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Liu CG, Li DY, Gao X, Ma T, Zhang K, Liu DY. Examining the causal relationship between circulating immune cells and the susceptibility to osteomyelitis: A Mendelian randomization study. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111815. [PMID: 38492335 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteomyelitis is considered as a deleterious inflammatory condition affecting the bone, primarily attributed to pathogenic infection. However, the underlying factors predisposing individuals to osteomyelitis remain incompletely elucidated. The immune system plays a multifaceted role in the progression of this condition, yet previous observational studies and randomized controlled trials investigating the association between circulating immune cell counts and osteomyelitis have been constrained. In order to address this knowledge gap, we conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to evaluate the impact of diverse immune cell counts on the risk of developing osteomyelitis. METHODS In our study, we utilized single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have been strongly linked to circulating immune cells or specific lymphocyte subtypes, as identified in large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS). These SNPs served as instrumental variables (IVs) for our MR analysis. We employed a more relaxed clumping threshold to conduct MR analysis on several related lymphocyte subtypes. To estimate causal effects, we utilized the Wald ratio, as well as the random-effects inverse variance weighted (IVW) and weighted median (WM) methods. To enhance the credibility of our results, we performed F-statistic calculations and a series of sensitivity analyses. RESULTS Our findings revealed a significant correlation between the absolute count of circulating lymphocytes and the risk of osteomyelitis [odds ratio(OR) 1.20;95 % confidence interval (CI), 1.08-1.32;P = 0.0005]. Furthermore, we identified a causal relationship between the absolute count of CD8+ T cells and susceptibility to osteomyelitis (OR 1.16; 95 % CI, 1.04-1.30; P = 0.0098). Importantly, these findings remained robust across a wide range of sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION Through our MR analysis, we have provided evidence supporting a causal relationship between genetic predisposition to higher circulating immune cell counts and an increased risk of osteomyelitis. Specifically, our findings highlight the association between elevated CD8+ T cell counts and a heightened susceptibility to osteomyelitis. These results offer valuable insights for the future exploration of immunotherapy approaches in the management of osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Gui Liu
- Severe & Poly-trauma Division, Orthopedic Trauma Department, Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong-Yang Li
- Severe & Poly-trauma Division, Orthopedic Trauma Department, Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xi Gao
- Severe & Poly-trauma Division, Orthopedic Trauma Department, Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Severe & Poly-trauma Division, Orthopedic Trauma Department, Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Severe & Poly-trauma Division, Orthopedic Trauma Department, Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - De-Yin Liu
- Severe & Poly-trauma Division, Orthopedic Trauma Department, Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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Hybiske K, Paktinat S, Newman K, Patton D, Khosropour C, Roxby AC, Mugo NR, Oluoch L, Ngure K, Suchland R, Hladik F, Vojtech L. Antibodies from chlamydia-infected individuals facilitate phagocytosis via Fc receptors. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0050323. [PMID: 38451079 PMCID: PMC11003224 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00503-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-neutralizing functions of antibodies, including phagocytosis, may play a role in Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection, but these functions have not been studied and assays are lacking. We utilized a flow-cytometry-based assay to determine whether serum samples from a well-characterized cohort of CT-infected and naïve control individuals enhanced phagocytosis via Fc-receptor-expressing THP-1 cells, and whether this activity correlated with antibody titers. Fc-receptor-mediated phagocytosis was detected only in CT+ donors. Phagocytosis generally did not correlate well with antibody titer. In addition, we found that complement from both CT+ and negative individuals enhanced phagocytosis of CT into primary neutrophils. These results suggest that anti-CT antibodies can have functions that are not reflected by titer. This method could be used to quantitively measure Fc-receptor-mediated function of anti-CT antibodies or complement activity and could reveal new immune correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Hybiske
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shahrokh Paktinat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katherine Newman
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dorothy Patton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Alison C. Roxby
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nelly R. Mugo
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lynda Oluoch
- Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kenneth Ngure
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- School of Public Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Robert Suchland
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lucia Vojtech
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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3
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Konwar B, De S, Das G, Ramesh A. Inhibition of staphylococcal nuclease by benzimidazole-based Ligand: Implications in DNA-Mediated entrapment and uptake of MRSA by Macrophage-like cells. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107133. [PMID: 38278047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The staphylococcal nuclease also referred as micrococcal nuclease (MNase) is a key drug target as the enzyme degrades the neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) and empowers the pathogen to subvert the host innate immune system. To this end, the current study presents a critical evaluation of MNase inhibition rendered by benzimidazole-based ligands (C1 and C2) and probes its therapeutic implications. A nuclease assay indicated that MNase inhibition rendered by C1 and C2 was ∼ 55 % and ∼ 72 %, respectively, at the highest tested concentration of 10 µM. Studies on enzyme kinetics revealed that C2 rendered non-competitive inhibition and significantly reduced MNase turnover number (Kcat) and catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km) with an IC50 value of ∼ 1122 nM. In CD spectroscopy, a notable perturbation in the β-sheet content of MNase was observed in presence of C2. Fluorescence-microscope analysis indicated that MNase inhibition by C2 could restore entrapment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in calf-thymus DNA (CT-DNA). Flow cytometry and confocal microscope analysis revealed that uptake of DNA-entrapped MRSA by activated THP-1 cells was reinstated by MNase inhibition rendered by C2. Inhibition of nuclease by the non-toxic ligand C2 holds therapeutic prospect as it has the potential to bolster the DNA-mediated entrapment machinery and mitigate MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barlina Konwar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sagnik De
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Gopal Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Aiyagari Ramesh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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4
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Li C, Hendrikse NW, Argall-Knapp Z, Mai M, Kim JS. In Vitro Neutrophil-Bacteria Assay in Whole Blood Microenvironments with Single-Cell Confinement. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.22.576723. [PMID: 38328183 PMCID: PMC10849536 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.22.576723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Blood is a common medium through which invasive bacterial infections disseminate in the human body. In vitro neutrophil-bacteria assays allow flexible mechanistic studies and screening of interventional strategies. In standard neutrophil-bacteria assays, both the immune cells and microorganisms are typically interrogated in an exogenous, homogeneous, bulk fluid environment (e.g., culture media or bacterial broth in microtiter plates), lacking the relevant physicochemical factors in the heterogenous blood-tissue microenvironment (e.g., capillary bed) with single-cell confinement. Here we present an in vitro neutrophil-bacteria assay by leveraging an open microfluidic model known as "μ-Blood" that supports sub-microliter liquid microchannels with single-cell confinement. In this study we compare the exogenous and endogenous fluids including neutrophils in RPMI (standard suspension cell culture media) and whole blood in response to Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus , a gram-positive, non-motile bacterium) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB), and human serum. Our results reveal a significant disparity between the exogenous and endogenous fluid microenvironments in the growth kinetics of bacteria, the spontaneous generation of capillary (i.e., Marangoni) flow, and the outcome of neutrophil intervention on the spreading bacteria.
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Jhelum H, Čerina D, Harbort CJ, Lindner A, Hanitsch LG, Leistner R, Schröder JT, von Bernuth H, Stegemann MS, Schürmann M, Zychlinsky A, Krüger R, Marsman G. Panton-Valentine leukocidin-induced neutrophil extracellular traps lack antimicrobial activity and are readily induced in patients with recurrent PVL + -Staphylococcus aureus infections. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:222-234. [PMID: 37943843 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus strains that produce the toxin Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL-SA) frequently cause recurrent skin and soft tissue infections. PVL binds to and kills human neutrophils, resulting in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), but the pathomechanism has not been extensively studied. Furthermore, it is unclear why some individuals colonized with PVL-SA experience recurring infections whereas others are asymptomatic. We thus aimed to (1) investigate how PVL exerts its pathogenicity on neutrophils and (2) identify factors that could help to explain the predisposition of patients with recurring infections. We provide genetic and pharmacological evidence that PVL-induced NET formation is independent of NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, through NET proteome analysis we identified that the protein content of PVL-induced NETs is different from NETs induced by mitogen or the microbial toxin nigericin. The abundance of the proteins cathelicidin (CAMP), elastase (NE), and proteinase 3 (PRTN3) was lower on PVL-induced NETs, and as such they were unable to kill S. aureus. Furthermore, we found that neutrophils from affected patients express higher levels of CD45, one of the PVL receptors, and are more susceptible to be killed at a low PVL concentration than control neutrophils. Neutrophils from patients that experience recurring PVL-positive infections may thus be more sensitive to PVL-induced NET formation, which might impair their ability to combat the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Jhelum
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dora Čerina
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - C J Harbort
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Lindner
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif Gunnar Hanitsch
- Department of Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rasmus Leistner
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennyver-Tabea Schröder
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Horst von Bernuth
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Labor Berlin GmbH, Sylter Straße 2, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Songa Stegemann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariana Schürmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arturo Zychlinsky
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Renate Krüger
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerben Marsman
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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Dahmani M, Zhu JC, Cook JH, Riley SP. Anaphylatoxin signaling activates macrophages to control intracellular Rickettsia proliferation. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0253823. [PMID: 37855623 PMCID: PMC10714731 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02538-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Pathogenic Rickettsia species are extremely dangerous bacteria that grow within the cytoplasm of host mammalian cells. In most cases, these bacteria are able to overpower the host cell and grow within the protected environment of the cytoplasm. However, a dramatic conflict occurs when Rickettsia encounter innate immune cells; the bacteria can "win" by taking over the host, or the bacteria can "lose" if the host cell efficiently fights the infection. This manuscript examines how the immune complement system is able to detect the presence of Rickettsia and alert nearby cells. Byproducts of complement activation called anaphylatoxins are signals that "activate" innate immune cells to mount an aggressive defensive strategy. This study enhances our collective understanding of the innate immune reaction to intracellular bacteria and will contribute to future efforts at controlling these dangerous infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Dahmani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jinyi C. Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack H. Cook
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Sean P. Riley
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, Maryland, USA
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7
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Thorsted A, Pham AD, Friberg LE, Nielsen EI. Model-based assessment of neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis and digestion of bacteria across in vitro and in vivo studies. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:1972-1987. [PMID: 37700716 PMCID: PMC10725272 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes are key components of the host response against pathogens, and severe neutropenia, with neutrophil counts below 0.5 × 106 cells/mL, renders patients increasingly vulnerable to infections. Published in vitro (n = 7) and in vivo (n = 5) studies with time-course information on bacterial and neutrophil counts were digitized to characterize the kinetics of neutrophil-mediated bacterial killing and inform on the immune systems' contribution to the clearance of bacterial infections. A mathematical model for the in vitro dynamics of bacteria and the kinetics of neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis and digestion was developed, which was extended to in vivo studies in immune-competent and immune-compromised mice. Neutrophil-mediated bacterial killing was described by two first-order processes-phagocytosis and digestion-scaled by neutrophil concentration, where 50% of the maximum was achieved at neutrophil counts of 1.19 × 106 cells/mL (phagocytosis) and 6.55 × 106 cells/mL (digestion). The process efficiencies diminished as the phagocytosed bacteria to total neutrophils ratio increased (with 50% reduction at a ratio of 3.41). Neutrophil in vivo dynamics were captured through the characterization of myelosuppressive drug effects and postinoculation neutrophil influx into lungs and by system differences (27% bacterial growth and 9.3% maximum capacity, compared with in vitro estimates). Predictions showed how the therapeutically induced reduction of neutrophil counts enabled bacterial growth, especially when falling below 0.5 × 106 cells/mL, whereas control individuals could deal with all tested bacterial burdens (up to 109 colony forming units/g lung). The model-based characterization of neutrophil-mediated bacterial killing simultaneously predicted data across in vitro and in vivo studies and may be used to inform the capacity of host-response at the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anh Duc Pham
- Present address:
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
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8
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Hickman E, Rebuli ME, Robinette C, Jaspers I. Understanding the Relationship Between Neutrophil Function and Demographic Variables. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3622445. [PMID: 38045266 PMCID: PMC10690322 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3622445/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils play a crucial role in the body's defense against respiratory pathogens, and dysregulation is linked to airway diseases. The study presented here explores the association between demographic factors (age, BMI, and sex) and functional phenotypes (oxidative burst and bioenergetics) of neutrophils. We measured PMA-stimulated oxidative burst (Seahorse XF) and phagocytosis (pHrodo red S. aureus ) of human peripheral blood neutrophils and determined whether there were significant demographic associations with cellular function. There were no significant associations between neutrophil oxidative burst bioenergetic parameters or phagocytosis and BMI or age. However, our data revealed sexual dimorphism in neutrophil phagocytosis, with males exhibiting significantly higher phagocytic capacity than females. Additionally, phagocytic capacity and bioenergetic parameters were correlated in males but not in females. The study indicates potential variations in neutrophil activation pathways between males and female and emphasizes the importance of considering sex as a biological variable in respiratory host defense research.
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Balazs I, Stadlbauer V. Circulating neutrophil anti-pathogen dysfunction in cirrhosis. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100871. [PMID: 37822786 PMCID: PMC10562928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the largest population of leucocytes and are among the first cells of the innate immune system to fight against intruding pathogens. In patients with cirrhosis, neutrophils exhibit altered functionality, including changes in phagocytic ability, bacterial killing, chemotaxis, degranulation, reactive oxygen species production and NET (neutrophil extracellular trap) formation. This results in their inability to mount an adequate antibacterial response and protect the individual from infection. Prognosis and survival in patients with cirrhosis are greatly influenced by the development of infectious complications. Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis are currently a growing problem worldwide; therefore, alternative methods for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections in cirrhosis are urgently needed. The prevention and treatment of neutrophil dysfunction could be a potential way to protect patients from bacterial infections. However, the reasons for changes in neutrophil function in cirrhosis are still not completely understood, which limits the development of efficient therapeutic strategies. Both cellular and serum factors have been proposed to contribute to the functional impairment of neutrophils. Herein, we review the current knowledge on features and proposed causes of neutrophil dysfunction in cirrhosis, with a focus on current knowledge gaps and limitations, as well as opportunities for future investigations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Balazs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), Graz, Austria
| | - Vanessa Stadlbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), Graz, Austria
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Darbouret- Hervier A, Assi N, Asensio MJ, Bernabe B, Lechevallier A, Iantomasi R, Rokbi B, Botelho-Nevers E, Ruiz S. Anti-staphylococcus aureus adaptive immunity is impaired in end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis: one-year longitudinal study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1123160. [PMID: 37304264 PMCID: PMC10250961 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) display defects in adaptive and innate immunity, increasing susceptibility to infection. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major cause of bacteraemia in this population and is associated with increased mortality. More information on the immune response to S. aureus in these patients is needed to inform effective vaccine development. Methods A longitudinal prospective study was carried out at two medical centers and included 48 ESRD patients who started chronic hemodialysis (HD) treatment ≤3 months before inclusion. Control samples were taken from 62 consenting healthy blood donors. Blood samples were obtained from ESRD patients at each visit, on month (M) 0 (beginning of HD), M6 and M12. Around 50 immunological markers of adaptive and innate immunity were assessed to compare immune responses to S. aureus in ESRD patients versus controls to document the changes on their immune profile during HD. Results S. aureus survival in whole blood was significantly higher in ESRD patients than in controls at M0 (P=0.049), while impaired oxidative burst activity was observed in ESRD patients at all timepoints (P<0.001). S. aureus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to iron surface determinant B (IsdB) and S. aureus α hemolysin (Hla) antigens were lower in ESRD patients than in healthy donors at M0 (P=0.003 and P=0.007, respectively) and M6 (P=0.05 and P=0.03, respectively), but were restored to control levels at M12. Moreover, S. aureus-specific T-helper cell responses were comparable to controls for IsdB but were impaired for Hla antigen at all timepoints: 10% of ESRD patients responded to Hla at M0, increasing to 30% at M12, compared with 45% of healthy donors. B-cell and T-cell concentrations in blood were significantly reduced (by 60% and 40%, respectively) compared with healthy controls. Finally, upregulation of Human Leucocyte Antigen-DR (HLA-DR) and C-C chemokine Receptor type 2 (CCR2) was impaired at M0 but was restored during the first year of HD. Conclusion All together, these results show that adaptive immunity was largely impaired in ESRD patients, whereas innate immunity was less impacted and tended to be restored by HD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nada Assi
- Research Department, Sanofi, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Bachra Rokbi
- Research Department, Sanofi, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
- CIC Inserm, University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, University, Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Inserm, CNRS, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Sophie Ruiz
- Research Department, Sanofi, Marcy l’Etoile, France
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Rojas-Ortega DA, Rojas-Hernández S, Sánchez-Mendoza ME, Gómez-López M, Sánchez-Camacho JV, Rosales-Cruz E, Yépez MMC. Role of FcγRIII in the nasal cavity of BALB/c mice in the primary amebic meningoencephalitis protection model. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1087-1105. [PMID: 36913025 PMCID: PMC10009362 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07810-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Different mechanisms of the host immune response against the primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in the mouse protection model have been described. It has been proposed that antibodies opsonize Naegleria fowleri trophozoites; subsequently, the polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) surround the trophozoites to avoid the infection. FcγRs activate signaling pathways of adapter proteins such as Syk and Hck on PMNs to promote different effector cell functions which are induced by the Fc portion of the antibody-antigen complexes. In this work, we analyzed the activation of PMNs, epithelial cells, and nasal passage cells via the expression of Syk and Hck genes. Our results showed an increment of the FcγRIII and IgG subclasses in the nasal cavity from immunized mice as well as Syk and Hck expression was increased, whereas in the in vitro assay, we observed that when the trophozoites of N. fowleri were opsonized with IgG anti-N. fowleri and interacted with PMN, the expression of Syk and Hck was also increased. We suggest that PMNs are activated via their FcγRIII, which leads to the elimination of the trophozoites in vitro, while in the nasal cavity, the adhesion and consequently infection are avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Alexander Rojas-Ortega
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Salvador Diaz Mirón Esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Saúl Rojas-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Salvador Diaz Mirón Esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - María Elena Sánchez-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Salvador Diaz Mirón Esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Modesto Gómez-López
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Salvador Diaz Mirón Esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Jennifer Viridiana Sánchez-Camacho
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Salvador Diaz Mirón Esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Erika Rosales-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Hematopatología, Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Ciudad de Mexico, México
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12
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Korkmaz FT, Traber KE. Innate immune responses in pneumonia. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2023; 15:4. [PMID: 36829255 PMCID: PMC9957695 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-023-00106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The lungs are an immunologically unique environment; they are exposed to innumerable pathogens and particulate matter daily. Appropriate clearance of pathogens and response to pollutants is required to prevent overwhelming infection, while preventing tissue damage and maintaining efficient gas exchange. Broadly, the innate immune system is the collection of immediate, intrinsic immune responses to pathogen or tissue injury. In this review, we will examine the innate immune responses of the lung, with a particular focus on their role in pneumonia. We will discuss the anatomic barriers and antimicrobial proteins of the lung, pathogen and injury recognition, and the role of leukocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and innate lymphocytes) and lung stromal cells in innate immunity. Throughout the review, we will focus on new findings in innate immunity as well as features that are unique to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz T Korkmaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katrina E Traber
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Teymournejad O, Li Z, Beesetty P, Yang C, Montgomery CP. Toxin expression during Staphylococcus aureus infection imprints host immunity to inhibit vaccine efficacy. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:3. [PMID: 36693884 PMCID: PMC9873725 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infections are a major public health issue, and a vaccine is urgently needed. Despite a considerable promise in preclinical models, all vaccines tested thus far have failed to protect humans against S. aureus. Unlike laboratory mice, humans are exposed to S. aureus throughout life. In the current study, we hypothesized that prior exposure to S. aureus "imprints" the immune response to inhibit vaccine-mediated protection. We established a mouse model in which S. aureus skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) is followed by vaccination and secondary SSTI. Unlike naïve mice, S. aureus-sensitized mice were incompletely protected against secondary SSTI by vaccination with the inactivated α-hemolysin (Hla) mutant HlaH35L. Inhibition of protection was specific for the HlaH35L vaccine and required hla expression during primary SSTI. Surprisingly, inhibition occurred at the level of vaccine-elicited effector T cells; hla expression during primary infection limited the expansion of T cells and dendritic cells and impaired vaccine-specific T cell responses. Importantly, the T cell-stimulating adjuvant CAF01 rescued inhibition and restored vaccine-mediated protection. Together, these findings identify a potential mechanism for the failure of translation of promising S. aureus vaccines from mouse models to clinical practice and suggest a path forward to prevent these devastating infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Teymournejad
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH US ,grid.185648.60000 0001 2175 0319Present Address: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL US
| | - Zhaotao Li
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH US
| | - Pavani Beesetty
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH US ,grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Present Address: Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Ching Yang
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH US ,grid.259180.70000 0001 2298 1899Present Address: Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY US
| | - Christopher P. Montgomery
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH US ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH US ,grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH US
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14
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Zhang K, Jia Y, Qian Y, Jiang X, Zhang S, Liu B, Cao J, Song Y, Mao W. Staphylococcus aureus increases Prostaglandin E 2 secretion in cow neutrophils by activating TLR2, TLR4, and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1163261. [PMID: 37168122 PMCID: PMC10165004 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1163261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In clinical settings, dairy cows are often attacked by pathogenic bacteria after delivery, especially Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Neutrophils have long been regarded as essential for host defense against S. aureus. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) can additionally be used as an inflammatory mediator in pathological conditions to promote the repair of inflammatory injuries. However, whether S. aureus can promote the accumulation of PGE2 after the infection of neutrophils in cows and its mechanism remain unclear. Lipoprotein is an important immune bioactive ingredient of S. aureus. Methods In this study, the changes in neutrophils were monitored in dairy cows infected with wild-type S. aureus (SA113) and an S. aureus lipoprotein-deficient strain (Δlgt); meanwhile, we established whether pattern recognition receptors mediate this process and whether S. aureus lipoproteins are necessary for causing the release of PGE2 from cow neutrophils. Results The results showed that Δlgt was less effective than SA113 in inducing the production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and PGE2 within neutrophils; furthermore, TLR2, TLR4, and NLRP3 receptors were found to mediate the inducible effect of lipoprotein on the above inflammation mediators and cytokines, which depended on MAPK and Caspase-1 signaling pathways. In addition, TLR2, TLR4, and NLRP3 inhibitors significantly inhibited PGE2 and cytokine secretion, and PGE2 was involved in the interaction of S. aureus and neutrophils in dairy cows, which could be regulated by TLR2, TLR4, and NLRP3 receptors. We also found that S. aureus was more likely to be killed by neutrophils when it lacked lipoprotein and TLR2, TLR4, and NLRP3 were involved, but PGE2 seemed to have no effect. Discussion Taken together, these results suggest that lipoprotein is a crucial component of S. aureus in inducing cytokine secretion by neutrophils as well as killing within neutrophils, which could be accomplished by the accumulation of PGE2 by activating MAPK and the Caspase-1 signaling pathways through TLR2, TLR4, and NLRP3 receptors. These results will contribute to a better understanding of the interaction between S. aureus and host immune cells in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Clinical Treatment Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huhhot, China
| | - Yan Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Clinical Treatment Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huhhot, China
| | - Yinghong Qian
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Huhhot, China
| | - Xueying Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Clinical Treatment Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huhhot, China
| | - Shuangyi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Clinical Treatment Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huhhot, China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Clinical Treatment Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huhhot, China
| | - Jinshan Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Clinical Treatment Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huhhot, China
| | - Yongli Song
- Stem Cell and Microbiology, Inner Mongolia University, Huhhot, China
| | - Wei Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Clinical Treatment Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huhhot, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Mao
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15
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Barrios-Villa E, Mendez-Pfeiffer P, Valencia D, Caporal-Hernandez L, Ballesteros-Monrreal MG. Intracellular bacterial communities in patient with recurrent urinary tract infection caused by Staphylococcus spp and Streptococcus agalactiae: a case report and literature review. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s12301-022-00314-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are among the most frequent pathologies worldwide. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the leading etiological agent; however, depending on the patient's characteristics, the etiology may include some atypical pathogens. Some pathogenic bacteria can internalize in the urothelial and phagocytic cells complicating treatment and timely diagnosis.
Case presentation
We present a clinical case of a married female patient with urological alteration, constant catheterization, and urethral dilation with recurrent UTI for ten years, with five episodes per year and reports of negative urine culture. The microscopic analysis revealed intracellular bacterial communities (IBC) and pyocytes with active bacteria. A protocol was designed for the release of intracellular bacteria in urine samples; without the proposed treatment, the urine culture was negative. However, upon releasing the internalized bacteria, we obtained a polymicrobial urine culture. We isolated and identified Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus simulans, and Streptococcus agalactiae. All microorganisms were sensitive to nitrofurans and sulfas. The patient is under treatment with nitrofurantoin and continuous follow-up by our workgroup.
Conclusions
It is essential to look for IBC and pyocytes with active bacteria in patients with recurrent UTIs to avoid false-negative urine culture results and provide timely treatment. Polymicrobial culture must be considered depending on the patient and clinical history.
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16
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Maskarinec SA, McKelvy M, Boyle K, Hotchkiss H, Duarte ME, Addison B, Amato N, Khandelwal S, Arepally GM, Lee GM. Neutrophil functional heterogeneity is a fixed phenotype and is associated with distinct gene expression profiles. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1485-1495. [PMID: 35916035 PMCID: PMC9701148 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0322-164r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Differences in the ability of neutrophils to perform relevant effector functions has been identified in a variety of disease states. Although neutrophil functional heterogeneity is increasingly recognized during disease, few studies have examined neutrophil functional heterogeneity during periods of health. In this study, we systematically characterize neutrophil functional heterogeneity in a cohort of healthy human subjects using a range of biologically relevant agonists including immune complexes, bacterial ligands, and pathogens. With repeated testing over several years, we show that neutrophil functional capability represents a fixed phenotype for each individual. This neutrophil phenotype is preserved across a range of agonists and extends to a variety of effector functions including degranulation, neutrophil extracellular trap release, reactive oxygen species generation, phagocytosis, and bacterial killing. Using well-phenotyped healthy human subjects, we demonstrate that neutrophil functional heterogeneity is characterized by differences in neutrophil gene expression patterns. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that while neutrophil function is highly heterogeneous among healthy subjects, each individual's functional capability represents a fixed phenotype defined by a distinct neutrophil gene expression profile. These findings may be relevant during disease states where the ability to perform relevant neutrophil effector functions may impact disease course and/or clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret McKelvy
- Division of Hematology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Kimberly Boyle
- Division of Hematology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Halie Hotchkiss
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | - Bechtler Addison
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Nicholas Amato
- Division of Hematology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | | | - Grace M. Lee
- Division of Hematology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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17
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Sansores-España LD, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Vernal R, Carrillo-Ávila BA, Martínez-Aguilar VM, Díaz-Zúñiga J. Neutrophil N1 and N2 Subsets and Their Possible Association with Periodontitis: A Scoping Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012068. [PMID: 36292925 PMCID: PMC9603394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic non-communicable disease caused by dysbiotic changes that affect the subgingival microbiota. During periodontitis, neutrophils play a central role in the initial recognition of bacteria, and their number increases with the appearance of the first signs of periodontal inflammation. Recent evidence has led to the proposition that neutrophils can also functionally polarize, determining selective activity patterns related to different diseases. Two well-defined neutrophil phenotypes have been described, the pro-inflammatory N1 subset and the suppressor N2 subset. To date, it has not been established whether these different neutrophil subtypes play a role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Thus, this scoping review aimed to determine whether there was evidence to suggest that the neutrophils present in periodontal tissues can be associated with certain phenotypes. The research question, population, concept, and context sought to identify original articles, in humans, that detected the presence of neutrophils in the periodontal tissues of people affected by periodontitis. Based on the search strategy, we found 3658 studies. After removing the papers with abstracts not related to the outcome measures and eligibility criteria, 16 articles were included for qualitative analysis. Several studies identified the presence of different neutrophil subsets, specifically, the naive, pro- and para-inflammatory, hyper-reactive and hyper-active, and high- and low-responder phenotypes. The existing evidence demonstrates the presence of pro-inflammatory, hyper-reactive and high-responder neutrophils in periodontal tissues affected with periodontitis. There is no evidence demonstrating the presence of the N1 or N2 phenotypes in periodontal tissues during periodontitis. However, the existence of pro-inflammatory phenotypes, which increase NETosis and degranulation, and increase the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, could be suggestive of the N1 phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Daniel Sansores-España
- Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Yucatán, Merida 97000, Mexico
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Samanta Melgar-Rodríguez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | | | | | - Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Atacama, Copiapo 7500015, Chile
- Correspondence: or
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18
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Wonfor T, Li S, Dunphy RW, Macpherson A, van den Elsen J, Laabei M. Novel method for detecting complement C3 deposition on Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15766. [PMID: 36130996 PMCID: PMC9492775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary host response to Staphylococcus aureus infection occurs via complement. Complement is an elegant evolutionarily conserved system, playing essential roles in early defences by working in concert with immune cells to survey, label and destroy microbial intruders and coordinate inflammation. Currently the exact mechanisms employed by S. aureus to manipulate and evade complement is not clear and is hindered by the lack of accurate molecular tools that can report on complement deposition on the bacterial surface. Current gold-standard detection methods employ labelled complement-specific antibodies and flow cytometry to determine complement deposited on bacteria. These methods are restricted by virtue of the expression of the S. aureus immunoglobulin binding proteins, Protein A and Sbi. In this study we describe the use of a novel antibody-independent C3 probe derived from the staphylococcal Sbi protein, specifically Sbi-IV domain. Here we show that biotin-labelled Sbi-IV interacts specifically with deposited C3 products on the staphylococcal surface and thus can be used to measure complement fixation on wild-type cells expressing a full repertoire of immune evasion proteins. Lastly, our data indicates that genetically diverse S. aureus strains restrict complement to different degrees suggesting that complement evasion is a variable virulence trait among S. aureus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toska Wonfor
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Shuxian Li
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Rhys W Dunphy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Alex Macpherson
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | | | - Maisem Laabei
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
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19
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Yoshida Y, Nishi H. The role of the complement system in kidney glomerular capillary thrombosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:981375. [PMID: 36189215 PMCID: PMC9515535 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.981375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is part of the innate immune system. The crucial step in activating the complement system is the generation and regulation of C3 convertase complexes, which are needed to generate opsonins that promote phagocytosis, to generate C3a that regulates inflammation, and to initiate the lytic terminal pathway through the generation and activity of C5 convertases. A growing body of evidence has highlighted the interplay between the complement system, coagulation system, platelets, neutrophils, and endothelial cells. The kidneys are highly susceptible to complement-mediated injury in several genetic, infectious, and autoimmune diseases. Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and lupus nephritis (LN) are both characterized by thrombosis in the glomerular capillaries of the kidneys. In aHUS, congenital or acquired defects in complement regulators may trigger platelet aggregation and activation, resulting in the formation of platelet-rich thrombi in the kidneys. Because glomerular vasculopathy is usually noted with immunoglobulin and complement accumulation in LN, complement-mediated activation of tissue factors could partly explain the autoimmune mechanism of thrombosis. Thus, kidney glomerular capillary thrombosis is mediated by complement dysregulation and may also be associated with complement overactivation. Further investigation is required to clarify the interaction between these vascular components and develop specific therapeutic approaches.
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20
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Oral Administration with Recombinant Attenuated Regulated Delayed Lysis Salmonella Vaccines Protecting against Staphylococcus aureus Kidney Abscess Formation. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071073. [PMID: 35891237 PMCID: PMC9324569 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscess formation is one of the main symptoms of Staphylococcus aureus infection. It is very important to inhibit abscess formation for preventing S. aureus persistent infection. To find a feasible solution, the live oral vaccines delivering S. aureus antigens, rEsxAB and rHlam, were constructed, which were based on the attenuated regulated delayed lysis Salmonella enterica subspecies Serovar Typhimurium strain χ11802, and the inhibiting effect on abscess formation was evaluated in mice kidneys. As the results showed, after oral administration, humoral immunity was induced via the mucosal route as the antigen-specific IgG in the serum and IgA in the intestinal mucus both showed significant increases. Meanwhile, the production of IFN-γ and IL-17 in the kidney tissue suggested that Th1/Th17-biased cellular immunity played a role in varying degrees. After challenged intravenously (i.v.) with S. aureus USA300, the χ11802(pYA3681−esxAB)-vaccinated group showed obvious inhibition in kidney abscess formation among the vaccinated group, as the kidney abscess incidence rate and the staphylococcal load significantly reduced, and the kidney pathological injury was improved significantly. In conclusion, this study provided experimental data and showed great potential for live oral vaccine development with the attenuated regulated delayed lysis Salmonella Typhimurium strains against S. aureus infection.
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21
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The Influence of Antibiotic Resistance on Innate Immune Responses to Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050542. [PMID: 35625186 PMCID: PMC9138074 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes a broad range of infections and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. S. aureus produces a diverse range of cellular and extracellular factors responsible for its invasiveness and ability to resist immune attack. In recent years, increasing resistance to last-line anti-staphylococcal antibiotics daptomycin and vancomycin has been observed. Resistant strains of S. aureus are highly efficient in invading a variety of professional and nonprofessional phagocytes and are able to survive inside host cells. Eliciting immune protection against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus infection is a global challenge, requiring both innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms. Dendritic cells (DC), which sit at the interface between innate and adaptive immune responses, are central to the induction of immune protection against S. aureus. However, it has been observed that S. aureus has the capacity to develop further antibiotic resistance and acquire increased resistance to immunological recognition by the innate immune system. In this article, we review the strategies utilised by S. aureus to circumvent antibiotic and innate immune responses, especially the interaction between S. aureus and DC, focusing on how this relationship is perturbed with the development of antibiotic resistance.
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22
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Neutrophil Functional Heterogeneity and Implications for Viral Infections and Treatments. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081322. [PMID: 35456003 PMCID: PMC9025666 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that neutrophils exert specialized effector functions during infection and inflammation, and that these cells can affect the duration, severity, and outcome of the infection. These functions are related to variations in phenotypes that have implications in immunoregulation during viral infections. Although the complexity of the heterogeneity of neutrophils is still in the process of being uncovered, evidence indicates that they display phenotypes and functions that can assist in viral clearance or augment and amplify the immunopathology of viruses. Therefore, deciphering and understanding neutrophil subsets and their polarization in viral infections is of importance. In this review, the different phenotypes of neutrophils and the roles they play in viral infections are discussed. We also examine the possible ways to target neutrophil subsets during viral infections as potential anti-viral treatments.
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23
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Muire PJ, Thompson MA, Christy RJ, Natesan S. Advances in Immunomodulation and Immune Engineering Approaches to Improve Healing of Extremity Wounds. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084074. [PMID: 35456892 PMCID: PMC9032453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed healing of traumatic wounds often stems from a dysregulated immune response initiated or exacerbated by existing comorbidities, multiple tissue injury or wound contamination. Over decades, approaches towards alleviating wound inflammation have been centered on interventions capable of a collective dampening of various inflammatory factors and/or cells. However, a progressive understanding of immune physiology has rendered deeper knowledge on the dynamic interplay of secreted factors and effector cells following an acute injury. There is a wide body of literature, both in vitro and in vivo, abstracted on the immunomodulatory approaches to control inflammation. Recently, targeted modulation of the immune response via biotechnological approaches and biomaterials has gained attention as a means to restore the pro-healing phenotype and promote tissue regeneration. In order to fully realize the potential of these approaches in traumatic wounds, a critical and nuanced understanding of the relationships between immune dysregulation and healing outcomes is needed. This review provides an insight on paradigm shift towards interventional approaches to control exacerbated immune response following a traumatic injury from an agonistic to a targeted path. We address such a need by (1) providing a targeted discussion of the wound healing processes to assist in the identification of novel therapeutic targets and (2) highlighting emerging technologies and interventions that utilize an immunoengineering-based approach. In addition, we have underscored the importance of immune engineering as an emerging tool to provide precision medicine as an option to modulate acute immune response following a traumatic injury. Finally, an overview is provided on how an intervention can follow through a successful clinical application and regulatory pathway following laboratory and animal model evaluation.
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Cheng KH, Contreras GP, Yeh TY. Potential Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Cardio-Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073573. [PMID: 35408933 PMCID: PMC8998890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular toxicity has emerged as the leading cause of death in patients undergoing cancer treatment. Thus, cardio-oncology (CO) care must also focus on the prevention and management of related cardiovascular (CV) complications caused by cancer therapy. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)—entities with released DNA, proteases, proinflammatory and prooxidative substances from blasted neutrophils—play an important role in cancer proliferation, propagation metastasis, and incident CV events (acute coronary syndrome, thromboembolic events, and heart failure). Although NETs have been shown to be involved in cancer progression and incident CV events, little is known about their relationship with cardio-oncology, especially on cancer treatment-related cardiovascular toxicity (CTRCT). This review aims to explore the evidence of the impact of NETs on cancer, CV events, and CTRCT, and the possible solutions based on the mechanism of NETs activation and NETs released toxic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hung Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Gregory P. Contreras
- Auxergen Inc., Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
| | - Ting-Yu Yeh
- Auxergen Inc., Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Boero E, Cruz AR, Pansegrau W, Giovani C, Rooijakkers SHM, van Kessel KPM, van Strijp JAG, Bagnoli F, Manetti AGO. Natural Human Immunity Against Staphylococcal Protein A Relies on Effector Functions Triggered by IgG3. Front Immunol 2022; 13:834711. [PMID: 35359919 PMCID: PMC8963248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) is a multifunctional, highly conserved virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus. By binding the Fc portion of all human IgG subclasses apart from IgG3, SpA interferes with antibody and complement deposition on the bacterial surface, impairing staphylococcal clearance by phagocytosis. Because of its anti-opsonic properties, SpA is not investigated as a surface antigen to mediate bacterial phagocytosis. Herein we investigate human sera for the presence of SpA-opsonizing antibodies. The screening revealed that sera containing IgG3 against SpA were able to correctly opsonize the target and drive Fcγ receptor-mediated interactions and phagocytosis. We demonstrated that IgG3 Fc is significantly more efficient in inducing phagocytosis of SpA-expressing S. aureus as compared to IgG1 Fc in an assay resembling physiological conditions. Furthermore, we show that the capacity of SpA antibodies to induce phagocytosis depends on the specific epitope recognized by the IgGs on SpA molecules. Overall, our results suggest that anti-SpA IgG3 antibodies could favor the anti-staphylococcal response in humans, paving the way towards the identification of a correlate of protection against staphylococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Boero
- GSK, Siena, Italy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ana Rita Cruz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Suzan H. M. Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kok P. M. van Kessel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jos A. G. van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Wang L, Zhu Z, Liao Y, Zhang L, Yu Z, Yang R, Wu J, Wu Z, Sun X. Host Liver-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Deliver miR-142a-3p Induces Neutrophil Extracellular Traps via Targeting WASL to Block the Development of Schistosoma japonicum. Mol Ther 2022; 30:2092-2107. [PMID: 35351657 PMCID: PMC9092393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an important neglected tropical disease. Interactions between the host immune system and schistosomes are complex. Neutrophils contribute to clearance of large pathogens primarily by releasing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, the functional role of NETs in clearing schistosomes remains unclear. Herein, we report that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from the liver of Schistosoma japonicum-infected mice (IL-EVs) induce NET release by delivering miR-142a-3p to target WASL and block the development of S. japonicum. WASL knockout accelerated the formation of NETs that blocked further development of S. japonicum. miR-142a-3p and NETs upregulated the expression of CCL2, which recruits macrophages that block S. japonicum development. However, S. japonicum inhibited NET formation in wild-type mice by upregulating host interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression. In contrast, in WASL knockout mice, IL-10 expression was downregulated, and S. japonicum-mediated inhibition of NET formation was significantly reduced. IL-EV-mediated induction of NET formation is thus an anti-schistosome response that can be counteracted by S. japonicum. These findings suggest that IL-EV-mediated induction of NET formation plays a key role in schistosome infection and that WASL is a potential therapeutic target in schistosomiasis and other infectious diseases.
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Bohländer F, Weißmüller S, Riehl D, Gutscher M, Schüttrumpf J, Faust S. The Functional Role of IgA in the IgM/IgA-Enriched Immunoglobulin Preparation Trimodulin. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1828. [PMID: 34944644 PMCID: PMC8698729 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In comparison to human immunoglobulin (Ig) G, antibodies of IgA class are not well investigated. In line with this, the functional role of the IgA component in IgM/IgA-enriched immunoglobulin preparations is also largely unknown. In recent years, powerful anti-pathogenic and immunomodulatory properties of human serum IgA especially on neutrophil function were unraveled. Therefore, the aim of our work is to investigate functional aspects of the trimodulin IgA component, a new plasma-derived polyvalent immunoglobulin preparation containing ~56% IgG, ~23% IgM and ~21% IgA. The functional role of IgA was investigated by analyzing the interaction of IgA with FcαRI, comparing trimodulin with standard intravenous IgG (IVIG) preparation and investigating Fc receptor (FcR)-dependent functions by excluding IgM-mediated effects. Trimodulin demonstrated potent immunomodulatory, as well as anti-pathogenic effects in our neutrophil model (neutrophil-like HL-60 cells). The IgA component of trimodulin was shown to induce a strong FcαRI-dependent inhibitory immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAMi) signaling, counteract lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and mediate phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus. The fine-tuned balance between immunomodulatory and anti-pathogenic effects of trimodulin were shown to be dose-dependent. Summarized, our data demonstrate the functional role of IgA in trimodulin, highlighting the importance of this immunoglobulin class in immunoglobulin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Bohländer
- Department of Analytical Development and Validation, Biotest AG, Landsteinerstraße 5, 63303 Dreieich, Germany; (F.B.); (D.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Sabrina Weißmüller
- Department of Translational Research, Biotest AG, Landsteinerstraße 5, 63303 Dreieich, Germany;
| | - Dennis Riehl
- Department of Analytical Development and Validation, Biotest AG, Landsteinerstraße 5, 63303 Dreieich, Germany; (F.B.); (D.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcus Gutscher
- Department of Analytical Development and Validation, Biotest AG, Landsteinerstraße 5, 63303 Dreieich, Germany; (F.B.); (D.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Jörg Schüttrumpf
- Corporate R&D, Biotest AG, Landsteinerstraße 5, 63303 Dreieich, Germany;
| | - Stefanie Faust
- Department of Analytical Development and Validation, Biotest AG, Landsteinerstraße 5, 63303 Dreieich, Germany; (F.B.); (D.R.); (M.G.)
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28
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Mun Y, Hwang JS, Shin YJ. Role of Neutrophils on the Ocular Surface. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10386. [PMID: 34638724 PMCID: PMC8508808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface is a gateway that contacts the outside and receives stimulation from the outside. The corneal innate immune system is composed of many types of cells, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, mucin, and lysozyme. Neutrophil infiltration and degranulation occur on the ocular surface. Degranulation, neutrophil extracellular traps formation, called NETosis, and autophagy in neutrophils are involved in the pathogenesis of ocular surface diseases. It is necessary to understand the role of neutrophils on the ocular surface. Furthermore, there is a need for research on therapeutic agents targeting neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular trap formation for ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongseok Mun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea; (Y.M.); (J.S.H.)
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea
| | - Jin Sun Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea; (Y.M.); (J.S.H.)
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea
| | - Young Joo Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea; (Y.M.); (J.S.H.)
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea
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Gorain C, Khan A, Singh A, Mondal S, Mallick AI. Bioengineering of LAB vector expressing Haemolysin co-regulated protein (Hcp): a strategic approach to control gut colonization of Campylobacter jejuni in a murine model. Gut Pathog 2021; 13:48. [PMID: 34330327 PMCID: PMC8323230 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is accountable for more than 400 million cases of gastroenteritis each year and is listed as a high-priority gut pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO). Although the acute infection of C. jejuni (campylobacteriosis) is commonly treated with macrolides and fluoroquinolones, the emergence of antibiotic resistance among C. jejuni warrants the need for an alternative approach to control campylobacteriosis in humans. To this end, vaccines remain a safe, effective, and widely accepted strategy for controlling emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. In search of a suitable vaccine against campylobacteriosis, recently, we demonstrated the potential of recombinant Haemolysin co-regulated protein (Hcp) of C. jejuni Type VI secretion system (T6SS) in imparting significant immune-protection against cecal colonization of C. jejuni; however, in the avian model. Since clinical features of human campylobacteriosis are more complicated than the avians, we explored the potential of Hcp as a T6SS targeted vaccine in a murine model as a more reliable and reproducible experimental host to study vaccine-induced immune-protection against C. jejuni. Because C. jejuni primarily utilizes the mucosal route for host pathogenesis, we analyzed the immunogenicity of a mucosally deliverable bioengineered Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis), expressing Hcp. Considering the role of Hcp in both structural (membrane-bound) and functional (effector protein) exhibition of C. jejuni T6SS, a head-to-head comparison of two different forms of recombinant LAB vectors (cell wall anchored and secreted form of Hcp) were tested and assessed for the immune phenotypes of each modality in BALB/c mice. Results We show that regardless of the Hcp protein localization, mucosal delivery of bioengineered LAB vector expressing Hcp induced high-level production of antigen-specific neutralizing antibody (sIgA) in the gut with the potential to reduce the cecal load of C. jejuni in mice. Conclusion Together with the non-commensal nature of L. lactis, short gut transit time in humans, and the ability to express the heterologous protein in the gut, the present study highlights the benefits of bioengineered LAB vectors based mucosal vaccine modality against C. jejuni without the risk of immunotolerance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13099-021-00444-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Gorain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Afruja Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Ankita Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Samiran Mondal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Belgachia, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700037, India
| | - Amirul Islam Mallick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India.
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Mao X, Kim J, Zhang Q, Jiang T, Ahn DH, Jung Y, Matsushita M, Bae T, Lee BL. The N2N3 domains of ClfA, FnbpA and FnbpB in Staphylococcus aureus bind to human complement factor H, and their antibodies enhance the bactericidal capability of human blood. J Biochem 2021; 169:543-553. [PMID: 33326036 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the complement system, the opsonin C3b binds to the bacterial cell surface and mediates the opsonophagocytosis. However, the cell-wall protein SdrE of Staphylococcus aureus inhibits the C3b activity by recruiting the complement regulatory protein factor H (fH). SdrE binds to fH via its N-terminal N2N3 domain, which are also found in six other staphylococcal cell-wall proteins. In this study, we report that not only the N2N3 domain of SdrE but also those of ClfA, FnbpA and FnbpB can bind to fH. When immobilized on a microplate, the N2N3 domains recruited fH and enhanced the factor I (fI)-mediated cleavage of C3b. When mixed with fH and S. aureus cells, the N2N3 domains inhibited the fH binding to S. aureus cells and reduced the fI-mediated C3b cleavage on the bacterial cell surface. The F(ab)'2 fragments of the rabbit N2N3 antibodies also inhibited the fH binding to the S. aureus cell surface. When added to human blood, the N2N3 antibodies or the N2N3 domain proteins significantly increased the bactericidal activity. Based on these results, we conclude that, in S. aureus, not only SdrE but also ClfA, FnbpA and FnbpB can contribute to the inhibition of C3b-mediated opsonophagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Mao
- Host Defense Protein Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Host Defense Protein Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - QingFeng Zhang
- Host Defense Protein Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - TingTing Jiang
- Host Defense Protein Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ho Ahn
- New Drug Development Section of Clips Company, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04168, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjin Jung
- Host Defense Protein Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Misao Matsushita
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
| | - Taeok Bae
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest, Gary, IN 46408, USA
| | - Bok Luel Lee
- Host Defense Protein Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Sargison F, Goncheva MI, Alves J, Pickering A, Fitzgerald JR. Staphylococcus aureus secreted lipases do not inhibit innate immune killing mechanisms. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 5:286. [PMID: 33623827 PMCID: PMC7871421 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16194.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Staphylococcus aureus causes an array of diseases in both humans and livestock. Pathogenesis is mediated by a plethora of proteins secreted by
S. aureus, many of which remain incompletely characterised. For example,
S. aureus abundantly secretes two isoforms of the enzyme lipase into the extracellular milieu, where they scavenge upon polymeric triglycerides. It has previously been suggested that lipases may interfere with the function of innate immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, but the impact of lipases on phagocytic killing mechanisms remains unknown. Methods: We employed the epidemic
S. aureus clone USA300 strain LAC and its lipase deficient isogenic mutant, along with recombinant lipase proteins, in
in vitro experimental infection assays. To determine if lipases can inhibit innate immune killing mechanisms, the bactericidal activity of whole blood, human neutrophils, and macrophages was analysed. In addition, gentamycin protection assays were carried out to examine the influence of lipases on
S. aureus innate immune cell escape. Results: There were no differences in the survival of
S. aureus USA300 LAC wild type and its lipase-deficient isogenic mutant after incubation with human whole blood or neutrophils. Furthermore, there was no detectable lipase-dependent effect on phagocytosis, intracellular survival, or escape from both human primary and immortalised cell line macrophages, even upon supplementation with exogenous recombinant lipases. Conclusions: S. aureus lipases do not inhibit bacterial killing mechanisms of human macrophages, neutrophils, or whole blood. These findings broaden our understanding of the interaction of
S. aureus with the innate immune system.
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Abstract
Antibody-dependent complement activation plays a major role in various pathophysiological processes in our body, including infection, inflammation, autoimmunity, and transplant rejection. In order to activate complement, antibodies should bind to target cells and recruit complement component C1. C1 is a large, multimolecular complex that consists of the antibody recognition protein C1q and a heterotetramer of proteases (C1r2s2). Although it is believed that interactions between C1 and IgGs are solely mediated by C1q, we here show that C1r2s2 proteases affect the capacity of C1q to form an avid complex with surface-bound IgG molecules. Furthermore, we demonstrate that C1q–IgG stability is influenced by IgG oligomerization and that promoting IgG oligomerization improves phagocytosis of the pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. Complement is an important effector mechanism for antibody-mediated clearance of infections and tumor cells. Upon binding to target cells, the antibody’s constant (Fc) domain recruits complement component C1 to initiate a proteolytic cascade that generates lytic pores and stimulates phagocytosis. The C1 complex (C1qr2s2) consists of the large recognition protein C1q and a heterotetramer of proteases C1r and C1s (C1r2s2). While interactions between C1 and IgG-Fc are believed to be mediated by the globular heads of C1q, we here find that C1r2s2 proteases affect the capacity of C1q to form an avid complex with surface-bound IgG molecules (on various 2,4-dinitrophenol [DNP]-coated surfaces and pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus). The extent to which C1r2s2 contributes to C1q–IgG stability strongly differs between human IgG subclasses. Using antibody engineering of monoclonal IgG, we reveal that hexamer-enhancing mutations improve C1q–IgG stability, both in the absence and presence of C1r2s2. In addition, hexamer-enhanced IgGs targeting S. aureus mediate improved complement-dependent phagocytosis by human neutrophils. Altogether, these molecular insights into complement binding to surface-bound IgGs could be important for optimal design of antibody therapies.
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Bohländer F, Riehl D, Weißmüller S, Gutscher M, Schüttrumpf J, Faust S. Immunomodulation: Immunoglobulin Preparations Suppress Hyperinflammation in a COVID-19 Model via FcγRIIA and FcαRI. Front Immunol 2021; 12:700429. [PMID: 34177967 PMCID: PMC8223875 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.700429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 has induced a global pandemic. Severe forms of COVID-19 are characterized by dysregulated immune response and "cytokine storm". The role of IgG and IgM antibodies in COVID-19 pathology is reasonably well studied, whereas IgA is neglected. To improve clinical outcome of patients, immune modulatory drugs appear to be beneficial. Such drugs include intravenous immunoglobulin preparations, which were successfully tested in severe COVID-19 patients. Here we established a versatile in vitro model to study inflammatory as well as anti-inflammatory processes by therapeutic human immunoglobulins. We dissect the inflammatory activation on neutrophil-like HL60 cells, using an immune complex consisting of latex beads coated with spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and opsonized with specific immunoglobulins from convalescent plasma. Our data clarifies the role of Fc-receptor-dependent phagocytosis via IgA-FcαRI and IgG-FcγR for COVID-19 disease followed by cytokine release. We show that COVID-19 associated inflammation could be reduced by addition of human immunoglobulin preparations (IVIG and trimodulin), while trimodulin elicits stronger immune modulation by more powerful ITAMi signaling. Besides IgG, the IgA component of trimodulin in particular, is of functional relevance for immune modulation in this assay setup, highlighting the need to study IgA mediated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Bohländer
- Department of Analytical Development and Validation, Corporate R&D, Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany
- Corporate R&D, Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany
| | - Dennis Riehl
- Department of Analytical Development and Validation, Corporate R&D, Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany
- Corporate R&D, Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Weißmüller
- Corporate R&D, Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany
- Department of Translational Research, Preclinical Research, Corporate R&D, Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany
| | - Marcus Gutscher
- Department of Analytical Development and Validation, Corporate R&D, Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany
- Corporate R&D, Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Faust
- Department of Analytical Development and Validation, Corporate R&D, Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany
- Corporate R&D, Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany
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Tsai CM, Soper N, Bennett M, Fallon JK, Michell AR, Alter G, Liu GY, Thomsen I. Adoptive Transfer of Serum Samples From Children With Invasive Staphylococcal Infection and Protection Against Staphylococcus aureus Sepsis. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:1222-1231. [PMID: 32990305 PMCID: PMC8030728 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful Staphylococcus aureus vaccine remains elusive, and one controversy in the field is whether humans generate a protective adaptive immune response to infection. We developed a bacterial challenge murine assay that directly assesses the protective capacity of adoptively transferred human serum samples. We first validated the model by showing that postpneumococcal vaccine serum samples from humans induced effective clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice. We then found that human serum samples adoptively transferred from children with invasive S. aureus infections exhibited protection from disease in a murine model, with some samples conferring near complete protection. These findings demonstrate that human serum samples are capable of conferring a protective adaptive response generated by humans during invasive staphylococcal disease, allowing for the study of protective factors in a murine model. Identification of the protective factors present in the most efficacious serum samples would be of high interest as potential staphylococcal vaccine candidates or passive therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ming Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nicole Soper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Monique Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan K Fallon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashlin R Michell
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George Y Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Isaac Thomsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Identification of CD4 + T cell epitopes from Staphylococcus aureus secretome using immunoinformatic prediction and molecular docking. BIOTECHNOLOGIA 2021; 102:43-54. [PMID: 36605712 PMCID: PMC9642919 DOI: 10.5114/bta.2021.103761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One major reason for the lack of clinical success of Staphylococcus aureus vaccine candidates is the inability of the antigens to develop a CD4+ T cell-mediated immune response. Hence, it is important to identify CD4+ T cell antigens from S. aureus. CD4+ T cells are activated following the presentation of epitopes derived from exogenous proteins on HLA class II molecules. Fifty-nine secretory proteins of S. aureus were analyzed computationally for the presence of HLA class II binding peptides. Fifteen-mer peptides were generated, and their binding to 26 HLA class II alleles was predicted. The structural feasibility of the peptides binding to HLA-II was studied using molecular docking. Of the 16,724 peptides generated, 6991 (41.8%) were predicted to bind to any one of the alleles with an IC50 value below 50 nM. Comparative sequence analysis revealed that only 545 of the strong binding peptides are non-self in the human system. Approximately 50% of the binding peptides were monoallele-specific. Moreover, approximately 95% of the predicted strong binding non-self peptides interacted with the binding groove of at least one HLA class II molecule with a glide score better than -10 kcal/mol. On the basis of the analysis of the strength of binding, non-self presentation in the human host, propensity to bind to a higher number of alleles, and energetically favorable interactions with HLA molecules, a set of 11 CD4+ T cell epitopes that can be used as vaccine candidates was identified.
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36
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Ledo C, Gonzalez CD, Garofalo A, Sabbione F, Keitelman IA, Giai C, Stella I, Trevani AS, Gómez MI. Protein A Modulates Neutrophil and Keratinocyte Signaling and Survival in Response to Staphylococcus aureus. Front Immunol 2021; 11:524180. [PMID: 33692774 PMCID: PMC7937904 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.524180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The type 1 TNF-α receptor (TNFR1) has a central role in initiating both pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic signaling cascades in neutrophils. Considering that TNFR1 signals Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SpA), the aim of this study was to explore the interaction of this bacterial surface protein with neutrophils and keratinocytes to underscore the signaling pathways that may determine the fate of these innate immune cells in the infected tissue during staphylococcal skin infections. Using human neutrophils cultured in vitro and isogenic staphylococcal strains expressing or not protein A, we demonstrated that SpA is a potent inducer of IL-8 in neutrophils and that the induction of this chemokine is dependent on the SpA-TNFR1 interaction and p38 activation. In addition to IL-8, protein A induced the expression of TNF-α and MIP-1α highlighting the importance of SpA in the amplification of the inflammatory response. Protein A contributed to reduce neutrophil mortality prolonging their lifespan upon the encounter with S. aureus. Signaling initiated by SpA modulated the type of neutrophil cell death in vitro and during skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) in vivo triggering the apoptotic pathway instead of necrosis. Moreover, SpA induced pro-inflammatory cytokines in keratinocytes, modulating their survival in vitro and preventing the exacerbated necrosis and ulceration of the epithelium during SSTI in vivo. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of the inflammatory signaling induced by protein A in neutrophils and skin epithelial cells. The ability of protein A to modulate the neutrophil/epithelial cell death program in the skin is of clinical relevance considering that lysis of neutrophils and epithelial cells will promote an intense inflammatory response and contribute to tissue damage, a non-desirable feature of complicated SSTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ledo
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Maimonides, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cintia D Gonzalez
- Instituto de investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ailin Garofalo
- Instituto de investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Sabbione
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irene A Keitelman
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Constanza Giai
- Instituto de investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Inés Stella
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía S Trevani
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisa I Gómez
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Maimonides, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Shoieb SM, El-Ghiaty MA, El-Kadi AOS. Targeting arachidonic acid-related metabolites in COVID-19 patients: potential use of drug-loaded nanoparticles. EMERGENT MATERIALS 2021; 4:265-277. [PMID: 33225219 PMCID: PMC7670111 DOI: 10.1007/s42247-020-00136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In March 2020, The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized as a global pandemic. As of September 2020, infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to 213 countries and territories around the world, affected more than 31.5 million people, and caused more than 970,000 deaths worldwide. Although COVID-19 is a respiratory illness that mainly targets the lungs, it is currently well established that it is a multifactorial disease that affects other extra-pulmonary systems and strongly associated with a detrimental inflammatory response. Evidence has shown that SARS-CoV-2 causes perturbation in the arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic pathways; this disruption could lead to an imbalance between the pro-inflammatory metabolites of AA including mid-chain HETEs and terminal HETE (20-HETE) and the anti-inflammatory metabolites such as EETs and subterminal HETEs. Therefore, we propose novel therapeutic strategies to modulate the level of endogenous anti-inflammatory metabolites of AA and induce the patient's endogenous resolution mechanisms that will ameliorate the virus-associated systemic inflammation and enhance the primary outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Also, we propose that using nanoencapsulation of AA and its associated metabolites will contribute to the development of safer and more efficacious treatments for the management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif M. Shoieb
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2142J Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Mahmoud A. El-Ghiaty
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2142J Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Ayman O. S. El-Kadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2142J Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
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Immune System Evasion Mechanisms in Staphylococcus aureus: Current Understanding. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.4.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that may cause a wide range of infections and is a frequent cause of soft tissue and bloodstream infections. It is a successful pathogen due to its collective virulence factors and its ability to evade the host immune systems. The review aims to highlight how S. aureus destroys and damage the host cells and explains how immune cells can respond to this pathogen. This review may also provide new insights that may be useful for developing new strategy for combating MRSA and its emerging clones such as community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA).
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Sargison F, Alves J, Pickering A, Fitzgerald JR. Staphylococcus aureus secreted lipases do not inhibit innate immune killing mechanisms. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:286. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16194.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Staphylococcus aureus causes an array of diseases in both humans and livestock. Pathogenesis is mediated by a plethora of proteins secreted by S. aureus, many of which remain incompletely characterised. For example, S. aureus abundantly secretes two isoforms of the enzyme lipase into the extracellular milieu, where they scavenge upon polymeric triglycerides. It has previously been suggested that lipases may interfere with the function of innate immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, but the impact of lipases on phagocytic killing mechanisms remains unknown. Methods: We employed the epidemic S. aureus clone USA300 strain LAC and its lipase deficient isogenic mutant, along with recombinant lipase proteins, in in vitro experimental infection assays. To determine if lipases can inhibit innate immune killing mechanisms, the bactericidal activity of whole blood, human neutrophils, and macrophages was analysed. In addition, gentamycin protection assays were carried out to examine the influence of lipases on S. aureus innate immune cell escape. Results: There were no differences in the survival of S. aureus USA300 LAC wild type and its lipase-deficient isogenic mutant after incubation with human whole blood or neutrophils. Furthermore, there was no detectable lipase-dependent effect on phagocytosis, intracellular survival, or escape from both human primary and immortalised cell line macrophages, even upon supplementation with exogenous recombinant lipases. Conclusions: S. aureus lipases do not inhibit bacterial killing mechanisms of human macrophages, neutrophils, or whole blood. These findings broaden our understanding of the interaction of S. aureus with the innate immune system.
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40
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Wall Teichoic Acid in Staphylococcus aureus Host Interaction. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:985-998. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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41
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Reigada I, Guarch-Pérez C, Patel JZ, Riool M, Savijoki K, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Zaat SAJ, Fallarero A. Combined Effect of Naturally-Derived Biofilm Inhibitors and Differentiated HL-60 Cells in the Prevention of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1757. [PMID: 33182261 PMCID: PMC7695255 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial diseases represent a huge health and economic burden. A significant portion is associated with the use of medical devices, with 80% of these infections being caused by a bacterial biofilm. The insertion of a foreign material usually elicits inflammation, which can result in hampered antimicrobial capacity of the host immunity due to the effort of immune cells being directed to degrade the material. The ineffective clearance by immune cells is a perfect opportunity for bacteria to attach and form a biofilm. In this study, we analyzed the antibiofilm capacity of three naturally derived biofilm inhibitors when combined with immune cells in order to assess their applicability in implantable titanium devices and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) endotracheal tubes. To this end, we used a system based on the coculture of HL-60 cells differentiated into polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and Staphylococcus aureus (laboratory and clinical strains) on titanium, as well as LDPE surfaces. Out of the three inhibitors, the one coded DHA1 showed the highest potential to be incorporated into implantable devices, as it displayed a combined activity with the immune cells, preventing bacterial attachment on the titanium and LDPE. The other two inhibitors seemed to also be good candidates for incorporation into LDPE endotracheal tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Reigada
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Clara Guarch-Pérez
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.G.-P.); (M.R.); (S.A.J.Z.)
| | - Jayendra Z. Patel
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.Z.P.); (J.Y.-K.)
| | - Martijn Riool
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.G.-P.); (M.R.); (S.A.J.Z.)
| | - Kirsi Savijoki
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.Z.P.); (J.Y.-K.)
| | - Sebastian A. J. Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.G.-P.); (M.R.); (S.A.J.Z.)
| | - Adyary Fallarero
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (K.S.); (A.F.)
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Algorri M, Wong-Beringer A. Differential effects of antibiotics on neutrophils exposed to lipoteichoic acid derived from Staphylococcus aureus. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2020; 19:50. [PMID: 33143710 PMCID: PMC7641855 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-020-00392-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent bacteremia occurs in at least 30% of patients with Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (SAB) and may be attributable to a dysregulated host immune response. Neutrophils interact with a variety of S. aureus microbial factors, including lipoteichoic acid (LTA), to activate phagocytic function in a concentration-dependent manner. Antibiotics have been shown to exert both direct antimicrobial action as well as immunomodulatory effects. In this study, we compared the effects of different anti-staphylococcal antibiotics on LTA-mediated immune activation of neutrophils. METHODS Neutrophils obtained from healthy volunteers were exposed to two levels of LTA (1 and 10 μg/ml) with or without addition of antibiotics from different pharmacologic classes (vancomycin, daptomycin, ceftaroline). Neutrophil function was assessed by examining phagocytic response, activation (CD11b, CD62L expression), Toll-like receptor-2 expression, cell survival and apoptosis, and CXCL8 release. RESULTS Differential LTA-mediated antibiotic effects on neutrophil function were observed primarily at the high LTA exposure level. Ceftaroline in the presence of 10 μg/ml LTA had the most prominent effects on phagocytosis and CD11b and CD62L expression, with trends towards increased neutrophil survival and preservation of CXCL8 release when compared to daptomycin and vancomycin with the latter significantly dampening PMN CXCL8 release. CONCLUSIONS Select antimicrobial agents, such as ceftaroline, exert immunostimulatory effects on neutrophils exposed to S. aureus LTA, which when confirmed in vivo, could be leveraged for its dual immunomodulatory and antibacterial actions for the treatment of persistent SAB mediated by a dysregulated host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marquerita Algorri
- University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Annie Wong-Beringer
- University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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Kalfopoulou E, Huebner J. Advances and Prospects in Vaccine Development against Enterococci. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112397. [PMID: 33147722 PMCID: PMC7692742 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are the second most common Gram-positive pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections. Due to the limited number of new antibiotics that reach the medical practice and the resistance of enterococci to the current antibiotic options, passive and active immunotherapies have emerged as a potential prevention and/or treatment strategy against this opportunistic pathogen. In this review, we explore the pathogenicity of these bacteria and their interaction with the host immune response. We provide an overview of the capsular polysaccharides and surface-associated proteins that have been described as potential antigens in anti-enterococcal vaccine formulations. In addition, we describe the current status in vaccine development against enterococci and address the importance and the current advances toward the development of well-defined vaccines with broad coverage against enterococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermioni Kalfopoulou
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Johannes Huebner
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-44005-7970
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Lara-Reyna S, Holbrook J, Jarosz-Griffiths HH, Peckham D, McDermott MF. Dysregulated signalling pathways in innate immune cells with cystic fibrosis mutations. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4485-4503. [PMID: 32367193 PMCID: PMC7599191 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most common life-limiting recessive genetic disorders in Caucasians, caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). CF is a multi-organ disease that involves the lungs, pancreas, sweat glands, digestive and reproductive systems and several other tissues. This debilitating condition is associated with recurrent lower respiratory tract bacterial and viral infections, as well as inflammatory complications that may eventually lead to pulmonary failure. Immune cells play a crucial role in protecting the organs against opportunistic infections and also in the regulation of tissue homeostasis. Innate immune cells are generally affected by CFTR mutations in patients with CF, leading to dysregulation of several cellular signalling pathways that are in continuous use by these cells to elicit a proper immune response. There is substantial evidence to show that airway epithelial cells, neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages all contribute to the pathogenesis of CF, underlying the importance of the CFTR in innate immune responses. The goal of this review is to put into context the important role of the CFTR in different innate immune cells and how CFTR dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of CF, highlighting several signalling pathways that may be dysregulated in cells with CFTR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Lara-Reyna
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
- Leeds Cystic Fibrosis Trust Strategic Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Jonathan Holbrook
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
- Leeds Cystic Fibrosis Trust Strategic Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Heledd H Jarosz-Griffiths
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
- Leeds Cystic Fibrosis Trust Strategic Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Daniel Peckham
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
- Leeds Cystic Fibrosis Trust Strategic Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Unit, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Michael F McDermott
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
- Leeds Cystic Fibrosis Trust Strategic Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
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Algammal AM, Hetta HF, Elkelish A, Alkhalifah DHH, Hozzein WN, Batiha GES, El Nahhas N, Mabrok MA. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): One Health Perspective Approach to the Bacterium Epidemiology, Virulence Factors, Antibiotic-Resistance, and Zoonotic Impact. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3255-3265. [PMID: 33061472 PMCID: PMC7519829 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s272733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major human pathogen and a historically emergent zoonotic pathogen with public health and veterinary importance. In humans, MRSA commonly causes severe infectious diseases, including food poisoning, pyogenic endocarditis, suppurative pneumonia, otitis media, osteomyelitis, and pyogenic infections of the skin, soft tissues. In the horse, MRSA could cause a localized purulent infection and botryomycosis; in cattle and ewe, localized pyogenic infection and severe acute mastitis with marked toxemia; in sheep, abscess disease resembles caseous lymphadenitis caused by anaerobic strains; in dogs and cats, pustular dermatitis and food poisoning; in pig, exudative epidermatitis “greasy pig disease; in birds, MRSA causes bumble-foot. The methicillin resistance could be determined by PCR-based detection of the mecA gene as well as resistance to cefoxitin. In Egypt, MRSA is one of the important occasions of subclinical and clinical bovine mastitis, and the prevalence of MRSA varies by geographical region. In this review, we are trying to illustrate variable data about the host susceptibility, diseases, epidemiology, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, treatment, and control of MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelazeem M Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit 71515, Egypt.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0595, USA
| | - Amr Elkelish
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Dalal Hussien H Alkhalifah
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael N Hozzein
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Nihal El Nahhas
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21515, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Mabrok
- Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.,Fish Infectious Diseases Research Unit (FID RU), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Weiß E, Schlatterer K, Beck C, Peschel A, Kretschmer D. Formyl-Peptide Receptor Activation Enhances Phagocytosis of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:668-678. [PMID: 31573600 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formyl-peptide receptors (FPRs) are important pattern recognition receptors that sense specific bacterial peptides. Formyl-peptide receptors are highly expressed on neutrophils and monocytes, and their activation promotes the migration of phagocytes to sites of infection. It is currently unknown whether FPRs may also influence subsequent processes such as bacterial phagocytosis and killing. Staphylococcus aureus, especially highly pathogenic community-acquired methicillin-resistant S aureus strains, release high amounts of FPR2 ligands, the phenol-soluble modulins. METHODS We demonstrate that FPR activation leads to upregulation of complement receptors 1 and 3 as well as FCγ receptor I on neutrophils and, consequently, increased opsonic phagocytosis of S aureus and other pathogens. RESULTS Increased phagocytosis promotes killing of S aureus and interleukin-8 release by neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS We show here for the first time that FPRs govern opsonic phagocytosis. Manipulation of FPR2 activation could open new therapeutic opportunities against bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Weiß
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Schlatterer
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Beck
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Kretschmer
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Pokhrel S, Triplett KD, Daly SM, Joyner JA, Sharma G, Hathaway HJ, Prossnitz ER, Hall PR. Complement Receptor 3 Contributes to the Sexual Dimorphism in Neutrophil Killing of Staphylococcus aureus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1593-1600. [PMID: 32769122 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported sex differences in innate susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus skin infection and that bone marrow neutrophils (BMN) from female mice have an enhanced ability to kill S. aureus ex vivo compared with those of male mice. However, the mechanism(s) driving this sex bias in neutrophil killing have not been reported. Given the role of opsonins such as complement, as well as their receptors, in S. aureus recognition and clearance, we investigated their contribution to the enhanced bactericidal capacity of female BMN. We found that levels of C3 in the serum and CR3 (CD11b/CD18) on the surface of BMN were higher in female compared with male mice. Consistent with increased CR3 expression following TNF-α priming, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), an important bactericidal effector, was also increased in female versus male BMN in response to serum-opsonized S. aureus Furthermore, blocking CD11b reduced both ROS levels and S. aureus killing by murine BMN from both sexes. However, at the same concentration of CD11b blocking Ab, S. aureus killing by female BMN was greatly reduced compared with those from male mice, suggesting CR3-dependent differences in bacterial killing between sexes. Overall, this work highlights the contributions of CR3, C3, and ROS to innate sex bias in the neutrophil response to S. aureus Given that neutrophils are crucial for S. aureus clearance, understanding the mechanism(s) driving the innate sex bias in neutrophil bactericidal capacity could identify novel host factors important for host defense against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijana Pokhrel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Kathleen D Triplett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Seth M Daly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Jason A Joyner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Geetanjali Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131; and
| | - Helen J Hathaway
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131; and
| | - Pamela R Hall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131;
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Mirzaei R, Ranjbar R, Karampoor S, Goodarzi R, Hasanvand H. The Human Immune System toward Staphylococcus aureus. Open Microbiol J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285802014010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is responsible for protecting the host from pathogens, and it has evolved to deal with these pathogens. On the other hand, the co-evolution of pathogenic bacteria with hosts has led to the rise of an array of virulence genes that enable pathogen bacteria to evade or modulate the immune system. Staphylococcus aureus is a significant pathogen of humans that encodes several virulence factors that can modulate or evade from the innate and adaptive arm of the immune system. Overall, the immune reaction toward S. aureus contributes to stimulate innate and adaptive reactions. A profound understanding of the immune response to S. aureus infections will be critical for the development of vaccines and novel therapies. In this review, we summarized and discussed the novel information about the human immune system against S. aureus.
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Chung HY, Kim YT, Kwon JG, Im HH, Ko D, Lee JH, Choi SH. Molecular interaction between methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and chicken breast reveals enhancement of pathogenesis and toxicity for food-borne outbreak. Food Microbiol 2020; 93:103602. [PMID: 32912577 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To study pathogenesis and toxicity of Staphylococcus aureus in foods, FORC_062 was isolated from a human blood sample and complete genome sequence has a type II SCCmec gene cluster and a type II toxin-antitoxin system, indicating an MRSA strain. Its mobile gene elements has many pathogenic genes involved in host infection, biofilm formation, and various enterotoxin and hemolysin genes. Clinical MRSA is often found in animal foods and ingestion of MRSA-contaminated foods causes human infection. Therefore, it is very important to understand the role of contaminated foods. To elucidate the interaction between clinical MRSA FORC_062 and raw chicken breast, transcriptome analysis was conducted, showing that gene expressions of amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism were specifically down-regulated, suggesting that the strain may import and utilize amino acids from the chicken breast, but not able to synthesize them. However, toxin gene expressions were up-regulated, suggesting that human infection of S. aureus via contaminated food may be more fatal. In addition, the contaminated foods enhance multiple-antibiotic resistance activities and virulence factors in this clinical MRSA. Consequently, MRSA-contaminated food may play a role as a nutritional reservoir as well as in enhancing factor for pathogenesis and toxicity of clinical MRSA for severe food-borne outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Young Chung
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, And Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Food-borne Pathogen Omics Research Center (FORC), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - You-Tae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea; Food-borne Pathogen Omics Research Center (FORC), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Joon-Gi Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea; Food-borne Pathogen Omics Research Center (FORC), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Han Hyeok Im
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, And Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Food-borne Pathogen Omics Research Center (FORC), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Duhyun Ko
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, And Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Food-borne Pathogen Omics Research Center (FORC), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Ju-Hoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea; Food-borne Pathogen Omics Research Center (FORC), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - Sang Ho Choi
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, And Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Food-borne Pathogen Omics Research Center (FORC), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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Duchemin M, Tudor D, Cottignies-Calamarte A, Bomsel M. Antibody-Dependent Cellular Phagocytosis of HIV-1-Infected Cells Is Efficiently Triggered by IgA Targeting HIV-1 Envelope Subunit gp41. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1141. [PMID: 32582208 PMCID: PMC7296124 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies mediate a broad array of non-neutralizing Fc-mediated functions against HIV-1 including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). Accordingly, ADCC and ADCP induced by anti-HIV envelope gp120 IgG have been correlated to the limited success of the HIV-1 phase III vaccine trial RV144. It remains elusive whether ADCP can also be triggered by IgA, the isotype predominant at mucosal surfaces through which HIV-1 is mainly transmitted. Yet, we have previously shown that the HIV envelope subunit gp41-specific broadly neutralizing antibody 2F5 under the IgA isotype (2F5-IgA) triggers ADCC and cooperates with 2F5-IgG to increase HIV-1-infected cell lysis. Here, we now demonstrate that 2F5-IgA, more efficiently than 2F5-IgG, induces ADCP not only of gp41-coated beads but also of primary HIV-1-infected cells in a FcαRI-dependent manner. Both primary monocytes and neutrophils can act as effector cells of 2F5-IgA-mediated ADCP, although with different kinetics with faster neutrophil phagocytosis. However, unlike for ADCC, 2F5-IgA and 2F5-IgG do not cooperate to increase ADCP. Altogether, our results reveal that gp41-specific IgA mediate the efficient phagocytosis of HIV-1-infected cells. Inducing such ADCC and ADCP-prone IgA response by vaccination in addition to anti-HIV envelope IgG, might increase the protection against HIV acquisition at mucosal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Duchemin
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Tudor
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Andréa Cottignies-Calamarte
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Bomsel
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Université Paris, Paris, France
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