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Navasardyan I, Miwalian R, Petrosyan A, Yeganyan S, Venketaraman V. HIV-TB Coinfection: Current Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Interactions. Viruses 2024; 16:321. [PMID: 38543687 PMCID: PMC10974211 DOI: 10.3390/v16030321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The co-occurrence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) infection poses a significant global health challenge. Treatment of HIV and TB co-infection often necessitates combination therapy involving antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV and anti-TB medications, which introduces the potential for drug-drug interactions (DDIs). These interactions can significantly impact treatment outcomes, the efficacy of treatment, safety, and overall patient well-being. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the DDIs between anti-HIV and anti-TB drugs as well as potential adverse effects resulting from the concomitant use of these medications. Furthermore, such findings may be used to develop personalized therapeutic strategies, dose adjustments, or alternative drug choices to minimize the risk of adverse outcomes and ensure the effective management of HIV and TB co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (I.N.); (R.M.); (A.P.); (S.Y.)
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2
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Khiter F, Kherrouche Z, Dubois V, Slupek S, Petit E, Debrie AS, Cauchi S, Barois N, Rouanet C, Mielcarek N. Combined regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines production by STAT3 and STAT5 in a model of B. pertussis infection of alveolar macrophages. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1254276. [PMID: 37841236 PMCID: PMC10569487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen responsible for whooping-cough or pertussis. Despite high vaccination coverage worldwide, this gram-negative bacterium continues to spread among the population. B. pertussis is transmitted by aerosol droplets from an infected individual to a new host and will colonize its upper respiratory tract. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are effector cells of the innate immune system that phagocytose B. pertussis and secrete both pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators in the lungs. However, understanding their role in B. pertussis pathogenesis at the molecular level is hampered by the limited number of primary AMs that can be collected in vivo. In order to decipher the regulation of innate response induced by B. pertussis infection, we used for the first time self-renewing, non-transformed cells, called Max Planck Institute (MPI) cells, which are phenotypically and functionally very close to pulmonary AMs. Using optimized infection conditions, we characterized the entry and the clearance of B. pertussis within MPI macrophages. We showed that under these conditions, MPI cells exhibit a pro-inflammatory phenotype with the production of TNF, IL-1β, IL-6 and MIP-2α, similarly to primary AMs purified from broncho-alveolar fluids of mice. In addition, we explored the yet uncharacterized role of the signal transduction activator of transcription (STAT) proteins family in the innate immune response to B. pertussis infection and showed for the first time the parallel regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines by STAT3 and STAT5 in MPI macrophages infected by B. pertussis. Altogether, this work highlights the interest of using MPI cells for experiments optimization and preliminary data acquisition to understand B. pertussis interaction with AMs, and thus significantly reduce the number of animals to be sacrificed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fethi Khiter
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Zoulika Kherrouche
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Violaine Dubois
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stéphanie Slupek
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Petit
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Debrie
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Cauchi
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Barois
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Carine Rouanet
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Mielcarek
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
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3
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Ding Y, Bei C, Xue Q, Niu L, Tong J, Chen Y, Takiff HE, Gao Q, Yan B. Transcriptomic Analysis of Mycobacterial Infected Macrophages Reveals a High MOI Specific Type I IFN Signaling. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0015523. [PMID: 37338365 PMCID: PMC10353393 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00155-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage (MΦ) infection models are important tools for studying host-mycobacterial interactions. Although the multiplicity of infection (MOI) is an important experimental variable, the selection of MOI in mycobacterial infection experiments is largely empirical, without reference to solid experimental data. To provide relevant data, we used RNA-seq to analyze the gene expression profiles of MΦs 4 or 24 h after infection with Mycobacterium marinum (M. m) at MOIs ranging from 0.1 to 50. Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that different MOIs are linked to distinct transcriptomic changes and only 10% of DEGs were shared by MΦ infected at all MOIs. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that type I interferon (IFN)-related pathways were inoculant dose-dependent and enriched only at high MOIs, whereas TNF pathways were inoculant dose-independent and enriched at all MOIs. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network alignment showed that different MOIs had distinct key node genes. By fluorescence-activated cell sorting and follow-up RT-PCR analysis, we could separate infected MΦs from uninfected MΦs and found phagocytosis of mycobacteria to be the determinant factor for type I IFN production. The distinct transcriptional regulation of RAW264.7 MΦ genes at different MOIs was also seen with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infections and primary MΦ infection models. In summary, transcriptional profiling of mycobacterial infected MΦs revealed that different MOIs activate distinct immune pathways and the type I IFN pathway is activated only at high MOIs. This study should provide guidance for selecting the MOI most appropriate for different research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Bei
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Xue
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangfei Niu
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfeng Tong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Howard E. Takiff
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, CMBC, IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Qian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yan
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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4
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Ramon-Luing LA, Palacios Y, Ruiz A, Téllez-Navarrete NA, Chavez-Galan L. Virulence Factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as Modulators of Cell Death Mechanisms. Pathogens 2023; 12:839. [PMID: 37375529 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) modulates diverse cell death pathways to escape the host immune responses and favor its dissemination, a complex process of interest in pathogenesis-related studies. The main virulence factors of Mtb that alter cell death pathways are classified according to their origin as either non-protein (for instance, lipomannan) or protein (such as the PE family and ESX secretion system). The 38 kDa lipoprotein, ESAT-6 (early antigen-secreted protein 6 kDa), and another secreted protein, tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT), induces necroptosis, thereby allowing mycobacteria to survive inside the cell. The inhibition of pyroptosis by blocking inflammasome activation by Zmp1 and PknF is another pathway that aids the intracellular replication of Mtb. Autophagy inhibition is another mechanism that allows Mtb to escape the immune response. The enhanced intracellular survival (Eis) protein, other proteins, such as ESX-1, SecA2, SapM, PE6, and certain microRNAs, also facilitate Mtb host immune escape process. In summary, Mtb affects the microenvironment of cell death to avoid an effective immune response and facilitate its spread. A thorough study of these pathways would help identify therapeutic targets to prevent the survival of mycobacteria in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucero A Ramon-Luing
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Yadira Palacios
- Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City 11200, Mexico
- Department of Biological Systems, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Campus Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Andy Ruiz
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Norma A Téllez-Navarrete
- Department of Healthcare Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Leslie Chavez-Galan
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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5
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Zhang J, Han L, Ma Q, Wang X, Yu J, Xu Y, Zhang X, Wu X, Deng G. RIP3 impedes Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival and promotes p62-mediated autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109696. [PMID: 36638666 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage is believed to play a vital role in the fight against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection by activating autophagy. Recently, receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIP3), an essential kinase for necroptotic cell death signaling, has been demonstrated to be involved in autophagy. However, RIP3's role in fighting against M.tb infection remains elusive. Here we show that a substantial increase in inflammatory cell infiltration and higher bacterial burden are observed in the lungs of RIP3-/- mice with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) infection. Meanwhile, RIP3 ameliorates lung injury and promote autophagy via induce autophagosome and autophagolysosome formation which indicate that RIP3 is indispensable for host clearance of BCG via autophagy. Mechanically, RIP3 enhances p62 binding to ubiquitylated proteins and LC3 by interacting with p62, and RHIM domain is required for RIP3-p62 interaction. Hence, our results conclusively show that RIP3 impedes M.tb survival and promotes p62-mediated autophagy. The findings provide further insight into understanding the mechanism of M.tb immune escape and pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Zhang
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, NingXia 750021, China; School of Life Science, NingXia University, Yinchuan, NingXia 750021, China
| | - Lu Han
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, NingXia 750021, China; School of Life Science, NingXia University, Yinchuan, NingXia 750021, China
| | - Qinmei Ma
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, NingXia 750021, China; School of Life Science, NingXia University, Yinchuan, NingXia 750021, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Ningxia Institute for Tuberculosis Control, The Fourth People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Jialin Yu
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, NingXia 750021, China; School of Life Science, NingXia University, Yinchuan, NingXia 750021, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, NingXia 750021, China; School of Life Science, NingXia University, Yinchuan, NingXia 750021, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, NingXia 750021, China; School of Life Science, NingXia University, Yinchuan, NingXia 750021, China.
| | - Guangcun Deng
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, NingXia 750021, China; School of Life Science, NingXia University, Yinchuan, NingXia 750021, China.
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6
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Suo J, Wang X, Zhao R, Ma P, Ge L, Luo T. Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPE7 Enhances Intracellular Survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis and Manipulates Host Cell Cytokine Secretion Through Nuclear Factor Kappa B and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:525-535. [PMID: 36178924 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2022.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The PE/PPE family proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been associated with its virulence and interaction with the host immune system. The highly virulent modern lineage of M. tuberculosis possesses a lineage-specific PPE gene (PPE7), which arises from an ancestral mutation and is rarely studied. Here we examined the role of PPE7 in mycobacterial pathogenicity and survival by expressing M. tuberculosis PPE7 in Mycobacterium smegmatis. We show that, PPE7 activates host inflammation by increasing expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, while suppressing the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, possibly through the nuclear factor kappa B, ERK1/2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Overexpressing PPE7 in M. smegmatis could enhance bacterial intracellular survival of infected macrophages. Furthermore, higher level of bacterial persistence, higher levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 cytokines, and more injury in the lung, liver, and spleen tissues of infected mice has been discovered. In conclusion, PPE7 could manipulate host immune response and increase bacterial persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Suo
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongchuan Zhao
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengjiao Ma
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Ge
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Luo
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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7
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Synthesis and Assessment of the In Vitro and Ex Vivo Activity of Salicylate Synthase (Mbti) Inhibitors as New Candidates for the Treatment of Mycobacterial Infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080992. [PMID: 36015139 PMCID: PMC9413995 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) causes millions of deaths every year, ranking as one of the most dangerous infectious diseases worldwide. Because several pathogenic strains of M. tuberculosis (Mtb) have developed resistance against most of the established anti-TB drugs, new therapeutic options are urgently needed. An attractive target for the development of new anti-TB agents is the salicylate synthase MbtI, the first enzyme of the mycobacterial siderophore biochemical machinery, absent in human cells. In this work, a set of analogues of 5-(3-cyanophenyl)furan-2-carboxylic acid (I), the most potent MbtI inhibitor identified to date, was synthesized, characterized, and tested to further elucidate the structural requirements for achieving an efficient MbtI inhibition and potent antitubercular activity. The structure–activity relationships (SAR) discussed herein evidenced the importance of the side chain linked to the phenyl moiety to improve the in vitro antimycobacterial activity. In detail, 1f emerged as the most effective analogue against the pathogen, acting without cytotoxicity issues. To deepen the understanding of its mechanism of action, we established a fluorescence-based screening test to quantify the pathogen infectivity within host cells, using MPI-2 murine cells, a robust surrogate for alveolar macrophages. The set-up of the new assay demonstrates significant potential to accelerate the discovery of new anti-TB drugs.
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8
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Huck BC, Thiyagarajan D, Bali A, Boese A, Besecke KFW, Hozsa C, Gieseler RK, Furch M, Carvalho‐Wodarz C, Waldow F, Schwudke D, Metelkina O, Titz A, Huwer H, Schwarzkopf K, Hoppstädter J, Kiemer AK, Koch M, Loretz B, Lehr C. Nano-in-Microparticles for Aerosol Delivery of Antibiotic-Loaded, Fucose-Derivatized, and Macrophage-Targeted Liposomes to Combat Mycobacterial Infections: In Vitro Deposition, Pulmonary Barrier Interactions, and Targeted Delivery. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102117. [PMID: 35112802 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections rapidly emerge and demand potent medications to cope with resistance. In this context, targeted loco-regional delivery of aerosol medicines to the lungs is an advantage. However, sufficient antibiotic delivery requires engineered aerosols for optimized deposition. Here, the effect of bedaquiline-encapsulating fucosylated versus nonfucosylated liposomes on cellular uptake and delivery is investigated. Notably, this comparison includes critical parameters for pulmonary delivery, i.e., aerosol deposition and the noncellular barriers of pulmonary surfactant (PS) and mucus. Targeting increases liposomal uptake into THP-1 cells as well as peripheral blood monocyte- and lung-tissue derived macrophages. Aerosol deposition in the presence of PS, however, masks the effect of active targeting. PS alters antibiotic release that depends on the drug's hydrophobicity, while mucus reduces the mobility of nontargeted more than fucosylated liposomes. Dry-powder microparticles of spray-dried bedaquiline-loaded liposomes display a high fine particle fraction of >70%, as well as preserved liposomal integrity and targeting function. The antibiotic effect is maintained when deposited as powder aerosol on cultured Mycobacterium abscessus. When treating M. abscessus infected THP-1 cells, the fucosylated variant enabled enhanced bacterial killing, thus opening up a clear perspective for the improved treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt C. Huck
- Department of Drug Delivery Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Saarland University Campus E8 1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Durairaj Thiyagarajan
- Department of Anti‐infective Drug Discovery Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Campus E8 1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Aghiad Bali
- Department of Drug Delivery Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Saarland University Campus E8 1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Annette Boese
- Department of Drug Delivery Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | | | | | - Robert K. Gieseler
- Rodos Biotarget GmbH Hannover 30625 Germany
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology and Department of Internal Medicine University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Ruhr University Bochum Bochum 44892 Germany
| | | | - Cristiane Carvalho‐Wodarz
- Department of Drug Delivery Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Franziska Waldow
- Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center Borstel 23845 Germany
- German Center for Infection Research Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis Partner Site Hamburg‐Lübeck‐Borstel‐Riems Braunschweig 38124 Germany
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center Borstel 23845 Germany
- German Center for Infection Research Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis Partner Site Hamburg‐Lübeck‐Borstel‐Riems Braunschweig 38124 Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Airway Research Center North (ARCN) Kiel Nano Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS Kiel University Kiel 24118 Germany
| | - Olga Metelkina
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates (CBCH) Helmholtz‐Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) Helmholtz Center for Infection Research Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of Chemistry Saarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Alexander Titz
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates (CBCH) Helmholtz‐Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) Helmholtz Center for Infection Research Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of Chemistry Saarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF) Hannover‐Braunschweig site Braunschweig 38124 Germany
| | - Hanno Huwer
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Heart Center Voelklingen Völklingen 66333 Germany
| | - Konrad Schwarzkopf
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Klinikum Saarbrücken gGmbH Saarbrücken 66119 Germany
| | - Jessica Hoppstädter
- Pharmaceutical Biology Saarland University Campus C2 3 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Alexandra K. Kiemer
- Pharmaceutical Biology Saarland University Campus C2 3 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM – Leibniz Institute for New Materials Campus D2 2 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Department of Drug Delivery Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Claus‐Michael Lehr
- Department of Drug Delivery Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Saarland University Campus E8 1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
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9
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Thomas ST, Wierenga KA, Pestka JJ, Olive AJ. Fetal Liver-Derived Alveolar-like Macrophages: A Self-Replicating Ex Vivo Model of Alveolar Macrophages for Functional Genetic Studies. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:156-169. [PMID: 35193942 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are tissue-resident cells in the lungs derived from the fetal liver that maintain lung homeostasis and respond to inhaled stimuli. Although the importance of AMs is undisputed, they remain refractory to standard experimental approaches and high-throughput functional genetics, as they are challenging to isolate and rapidly lose AM properties in standard culture. This limitation hinders our understanding of key regulatory mechanisms that control AM maintenance and function. In this study, we describe the development of a new model, fetal liver-derived alveolar-like macrophages (FLAMs), which maintains cellular morphologies, expression profiles, and functional mechanisms similar to murine AMs. FLAMs combine treatment with two key cytokines for AM maintenance, GM-CSF and TGF-β. We leveraged the long-term stability of FLAMs to develop functional genetic tools using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing. Targeted editing confirmed the role of AM-specific gene Marco and the IL-1 receptor Il1r1 in modulating the AM response to crystalline silica. Furthermore, a genome-wide knockout library using FLAMs identified novel genes required for surface expression of the AM marker Siglec-F, most notably those related to the peroxisome. Taken together, our results suggest that FLAMs are a stable, self-replicating model of AM function that enables previously impossible global genetic approaches to define the underlying mechanisms of AM maintenance and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI
| | - Kathryn A Wierenga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - James J Pestka
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; and.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Andrew J Olive
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI;
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10
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Advances on the Role and Applications of Interleukin-1 in Tuberculosis. mBio 2021; 12:e0313421. [PMID: 34809460 PMCID: PMC8609357 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03134-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a key player in the immune response to pathogens due to its role in promoting inflammation and recruiting immune cells to the site of infection. In tuberculosis (TB), tight regulation of IL-1 responses is critical to ensure host resistance to infection while preventing immune pathology. In the mouse model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, both IL-1 absence and overproduction result in exacerbated disease and mortality. In humans, several polymorphisms in the IL1B gene have been associated with increased susceptibility to TB. Importantly, M. tuberculosis itself has evolved several strategies to manipulate and regulate host IL-1 responses for its own benefit. Given all this, IL-1 appears as a promising target for host-directed therapies in TB. However, for that to succeed, more detailed knowledge on the biology and mechanisms of action of IL-1 in vivo, together with a deep understanding of how host-M. tuberculosis interactions modulate IL-1, is required. Here, we discuss the most recent advances in the biology and therapeutic potential of IL-1 in TB as well as the outstanding questions that remain to be answered.
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11
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Fatima S, Kumari A, Agarwal M, Pahuja I, Yadav V, Dwivedi VP, Bhaskar A. Epigenetic code during mycobacterial infections: therapeutic implications for tuberculosis. FEBS J 2021; 289:4172-4191. [PMID: 34453865 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics involves changing the gene function without any change in the sequence of the genes. In the case of tuberculosis (TB) infections, the bacilli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), uses epigenetics as a tool to protect itself from the host immune system. TB is a deadly disease-causing maximum death per year due to a single infectious agent. In the case of TB, there is an urgent need for novel host-directed therapies which can effectively target the survival and long-term persistence of the bacteria without developing drug resistance in the bacterial strains while also reducing the duration and toxicity associated with the mainstream anti-TB drugs. Recent studies have suggested that TB infection has a significant effect on the host epigenome thereby manipulating the host immune response in the favor of the pathogen. M.tb alters the activation status of key genes involved in the immune response against TB to promote its survival and subvert the antibacterial strategies of the host. These changes are reversible and can be exploited to design very efficient host-directed therapies to fight against TB. This review has been written with the purpose of discussing the role of epigenetic changes in TB pathogenesis and the therapeutic approaches involving epigenetics, which can be utilized for targeting the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Fatima
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjna Kumari
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Meetu Agarwal
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Isha Pahuja
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh, India
| | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashima Bhaskar
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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12
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Relationship between plasma and intracellular concentrations of bedaquiline and its M2 metabolite in South African patients with rifampin-resistant TB. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0239920. [PMID: 34370588 PMCID: PMC8522761 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02399-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bedaquiline is recommended for the treatment of all patients with rifampin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB). Bedaquiline accumulates within cells, but its intracellular pharmacokinetics have not been characterized, which may have implications for dose optimization. We developed a novel assay using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to measure the intracellular concentrations of bedaquiline and its primary metabolite M2 in patients with RR-TB in South Africa. Twenty-one participants were enrolled and underwent sparse sampling of plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at months 1, 2, and 6 of treatment and at 3 and 6 months after bedaquiline treatment completion. Intensive sampling was performed at month 2. We used noncompartmental analysis to describe plasma and intracellular exposures and a population pharmacokinetic model to explore the relationship between plasma and intracellular pharmacokinetics and the effects of key covariates. Bedaquiline concentrations from month 1 to month 6 of treatment ranged from 94.7 to 2,540 ng/ml in plasma and 16.2 to 5,478 ng/ml in PBMCs, and concentrations of M2 over the 6-month treatment period ranged from 34.3 to 496 ng/ml in plasma and 109.2 to 16,764 ng/ml in PBMCs. Plasma concentrations of bedaquiline were higher than those of M2, but intracellular concentrations of M2 were considerably higher than those of bedaquiline. In the pharmacokinetic modeling, we estimated a linear increase in the intracellular-plasma accumulation ratio for bedaquiline and M2, reaching maximum effect after 2 months of treatment. The typical intracellular-plasma ratios 1 and 2 months after start of treatment were 0.61 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.42 to 0.92) and 1.10 (95% CI: 0.74 to 1.63) for bedaquiline and 12.4 (95% CI: 8.8 to 17.8) and 22.2 (95% CI: 15.6 to 32.3) for M2. The intracellular-plasma ratios for both bedaquiline and M2 were decreased by 54% (95% CI: 24 to 72%) in HIV-positive patients compared to HIV-negative patients. Bedaquiline and M2 were detectable in PBMCs 6 months after treatment discontinuation. M2 accumulated at higher concentrations intracellularly than bedaquiline, supporting in vitro evidence that M2 is the main inducer of phospholipidosis.
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13
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Paarwater BA, Mouton JM, Sampson SL, Malherbe ST, Shaw JA, Walzl G, Kotze LA, du Plessis N. Inhaled particulate matter affects immune responsiveness of human lung phagocytes to mycobacteria. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L566-L575. [PMID: 34287085 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00014.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of smoke-derived or air pollution-derived cytoplasmic particulate matter (PM) can be detrimental and can lead to failed lung immunity. We investigated mycobacterial uptake, intracellular replication, and soluble immune-mediator responses of human bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BALCs) loaded with/without PM, to infection with mycobacterial strains. We observed that only BALCs containing PM display an ex vivo phenotypic profile dominated by spontaneous interleukin (IL)-10 production. PM-loaded BALCs retained the ability to phagocytose both Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) ΔleuDΔpanCD at equal efficacy as clear non-PM-loaded BALCs. However, immune responsiveness, such as the production of IL-6 (P = 0.015) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF)-α (P = 0.0172) immediately post M. bovis BCG infection, were dramatically lower in black BALCs loaded with PM versus clear non-PM-loaded BALCs. By 24 h post infection, differential immune responses to M. bovis BCG between black versus clear BALC waned, and instead, production of IL-6 (P = 0.03) and IL-1α (P = 0.04) by black BALCs was lower versus clear BALCs following M.tb ΔleuDΔpanCD infection. Considering that TNF-α and IL-6 are characterized as critical to host protection against mycobacteria, our findings suggest that BALCs loaded with inhaled PM, display lower levels of antimycobacterial mediators and that the response magnitude differs according to infective mycobacterial strain. Even though this did not translate into altered mycobacterial killing at early time points post infection, the long-term impact of such changes remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Paarwater
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, grid.11956.3aStellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jomien M Mouton
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, grid.11956.3aStellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samantha L Sampson
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, grid.11956.3aStellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephanus T Malherbe
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, grid.11956.3aStellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jane A Shaw
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, grid.11956.3aStellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, grid.11956.3aStellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leigh A Kotze
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, grid.11956.3aStellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nelita du Plessis
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, grid.11956.3aStellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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14
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Stevens MT, Nagaria BD, Britton WJ, Saunders BM. Macrophages of different tissue origin exhibit distinct inflammatory responses to mycobacterial infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:1085-1092. [PMID: 34273196 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages display marked plasticity with functions in both inflammation and tissue repair. Evidence demonstrates that this spectrum of macrophage phenotypes is influenced by their local microenvironment and tissue origin. However, in vitro macrophage experiments often do not or cannot readily use macrophages from the most relevant tissue of origin. This study investigated if the origin of two C57BL/6 mouse macrophage cell lines of alveolar (AMJ2-C11) and peritoneal (IC-21) origin may influence their response to mycobacterial infection. Both cell lines equally controlled the growth of Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, although the expression of all proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines measured (TNF, IL-6, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES) was significantly higher in AMJ2-C11 cells than in IC-21 cells. During M. tuberculosis infection, IL-6, MCP-1, and RANTES expression increased 5-fold, and MIP-1β expression increased 30-fold. Additionally, AMJ2-C11 cells exhibited significantly higher inducible nitric oxide synthase activity than IC-21 cells, indicative of a more polarized M1 response. The expression of multiple surface markers was also assessed by flow cytometry. CD80 and CD86 were significantly upregulated in AMJ2-C11 cells and downregulated in IC-21 cells during M. tuberculosis infection. The results support the notion that the origin of tissue-resident macrophages influences their phenotype and antimicrobial response and demonstrate hereto unrecognized potential for these cell lines in in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell T Stevens
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Warwick J Britton
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Bernadette M Saunders
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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15
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Abstract
ATP/ADP depicts the bioenergetic state of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, the metabolic state of Mtb during infection remains poorly defined due to the absence of appropriate tools. Perceval HR (PHR) was recently developed to measure intracellular ATP/ADP levels, but it cannot be employed in mycobacterial cells due to mycobacterial autofluorescence. Here, we reengineered the ATP/ADP sensor Perceval HR into PHR-mCherry to analyze ATP/ADP in fast- and slow-growing mycobacteria. ATP/ADP reporter strains were generated through the expression of PHR-mCherry. Using the Mtb reporter strain, we analyzed the changes in ATP/ADP levels in response to antimycobacterial agents. As expected, bedaquiline induced a decrease in ATP/ADP. Interestingly, the transcriptional inhibitor rifampicin led to the depletion of ATP/ADP levels, while the cell wall synthesis inhibitor isoniazid did not affect the ATP/ADP levels in Mtb. The usage of this probe revealed that Mtb faces depletion of ATP/ADP levels upon phagocytosis. Furthermore, we observed that the activation of macrophages with interferon gamma and lipopolysaccharides leads to metabolic stress in intracellular Mtb. Examination of the bioenergetics of mycobacteria residing in subvacuolar compartments of macrophages revealed that the bacilli residing in phagolysosomes and autophagosomes have significantly less ATP/ADP than the bacilli residing in phagosomes. These observations indicate that phagosomes represent a niche for metabolically active Mtb, while autophagosomes and phagolysosomes harbor metabolically quiescent bacilli. Interestingly, even in activated macrophages, Mtb residing in phagosomes remains metabolically active. We further observed that macrophage activation affects the metabolic state of intracellular Mtb through the trafficking of Mtb from phagosomes to autophagosomes and phagolysosomes.
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16
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Barron SL, Saez J, Owens RM. In Vitro Models for Studying Respiratory Host-Pathogen Interactions. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000624. [PMID: 33943040 PMCID: PMC8212094 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases and lower respiratory tract infections are among the leading cause of death worldwide and, especially given the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 pandemic, are of high and prevalent socio-economic importance. In vitro models, which accurately represent the lung microenvironment, are of increasing significance given the ethical concerns around animal work and the lack of translation to human disease, as well as the lengthy time to market and the attrition rates associated with clinical trials. This review gives an overview of the biological and immunological components involved in regulating the respiratory epithelium system in health, disease, and infection. The evolution from 2D to 3D cell biology and to more advanced technological integrated models for studying respiratory host-pathogen interactions are reviewed and provide a reference point for understanding the in vitro modeling requirements. Finally, the current limitations and future perspectives for advancing this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Barron
- Bioassay Impurities and QualityBiopharmaceuticals DevelopmentR&DAstraZenecaCambridgeCB21 6GPUK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyPhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
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17
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Durán V, Grabski E, Hozsa C, Becker J, Yasar H, Monteiro JT, Costa B, Koller N, Lueder Y, Wiegmann B, Brandes G, Kaever V, Lehr CM, Lepenies B, Tampé R, Förster R, Bošnjak B, Furch M, Graalmann T, Kalinke U. Fucosylated lipid nanocarriers loaded with antibiotics efficiently inhibit mycobacterial propagation in human myeloid cells. J Control Release 2021; 334:201-212. [PMID: 33865899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic treatment of tuberculosis (TB) is complex, lengthy, and can be associated with various adverse effects. As a result, patient compliance often is poor, thus further enhancing the risk of selecting multi-drug resistant bacteria. Macrophage mannose receptor (MMR)-positive alveolar macrophages (AM) constitute a niche in which Mycobacterium tuberculosis replicates and survives. Therefore, we encapsulated levofloxacin in lipid nanocarriers functionalized with fucosyl residues that interact with the MMR. Indeed, such nanocarriers preferentially targeted MMR-positive myeloid cells, and in particular, AM. Intracellularly, fucosylated lipid nanocarriers favorably delivered their payload into endosomal compartments, where mycobacteria reside. In an in vitro setting using infected human primary macrophages as well as dendritic cells, the encapsulated antibiotic cleared the pathogen more efficiently than free levofloxacin. In conclusion, our results point towards carbohydrate-functionalized nanocarriers as a promising tool for improving TB treatment by targeted delivery of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Durán
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elena Grabski
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jennifer Becker
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hanzey Yasar
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - João T Monteiro
- Institute for Immunology & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bibiana Costa
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Koller
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yvonne Lueder
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bettina Wiegmann
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.; Lower Saxony Center for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover, Medical School, Germany; German Centre of Lung Research, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gudrun Brandes
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Volkhard Kaever
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Institute for Immunology & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Tampé
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.; Cluster of Excellence - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Berislav Bošnjak
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany..
| | | | - Theresa Graalmann
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Clinic of Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany..
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany..
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18
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Ali S, Ehtram A, Arora N, Manjunath P, Roy D, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE. The M. tuberculosis Rv1523 Methyltransferase Promotes Drug Resistance Through Methylation-Mediated Cell Wall Remodeling and Modulates Macrophages Immune Responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:622487. [PMID: 33777836 PMCID: PMC7994892 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.622487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of antibiotics resistance is a major clinical challenge limiting the effective prevention and treatment of the deadliest human infectious disease tuberculosis. The molecular mechanisms by which initially Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) develop drug resistance remain poorly understood. In this study, we report the novel role of M.tb Rv1523 MTase in the methylation of mycobacterial cell envelope lipids and possible mechanism of its contribution in the virulence and drug resistance. Initial interactome analyses predicted association of Rv1523 with proteins related to fatty acid biosynthetic pathways. This promoted us to investigate methylation activity of Rv1523 using cell wall fatty acids or lipids as a substrate. Rv1523 catalyzed the transfer of methyl group from SAM to the cell wall components of mycobacterium. To investigate further the in vivo methylating role of Rv1523, we generated a recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis strain that expressed the Rv1523 gene. The M. smegmatis strain expressing Rv1523 exhibited altered cell wall lipid composition, leading to an increased survival under surface stress, acidic condition and resistance to antibiotics. Macrophages infected with recombinant M. smegmatis induced necrotic cell death and modulated the host immune responses. In summary, these findings reveal a hitherto unknown role of Rv1523 encoded MTase in cell wall remodeling and modulation of immune responses. Functional gain of mycolic acid Rv1523 methyltransferase induced virulence and resistance to antibiotics in M. smegmatis. Thus, mycolic acid methyltransferase may serve as an excellent target for the discovery and development of novel anti-TB agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabeeha Ali
- Molecular Infection and Functional Biology Lab, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Aquib Ehtram
- Molecular Infection and Functional Biology Lab, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Naresh Arora
- JH Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - P Manjunath
- JH Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Deodutta Roy
- JH Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Nasreen Z Ehtesham
- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Seyed E Hasnain
- JH Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,Dr Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India.,Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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19
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The Impact of Nanoparticles on Innate Immune Activation by Live Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249695. [PMID: 33353206 PMCID: PMC7766945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system evolved to detect and react against potential dangers such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental particles. The advent of modern technology has exposed innate immune cells, such as monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, to a relatively novel type of particulate matter, i.e., engineered nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are not inherently pathogenic, and yet cases have been described in which specific nanoparticle types can either induce innate/inflammatory responses or modulate the activity of activated innate cells. Many of these studies rely upon activation by agonists of toll-like receptors, such as lipopolysaccharide or peptidoglycan, instead of the more realistic stimulation by whole live organisms. In this review we examine and discuss the effects of nanoparticles on innate immune cells activated by live bacteria. We focus in particular on how nanoparticles may interfere with bacterial processes in the context of innate activation, and confine our scope to the effects due to particles themselves, rather than to molecules adsorbed on the particle surface. Finally, we examine the long-lasting consequences of coexposure to nanoparticles and bacteria, in terms of potential microbiome alterations and innate immune memory, and address nanoparticle-based vaccine strategies against bacterial infection.
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20
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Khaliullin TO, Kisin ER, Guppi S, Yanamala N, Zhernovkov V, Shvedova AA. Differential responses of murine alveolar macrophages to elongate mineral particles of asbestiform and non-asbestiform varieties: Cytotoxicity, cytokine secretion and transcriptional changes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 409:115302. [PMID: 33148505 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human exposures to asbestiform elongate mineral particles (EMP) may lead to diffuse fibrosis, lung cancer, malignant mesothelioma and autoimmune diseases. Cleavage fragments (CF) are chemically identical to asbestiform varieties (or habits) of the parent mineral, but no consensus exists on whether to treat them as asbestos from toxicological and regulatory standpoints. Alveolar macrophages (AM) are the first responders to inhaled particulates, participating in clearance and activating other resident and recruited immunocompetent cells, impacting the long-term outcomes. In this study we address how EMP of asbestiform versus non-asbestiform habit affect AM responses. Max Planck Institute (MPI) cells, a non-transformed mouse line that has an AM phenotype and genotype, were treated with mass-, surface area- (s.a.), and particle number- (p.n.) equivalent concentrations of respirable asbestiform and non-asbestiform riebeckite/tremolite EMP for 24 h. Cytotoxicity, cytokines secretion and transcriptional changes were evaluated. At the equal mass, asbestiform EMP were more cytotoxic, however EMP of both habits induced similar LDH leakage and decrease in viability at s.a. and p.n. equivalent doses. DNA damage assessment and cell cycle analysis revealed differences in the modes of cell death between asbestos and respective CF. There was an increase in chemokines, but not pro-inflammatory cytokines after all EMP treatments. Principal component analysis of the cytokine secretion showed close clustering for the s.a. and p.n. equivalent treatments. There were mineral- and habit-specific patterns of gene expression dysregulation at s.a. equivalent doses. Our study reveals the critical nature of EMP morphometric parameters for exposure assessment and dosing approaches used in toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T O Khaliullin
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America; HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, United States of America.
| | - E R Kisin
- HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, United States of America.
| | - S Guppi
- HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, United States of America.
| | - N Yanamala
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America; Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.
| | | | - A A Shvedova
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America; HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, United States of America.
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21
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Molina-Torres CA, Flores-Castillo ON, Carranza-Torres IE, Guzmán-Delgado NE, Viveros-Valdez E, Vera-Cabrera L, Ocampo-Candiani J, Verde-Star J, Castro-Garza J, Carranza-Rosales P. Ex vivo infection of murine precision-cut lung tissue slices with Mycobacterium abscessus: a model to study antimycobacterial agents. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2020; 19:52. [PMID: 33222688 PMCID: PMC7680588 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-020-00399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multidrug-resistant infections due to Mycobacterium abscessus often require complex and prolonged regimens for treatment. Here, we report the evaluation of a new ex vivo antimicrobial susceptibility testing model using organotypic cultures of murine precision-cut lung slices, an experimental model in which metabolic activity, and all the usual cell types of the organ are found while the tissue architecture and the interactions between the different cells are maintained. Methods Precision cut lung slices (PCLS) were prepared from the lungs of wild type BALB/c mice using the Krumdieck® tissue slicer. Lung tissue slices were ex vivo infected with the virulent M. abscessus strain L948. Then, we tested the antimicrobial activity of two drugs: imipenem (4, 16 and 64 μg/mL) and tigecycline (0.25, 1 and 4 μg/mL), at 12, 24 and 48 h. Afterwards, CFUs were determined plating on blood agar to measure the surviving intracellular bacteria. The viability of PCLS was assessed by Alamar Blue assay and corroborated using histopathological analysis. Results PCLS were successfully infected with a virulent strain of M. abscessus as demonstrated by CFUs and detailed histopathological analysis. The time-course infection, including tissue damage, parallels in vivo findings reported in genetically modified murine models for M. abscessus infection. Tigecycline showed a bactericidal effect at 48 h that achieved a reduction of > 4log10 CFU/mL against the intracellular mycobacteria, while imipenem showed a bacteriostatic effect. Conclusions The use of this new organotypic ex vivo model provides the opportunity to test new drugs against M. abscessus, decreasing the use of costly and tedious animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Amelia Molina-Torres
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, México
| | | | - Irma Edith Carranza-Torres
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, México.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Nancy Elena Guzmán-Delgado
- División de Investigación en Salud, UMAE, Hospital de Cardiología #34, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, NL, México
| | | | - Lucio Vera-Cabrera
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Jorge Ocampo-Candiani
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Julia Verde-Star
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Jorge Castro-Garza
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Pilar Carranza-Rosales
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, NL, México.
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22
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Rajasinghe LD, Chauhan PS, Wierenga KA, Evered AO, Harris SN, Bates MA, Gavrilin MA, Pestka JJ. Omega-3 Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Impedes Silica-Induced Macrophage Corpse Accumulation by Attenuating Cell Death and Potentiating Efferocytosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2179. [PMID: 33123123 PMCID: PMC7573148 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway exposure of lupus-prone NZBWF1 mice to crystalline silica (cSiO2), a known trigger of human autoimmune disease, elicits sterile inflammation and alveolar macrophage death in the lung that, in turn, induces early autoimmune onset and accelerates lupus progression to fatal glomerulonephritis. Dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a marine ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), markedly ameliorates cSiO2-triggered pulmonary, systemic, and renal manifestations of lupus. Here, we tested the hypothesis that DHA influences both cSiO2-induced death and efferocytotic clearance of resultant cell corpses using three murine macrophage models: (i) primary alveolar macrophages (AM) isolated from NZBWF1 mice; (ii) self-renewing AM-like Max Planck Institute (MPI) cells isolated from fetuses of C57BL/6 mice, and (iii) RAW 264.7 murine macrophages, a virus-transformed cell line derived from BALB/c mice stably transfected with the inflammasome adaptor protein ASC (RAW-ASC). Incubation with cSiO2 at 25 and 50 μg/ml for 6 h was found to dose-dependently induce cell death (p < 0.05) in all three models as determined by both acridine orange/propidium iodide staining and release of lactate dehydrogenase into cell culture supernatant. Pre-incubation with DHA at a physiologically relevant concentration (25 μM) significantly reduced cSiO2-induced death (p < 0.05) in all three models. Cell death induction by cSiO2 alone and its suppression by DHA were primarily associated with caspase-3/7 activation, suggestive of apoptosis, in AM, MPI, and RAW-ASC cells. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that all three macrophage models were similarly capable of efferocytosing RAW-ASC target cell corpses. Furthermore, MPI effector cells could likewise engulf RAW-ASC target cell corpses elicited by treatment with staurosporine (apoptosis), LPS, and nigericin (pyroptosis), or cSiO2. Pre-incubation of RAW-ASC target cells with 25 μM DHA prior to death induced by these agents significantly enhanced their efferocytosis (p < 0.05) by MPI effector cells. In contrast, pre-incubating MPI effector cells with DHA did not affect engulfment of RAW-ASC target cells pre-incubated with vehicle. Taken together, these findings indicate that DHA at a physiologically relevant concentration was capable of attenuating macrophage death and could potentiate efferocytosis, with the net effect of reducing accumulation of cell corpses capable of eliciting autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichchavi D Rajasinghe
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Preeti S Chauhan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Kathryn A Wierenga
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Augustus O Evered
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Shamya N Harris
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Melissa A Bates
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Mikhail A Gavrilin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - James J Pestka
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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23
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Rampacci E, Stefanetti V, Passamonti F, Henao-Tamayo M. Preclinical Models of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection for Early Drug Discovery and Vaccine Research. Pathogens 2020; 9:E641. [PMID: 32781698 PMCID: PMC7459799 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) represent an increasingly prevalent etiology of soft tissue infections in animals and humans. NTM are widely distributed in the environment and while, for the most part, they behave as saprophytic organisms, in certain situations, they can be pathogenic, so much so that the incidence of NTM infections has surpassed that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in developed countries. As a result, a growing body of the literature has focused attention on the critical role that drug susceptibility tests and infection models play in the design of appropriate therapeutic strategies against NTM diseases. This paper is an overview of the in vitro and in vivo models of NTM infection employed in the preclinical phase for early drug discovery and vaccine development. It summarizes alternative methods, not fully explored, for the characterization of anti-mycobacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rampacci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (V.S.)
| | - Valentina Stefanetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (V.S.)
| | - Fabrizio Passamonti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.R.); (V.S.)
| | - Marcela Henao-Tamayo
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
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24
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Ornithine-A urea cycle metabolite enhances autophagy and controls Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3535. [PMID: 32669568 PMCID: PMC7363810 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are professional phagocytes known to play a vital role in controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and disease progression. Here we compare Mtb growth in mouse alveolar (AMs), peritoneal (PMs), and liver (Kupffer cells; KCs) macrophages and in bone marrow-derived monocytes (BDMs). KCs restrict Mtb growth more efficiently than all other macrophages and monocytes despite equivalent infections through enhanced autophagy. A metabolomics comparison of Mtb-infected macrophages indicates that ornithine and imidazole are two top-scoring metabolites in Mtb-infected KCs and that acetylcholine is the top-scoring in Mtb-infected AMs. Ornithine, imidazole and atropine (acetylcholine inhibitor) inhibit Mtb growth in AMs. Ornithine enhances AMPK mediated autophagy whereas imidazole directly kills Mtb by reducing cytochrome P450 activity. Intranasal delivery of ornithine or imidazole or the two together restricts Mtb growth. Our study demonstrates that the metabolic differences between Mtb-infected AMs and KCs lead to differences in the restriction of Mtb growth. Kupffer cells are more resistant to M. tuberculosis when compared with alveolar macrophages. Here the authors show that this distinction is caused by the presence of ornithine and imidazole in Kupffer cells and that these metabolites can drive autophagy and M. tuberculosis killing in alveolar macrophages when given intranasally to infected mice.
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25
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Fighting Persistence: How Chronic Infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Evade T Cell-Mediated Clearance and New Strategies To Defeat Them. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00916-19. [PMID: 32094248 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00916-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic bacterial infections are caused by pathogens that persist within their hosts and avoid clearance by the immune system. Treatment and/or detection of such pathogens is difficult, and the resulting pathologies are often deleterious or fatal. There is an urgent need to develop protective vaccines and host-directed therapies that synergize with antibiotics to prevent pathogen persistence and infection-associated pathologies. However, many persistent pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, actively target the very host pathways activated by vaccination. These immune evasion tactics blunt the effectiveness of immunization strategies and are impeding progress to control these infections throughout the world. Therefore, it is essential that M. tuberculosis immune evasion-related pathogen virulence strategies are considered to maximize the effectiveness of potential new treatments. In this review, we focus on how Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects antigen-presenting cells and evades effective immune clearance by the adaptive response through (i) manipulating antigen presentation, (ii) repressing T cell-activating costimulatory molecules, and (iii) inducing ligands that drive T cell exhaustion. In this context, we will examine the challenges that bacterial virulence strategies pose to developing new vaccines. We will then discuss new approaches that will help dissect M. tuberculosis immune evasion mechanisms and devise strategies to bypass them to promote long-term protection and prevent disease progression.
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26
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Phelan JJ, McQuaid K, Kenny C, Gogan KM, Cox DJ, Basdeo SA, O’Leary S, Tazoll SC, Ó Maoldomhnaigh C, O’Sullivan MP, O’Neill LA, O’Sullivan MJ, Keane J. Desferrioxamine Supports Metabolic Function in Primary Human Macrophages Infected With Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:836. [PMID: 32477344 PMCID: PMC7237728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the single biggest infectious killer in the world and presents a major global health challenge. Antimicrobial therapy requires many months of multiple drugs and incidences of drug resistant tuberculosis continues to rise. Consequently, research is now focused on the development of therapies to support the function of infected immune cells. HIF1α-mediated induction of aerobic glycolysis is integral to the host macrophage response during infection with Mtb, as this promotes bacillary clearance. Some iron chelators have been shown to modulate cellular metabolism through the regulation of HIF1α. We examined if the iron chelator, desferrioxamine (DFX), could support the function of primary human macrophages infected with Mtb. Using RT-PCR, we found that DFX promoted the expression of key glycolytic enzymes in Mtb-infected primary human MDMs and human alveolar macrophages. Using Seahorse technology, we demonstrate that DFX enhances glycolytic metabolism in Mtb-stimulated human MDMs, while helping to enhance glycolysis during mitochondrial distress. Furthermore, the effect of DFX on glycolysis was not limited to Mtb infection as DFX also boosted glycolytic metabolism in uninfected and LPS-stimulated cells. DFX also supports innate immune function by inducing IL1β production in human macrophages during early infection with Mtb and upon stimulation with LPS. Moreover, using hypoxia, Western blot and ChIP-qPCR analyses, we show that DFX modulates IL1β levels in these cells in a HIF1α-mediated manner. Collectively, our data suggests that DFX exhibits potential to enhance immunometabolic responses and augment host immune function during early Mtb infection, in selected clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Joseph Phelan
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kate McQuaid
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colin Kenny
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karl Michael Gogan
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dónal J. Cox
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sharee Ann Basdeo
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seónadh O’Leary
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simone Christa Tazoll
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cilian Ó Maoldomhnaigh
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary P. O’Sullivan
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luke A. O’Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maureen J. O’Sullivan
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph Keane
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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27
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Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis Triggered by Interferon Beta-1b Therapy of Multiple Sclerosis: Four Case Reports and a Literature Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56040202. [PMID: 32344653 PMCID: PMC7230182 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56040202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we reported on four cases of severe pulmonary active tuberculosis in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) undergoing interferon beta-1b (IFNβ-1b) therapy. Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) in MS may increase the risk of developing active tuberculosis (TB) due to their impact on cellular immunity. Screening for latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (LTBI) should be performed, not only for the newer DMTs (alemtuzumab, ocrelizumab) but also for IFNβ-1b, alongside better supervision of these patients.
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28
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Lavalett L, Ortega H, Barrera LF. Human Alveolar and Splenic Macrophage Populations Display a Distinct Transcriptomic Response to Infection With Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:630. [PMID: 32373118 PMCID: PMC7186480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects alveolar macrophages (AMs), causing pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), the most common form of the disease. Less frequently, Mtb is disseminated to many other organs and tissues, resulting in different extrapulmonary forms of TB. Nevertheless, very few studies have addressed the global mRNA response of human AMs, particularly from humans with the active form of the disease. Strikingly, almost no studies have addressed the response of human extrapulmonary macrophages to Mtb infection. In this pilot study, using microarray technology, we examined the transcriptomic ex vivo response of AMs from PTB patients (AMTBs) and AMs from control subjects (AMCTs) infected with two clinical isolates of Mtb. Furthermore, we also studied the infection response of human splenic macrophages (SMs) to Mtb isolates, as a model for extrapulmonary infection, and compared the transcriptomic response between AMs and SMs. Our results showed a striking difference in global mRNA profiles in response to infection between AMs and SMs, implicating a tissue-specific macrophage response to Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lelia Lavalett
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Hector Ortega
- Clínica Cardiovascular Santa María, Medellín, Colombia.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luis F Barrera
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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29
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RNA Sensing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Its Impact on TB Vaccination Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010067. [PMID: 32033104 PMCID: PMC7158685 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still an important global threat and although the causing organism has been discovered long ago, effective prevention strategies are lacking. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a unique pathogen with a complex host interaction. Understanding the immune responses upon infection with MTB is crucial for the development of new vaccination strategies and therapeutic targets for TB. Recently, it has been proposed that sensing bacterial nucleic acid in antigen-presenting cells via intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a central mechanism for initiating an effective host immune response. Here, we summarize key findings of the impact of mycobacterial RNA sensing for innate and adaptive host immunity after MTB infection, with emphasis on endosomal toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytosolic sensors such as NLRP3 and RLRs, modulating T-cell differentiation through IL-12, IL-21, and type I interferons. Ultimately, these immunological pathways may impact immune memory and TB vaccine efficacy. The novel findings described here may change our current understanding of the host response to MTB and potentially impact clinical research, as well as future vaccination design. In this review, the current state of the art is summarized, and an outlook is given on how progress can be made.
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30
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Lee JK, Mereuta L, Luchian T, Park Y. Antimicrobial peptide HPA3NT3-A2 effectively inhibits biofilm formation in mice infected with drug-resistant bacteria. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:5068-5083. [PMID: 31555777 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01051c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms formed through secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have been implicated in many serious infections and can increase antibiotic resistance by a factor of more than 1000. Here, we examined the abilities of the antimicrobial peptide HPA3NT3-A2 to inhibit and reduce biofilm formation, eliminate EPS, and suppress inflammation in mice infected with clinical isolates of drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. HPA3NT3-A2 was developed from a desirable analogue peptide, HPA3NT3, derived from residues 2-20 of the Helicobacter pylori ribosomal protein L1. HPA3NT3-A2 showed stronger activity against planktonic cells (MIC: 8 μM) compared to ciprofloxacin or tobramycin (>512 μM), and a favorable minimum biofilm inhibition and elimination concentration. This peptide also neutralized LPS; decreased levels of EPS; inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lung, kidney, and spleen; decreased white blood cell counts; and increased survival among infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Kook Lee
- Research Center for Proteinaceous Materials (RCPM), Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
is the cause of tuberculosis (TB), a disease which continues to overwhelm health systems in endemic regions despite the existence of effective combination chemotherapy and the widespread use of a neonatal anti-TB vaccine. For a professional pathogen,
M. tuberculosis
retains a surprisingly large proportion of the metabolic repertoire found in nonpathogenic mycobacteria with very different lifestyles. Moreover, evidence that additional functions were acquired during the early evolution of the
M. tuberculosis
complex suggests the organism has adapted (and augmented) the metabolic pathways of its environmental ancestor to persistence and propagation within its obligate human host. A better understanding of
M. tuberculosis
pathogenicity, however, requires the elucidation of metabolic functions under disease-relevant conditions, a challenge complicated by limited knowledge of the microenvironments occupied and nutrients accessed by bacilli during host infection, as well as the reliance in experimental mycobacteriology on a restricted number of experimental models with variable relevance to clinical disease. Here, we consider
M. tuberculosis
metabolism within the framework of an intimate host-pathogen coevolution. Focusing on recent advances in our understanding of mycobacterial metabolic function, we highlight unusual adaptations or departures from the better-characterized model intracellular pathogens. We also discuss the impact of these mycobacterial “innovations” on the susceptibility of
M. tuberculosis
to existing and experimental anti-TB drugs, as well as strategies for targeting metabolic pathways. Finally, we offer some perspectives on the key gaps in the current knowledge of fundamental mycobacterial metabolism and the lessons which might be learned from other systems.
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Lipid Droplets: A Significant but Understudied Contributor of Host⁻Bacterial Interactions. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040354. [PMID: 30991653 PMCID: PMC6523240 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are cytosolic lipid storage organelles that are important for cellular lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, cell signaling, and inflammation. Several bacterial, viral and protozoal pathogens exploit host LDs to promote infection, thus emphasizing the importance of LDs at the host–pathogen interface. In this review, we discuss the thus far reported relation between host LDs and bacterial pathogens including obligate and facultative intracellular bacteria, and extracellular bacteria. Although there is less evidence for a LD–extracellular bacterial interaction compared to interactions with intracellular bacteria, in this review, we attempt to compare the bacterial mechanisms that target LDs, the host signaling pathways involved and the utilization of LDs by these bacteria. Many intracellular bacteria employ unique mechanisms to target host LDs and potentially obtain nutrients and lipids for vacuolar biogenesis and/or immune evasion. However, extracellular bacteria utilize LDs to either promote host tissue damage or induce host death. We also identify several areas that require further investigation. Along with identifying LD interactions with bacteria besides the ones reported, the precise mechanisms of LD targeting and how LDs benefit pathogens should be explored for the bacteria discussed in the review. Elucidating LD–bacterial interactions promises critical insight into a novel host–pathogen interaction.
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Effect of binding immunoglobulin protein on induction of regulatory B cells with killer phenotype during inflammation and disease. Future Sci OA 2019; 5:FSO379. [PMID: 30906571 PMCID: PMC6426174 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2018-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses result from different immune cells acting in synergy to successfully fight infections. This requires a high degree of regulation to prevent excessive production of inflammatory products leading to other disease forms. Regulatory B cells are classified based on surface immunoglobulin expression. These cells are reported to resolve inflammation during chronic or autoimmune diseases. However, during chronic inflammation, their frequencies have been shown to be affected, and they can be induced by exposure to extracellular binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP). This review focuses on the effects on immune cells by extracellular or secreted BiP during various chronic inflammatory responses. For example, cell stress associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection leads to accumulation of unfolded proteins that subsequently activate BiP and its three signal transducers intracellularly. Furthermore, BiP can be translocated from the endoplasmic reticulum to the extracellular environment where it binds immune cells as an autoantigen and leads to functional changes. Immune responses during tuberculosis disease require balanced cell interactions. These include antigen-presenting cells, effector cells and regulatory cells. B lymphocytes can mediate regulatory function during chronic diseases and lead to better disease outcome. These specialized cells mediate this function through both surface and soluble protein expression. Their development can be facilitated by different stimuli including binding immunoglobulin protein. This protein resides in the endoplasmic reticulum where it functions in proper protein folding; however, it can escape this location to the extracellular phase, where it affects immune cell function leading to development of regulatory traits on B cells.
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