
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Kabwe, Central Province, 10101, Zambia
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Kabwe, Central Province, 10101, Zambia
| | - Gladson Muthian
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, USA
| | - Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, USA
| | | | - Antentor O Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Clintoria R. Williams
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology; Boonshoft School of Medicine and the College of Science and Mathematics; Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Azeez Aileru
- Department of Foundational Sciences and Research, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, 1851 MacGregor Downs Road, MS 701, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, USA
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Abstract
This interdisciplinary review explores the intricate nexus between HIV infection, nutrition, adrenal gland function, and cardiovascular health, highlighting a critical aspect of HIV management often overlooked in current literature. With the advent of antiretroviral therapy, the life expectancy of people living with HIV has dramatically improved, transforming HIV into a manageable chronic condition. However, this success brings forth new challenges, notably an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases among people living with HIV. We examine the normal physiology of the adrenal gland, including its role in mineral metabolism, a crucial facet of nutrition. We discuss the evolution of knowledge tying adrenal pathology to cardiovascular disease. We explore the impact of HIV on adrenal gland findings from a gross pathology perspective, as well as the clinical impact of adrenal insufficiency in HIV. The review further elucidates the role of nutrition in this context, considering the double burden of undernutrition and obesity prevalent in regions heavily affected by HIV. By aggregating findings from longitudinal studies and recent clinical trials, the review presents compelling evidence of increased cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV compared with people without HIV. It highlights the critical role of the adrenal glands in regulating nutrient metabolism and its implications for cardiovascular health, drawing attention to the potential for dietary interventions and targeted therapies to mitigate these risks. This review urges a paradigm shift in the management of HIV, advocating for a holistic approach that incorporates nutritional assessment and interventions into routine HIV care to address the complex interplay between HIV, adrenal function, and cardiovascular health. Through this lens, we offer insights into novel therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing cardiovascular risk in people living with HIV, contributing to the ongoing efforts to enhance the quality of life and longevity in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxious J Niwaha
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe (A.J.N.)
| | - James Brian Byrd
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (J.B.B.)
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Demirci M, Hinton A, Kirabo A. Dendritic cell epithelial sodium channel induced inflammation and salt-sensitive hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2024; 33:145-153. [PMID: 38180118 PMCID: PMC10842661 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) plays a critical role in renal electrolyte and volume regulation and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of SSBP. This review describes recent advances regarding the role of ENaC-dependent inflammation in the development of SSBP. RECENT FINDINGS We recently found that sodium enters dendritic cells via ENaC, a process regulated by serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid 14,15. Sodium entry activates NADPH oxidase, leading to the production of isolevuglandins (IsoLGs). IsoLGs adduct self-proteins to form neoantigens in dendritic cells that activate T cells and result in the release of cytokines promoting sodium retention, kidney damage, and endothelial dysfunction in SSBP. Additionally, we described a novel mechanistic pathway involving ENaC and IsoLG-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These findings hold promise for the development of novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic options for SSBP. SUMMARY The exact mechanisms underlying SSBP remain elusive. Recent advances in understanding the extrarenal role of ENaC have opened a new perspective, and further research efforts should focus on understanding the link between ENaC, inflammation, and SSBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Demirci
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Antentor Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Drago F, Soshnik-Schierling L, Cabling ML, Pattarabanjird T, Desderius B, Nyanza E, Raymond H, McNamara CA, Peck RN, Shiau S. Characterizing blood pressure trajectories in people living with HIV following antiretroviral therapy: A systematic review. HIV Med 2023; 24:1106-1114. [PMID: 37474730 PMCID: PMC10799172 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced AIDS-related morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV (PLWH). Due to increased survival, PLWH have now been found to be at risk of chronic conditions related to ageing, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). Hypertension is common in PLWH and is a major risk factor for the development of CVD. We conducted a systematic literature review to evaluate the research evidence on longitudinal blood pressure (BP) trajectories following ART initiation in PLWH. METHODS We searched the following databases: PubMed, CINHAL, Scopus, and Web of Science (up to 15 March 2021) for peer-reviewed published studies that reported BP trajectories following ART initiation in PLWH. Three reviewers independently screened all studies by title and abstract. We included articles in English, published up to March 2021, that report office BP trajectories in PLWH initiating ART. A total of 10 publications met our inclusion criteria. Eight studies were prospective cohorts and two were retrospective. RESULTS Nine out of 10 studies in the literature reported an increase in systolic BP (4.7-10.0 mmHg in studies with a follow-up range of 6 months to 8 years, and 3.0-4.7 mmHg/year in time-averaged studies). In addition, four out of 10 studies reported increases in diastolic BP (2.3-8.0 mmHg for a 6 month to 6.8-year follow-up range and 2.3 mmHg/year). CONCLUSION Systolic BP consistently increases while diastolic BP changes are more heterogeneous following ART initiation in PLWH. However, the studies were highly variable with respect to population demographics, ART regimen and duration, and follow-up time. Nevertheless, given the risks of CVD complications, such as stroke, heart failure and myocardial infarction, associated with elevated BP, results highlight the importance of future research in this area. It will be important to better characterize BP trajectories over time, identify the most critical times for interventions to reduce BP, determine the long-term CVD consequences in PLWH with elevated BP, and understand how different ART regimens may or may not influence BP and CVD disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Drago
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Carter Immunology Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | | | - Mark L. Cabling
- Department of English, Communication, and Society, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tanyaporn Pattarabanjird
- Carter Immunology Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Bernard Desderius
- School of medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Elias Nyanza
- School of Public Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Henry Raymond
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Coleen A. McNamara
- Carter Immunology Center, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Robert N. Peck
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United State
| | - Stephanie Shiau
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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Khurshid H, Rafaqat S, Rafaqat S. Overview of microbes in hypertension. World J Hypertens 2023; 11:12-19. [DOI: 10.5494/wjh.v11.i2.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
High blood pressure (BP), known as hypertension, is a major contributing factor to the development of cardiovascular disease. The development and pathogenesis of hypertension involve a wide array of factors including genetics, environment, hormones, hemodynamics, and inflammation. There is a significantly positive association between higher levels of colonization by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Tannerella forsythia , and Treponema denticola (etiologic bacterial burden) below the gum line, and the presence of hypertension. The use of antibiotics during pregnancy, which is likely indicative of bacterial infections severe enough to require antibiotic treatment, is associated with a slight increase in average arterial BP. Cytomegalovirus infection is a risk factor for heightened arterial BP and acts as a co-factor in the development of aortic atherosclerosis. The relationship between hypertension and coronavirus disease 2019 involves endothelial dysfunction and dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system. The effects of gut microbiota on BP, whether beneficial or harmful, are influenced by multiple factors including genetics, epigenetics, lifestyle choices, and antibiotic usage. These variables collectively contribute to overall BP levels and the control of hypertension. Several reports have examined the BP levels of patients infected with the Zika virus. In regions with a high incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, hypertension has been linked to a higher risk of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. Also, a potential causal link has been found between malaria and elevated BP. Also, the elevated prevalence of hypertension among dengue patients during their initial visit suggests that relying solely on BP measurements to predict severe infection may not be clinically reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Khurshid
- Department of Zoology (Molecular and Microbiology), Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Saira Rafaqat
- Department of Zoology (Molecular Physiology), Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sana Rafaqat
- Department of Biotechnology (Human Genetics), Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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