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Shah SA, Oakes RS, Jewell CM. Advancing immunotherapy using biomaterials to control tissue, cellular, and molecular level immune signaling in skin. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 209:115315. [PMID: 38670230 PMCID: PMC11111363 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapies have been transformative in many areas, including cancer treatments, allergies, and autoimmune diseases. However, significant challenges persist in extending the reach of these technologies to new indications and patients. Some of the major hurdles include narrow applicability to patient groups, transient efficacy, high cost burdens, poor immunogenicity, and side effects or off-target toxicity that results from lack of disease-specificity and inefficient delivery. Thus, there is a significant need for strategies that control immune responses generated by immunotherapies while targeting infection, cancer, allergy, and autoimmunity. Being the outermost barrier of the body and the first line of host defense, the skin presents a unique immunological interface to achieve these goals. The skin contains a high concentration of specialized immune cells, such as antigen-presenting cells and tissue-resident memory T cells. These cells feature diverse and potent combinations of immune receptors, providing access to cellular and molecular level control to modulate immune responses. Thus, skin provides accessible tissue, cellular, and molecular level controls that can be harnessed to improve immunotherapies. Biomaterial platforms - microneedles, nano- and micro-particles, scaffolds, and other technologies - are uniquely capable of modulating the specialized immunological niche in skin by targeting these distinct biological levels of control. This review highlights recent pre-clinical and clinical advances in biomaterial-based approaches to target and modulate immune signaling in the skin at the tissue, cellular, and molecular levels for immunotherapeutic applications. We begin by discussing skin cytoarchitecture and resident immune cells to establish the biological rationale for skin-targeting immunotherapies. This is followed by a critical presentation of biomaterial-based pre-clinical and clinical studies aimed at controlling the immune response in the skin for immunotherapy and therapeutic vaccine applications in cancer, allergy, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrey A Shah
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Robert S Oakes
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, 10. N Green Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, 10. N Green Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 22 S. Greene Street, Suite N9E17, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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2
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Peterman E, Quitevis EJA, Goo CEA, Rasmussen JP. Rho-associated kinase regulates Langerhans cell morphology and responsiveness to tissue damage. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114208. [PMID: 38728139 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin damage requires efficient immune cell responses to restore organ function. Epidermal-resident immune cells known as Langerhans cells use dendritic protrusions to surveil the skin microenvironment, which contains keratinocytes and peripheral axons. The mechanisms governing Langerhans cell dendrite dynamics and responses to tissue damage are poorly understood. Using skin explants from adult zebrafish, we show that Langerhans cells maintain normal surveillance following axonal degeneration and use their dendrites to engulf small axonal debris. By contrast, a ramified-to-rounded shape transition accommodates the engulfment of larger keratinocyte debris. We find that Langerhans cell dendrites are populated with actin and sensitive to a broad-spectrum actin inhibitor. We show that Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibition leads to elongated dendrites, perturbed clearance of large debris, and reduced Langerhans cell migration to epidermal wounds. Our work describes the dynamics of Langerhans cells and involvement of the ROCK pathway in immune cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peterman
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | | | - Camille E A Goo
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Rasmussen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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3
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Mamun AA, Shao C, Geng P, Wang S, Xiao J. Recent advances in molecular mechanisms of skin wound healing and its treatments. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1395479. [PMID: 38835782 PMCID: PMC11148235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1395479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin, being a multifaceted organ, performs a pivotal function in the complicated wound-healing procedure, which encompasses the triggering of several cellular entities and signaling cascades. Aberrations in the typical healing process of wounds may result in atypical scar development and the establishment of a persistent condition, rendering patients more vulnerable to infections. Chronic burns and wounds have a detrimental effect on the overall quality of life of patients, resulting in higher levels of physical discomfort and socio-economic complexities. The occurrence and frequency of prolonged wounds are on the rise as a result of aging people, hence contributing to escalated expenditures within the healthcare system. The clinical evaluation and treatment of chronic wounds continue to pose challenges despite the advancement of different therapeutic approaches. This is mainly owing to the prolonged treatment duration and intricate processes involved in wound healing. Many conventional methods, such as the administration of growth factors, the use of wound dressings, and the application of skin grafts, are used to ease the process of wound healing across diverse wound types. Nevertheless, these therapeutic approaches may only be practical for some wounds, highlighting the need to advance alternative treatment modalities. Novel wound care technologies, such as nanotherapeutics, stem cell treatment, and 3D bioprinting, aim to improve therapeutic efficacy, prioritize skin regeneration, and minimize adverse effects. This review provides an updated overview of recent advancements in chronic wound healing and therapeutic management using innovative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuxiao Shao
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peiwu Geng
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuanghu Wang
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Wound Healing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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4
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Zhao D, Wang Y, Wu S, Ji X, Gong K, Zheng H, Zhu M. Research progress on the role of macrophages in acne and regulation by natural plant products. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1383263. [PMID: 38736879 PMCID: PMC11082307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1383263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is one of the most common skin diseases. The current understanding of acne primarily revolves around inflammatory responses, sebum metabolism disorders, aberrant hormone and receptor expression, colonization by Cutibacterium acnes, and abnormal keratinization of follicular sebaceous glands. Although the precise mechanism of action remains incompletely understood, it is plausible that macrophages exert an influence on these pathological features. Macrophages, as a constituent of the human innate immune system, typically manifest distinct phenotypes across various diseases. It has been observed that the polarization of macrophages toward the M1 phenotype plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of acne. In recent years, extensive research on acne has revealed an increasing number of natural remedies exhibiting therapeutic efficacy through the modulation of macrophage polarization. This review investigates the role of cutaneous macrophages, elucidates their potential significance in the pathogenesis of acne, a prevalent chronic inflammatory skin disorder, and explores the therapeutic mechanisms of natural plant products targeting macrophages. Despite these insights, the precise role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of acne remains poorly elucidated. Subsequent investigations in this domain will further illuminate the pathogenesis of acne and potentially offer guidance for identifying novel therapeutic targets for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Shuhui Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaotian Ji
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Huie Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Mingfang Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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Lombardo GP, Miller A, Aragona M, Messina E, Fumia A, Kuciel M, Alesci A, Pergolizzi S, Lauriano ER. Immunohistochemical Characterization of Langerhans Cells in the Skin of Three Amphibian Species. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:210. [PMID: 38666822 PMCID: PMC11048468 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The amphibian taxon includes three orders that present different morphological characteristics: Anura, Caudata, and Apoda. Their skin has a crucial role: it acts as an immune organ constituting a physical, chemical, immunological, and microbiological barrier to pathogen insult and conducts essential physiological processes. Amphibians have developed specialized features to protect the vulnerable skin barrier, including a glandular network beneath the skin surface that can produce antimicrobial and toxic substances, thus contributing to the defense against pathogens and predators. This study aims to characterize Langerhans cells in the skin of Lithobates catesbeianus (order: Anura; Shaw, 1802), Amphiuma means (order: Caudata; Garden, 1821), and Typhlonectes natans (order: Apoda; Fischer, 1880) with the following antibodies: Langerin/CD207 (c-type lectin), Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)II, and Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 (expressed by different types of DCs). Our results showed Langerhans cells positive for Langerin CD/207 in the epidermis of the three species; moreover, some antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the connective tissue expressed TLR2 and MHCII. The distribution of the Langerhans cells is very similar in the three amphibians examined, despite their different habitats. A greater knowledge of the amphibian immune system could be useful to better understand the phylogeny of vertebrates and to safeguard amphibians from population declines. Furthermore, the similarities between amphibians' and human skin concerning immunological features may be useful in both biology and translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Pia Lombardo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.P.L.); (E.M.); (A.A.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Anthea Miller
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Emmanuele Messina
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.P.L.); (E.M.); (A.A.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Michał Kuciel
- Poison Information Centre, Department of Toxicology and Environmental Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Jagellonian University, Kopernika 15, 30-501 Krakòw, Poland;
| | - Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.P.L.); (E.M.); (A.A.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.P.L.); (E.M.); (A.A.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.P.L.); (E.M.); (A.A.); (E.R.L.)
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6
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Wilcox NC, Taheri G, Halievski K, Talbot S, Silva JR, Ghasemlou N. Interactions between skin-resident dendritic and Langerhans cells and pain-sensing neurons. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024:S0091-6749(24)00270-7. [PMID: 38492673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Various immune cells in the skin contribute to its function as a first line of defense against infection and disease, and the skin's dense innervation by pain-sensing sensory neurons protects the host against injury or damage signals. Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells that link the innate immune response to the adaptive response by capturing, processing, and presenting antigens to promote T-cell differentiation and activation. DCs are abundant across peripheral tissues, including the skin, where they are found in the dermis and epidermis. Langerhans cells (LCs) are a DC subset located only in the epidermis; both populations of cells can migrate to lymph nodes to contribute to broad immune responses. Dermal DCs and LCs are found in close apposition with sensory nerve fibers in the skin and express neurotransmitter receptors, allowing them to communicate directly with the peripheral nervous system. Thus, neuroimmune signaling between DCs and/or LCs and sensory neurons can modulate physiologic and pathophysiologic pathways, including immune cell regulation, host defense, allergic response, homeostasis, and wound repair. Here, we summarize the latest discoveries on DC- and LC-neuron interaction with neurons while providing an overview of gaps and areas not previously explored. Understanding the interactions between these 2 defence systems may provide key insight into developing therapeutic targets for treating diseases such as psoriasis, neuropathic pain, and lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Wilcox
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Golnar Taheri
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine Halievski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sebastien Talbot
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaqueline R Silva
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nader Ghasemlou
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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Kim E, Shin J, Ferrari A, Huang S, An E, Han D, Khan MS, Kenniston TW, Cassaniti I, Baldanti F, Jeong D, Gambotto A. Fourth dose of microneedle array patch of SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein subunit vaccine elicits robust long-lasting humoral responses in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 129:111569. [PMID: 38340419 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the pressing need for safe and effective booster vaccines, particularly in considering the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants and addressing vaccine distribution inequalities. Dissolving microneedle array patches (MAP) offer a promising delivery method, enhancing immunogenicity and improving accessibility through the skin's immune potential. In this study, we evaluated a microneedle array patch-based S1 subunit protein COVID-19 vaccine candidate, which comprised a bivalent formulation targeting the Wuhan and Beta variant alongside a monovalent Delta variant spike proteins in a murine model. Notably, the second boost of homologous bivalent MAP-S1(WU + Beta) induced a 15.7-fold increase in IgG endpoint titer, while the third boost of heterologous MAP-S1RS09Delta yielded a more modest 1.6-fold increase. Importantly, this study demonstrated that the administration of four doses of the MAP vaccine induced robust and long-lasting immune responses, persisting for at least 80 weeks. These immune responses encompassed various IgG isotypes and remained statistically significant for one year. Furthermore, neutralizing antibodies against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants were generated, with comparable responses observed against the Omicron variant. Overall, these findings emphasize the potential of MAP-based vaccines as a promising strategy to combat the evolving landscape of COVID-19 and to deliver a safe and effective booster vaccine worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juyeop Shin
- Medical Business Division, Raphas Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Alessandro Ferrari
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Shaohua Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eunjin An
- Medical Business Division, Raphas Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghoon Han
- Medical Business Division, Raphas Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad S Khan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas W Kenniston
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dohyeon Jeong
- Medical Business Division, Raphas Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrea Gambotto
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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8
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Ständer S, Luger T, Kim B, Lerner E, Metz M, Adiri R, Canosa JM, Cha A, Yosipovitch G. Cutaneous Components Leading to Pruritus, Pain, and Neurosensitivity in Atopic Dermatitis: A Narrative Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2024; 14:45-57. [PMID: 38182845 PMCID: PMC10828226 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-023-01081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing immunoinflammatory skin condition characterized by sensations such as pruritis, pain, and neuronal hypersensitivity. The mechanisms underlying these sensations are multifactorial and involve complex crosstalk among several cutaneous components. This review explores the role these components play in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. In the skin intercellular spaces, sensory nerves interact with keratinocytes and immune cells via myriad mediators and receptors. These interactions generate action potentials that transmit pruritis and pain signals from the peripheral nervous system to the brain. Keratinocytes, the most abundant cell type in the epidermis, are key effector cells, triggering crosstalk with immune cells and sensory neurons to elicit pruritis, pain, and inflammation. Filaggrin expression by keratinocytes is reduced in atopic dermatitis, causing a weakened skin barrier and elevated skin pH. Fibroblasts are the main cell type in the dermis and, in atopic dermatitis, appear to reduce keratinocyte differentiation, further weakening the skin barrier. Fibroblasts and mast cells promote inflammation while dermal dendritic cells appear to attenuate inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines play a major role in AD pathogenesis. Type 2 immune responses typically generate pruritis, and the type 1 and type 3 responses generate pain. Type 2 responses and increased skin pH contribute to barrier dysfunction and promote dysbiosis of the skin microbiome, causing the proliferation of Staphyloccocus aureus. In conclusion, understanding the dynamic interactions between cutaneous components in AD could drive the development of therapies to improve the quality of life for patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Ständer
- Center for Chronic Pruritus, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany.
| | | | - Brian Kim
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ethan Lerner
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Martin Metz
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roni Adiri
- Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Israel Ltd, Herzliya Pituach, Israel
| | | | - Amy Cha
- Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gil Yosipovitch
- Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA
- Miami Itch Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Albrecht M, Garn H, Buhl T. Epithelial-immune cell interactions in allergic diseases. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2249982. [PMID: 37804068 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial/immune interactions are characterized by the different properties of the various epithelial tissues, the mediators involved, and the varying immune cells that initiate, sustain, or abrogate allergic diseases on the surface. The intestinal mucosa, respiratory mucosa, and regular skin feature structural differences according to their primary function and surroundings. In the context of these specialized functions, the active role of the epithelium in shaping immune responses is increasingly recognizable. Crosstalk between epithelial and immune cells plays an important role in maintaining homeostatic conditions. While cells of the myeloid cell lineage, mainly macrophages, are the dominating immune cell population in the skin and the respiratory tract, lymphocytes comprise most intraepithelial immune cells in the intestine under healthy conditions. Common to all surface epithelia is the fact that innate immune cells represent the first line of immunosurveillance that either directly defeats invading pathogens or initiates and coordinates more effective successive immune responses involving adaptive immune cells and effector cells. Pharmacological approaches for the treatment of allergic and chronic inflammatory diseases involving epithelial barriers target immunological mediators downstream of the epithelium (such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IgE). The next generation of therapeutics involves upstream events of the inflammatory cascade, such as epithelial-derived alarmins and related mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Albrecht
- Molecular Allergology, Vice President´s Research Group, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Holger Garn
- Translational Inflammation Research Division and Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Timo Buhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Edwards C, Shah SA, Gebhardt T, Jewell CM. Exploiting Unique Features of Microneedles to Modulate Immunity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302410. [PMID: 37380199 PMCID: PMC10753036 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Microneedle arrays (MNAs) are small patches containing hundreds of short projections that deliver signals directly to dermal layers without causing pain. These technologies are of special interest for immunotherapy and vaccine delivery because they directly target immune cells concentrated in the skin. The targeting abilities of MNAs result in efficient immune responses-often more protective or therapeutic-compared to conventional needle delivery. MNAs also offer logistical benefits, such as self-administration and transportation without refrigeration. Thus, numerous preclinical and clinical studies are exploring these technologies. Here the unique advantages of MNA, as well as critical challenges-such as manufacturing and sterility issues-the field faces to enable widespread deployment are discussed. How MNA design parameters can be exploited for controlled release of vaccines and immunotherapies, and the application to preclinical models of infection, cancer, autoimmunity, and allergies are explained. Specific strategies are also discussed to reduce off-target effects compared to conventional vaccine delivery routes, and novel chemical and manufacturing controls that enable cargo stability in MNAs across flexible intervals and temperatures. Clinical research using MNAs is then examined. Drawbacks of MNAs and the implications, and emerging opportunities to exploit MNAs for immune engineering and clinical use are concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Edwards
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Shrey A Shah
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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11
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Maina JN. A critical assessment of the cellular defences of the avian respiratory system: are birds in general and poultry in particular relatively more susceptible to pulmonary infections/afflictions? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:2152-2187. [PMID: 37489059 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In commercial poultry farming, respiratory diseases cause high morbidities and mortalities, begetting colossal economic losses. Without empirical evidence, early observations led to the supposition that birds in general, and poultry in particular, have weak innate and adaptive pulmonary defences and are therefore highly susceptible to injury by pathogens. Recent findings have, however, shown that birds possess notably efficient pulmonary defences that include: (i) a structurally complex three-tiered airway arrangement with aerodynamically intricate air-flow dynamics that provide efficient filtration of inhaled air; (ii) a specialised airway mucosal lining that comprises air-filtering (ciliated) cells and various resident phagocytic cells such as surface and tissue macrophages, dendritic cells and lymphocytes; (iii) an exceptionally efficient mucociliary escalator system that efficiently removes trapped foreign agents; (iv) phagocytotic atrial and infundibular epithelial cells; (v) phagocytically competent surface macrophages that destroy pathogens and injurious particulates; (vi) pulmonary intravascular macrophages that protect the lung from the vascular side; and (vii) proficiently phagocytic pulmonary extravasated erythrocytes. Additionally, the avian respiratory system rapidly translocates phagocytic cells onto the respiratory surface, ostensibly from the subepithelial space and the circulatory system: the mobilised cells complement the surface macrophages in destroying foreign agents. Further studies are needed to determine whether the posited weak defence of the avian respiratory system is a global avian feature or is exclusive to poultry. This review argues that any inadequacies of pulmonary defences in poultry may have derived from exacting genetic manipulation(s) for traits such as rapid weight gain from efficient conversion of food into meat and eggs and the harsh environmental conditions and severe husbandry operations in modern poultry farming. To reduce pulmonary diseases and their severity, greater effort must be directed at establishment of optimal poultry housing conditions and use of more humane husbandry practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Maina
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Campus, Kingsway Avenue, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
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12
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Hervé PL, Dioszeghy V, Matthews K, Bee KJ, Campbell DE, Sampson HA. Recent advances in epicutaneous immunotherapy and potential applications in food allergy. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1290003. [PMID: 37965375 PMCID: PMC10641725 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1290003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the potent immunological properties of the skin, epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) emerges as a promising treatment approach for inducing immune tolerance, particularly for food allergies. Targeting the highly immunocompetent, non-vascularized epidermis allows for the application of microgram amounts of allergen while significantly reducing the risk of allergen passage into the bloodstream, thus limiting systemic allergen exposure and distribution. This makes EPIT highly suitable for the treatment of potentially life-threatening allergies such as food allergies. Multiple approaches to EPIT are currently under investigation for the treatment of food allergy, and these include the use of allergen-coated microneedles, application of allergen on the skin pretreated by tape stripping, abrasion or laser-mediated microperforation, or the application of allergen on the intact skin using an occlusive epicutaneous system. To date, the most clinically advanced approach to EPIT is the Viaskin technology platform. Viaskin is an occlusive epicutaneous system (patch) containing dried native allergen extracts, without adjuvants, which relies on frequent application for the progressive passage of small amounts of allergen to the epidermis through occlusion of the intact skin. Numerous preclinical studies of Viaskin have demonstrated that this particular approach to EPIT can induce potent and long-lasting T-regulatory cells with broad homing capabilities, which can exert their suppressive effects in multiple organs and ameliorate immune responses from different routes of allergen exposure. Clinical trials of the Viaskin patch have studied the efficacy and safety for the treatment of life-threatening allergies in younger patients, at an age when allergic diseases start to occur. Moreover, this treatment approach is designed to provide a non-invasive therapy with no restrictions on daily activities. Taken together, the preclinical and clinical data on the use of EPIT support the continued investigation of this therapeutic approach to provide improved treatment options for patients with allergic disorders in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dianne E. Campbell
- DBV Technologies, Montrouge, France
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hugh A. Sampson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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13
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Joshi M, Hiremath P, John J, Ranadive N, Nandakumar K, Mudgal J. Modulatory role of vitamins A, B3, C, D, and E on skin health, immunity, microbiome, and diseases. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:1096-1114. [PMID: 37673852 PMCID: PMC10539462 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the skin barrier and immunity has been associated with several skin diseases, namely atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, and acne. Resident and non-resident immune cells and the barrier system of the skin are integral to innate immunity. Recent advances in understanding skin microbiota have opened the scope of further understanding the various communications between these microbiota and skin immune cells. Vitamins, being one of the important micronutrients, have been reported to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial effects. The immunomodulatory action of vitamins can halt the progression of skin diseases, and thus, understanding the immuno-pharmacology of these vitamins, especially for skin diseases can pave the way for their therapeutic potential. At the same time, molecular and cellular markers modulated with these vitamins and their derivatives need to be explored. The present review is focused on significant vitamins (vitamins A, B3, C, D, and E) consumed as nutritional supplements to discuss the outcomes and scope of studies related to skin immunity, health, and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahika Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Priyanka Hiremath
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Jeena John
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Niraja Ranadive
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishnadas Nandakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
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14
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Dahri M, Beheshtizadeh N, Seyedpour N, Nakhostin-Ansari A, Aghajani F, Seyedpour S, Masjedi M, Farjadian F, Maleki R, Adibkia K. Biomaterial-based delivery platforms for transdermal immunotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115048. [PMID: 37385212 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, immunotherapy is one of the most essential treatments for various diseases and a broad spectrum of disorders are assumed to be treated by altering the function of the immune system. For this reason, immunotherapy has attracted a great deal of attention and numerous studies on different approaches for immunotherapies have been investigated, using multiple biomaterials and carriers, from nanoparticles (NPs) to microneedles (MNs). In this review, the immunotherapy strategies, biomaterials, devices, and diseases supposed to be treated by immunotherapeutic strategies are reviewed. Several transdermal therapeutic methods, including semisolids, skin patches, chemical, and physical skin penetration enhancers, are discussed. MNs are the most frequent devices implemented in transdermal immunotherapy of cancers (e.g., melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, cervical, and breast cancer), infectious (e.g., COVID-19), allergic and autoimmune disorders (e.g., Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and Pollinosis). The biomaterials used in transdermal immunotherapy vary in shape, size, and sensitivity to external stimuli (e.g., magnetic field, photo, redox, pH, thermal, and even multi-stimuli-responsive) were reported. Correspondingly, vesicle-based NPs, including niosomes, transferosomes, ethosomes, microemulsions, transfersomes, and exosomes, are also discussed. In addition, transdermal immunotherapy using vaccines has been reviewed for Ebola, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Hepatitis B virus, Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and Tetanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Dahri
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Computational Biology and Chemistry Group (CBCG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Beheshtizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Regenerative Medicine group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Seyedpour
- Nanomedicine Research Association (NRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Nakhostin-Ansari
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Aghajani
- Research Development Center, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Seyedpour
- Nanomedicine Research Association (NRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moein Masjedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Maleki
- Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Sciences and Technology (IROST), P.O. Box 33535111 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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15
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Kamenjarin N, Hodapp K, Melchior F, Harms G, Hartmann AK, Bartneck J, Muth S, Raker VK, Becker C, Brand A, Clausen BE, Radsak MP, Schild H, Probst HC. Cross-presenting Langerhans cells are required for the early reactivation of resident CD8 + memory T cells in the epidermis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219932120. [PMID: 37579158 PMCID: PMC10450660 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219932120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRM) reside at sites of previous infection, providing protection against reinfection with the same pathogen. In the skin, TRM patrol the epidermis, where keratinocytes are the entry site for many viral infections. Epidermal TRM react rapidly to cognate antigen encounter with the secretion of cytokines and differentiation into cytotoxic effector cells, constituting a first line of defense against skin reinfection. Despite the important protective role of skin TRM, it has remained unclear, whether their reactivation requires a professional antigen-presenting cell (APC). We show here, using a model system that allows antigen targeting selectively to keratinocytes in a defined area of the skin, that limited antigen expression by keratinocytes results in rapid, antigen-specific reactivation of skin TRM. Our data identify epidermal Langerhans cells that cross-present keratinocyte-derived antigens, as the professional APC indispensable for the early reactivation of TRM in the epidermal layer of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kamenjarin
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin Hodapp
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Melchior
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Gregory Harms
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Hartmann
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Joschka Bartneck
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Muth
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Verena K. Raker
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Becker
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Brand
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Björn E. Clausen
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus P. Radsak
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
- Third Department of Medicine, Hematology, Oncology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Probst
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131Mainz, Germany
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16
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Ung T, Rutledge NS, Weiss AM, Esser-Kahn AP, Deak P. Cell-targeted vaccines: implications for adaptive immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1221008. [PMID: 37662903 PMCID: PMC10468591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1221008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in immunology and chemistry have facilitated advancements in targeted vaccine technology. Targeting specific cell types, tissue locations, or receptors can allow for modulation of the adaptive immune response to vaccines. This review provides an overview of cellular targets of vaccines, suggests methods of targeting and downstream effects on immune responses, and summarizes general trends in the literature. Understanding the relationships between vaccine targets and subsequent adaptive immune responses is critical for effective vaccine design. This knowledge could facilitate design of more effective, disease-specialized vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Ung
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nakisha S. Rutledge
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Adam M. Weiss
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Peter Deak
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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17
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Strizova Z, Benesova I, Bartolini R, Novysedlak R, Cecrdlova E, Foley L, Striz I. M1/M2 macrophages and their overlaps - myth or reality? Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:1067-1093. [PMID: 37530555 PMCID: PMC10407193 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages represent heterogeneous cell population with important roles in defence mechanisms and in homoeostasis. Tissue macrophages from diverse anatomical locations adopt distinct activation states. M1 and M2 macrophages are two polarized forms of mononuclear phagocyte in vitro differentiation with distinct phenotypic patterns and functional properties, but in vivo, there is a wide range of different macrophage phenotypes in between depending on the microenvironment and natural signals they receive. In human infections, pathogens use different strategies to combat macrophages and these strategies include shaping the macrophage polarization towards one or another phenotype. Macrophages infiltrating the tumours can affect the patient's prognosis. M2 macrophages have been shown to promote tumour growth, while M1 macrophages provide both tumour-promoting and anti-tumour properties. In autoimmune diseases, both prolonged M1 activation, as well as altered M2 function can contribute to their onset and activity. In human atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages expressing both M1 and M2 profiles have been detected as one of the potential factors affecting occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. In allergic inflammation, T2 cytokines drive macrophage polarization towards M2 profiles, which promote airway inflammation and remodelling. M1 macrophages in transplantations seem to contribute to acute rejection, while M2 macrophages promote the fibrosis of the graft. The view of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages suppressing inflammation seems to be an oversimplification because these cells exploit very high level of plasticity and represent a large scale of different immunophenotypes with overlapping properties. In this respect, it would be more precise to describe macrophages as M1-like and M2-like.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Strizova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Benesova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robin Bartolini
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, U.K
| | - Rene Novysedlak
- Third Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Cecrdlova
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lily Koumbas Foley
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, U.K
| | - Ilja Striz
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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18
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Peterman E, Quitevis EJ, Goo CE, Rasmussen JP. Rho-associated kinase regulates Langerhans cell morphology and responsiveness to tissue damage. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.28.550974. [PMID: 37546841 PMCID: PMC10402157 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.28.550974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Skin is often the first physical barrier to encounter invading pathogens and physical damage. Damage to the skin must be resolved quickly and efficiently to maintain organ homeostasis. Epidermal-resident immune cells known as Langerhans cells use dendritic protrusions to dynamically surveil the skin microenvironment, which contains epithelial keratinocytes and somatosensory peripheral axons. The mechanisms governing Langerhans cell dendrite dynamics and responses to tissue damage are not well understood. Using skin explants from adult zebrafish, we show that Langerhans cells maintain normal surveillance activity following axonal degeneration and use their dynamic dendrites to engulf small axonal debris. By contrast, a ramified-to-rounded shape transition accommodates the engulfment of larger keratinocyte debris. We find that Langerhans cell dendrites are richly populated with actin and sensitive to a broad spectrum actin inhibitor. We further show that Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibition leads to elongated dendrites, perturbed clearance of large debris, and reduced Langerhans cell migration to tissue-scale wounds. Altogether, our work describes the unique dynamics of Langerhans cells and involvement of the ROCK pathway in immune cell responses to damage of varying magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peterman
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Camille E.A. Goo
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Rasmussen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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19
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Leanpolchareanchai J, Teeranachaideekul V. Topical Microemulsions: Skin Irritation Potential and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Herbal Substances. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:999. [PMID: 37513911 PMCID: PMC10384732 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microemulsions (MEs) have gained prominence as effective drug delivery systems owing to their optical transparency, low viscosity, and thermodynamic stability. MEs, when stabilized with surfactants and/or co-surfactants, exhibit enhanced drug solubilization, prolonged shelf life, and simple preparation methods. This review examines the various types of MEs, explores different preparation techniques, and investigates characterization approaches. Plant extracts and bioactive compounds are well established for their utilization as active ingredients in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Being derived from natural sources, they serve as preferable alternatives to synthetic chemicals. Furthermore, they have demonstrated a wide range of therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. However, the topical application of plant extracts and bioactive compounds has certain limitations, such as low skin absorption and stability. To overcome these challenges, the utilization of MEs enables enhanced skin absorption, thereby making them a valuable mode of administration. However, considering the significant surfactant content in MEs, this review evaluates the potential skin irritation caused by MEs containing herbal substances. Additionally, the review explores the topical application of MEs specifically for herbal substances, with an emphasis on their anti-inflammatory properties.
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20
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Wang J, Parajuli N, Wang Q, Khalasawi N, Peng H, Zhang J, Yin C, Mi QS, Zhou L. MiR-23a Regulates Skin Langerhans Cell Phagocytosis and Inflammation-Induced Langerhans Cell Repopulation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:925. [PMID: 37508356 PMCID: PMC10376168 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are skin-resident macrophage that act similarly to dendritic cells for controlling adaptive immunity and immune tolerance in the skin, and they are key players in the development of numerous skin diseases. While TGF-β and related downstream signaling pathways are known to control numerous aspects of LC biology, little is known about the epigenetic signals that coordinate cell signaling during LC ontogeny, maintenance, and function. Our previous studies in a total miRNA deletion mouse model showed that miRNAs are critically involved in embryonic LC development and postnatal LC homeostasis; however, the specific miRNA(s) that regulate LCs remain unknown. miR-23a is the first member of the miR-23a-27a-24-2 cluster, a direct downstream target of PU.1 and TGF-b, which regulate the determination of myeloid versus lymphoid fates. Therefore, we used a myeloid-specific miR-23a deletion mouse model to explore whether and how miR-23a affects LC ontogeny and function in the skin. We observed the indispensable role of miR-23a in LC antigen uptake and inflammation-induced LC epidermal repopulation; however, embryonic LC development and postnatal homeostasis were not affected by cells lacking miR23a. Our results suggest that miR-23a controls LC phagocytosis by targeting molecules that regulate efferocytosis and endocytosis, whereas miR-23a promotes homeostasis in bone marrow-derived LCs that repopulate the skin after inflammatory insult by targeting Fas and Bcl-2 family proapoptotic molecules. Collectively, the context-dependent regulatory role of miR-23a in LCs represents an extra-epigenetic layer that incorporates TGF-b- and PU.1-mediated regulation during steady-state and inflammation-induced repopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.W.); (N.P.); (Q.W.); (C.Y.)
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Nirmal Parajuli
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.W.); (N.P.); (Q.W.); (C.Y.)
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Qiyan Wang
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.W.); (N.P.); (Q.W.); (C.Y.)
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Namir Khalasawi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.W.); (N.P.); (Q.W.); (C.Y.)
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Hongmei Peng
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.W.); (N.P.); (Q.W.); (C.Y.)
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.W.); (N.P.); (Q.W.); (C.Y.)
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Congcong Yin
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.W.); (N.P.); (Q.W.); (C.Y.)
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.W.); (N.P.); (Q.W.); (C.Y.)
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Li Zhou
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.W.); (N.P.); (Q.W.); (C.Y.)
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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21
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Jakovija A, Chtanova T. Skin immunity in wound healing and cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1060258. [PMID: 37398649 PMCID: PMC10312005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1060258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is the body's largest organ. It serves as a barrier to pathogen entry and the first site of immune defense. In the event of a skin injury, a cascade of events including inflammation, new tissue formation and tissue remodeling contributes to wound repair. Skin-resident and recruited immune cells work together with non-immune cells to clear invading pathogens and debris, and guide the regeneration of damaged host tissues. Disruption to the wound repair process can lead to chronic inflammation and non-healing wounds. This, in turn, can promote skin tumorigenesis. Tumors appropriate the wound healing response as a way of enhancing their survival and growth. Here we review the role of resident and skin-infiltrating immune cells in wound repair and discuss their functions in regulating both inflammation and development of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnolda Jakovija
- Immunity Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- St. Vincent’s School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tatyana Chtanova
- Immunity Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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22
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Walvekar P, Kumar P, Choonara YE. Long-acting vaccine delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114897. [PMID: 37225091 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bolus vaccines are often administered multiple times due to rapid clearance and reduced transportation to draining lymph nodes resulting in inadequate activation of T and B lymphocytes. In order to achieve adaptive immunity, prolonged exposure of antigens to these immune cells is crucial. Recent research has been focusing on developing long-acting biomaterial-based vaccine delivery systems, which can modulate the release of encapsulated antigens or epitopes to facilitate enhanced antigen presentation in lymph nodes and subsequently achieve robust T and B cell responses. Over the past few years, various polymers and lipids have been extensively explored to develop effective biomaterial-based vaccine strategies. The article reviews relevant polymer and lipid-based strategies used to prepare long-acting vaccine carriers and discusses their results concerning immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Walvekar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | - Yahya E Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa.
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23
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McNamee M, Wong S, Guy O, Sharma S. Microneedle technology for potential SARS-CoV-2 vaccine delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37128730 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2209718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microneedle fabrication was conceptualised in the 1970s as devices for painless transdermal drug delivery. The last two decades have seen considerable research and financial investment in this area with SARS-CoV-2 and other vaccines catalysing their application to in vivo intradermal vaccine delivery. Microneedle arrays have been fabricated in different shapes, geometries, formats, and out of different materials. AREAS COVERED The recent pandemic has offered microneedle platforms the opportunity to be employed as a vehicle for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine administration. The various modes of vaccination delivery and the potential of microneedle arrays-based vaccines will be presented, with a specific focus placed on recent SARS-CoV-2 research. The advantages of microneedle-based vaccine administration, in addition to the major hurdles to their en masse implementation, will be examined. EXPERT OPINION Considering the widely acknowledged disadvantages of current vaccine delivery, such as anxiety, pain, and the requirement for professional administration, a large shift in this research sphere is imminent. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has catalysed the development of alternate vaccination platforms, working to avoid the requirement for mass vaccination centres. As microneedle vaccine patches are transitioning through clinical study phases, research will be required to ready this technology for a more mass production environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan McNamee
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Fabian Way, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Shuyi Wong
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Fabian Way, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Owen Guy
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Fabian Way, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Sanjiv Sharma
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Fabian Way, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
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24
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Peñaherrera S, Ruiz C, Castañeda V, Livingston K, Barba D, Burzio VA, Caicedo A, Singh KK. Exploring the role of mitochondria transfer/transplant and their long-non-coding RNAs in regenerative therapies for skin aging. Mitochondrion 2023; 70:41-53. [PMID: 36921832 PMCID: PMC10400337 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Advancing age and environmental stressors lead to mitochondrial dysfunction in the skin, inducing premature aging, impaired regeneration, and greater risk of cancer. Cells rely on the communication between the mitochondria and the nucleus by tight regulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) to avoid premature aging and maintain healthy skin. LncRNAs act as key regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and maintenance of skin structure. However, research on how the lncRNAs are dysregulated during aging and due to stressors is needed to develop therapies to regenerate skin's function and structure. In this article, we discuss how age and environmental stressors may alter lncRNA homeodynamics, compromising cell survival and skin health, and how these factors may become inducers of skin aging. We describe skin cell types and how they depend on mitochondrial function and lncRNAs. We also provide a list of mitochondria localized and nuclear lncRNAs that can serve to better understand skin aging. Using bioinformatic prediction tools, we predict possible functions of lncRNAs based on their subcellular localization. We also search for experimentally determined protein interactions and the biological processes involved. Finally, we provide therapeutic strategies based on gene editing and mitochondria transfer/transplant (AMT/T) to restore lncRNA regulation and skin health. This article offers a unique perspective in understanding and defining the therapeutic potential of mitochondria localized lncRNAs (mt-lncRNAs) and AMT/T to treat skin aging and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Peñaherrera
- Biotecnología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cristina Ruiz
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Verónica Castañeda
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
- PhD Program in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kathryn Livingston
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
- Purdue University, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana, United States
| | - Diego Barba
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Verónica A Burzio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Caicedo
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador
- Sistemas Médicos SIME, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Keshav K. Singh
- Departments of Genetics, Dermatology and Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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25
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Licá ICL, Frazão GCCG, Nogueira RA, Lira MGS, dos Santos VAF, Rodrigues JGM, Miranda GS, Carvalho RC, Silva LA, Guerra RNM, Nascimento FRF. Immunological mechanisms involved in macrophage activation and polarization in schistosomiasis. Parasitology 2023; 150:401-415. [PMID: 36601859 PMCID: PMC10089811 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human schistosomiasis is caused by helminths of the genus Schistosoma. Macrophages play a crucial role in the immune regulation of this disease. These cells acquire different phenotypes depending on the type of stimulus they receive. M1 macrophages can be ‘classically activated’ and can display a proinflammatory phenotype. M2 or ‘alternatively activated’ macrophages are considered anti-inflammatory cells. Despite the relevance of macrophages in controlling infections, the role of the functional types of these cells in schistosomiasis is unclear. This review highlights different molecules and/or macrophage activation and polarization pathways during Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum infection. This review is based on original and review articles obtained through searches in major databases, including Scopus, Google Scholar, ACS, PubMed, Wiley, Scielo, Web of Science, LILACS and ScienceDirect. Our findings emphasize the importance of S. mansoni and S. japonicum antigens in macrophage polarization, as they exert immunomodulatory effects in different stages of the disease and are therefore important as therapeutic targets for schistosomiasis and in vaccine development. A combination of different antigens can provide greater protection, as it possibly stimulates an adequate immune response for an M1 or M2 profile and leads to host resistance; however, this warrants in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irlla Correia Lima Licá
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Gleycka Cristine Carvalho Gomes Frazão
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Ranielly Araujo Nogueira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Maria Gabriela Sampaio Lira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Vitor Augusto Ferreira dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - João Gustavo Mendes Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Silva Miranda
- Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, São Raimundo das Mangabeiras, Brazil
| | - Rafael Cardoso Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Lucilene Amorim Silva
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Rosane Nassar Meireles Guerra
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Flávia Raquel Fernandes Nascimento
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
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26
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Peterman E, Quitevis EJA, Black EC, Horton EC, Aelmore RL, White E, Sagasti A, Rasmussen JP. Zebrafish cutaneous injury models reveal that Langerhans cells engulf axonal debris in adult epidermis. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049911. [PMID: 36876992 PMCID: PMC10110399 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory neurons extend enormous peripheral axons to the skin, where they detect diverse environmental stimuli. Somatosensory peripheral axons are easily damaged due to their small caliber and superficial location. Axonal damage results in Wallerian degeneration, creating vast quantities of cellular debris that phagocytes must remove to maintain organ homeostasis. The cellular mechanisms that ensure efficient clearance of axon debris from stratified adult skin are unknown. Here, we established zebrafish scales as a tractable model to study axon degeneration in the adult epidermis. Using this system, we demonstrated that skin-resident immune cells known as Langerhans cells engulf the majority of axon debris. In contrast to immature skin, adult keratinocytes did not significantly contribute to debris removal, even in animals lacking Langerhans cells. Our study establishes a powerful new model for studying Wallerian degeneration and identifies a new function for Langerhans cells in maintenance of adult skin homeostasis following injury. These findings have important implications for pathologies that trigger somatosensory axon degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peterman
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Erik C. Black
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Emma C. Horton
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rune L. Aelmore
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ethan White
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alvaro Sagasti
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Rasmussen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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27
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Salman S, Guermonprez C, Peno-Mazzarino L, Lati E, Rousseaud A, Declercq L, Kerdine-Römer S. Photobiomodulation Controls Keratinocytes Inflammatory Response through Nrf2 and Reduces Langerhans Cells Activation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030766. [PMID: 36979014 PMCID: PMC10045240 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) is rapidly gaining traction as a valuable tool in dermatology for treating many inflammatory skin conditions using low levels of visible light or near-infrared radiation. However, the physiological regulatory pathways responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect of PBM have not been well defined. Since previous studies showed that nuclear factor-erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf2) is a master regulator of the skin inflammatory response, we have addressed its role in controlling inflammation by PBM. Primary human keratinocytes (KCs) stimulated with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to mimic pro-inflammatory stress were illuminated with two wavelengths: 660 nm or 520 nm. Both lights significantly reduced the mRNA expression of the DNCB-triggered TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 cytokines in KCs, while they enhanced Nrf2 pathway activation. PBM-induced Nrf2 is a key regulator of the inflammatory response in KCs since its absence abolished the regulatory effect of light on cytokines production. Further investigations of the mechanisms contributing to the immunoregulatory effect of PBM in inflamed human skin explants showed that 660 nm light prevented Langerhans cells migration into the dermis, preserving their dendricity, and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production compared to the DNCB-treated group. This study is the first to report that the PBM-mediated anti-inflammatory response in KCs is Nrf2-dependent and further support the role of PBM in skin immunomodulation. Therefore, PBM should be considered a promising alternative or complementary therapeutic approach for treating skin-related inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salman
- Inserm, Inflammation Microbiome Immunosurveillance, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
- Lightinderm, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Cyprien Guermonprez
- Lightinderm, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | | | - Elian Lati
- Laboratoire BIO-EC, 91160 Longjumeau, France
| | - Audrey Rousseaud
- Lightinderm, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Lieve Declercq
- Lightinderm, Pépinière Paris Santé Cochin, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Saadia Kerdine-Römer
- Inserm, Inflammation Microbiome Immunosurveillance, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
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28
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de Szalay S, Wertz PW. Protective Barriers Provided by the Epidermis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043145. [PMID: 36834554 PMCID: PMC9961209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the body and consists of an epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous adipose tissue. The skin surface area is often stated to be about 1.8 to 2 m2 and represents our interface with the environment; however, when one considers that microorganisms live in the hair follicles and can enter sweat ducts, the area that interacts with this aspect of the environment becomes about 25-30 m2. Although all layers of the skin, including the adipose tissue, participate in antimicrobial defense, this review will focus mainly on the role of the antimicrobial factors in the epidermis and at the skin surface. The outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, is physically tough and chemically inert which protects against numerous environmental stresses. It provides a permeability barrier which is attributable to lipids in the intercellular spaces between the corneocytes. In addition to the permeability barrier, there is an innate antimicrobial barrier at the skin surface which involves antimicrobial lipids, peptides and proteins. The skin surface has a low surface pH and is poor in certain nutrients, which limits the range of microorganisms that can survive there. Melanin and trans-urocanic acid provide protection from UV radiation, and Langerhans cells in the epidermis are poised to monitor the local environment and to trigger an immune response as needed. Each of these protective barriers will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah de Szalay
- Sarah de Szalay Consulting, LLC, Wesy Milford, NJ 07480, USA
| | - Philip W. Wertz
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
- Correspondence:
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29
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Rui Y, Eppler HB, Yanes AA, Jewell CM. Tissue-Targeted Drug Delivery Strategies to Promote Antigen-Specific Immune Tolerance. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202238. [PMID: 36417578 PMCID: PMC9992113 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During autoimmunity or organ transplant rejection, the immune system attacks host or transplanted tissue, causing debilitating inflammation for millions of patients. There is no cure for most of these diseases. Further, available therapies modulate inflammation through nonspecific pathways, reducing symptoms but also compromising patients' ability to mount healthy immune responses. Recent preclinical advances to regulate immune dysfunction with vaccine-like antigen specificity reveal exciting opportunities to address the root cause of autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection. Several of these therapies are currently undergoing clinical trials, underscoring the promise of antigen-specific tolerance. Achieving antigen-specific tolerance requires precision and often combinatorial delivery of antigen, cytokines, small molecule drugs, and other immunomodulators. This can be facilitated by biomaterial technologies, which can be engineered to orient and display immunological cues, protect against degradation, and selectively deliver signals to specific tissues or cell populations. In this review, some key immune cell populations involved in autoimmunity and healthy immune tolerance are described. Opportunities for drug delivery to immunological organs are discussed, where specialized tissue-resident immune cells can be programmed to respond in unique ways toward antigens. Finally, cell- and biomaterial-based therapies to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance that are currently undergoing clinical trials are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Rui
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Haleigh B. Eppler
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Biological Sciences Training Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Alexis A. Yanes
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Biological Sciences Training Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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30
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Eder J, Zijlstra-Willems E, Koen G, Kootstra NA, Wolthers KC, Geijtenbeek TB. Transmission of Zika virus by dendritic cell subsets in skin and vaginal mucosa. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125565. [PMID: 36949942 PMCID: PMC10025456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus is a member of the Flaviviridae family that has caused recent outbreaks associated with neurological malformations. Transmission of Zika virus occurs primarily via mosquito bite but also via sexual contact. Dendritic cells (DCs) and Langerhans cells (LCs) are important antigen presenting cells in skin and vaginal mucosa and paramount to induce antiviral immunity. To date, little is known about the first cells targeted by Zika virus in these tissues as well as subsequent dissemination of the virus to other target cells. We therefore investigated the role of DCs and LCs in Zika virus infection. Human monocyte derived DCs (moDCs) were isolated from blood and primary immature LCs were obtained from human skin and vaginal explants. Zika virus exposure to moDCs but not skin and vaginal LCs induced Type I Interferon responses. Zika virus efficiently infected moDCs but neither epidermal nor vaginal LCs became infected. Infection of a human full skin model showed that DC-SIGN expressing dermal DCs are preferentially infected over langerin+ LCs. Notably, not only moDCs but also skin and vaginal LCs efficiently transmitted Zika virus to target cells. Transmission by LCs was independent of direct infection of LCs. These data suggest that DCs and LCs are among the first target cells for Zika virus not only in the skin but also the genital tract. The role of vaginal LCs in dissemination of Zika virus from the vaginal mucosa further emphasizes the threat of sexual transmission and supports the investigation of prophylaxes that go beyond mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Eder
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther Zijlstra-Willems
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A. Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katja C. Wolthers
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Teunis B. Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Teunis B. Geijtenbeek,
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31
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Soliman AM, Barreda DR. Acute Inflammation in Tissue Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010641. [PMID: 36614083 PMCID: PMC9820461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There are well-established links between acute inflammation and successful tissue repair across evolution. Innate immune reactions contribute significantly to pathogen clearance and activation of subsequent reparative events. A network of molecular and cellular regulators supports antimicrobial and tissue repair functions throughout the healing process. A delicate balance must be achieved between protection and the potential for collateral tissue damage associated with overt inflammation. In this review, we summarize the contributions of key cellular and molecular components to the acute inflammatory process and the effective and timely transition toward activation of tissue repair mechanisms. We further discuss how the disruption of inflammatory responses ultimately results in chronic non-healing injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro M. Soliman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Daniel R. Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(780)492-0375
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Neagu M, Constantin C, Jugulete G, Cauni V, Dubrac S, Szöllősi AG, Zurac S. Langerhans Cells-Revising Their Role in Skin Pathologies. J Pers Med 2022; 12:2072. [PMID: 36556292 PMCID: PMC9782496 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12122072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) constitute a cellular immune network across the epidermis. Because they are located at the skin barrier, they are considered immune sentinels of the skin. These antigen-presenting cells are capable of migrating to skin draining lymph nodes to prime adaptive immune cells, namely T- and B-lymphocytes, which will ultimately lead to a broad range of immune responses. Moreover, LCs have been shown to possess important roles in the anti-cancer immune responses. Indeed, the literature nicely highlights the role of LCs in melanoma. In line with this, LCs have been found in melanoma tissues where they contribute to the local immune response. Moreover, the immunogenic properties of LCs render them attractive targets for designing vaccines to treat melanoma and autoimmune diseases. Overall, future studies will help to enlarge the portfolio of immune properties of LCs, and aid the prognosis and development of novel therapeutic approaches to treating skin pathologies, including cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Neagu
- Immunology Department, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 76201 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Immunology Department, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gheorghita Jugulete
- Department of Infectious Diseases, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Clinical Section IX—Pediatrics, “Prof. Dr. Matei Balş” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Victor Cauni
- Department of Urology, Colentina University Hospital, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Attila Gábor Szöllősi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sabina Zurac
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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Sim SL, Kumari S, Kaur S, Khosrotehrani K. Macrophages in Skin Wounds: Functions and Therapeutic Potential. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1659. [PMID: 36359009 PMCID: PMC9687369 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages regulate cutaneous wound healing by immune surveillance, tissue repair and remodelling. The depletion of dermal macrophages during the early and middle stages of wound healing has a detrimental impact on wound closure, characterised by reduced vessel density, fibroblast and myofibroblast proliferation, delayed re-epithelization and abated post-healing fibrosis and scar formation. However, in some animal species, oral mucosa and foetal life, cutaneous wounds can heal normally and remain scarless without any involvement of macrophages. These paradoxical observations have created much controversy on macrophages' indispensable role in skin wound healing. Advanced knowledge gained by characterising macrophage subsets, their plasticity in switching phenotypes and molecular drivers provides new insights into their functional importance during cutaneous wound healing. In this review, we highlight the recent findings on skin macrophage subsets, their functional role in adult cutaneous wound healing and the potential benefits of targeting them for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seen Ling Sim
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Snehlata Kumari
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Simranpreet Kaur
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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Cichoń MA, Pfisterer K, Leitner J, Wagner L, Staud C, Steinberger P, Elbe-Bürger A. Interoperability of RTN1A in dendrite dynamics and immune functions in human Langerhans cells. eLife 2022; 11:80578. [PMID: 36223176 PMCID: PMC9555864 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is an active immune organ where professional antigen-presenting cells such as epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) link innate and adaptive immune responses. While Reticulon 1A (RTN1A) was recently identified in LCs and dendritic cells in cutaneous and lymphoid tissues of humans and mice, its function is still unclear. Here, we studied the involvement of this protein in cytoskeletal remodeling and immune responses toward pathogens by stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in resident LCs (rLCs) and emigrated LCs (eLCs) in human epidermis ex vivo and in a transgenic THP-1 RTN1A+ cell line. Hampering RTN1A functionality through an inhibitory antibody induced significant dendrite retraction of rLCs and inhibited their emigration. Similarly, expression of RTN1A in THP-1 cells significantly altered their morphology, enhanced aggregation potential, and inhibited the Ca2+ flux. Differentiated THP-1 RTN1A+ macrophages exhibited long cell protrusions and a larger cell body size in comparison to wild-type cells. Further, stimulation of epidermal sheets with bacterial lipoproteins (TLR1/2 and TLR2 agonists) and single-stranded RNA (TLR7 agonist) resulted in the formation of substantial clusters of rLCs and a significant decrease of RTN1A expression in eLCs. Together, our data indicate involvement of RTN1A in dendrite dynamics and structural plasticity of primary LCs. Moreover, we discovered a relation between activation of TLRs, clustering of LCs, and downregulation of RTN1A within the epidermis, thus indicating an important role of RTN1A in LC residency and maintaining tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Pfisterer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Leitner
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Wagner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clement Staud
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Jay Sarkar T, Hermsmeier M, L. Ross J, Scott Herron G. Genetic and Epigenetic Influences on Cutaneous Cellular Senescence. Physiology (Bethesda) 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.101152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest human organ system, and its protective function is critical to survival. The epithelial, dermal, and subcutaneous compartments are heterogeneous mixtures of cell types, yet they all display age-related skin dysfunction through the accumulation of an altered phenotypic cellular state called senescence. Cellular senescence is triggered by complex and dynamic genetic and epigenetic processes. A senescence steady state is achieved in different cell types under various and overlapping conditions of chronological age, toxic injury, oxidative stress, replicative exhaustion, DNA damage, metabolic dysfunction, and chromosomal structural changes. These inputs lead to outputs of cell-cycle withdrawal and the appearance of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, both of which accumulate as tissue pathology observed clinically in aged skin. This review details the influence of genetic and epigenetic factors that converge on normal cutaneous cellular processes to create the senescent state, thereby dictating the response of the skin to the forces of both intrinsic and extrinsic aging. From this work, it is clear that no single biomarker or process leads to senescence, but that it is a convergence of factors resulting in an overt aging phenotype.
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Microneedle Delivery of an Adjuvanted Microparticulate Vaccine Induces High Antibody Levels in Mice Vaccinated against Coronavirus. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091491. [PMID: 36146568 PMCID: PMC9503342 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This ‘proof-of-concept’ study aimed to test the microparticulate vaccine delivery system and a transdermal vaccine administration strategy using dissolving microneedles (MN). For this purpose, we formulated poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microparticles (MP) encapsulating the inactivated canine coronavirus (iCCoV), as a model antigen, along with adjuvant MP encapsulating Alhydrogel® and AddaVax. We characterized the vaccine MP for size, surface charge, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency. Further, we evaluated the in vitro immunogenicity, cytotoxicity, and antigen-presentation of vaccine/adjuvant MP in murine dendritic cells (DCs). Additionally, we tested the in vivo immunogenicity of the MP vaccine in mice through MN administration. We evaluated the serum IgG, IgA, IgG1, and IgG2a responses using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results indicate that the particulate form of the vaccine is more immunogenic than the antigen suspension in vitro. We found the vaccine/adjuvant MP to be non-cytotoxic to DCs. The expression of antigen-presenting molecules, MHC I/II, and their costimulatory molecules, CD80/40, increased with the addition of the adjuvants. Moreover, the results suggest that the MP vaccine is cross presented by the DCs. In vivo, the adjuvanted MP vaccine induced increased antibody levels in mice following vaccination and will further be assessed for its cell-mediated responses.
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The Roles of Skin Langerhans Cells in Immune Tolerance and Cancer Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091380. [PMID: 36146458 PMCID: PMC9503294 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are a unique population of tissue-resident macrophages with dendritic cell (DC) functionality that form a network of cells across the epidermis of the skin. Their location at the skin barrier suggests an important role for LC as immune sentinels at the skin surface. The classification of LC as DC over the past few decades has driven the scientific community to extensively study how LC function as DC-like cells that prime T cell immunity. However, LC are a unique type of tissue-resident macrophages, and recent evidence also supports an immunoregulatory role of LC at steady state and during specific inflammatory conditions, highlighting the impact of cutaneous environment in shaping LC functionality. In this mini review, we discuss the recent literature on the immune tolerance function of LC in homeostasis and disease conditions, including malignant transformation and progression; as well as LC functional plasticity for adaption to microenvironmental cues and the potential connection between LC population heterogeneity and functional diversity. Future investigation into the molecular mechanisms that LC use to integrate different microenvironment cues and adapt immunological responses for controlling LC functional plasticity is needed for future breakthroughs in tumor immunology, vaccine development, and treatments for inflammatory skin diseases.
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Anderton H, Chopin M, Dawson CA, Nutt SL, Whitehead L, Silke N, Lalaloui N, Silke J. Langerhans cells are an essential cellular intermediary in chronic dermatitis. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110922. [PMID: 35675765 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SHARPIN regulates signaling from the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily and pattern-recognition receptors. An inactivating Sharpin mutation in mice causes TNF-mediated dermatitis. Blocking cell death prevents the phenotype, implicating TNFR1-induced cell death in causing the skin disease. However, the source of TNF that drives dermatitis is unknown. Immune cells are a potent source of TNF in vivo and feature prominently in the skin pathology; however, T cells, B cells, and eosinophils are dispensable for the skin phenotype. We use targeted in vivo cell ablation, immune profiling, and extensive imaging to identify immune populations driving dermatitis. We find that systemic depletion of Langerin+ cells significantly reduces disease severity. This is enhanced in mice that lack Langerhans cells (LCs) from soon after birth. Reconstitution of LC-depleted Sharpin mutant mice with TNF-deficient LCs prevents dermatitis, implicating LCs as a potential cellular source of pathogenic TNF and highlighting a T cell-independent role in driving skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Anderton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Michaël Chopin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Caleb A Dawson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Lachlan Whitehead
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Natasha Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Najoua Lalaloui
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
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Kinetic Characterization of the Immune Response to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Subcutaneous Skin Infection. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0006522. [PMID: 35647662 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00065-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). Studies examining the immune response to S. aureus have been conducted, yet our understanding of the kinetic response to S. aureus subcutaneous skin infection remains incomplete. In this study, we used C57BL/6J mice and USA300 S. aureus to examine the host-pathogen interface from 8 h postinfection to 15 days postinfection (dpi), with the following outcomes measured: lesion size, bacterial titers, local cytokine and chemokine levels, phenotype of the responding leukocytes, and histopathology and Gram staining of skin tissue. Lesions were largest at 1 dpi, with peak necrotic tissue areas at 3 dpi, and were largely resolved by 15 dpi. During early infection, bacterial titers were high, neutrophils were the most abundant immune cell type, there was a decrease in most leukocyte populations found in uninfected skin, and many different cytokines were produced. Histopathological analysis demonstrated swift and extensive keratinocyte death and robust and persistent neutrophil infiltration. Gram staining revealed subdermal S. aureus colonization and, later, limited migration into upper skin layers. Interleukin-17A/F (IL-17A/F) was detected only starting at 5 dpi and coincided with an immediate decrease in bacterial numbers in the following days. After 9 days, neutrophils were no longer the most abundant immune cell type present as most other leukocyte subsets returned, and surface wounds resolved coincident with declining bacterial titers. Collectively, these data illustrate a dynamic immune response to S. aureus skin infection and suggest a key role for precisely timed IL-17 production for infection clearance and healthy tissue formation.
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Cutaneous Wound Healing: A Review about Innate Immune Response and Current Therapeutic Applications. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:5344085. [PMID: 35509434 PMCID: PMC9061066 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5344085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin wounds and compromised wound healing are major concerns for the public. Although skin wound healing has been studied for decades, the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind the process are still not completely clear. The systemic responses to trauma involve the body’s inflammatory and immunomodulatory cellular and humoral networks. Studies over the years provided essential insights into a complex and dynamic immunity during the cutaneous wound healing process. This review will focus on innate cell populations involved in the initial phase of this orchestrated process, including innate cells from both the skin and the immune system.
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Dual Effect of Immune Cells within Tumour Microenvironment: Pro- and Anti-Tumour Effects and Their Triggers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071681. [PMID: 35406451 PMCID: PMC8996887 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our body is constantly exposed to pathogens or external threats, but with the immune response that our body can develop, we can fight off and defeat possible attacks or infections. Nevertheless, sometimes this threat comes from an internal factor. Situations such as the existence of a tumour also cause our immune system (IS) to be put on alert. Indeed, the link between immunology and cancer is evident these days, with IS being used as one of the important targets for treating cancer. Our IS is able to eliminate those abnormal or damaged cells found in our body, preventing the uncontrolled proliferation of tumour cells that can lead to cancer. However, in several cases, tumour cells can escape from the IS. It has been observed that immune cells, the extracellular matrix, blood vessels, fat cells and various molecules could support tumour growth and development. Thus, the developing tumour receives structural support, irrigation and energy, among other resources, making its survival and progression possible. All these components that accompany and help the tumour to survive and to grow are called the tumour microenvironment (TME). Given the importance of its presence in the tumour development process, this review will focus on one of the components of the TME: immune cells. Immune cells can support anti-tumour immune response protecting us against tumour cells; nevertheless, they can also behave as pro-tumoural cells, thus promoting tumour progression and survival. In this review, the anti-tumour and pro-tumour immunity of several immune cells will be discussed. In addition, the TME influence on this dual effect will be also analysed.
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Chen B, Yang J, Song Y, Zhang D, Hao F. Skin Immunosenescence and Type 2 Inflammation: A Mini-Review With an Inflammaging Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:835675. [PMID: 35281103 PMCID: PMC8908007 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.835675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin-resident stromal cells, including keratinocytes, fibroblasts, adipocytes, and immune cells including Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, T cells, and innate lymphoid cells, and their functional products work in concert to ensure the realization of skin barrier immunity. However, aging-induced immunosenescence predisposes the elderly to pruritic dermatoses, including type 2 inflammation-mediated. Inflammaging, characterized by chronic low level of pro-inflammatory cytokines released from senescent cells with the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), may drive immunosenescence and tangle with type 2 inflammatory dermatoses. The present mini-review summarizes current evidence on immunosenescence and type 2 inflammation in the skin and further focuses on future needs from an inflammaging perspective to clarify their complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangtao Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Song
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daojun Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Hao
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Hao,
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Berzosa M, Nemeskalova A, Zúñiga-Ripa A, Salvador-Bescós M, Larrañeta E, Donnelly RF, Gamazo C, Irache JM. Immune Response after Skin Delivery of a Recombinant Heat-Labile Enterotoxin B Subunit of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020239. [PMID: 35213971 PMCID: PMC8875158 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infections have been identified as a major cause of acute diarrhoea in children in developing countries, associated with substantial morbidity and mortality rates. Additionally, ETEC remains the most common cause of acute diarrhea of international travellers to endemic areas. The heat-labile toxin (LT) is a major virulence factor of ETEC, with a significant correlation between the presence of antibodies against LT and protection in infected patients. In the present work, we constructed a recombinant LTB unit (rLTB) and studied the capacity of this toxoid incorporated in microneedles (rLTB-MN) to induce a specific immune response in mice. MN were prepared from aqueous blends of the polymer Gantrez AN® [poly (methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride)], which is not cytotoxic and has been shown to possess immunoadjuvant properties. The mechanical and dissolution properties of rLTB-MNs were evaluated in an in vitro Parafilm M® model and in mice and pig skin ex vivo models. The needle insertion ranged between 378 µm and 504 µm in Parafilm layers, and MNs fully dissolved within 15 min of application inside porcine skin. Moreover, female and male BALB/c mice were immunized through ear skin with one single dose of 5 μg·rLTB in MNs, eliciting significant fecal anti-LT IgA antibodies, higher in female than in male mice. Moreover, we observed an enhanced production of IL-17A by spleen cells in the immunized female mice, indicating a mucosal non-inflammatory and neutralizing mediated response. Further experiments will now be required to validate the protective capacity of this new rLTB-MN formulation against this deadly non-vaccine-preventable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melibea Berzosa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Health, IDISNA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.B.); (A.N.); (A.Z.-R.); (M.S.-B.)
| | - Alzbeta Nemeskalova
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Health, IDISNA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.B.); (A.N.); (A.Z.-R.); (M.S.-B.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Amaia Zúñiga-Ripa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Health, IDISNA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.B.); (A.N.); (A.Z.-R.); (M.S.-B.)
| | - Miriam Salvador-Bescós
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Health, IDISNA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.B.); (A.N.); (A.Z.-R.); (M.S.-B.)
| | - Eneko Larrañeta
- Medical Biology Centre, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (E.L.); (R.F.D.)
| | - Ryan F. Donnelly
- Medical Biology Centre, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (E.L.); (R.F.D.)
| | - Carlos Gamazo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Health, IDISNA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.B.); (A.N.); (A.Z.-R.); (M.S.-B.)
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (J.M.I.)
| | - Juan M. Irache
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (J.M.I.)
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Xu Y, Chen S, Zhang L, Chen G, Chen J. The Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Pruritus Mechanisms of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction in the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:735295. [PMID: 34925005 PMCID: PMC8675233 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.735295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic skin disease driven by a T-cell-mediated immune response, with inflammation and pruritus being its main clinical manifestations. Huanglian Jiedu decoction (HLJDT), which is an ancient Chinese medicine herbal formula derived from Wai-Tai-Mi-Yao, is a potentially effective treatment for AD. We aimed to clarify the anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritus mechanisms of HLJDT in AD treatment. We performed immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Luminex-based direct multiplex immunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and flow cytometry to address the abovementioned aims. HLJDT significantly reduced clinical symptoms and ear swelling in AD-like mice by inhibiting the production of cytokines [histamine, interleukin (IL)-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-31, and IL-33], substance P (SP), transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV-1), and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). Additionally, HLJDT significantly suppressed the protein expression levels and positive cell percentage of CD28, CD80, CD86, CD207, CD326, MHCII, and OX40 in the lymphoid nodes. Moreover, HLJDT significantly suppressed mRNA and protein expression of tyrosine–protein kinase (JAK1), histamine H4 receptor, and IL-4Rα, as well as the protein expression of GRP, SP, and TRPV-1 in the root ganglion. Our findings indicate that HLJDT can treat AD by regulating the antigen presentation function of dendritic cells, weakening T-lymphocyte activation, and subsequently exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritus effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Saizhen Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Guirong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China.,67th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Dalian, China
| | - Jinguang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
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Lau CY, Adan MA, Maldarelli F. Why the HIV Reservoir Never Runs Dry: Clonal Expansion and the Characteristics of HIV-Infected Cells Challenge Strategies to Cure and Control HIV Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:2512. [PMID: 34960781 PMCID: PMC8708047 DOI: 10.3390/v13122512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively reduces cycles of viral replication but does not target proviral populations in cells that persist for prolonged periods and that can undergo clonal expansion. Consequently, chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is sustained during ART by a reservoir of long-lived latently infected cells and their progeny. This proviral landscape undergoes change over time on ART. One of the forces driving change in the landscape is the clonal expansion of infected CD4 T cells, which presents a key obstacle to HIV eradication. Potential mechanisms of clonal expansion include general immune activation, antigenic stimulation, homeostatic proliferation, and provirus-driven clonal expansion, each of which likely contributes in varying, and largely unmeasured, amounts to maintaining the reservoir. The role of clinical events, such as infections or neoplasms, in driving these mechanisms remains uncertain, but characterizing these forces may shed light on approaches to effectively eradicate HIV. A limited number of individuals have been cured of HIV infection in the setting of bone marrow transplant; information from these and other studies may identify the means to eradicate or control the virus without ART. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence and clonal expansion, along with the attempts to modify these factors as part of reservoir reduction and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Yen Lau
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.-Y.L.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Matthew A. Adan
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.-Y.L.); (M.A.A.)
- Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.-Y.L.); (M.A.A.)
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Gylfadottir SS, Itani M, Kristensen AG, Tankisi H, Jensen TS, Sindrup SH, Bennett D, Nyengaard JR, Finnerup NB, Karlsson P. Analysis of Macrophages and Peptidergic Fibers in the Skin of Patients With Painful Diabetic Polyneuropathy. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 9:9/1/e1111. [PMID: 34764216 PMCID: PMC8587735 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The mechanisms of pain in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy are unknown. Studies have suggested a role of inflammation and increased neuropeptides peripherally in pain generation. This study examined the possible skin markers of painful diabetic polyneuropathy (P-DPN): macrophages, substance P (SP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). METHODS The participants were included from a large Danish cross-sectional clinical study of type 2 diabetes. We diagnosed definite diabetic polyneuropathy using the Toronto criteria and used the Neuropathic Pain Special Interest Group classification for defining P-DPN. We included 60 skin biopsies from patients with diabetic polyneuropathy-30 with P-DPN and 30 with nonpainful diabetic polyneuropathy (NP-DPN)-and 30 biopsies from healthy controls of similar age and sex. The biopsies were stained using PGP 9.5, IbA1, and SP and CGRP primary markers. RESULTS There was increased macrophage density in patients with P-DPN (8.0%) compared with that in patients with NP-DPN (5.1%, p < 0.001), and there was increased macrophage density in patients with NP-DPN (5.1%) compared with that in healthy controls (3.1%, p < 0.001). When controlling for neuropathy severity, body mass index, age, and sex, there was still a difference in macrophage density between patients with P-DPN and patients with NP-DPN. Patients with P-DPN had higher median nerve fiber length density (274.5 and 155 mm-2 for SP and CGRP, respectively) compared with patients with NP-DPN (176 and 121 mm-2 for SP and CGRP, respectively, p = 0.009 and 0.04) and healthy controls (185.5 and 121.5 mm-2 for SP and CGRP, respectively), whereas there was no difference between patients with NP-DPN and controls without diabetes (p = 0.64 and 0.49, respectively). The difference between P-DPN and NP-DPN for SP and CGRP was significant only in female patients, although a trend was seen in male patients. DISCUSSION The findings point to a possible involvement of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain in patients with DPN, although markers of activated macrophages were not measured in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pall Karlsson
- From the Danish Pain Research Center (S.S.G., T.S.J., N.B.F., P.K.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University; Research Unit for Neurology (M.I., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.G.K., H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.S.G., T.S.J., N.B.F.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.B.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Core Center for Molecular Morphology (J.R.N., P.K.), Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University; and Department of Pathology (J.R.N.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
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Orsmond A, Bereza-Malcolm L, Lynch T, March L, Xue M. Skin Barrier Dysregulation in Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10841. [PMID: 34639182 PMCID: PMC8509518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin barrier is broadly composed of two elements-a physical barrier mostly localised in the epidermis, and an immune barrier localised in both the dermis and epidermis. These two systems interact cooperatively to maintain skin homeostasis and overall human health. However, if dysregulated, several skin diseases may arise. Psoriasis is one of the most prevalent skin diseases associated with disrupted barrier function. It is characterised by the formation of psoriatic lesions, the aberrant differentiation and proliferation of keratinocytes, and excessive inflammation. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries in disease pathogenesis, including the contribution of keratinocytes, immune cells, genetic and environmental factors, and how they advance current and future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Orsmond
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (A.O.); (L.B.-M.)
- The Australian Arthritis and Autoimmune Biobank Collaborative (A3BC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (T.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Lara Bereza-Malcolm
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (A.O.); (L.B.-M.)
- The Australian Arthritis and Autoimmune Biobank Collaborative (A3BC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (T.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Tom Lynch
- The Australian Arthritis and Autoimmune Biobank Collaborative (A3BC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (T.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Lyn March
- The Australian Arthritis and Autoimmune Biobank Collaborative (A3BC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (T.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Meilang Xue
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (A.O.); (L.B.-M.)
- The Australian Arthritis and Autoimmune Biobank Collaborative (A3BC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (T.L.); (L.M.)
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Mahjoob M, Stochaj U. Curcumin nanoformulations to combat aging-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 69:101364. [PMID: 34000462 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging increases the susceptibility to a diverse set of diseases and disorders, including neurodegeneration, cancer, diabetes, and arthritis. Natural compounds are currently being explored as alternative or complementary agents to treat or prevent aging-related malfunctions. Curcumin, a phytochemical isolated from the spice turmeric, has garnered great interest in recent years. With anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and other physiological activities, curcumin has great potential for health applications. However, the benefits of curcumin are restricted by its low bioavailability and stability in biological systems. Curcumin nanoformulations, or nano-curcumin, may overcome these limitations. This review discusses different forms of nano-curcumin that have been evaluated in vitro and in vivo to treat or prevent aging-associated health impairments. We describe current barriers for the routine use of curcumin nanoformulations in the clinic. Our review highlights outstanding questions and future work that is needed to ensure nano-curcumin is efficient and safe to lessen the burden of aging-related health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mahjoob
- Department of Physiology & Quantitative Life Sciences Program, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ursula Stochaj
- Department of Physiology & Quantitative Life Sciences Program, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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Lázaro-Escudero JA, Chu EY. SnapshotDx Quiz: July 2021. J Invest Dermatol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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