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Sefat KMSR, Kumar M, Kehl S, Kulkarni R, Leekha A, Paniagua MM, Ackart DF, Jones N, Spencer C, Podell BK, Ouellet H, Varadarajan N. An intranasal nanoparticle vaccine elicits protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00482-1. [PMID: 38704256 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Mucosal vaccines have the potential to elicit protective immune responses at the point of entry of respiratory pathogens, thus preventing even the initial seed infection. Unlike licensed injectable vaccines, mucosal vaccines comprising protein subunits are only in development. One of the primary challenges associated with mucosal vaccines has been identifying and characterizing safe yet effective mucosal adjuvants that can effectively prime multi-factorial mucosal immunity. In this study, we tested NanoSTING, a liposomal formulation of the endogenous activator of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, cyclic guanosine adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP), as a mucosal adjuvant. We formulated a vaccine based on the H1 antigen (fusion protein of Ag85b and ESAT-6) adjuvanted with NanoSTING. Intranasal immunization of NanoSTING-H1 elicited a strong T-cell response in the lung of vaccinated animals characterized by (a) CXCR3+ KLRG1- lung resident T cells that are known to be essential for controlling bacterial infection, (b) IFNγ-secreting CD4+ T cells which is necessary for intracellular bactericidal activity, and (c) IL17-secreting CD4+ T cells that can confer protective immunity against multiple clinically relevant strains of Mtb. Upon challenge with aerosolized Mycobacterium tuberculosis Erdman strain, intranasal NanoSTING-H1 provides protection comparable to subcutaneous administration of the live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis vaccine strain Bacille-Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Our results indicate that NanoSTING adjuvanted protein vaccines can elicit a multi-factorial immune response that protects from infection by M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Samiur Rahman Sefat
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Monish Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Stephanie Kehl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Rohan Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Ankita Leekha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Melisa-Martinez Paniagua
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - David F Ackart
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Nicole Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Charles Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Brendan K Podell
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Hugues Ouellet
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Navin Varadarajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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Morte-Romea E, Pesini C, Pellejero-Sagastizábal G, Letona-Giménez S, Martínez-Lostao L, Aranda SL, Toyas C, Redrado S, Dolader-Ballesteros E, Arias M, Galvez EM, Sanz-Pamplona R, Pardo J, Paño-Pardo JR, Ramírez-Labrada A. CAR Immunotherapy for the treatment of infectious diseases: a systematic review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1289303. [PMID: 38352878 PMCID: PMC10861799 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1289303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy treatments aim to modulate the host's immune response to either mitigate it in inflammatory/autoimmune disease or enhance it against infection or cancer. Among different immunotherapies reaching clinical application during the last years, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) immunotherapy has emerged as an effective treatment for cancer where different CAR T cells have already been approved. Yet their use against infectious diseases is an area still relatively poorly explored, albeit with tremendous potential for research and clinical application. Infectious diseases represent a global health challenge, with the escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance underscoring the need for alternative therapeutic approaches. This review aims to systematically evaluate the current applications of CAR immunotherapy in infectious diseases and discuss its potential for future applications. Notably, CAR cell therapies, initially developed for cancer treatment, are gaining recognition as potential remedies for infectious diseases. The review sheds light on significant progress in CAR T cell therapy directed at viral and opportunistic fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Morte-Romea
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Pesini
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
- Immunotherapy, Cytotoxicity, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Galadriel Pellejero-Sagastizábal
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Santiago Letona-Giménez
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Lostao
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Pediatry, Radiology and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Loscos Aranda
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carla Toyas
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sergio Redrado
- Instituto de Carboquímica-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicadas (ICB-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Dolader-Ballesteros
- Department of Microbiology, Pediatry, Radiology and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maykel Arias
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Carboquímica-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicadas (ICB-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva M. Galvez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Carboquímica-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicadas (ICB-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rebeca Sanz-Pamplona
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Pardo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Pediatry, Radiology and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jose Ramón Paño-Pardo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ariel Ramírez-Labrada
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Nanotoxicología e Inmunotoxicología Experimental (UNATI), Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
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Sankar P, Mishra BB. Early innate cell interactions with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in protection and pathology of tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260859. [PMID: 37965344 PMCID: PMC10641450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, claiming the lives of up to 1.5 million individuals annually. TB is caused by the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which primarily infects innate immune cells in the lungs. These immune cells play a critical role in the host defense against Mtb infection, influencing the inflammatory environment in the lungs, and facilitating the development of adaptive immunity. However, Mtb exploits and manipulates innate immune cells, using them as favorable niche for replication. Unfortunately, our understanding of the early interactions between Mtb and innate effector cells remains limited. This review underscores the interactions between Mtb and various innate immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, granulocytes, NK cells, innate lymphocytes-iNKT and ILCs. In addition, the contribution of alveolar epithelial cell and endothelial cells that constitutes the mucosal barrier in TB immunity will be discussed. Gaining insights into the early cellular basis of immune reactions to Mtb infection is crucial for our understanding of Mtb resistance and disease tolerance mechanisms. We argue that a better understanding of the early host-pathogen interactions could inform on future vaccination approaches and devise intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
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Li YY, Liu HM, Wang D, Lu Y, Ding C, Zhou LS, Wu XY, Zhou ZW, Xu SQ, Lin C, Qin LH, Li Y, Liu J, Liu HP, Zhang L. Arabinogalactan enhances Mycobacterium marinum virulence by suppressing host innate immune responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:879775. [PMID: 36090984 PMCID: PMC9459032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.879775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan (AG) participates in forming the cell wall core of mycobacteria, a structure known as the mAGP complex. Few studies have reported the virulence of inartificial AG or its interaction with the host immune system. Using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats interference gene editing technology, conditional Mycobacterium marinum mutants were constructed with a low expression of embA or glfT2 (EmbA_KD or GlfT2_KD), which are separately involved in the biosynthesis of AG arabinose and galactose domains. High-performance gel permeation chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography assays confirmed that the EmbA_KD strain showed a remarkable decrease in AG content with fragmentary arabinose chains, and the GlfT2_KD strain displayed less reduction in content with cut-down galactose chains. Based on transmission and scanning electron microscopy observations, the cell walls of the two mutants were found to be dramatically thickened, and the boundaries of different layers were more distinct. Phenotypes including the over-secretion of extracellular substances and enhanced spreading motility with a concomitant decreased resistance to ethambutol appeared in the EmbA_KD strain. The EmbA_KD and GlfT2_KD strains displayed limited intracellular proliferation after infecting murine J774A.1 macrophages. The disease progression infected with the EmbA_KD or GlfT2_KD strain significantly slowed down in zebrafish/murine tail infection models as well. Through transcriptome profiling, macrophages infected by EmbA_KD/GlfT2_KD strains showed enhanced oxidative metabolism. The cell survival measured using the CCK8 assay of macrophages exposed to the EmbA_KD strain was upregulated and consistent with the pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes in terms of cell cycle/apoptosis. The overexpression of C/EBPβ and the increasing secretion of proinflammatory cytokines were validated in the macrophages infected by the EmbA_KD mutant. In conclusion, the AG of Mycobacterium appears to restrain the host innate immune responses to enhance intracellular proliferation by interfering with oxidative metabolism and causing macrophage death. The arabinose chains of AG influence the Mycobacterium virulence and pathogenicity to a greater extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-yu Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han-Mei Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Decheng Wang
- School of Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cairong Ding
- School of Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Li-Shuang Zhou
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Wu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-qin Xu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lian-Hua Qin
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jun Liu, ; Hai-Peng Liu, ; Lu Zhang,
| | - Hai-Peng Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Liu, ; Hai-Peng Liu, ; Lu Zhang,
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Liu, ; Hai-Peng Liu, ; Lu Zhang,
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5
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High Dimensionality Reduction and Immune Phenotyping of Natural Killer and Invariant Natural Killer Cells in Latent Tuberculosis-Diabetes Comorbidity. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:2422790. [PMID: 35242883 PMCID: PMC8886750 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2422790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) and invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are unique innate lymphocytes that coordinate diverse immune responses and display antimycobacterial potential. However, the role of NK and iNKT cells expressing cytokines, cytotoxic, and immune markers in latent tuberculosis (LTB), diabetes mellitus (DM), or preDM (PDM) and nonDM (NDM) comorbidities is not known. Thus, we have studied the unstimulated (UNS), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb [PPD, WCL]), and mitogen (P/I)-stimulated NK and iNKT cells expressing Type 1 (IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-2), Type 17 (IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22) cytokines, cytotoxic (perforin, granzyme B, and granulysin) and immune (GMCSF, PD-1, and CD69) markers in LTB comorbidities by dimensionality reduction and flow cytometry. Our results suggest that LTB DM and PDM individuals express diverse NK and iNKT cell immune clusters compared to LTB NDM individuals. In UNS condition, frequencies of NK and iNKT cells expressing markers are not significantly different. After Mtb antigen stimulation, NK cell expressing [Type 1 (IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-2), GMCSF in PPD and IFNγ in WCL), Type 17 [(IL-17A), PD-1 in PPD), (IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22), PD-1 in WCL], and cytotoxic (perforin, granzyme B in PPD, and WCL)] marker frequencies were significantly reduced in LTB DM and/or PDM individuals compared to LTB NDM individuals. Similarly, iNKT cells expressing [Type 1 (IFNγ, IL-2), GMCSF in PPD), TNFα, GMCSF in WCL), Type 17 (IL-17A), PD-1 in PPD, IL-17F in WCL) cytokines were increased and cytotoxic or immune (perforin, granzyme B, granulysin), CD69 in PPD, perforin and CD69 in WCL] marker frequencies were significantly diminished in LTB DM and/or PDM compared to LTB NDM individuals. Finally, NK and iNKT cell frequencies did not exhibit significant differences upon positive control antigen stimulation between the study population. Therefore, altered NK cell and iNKT cells expressing cytokines, cytotoxic, and immune markers are characteristic features in LTB PDM/DM comorbidities.
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Kathamuthu GR, Pavan Kumar N, Moideen K, Dolla C, Kumaran P, Babu S. Multi-Dimensionality Immunophenotyping Analyses of MAIT Cells Expressing Th1/Th17 Cytokines and Cytotoxic Markers in Latent Tuberculosis Diabetes Comorbidity. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11010087. [PMID: 35056035 PMCID: PMC8777702 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate like, and play a major role in restricting disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) disease before the activation of antigen-specific T cells. Additionally, the potential link and synergistic function between diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB) has been recognized for a long time. However, the role of MAIT cells in latent TB (LTB) DM or pre-DM (PDM) and non-DM (NDM) comorbidities is not known. Hence, we examined the frequencies (represented as geometric means, GM) of unstimulated (UNS), mycobacterial (purified protein derivative (PPD) and whole-cell lysate (WCL)), and positive control (phorbol myristate acetate (P)/ionomycin (I)) antigen stimulated MAIT cells expressing Th1 (IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-2), Th17 (IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22), and cytotoxic (perforin (PFN), granzyme (GZE B), and granulysin (GNLSN)) markers in LTB comorbidities by uniform manifold approximation (UMAP) and flow cytometry. We also performed a correlation analysis of Th1/Th17 cytokines and cytotoxic markers with HbA1c, TST, and BMI, and diverse hematological and biochemical parameters. The UMAP analysis demonstrated that the percentage of MAIT cells was higher; T helper (Th)1 cytokine and cytotoxic (PFN) markers expressions were different in LTB-DM and PDM individuals in comparison to the LTB-NDM group on UMAP. Similarly, no significant difference was observed in the geometric means (GM) of MAIT cells expressing Th1, Th17, and cytotoxic markers between the study population under UNS conditions. In mycobacterial antigen stimulation, the GM of Th1 (IFNγ (PPD and WCL), TNFα (PPD and WCL), and IL-2 (PPD)), and Th17 (IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22 (PPD and/or WCL)) cytokines were significantly elevated and cytotoxic markers (PFN, GZE B, and GNLSN (PPD and WCL)) were significantly reduced in the LTB-DM and/or PDM group compared to the LTB-NDM group. Some of the Th1/Th17 cytokines and cytotoxic markers were significantly correlated with the parameters analyzed. Overall, we found that different Th1 cytokines and cytotoxic marker population clusters and increased Th1 and Th17 (IL-17A, IL-22) cytokines and diminished cytotoxic markers expressing MAIT cells are associated with LTB-PDM and DM comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Raj Kathamuthu
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600031, India; (N.P.K.); (S.B.)
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai 600031, India; (K.M.); (C.D.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nathella Pavan Kumar
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600031, India; (N.P.K.); (S.B.)
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai 600031, India; (K.M.); (C.D.); (P.K.)
| | - Kadar Moideen
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai 600031, India; (K.M.); (C.D.); (P.K.)
| | - Chandrakumar Dolla
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai 600031, India; (K.M.); (C.D.); (P.K.)
| | - Paul Kumaran
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai 600031, India; (K.M.); (C.D.); (P.K.)
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600031, India; (N.P.K.); (S.B.)
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0425, USA
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Muruganandah V, Kupz A. Immune responses to bacterial lung infections and their implications for vaccination. Int Immunol 2021; 34:231-248. [PMID: 34850883 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary immune system plays a vital role in protecting the delicate structures of gaseous exchange against invasion from bacterial pathogens. With antimicrobial resistance becoming an increasing concern, finding novel strategies to develop vaccines against bacterial lung diseases remains a top priority. In order to do so, a continued expansion of our understanding of the pulmonary immune response is warranted. Whilst some aspects are well characterised, emerging paradigms such as the importance of innate cells and inducible immune structures in mediating protection provide avenues of potential to rethink our approach to vaccine development. In this review, we aim to provide a broad overview of both the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms in place to protect the pulmonary tissue from invading bacterial organisms. We use specific examples from several infection models and human studies to depict the varying functions of the pulmonary immune system that may be manipulated in future vaccine development. Particular emphasis has been placed on emerging themes that are less reviewed and underappreciated in vaccine development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visai Muruganandah
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
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8
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Gong W, Wu X. Differential Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection and Active Tuberculosis: A Key to a Successful Tuberculosis Control Strategy. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:745592. [PMID: 34745048 PMCID: PMC8570039 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.745592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As an ancient infectious disease, tuberculosis (TB) is still the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent worldwide. Latent TB infection (LTBI) has been recognized as the largest source of new TB cases and is one of the biggest obstacles to achieving the aim of the End TB Strategy. The latest data indicate that a considerable percentage of the population with LTBI and the lack of differential diagnosis between LTBI and active TB (aTB) may be potential reasons for the high TB morbidity and mortality in countries with high TB burdens. The tuberculin skin test (TST) has been used to diagnose TB for > 100 years, but it fails to distinguish patients with LTBI from those with aTB and people who have received Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination. To overcome the limitations of TST, several new skin tests and interferon-gamma release assays have been developed, such as the Diaskintest, C-Tb skin test, EC-Test, and T-cell spot of the TB assay, QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube, QuantiFERON-TB Gold-Plus, LIAISON QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus test, and LIOFeron TB/LTBI. However, these methods cannot distinguish LTBI from aTB. To investigate the reasons why all these methods cannot distinguish LTBI from aTB, we have explained the concept and definition of LTBI and expounded on the immunological mechanism of LTBI in this review. In addition, we have outlined the research status, future directions, and challenges of LTBI differential diagnosis, including novel biomarkers derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and hosts, new models and algorithms, omics technologies, and microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Gong
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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9
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Lemaitre J, Naninck T, Delache B, Creppy J, Huber P, Holzapfel M, Bouillier C, Contreras V, Martinon F, Kahlaoui N, Pascal Q, Tricot S, Ducancel F, Vecellio L, Le Grand R, Maisonnasse P. Non-human primate models of human respiratory infections. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:147-164. [PMID: 33895579 PMCID: PMC8062575 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory pathogens represent a great burden for humanity and a potential source of new pandemics, as illustrated by the recent emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In recent decades, biotechnological advances have led to the development of numerous innovative therapeutic molecules and vaccine immunogens. However, we still lack effective treatments and vaccines against many respiratory pathogens. More than ever, there is a need for a fast, predictive, preclinical pipeline, to keep pace with emerging diseases. Animal models are key for the preclinical development of disease management strategies. The predictive value of these models depends on their ability to reproduce the features of the human disease, the mode of transmission of the infectious agent and the availability of technologies for monitoring infection. This review focuses on the use of non-human primates as relevant preclinical models for the development of prevention and treatment for human respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lemaitre
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Thibaut Naninck
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Benoît Delache
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Justina Creppy
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, INSERM U1100, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Huber
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marion Holzapfel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Camille Bouillier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Frédéric Martinon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nidhal Kahlaoui
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Quentin Pascal
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sabine Tricot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Frédéric Ducancel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurent Vecellio
- Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, INSERM U1100, Université de Tours, Tours, France; Plateforme Scientifique et Technique Animaleries (PST-A), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Pauline Maisonnasse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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10
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Xiong K, Sun W, Wang H, Xie J, Su B, Fan L. The frequency and dynamics of CD4 + mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in active pulmonary tuberculosis. Cell Immunol 2021; 365:104381. [PMID: 34049011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
MAIT cells are unconventional innate-like T lymphocytes contributing to host immune protection against Mycobacteria tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. CD4- MAIT cells play a major role in immune protection against tuberculosis (TB), however, the role of CD4+ MAIT cells was elusive due to their low abundance. We firstly investigated the frequency and functions of CD4+ MAIT cells in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients before and after anti-TB treatment. We found that the frequency of Mtb-reactive CD4+ MAIT cells and IFN-γ, granzyme B (GrzB), CD69 expression on them were increased while LAG-3+ cells of them were decreased in PTB patients. After the treatment, the frequency of Mtb-reactive CD4+ MAIT cells and CD69, IFN-γ, GrzB expression on them were decreased while LAG-3 increased. The results indicated the expression profile is distinct between CD4+ MAIT cells and CD4- MAIT cells in PTB patients, the increased IFN-γ and GrzB expression of CD4+ MAIT cells play a role in anti-TB immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong Xiong
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwen Sun
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxiu Wang
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Bo Su
- Lab Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lin Fan
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Moriarty RV, Ellis AL, O’Connor SL. Monkeying around with MAIT Cells: Studying the Role of MAIT Cells in SIV and Mtb Co-Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:863. [PMID: 34066765 PMCID: PMC8151491 DOI: 10.3390/v13050863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There were an estimated 10 million new cases of tuberculosis (TB) disease in 2019. While over 90% of individuals successfully control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, which causes TB disease, HIV co-infection often leads to active TB disease. Despite the co-endemic nature of HIV and TB, knowledge of the immune mechanisms contributing to the loss of control of Mtb replication during HIV infection is lacking. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that target and destroy bacterially-infected cells and may contribute to the control of Mtb infection. Studies examining MAIT cells in human Mtb infection are commonly performed using peripheral blood samples. However, because Mtb infection occurs primarily in lung tissue and lung-associated lymph nodes, these studies may not be fully translatable to the tissues. Additionally, studies longitudinally examining MAIT cell dynamics during HIV/Mtb co-infection are rare, and lung and lymph node tissue samples from HIV+ patients are typically unavailable. Nonhuman primates (NHP) provide a model system to characterize MAIT cell activity during Mtb infection, both in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-infected and SIV-naïve animals. Using NHPs allows for a more comprehensive understanding of tissue-based MAIT cell dynamics during infection with both pathogens. NHP SIV and Mtb infection is similar to human HIV and Mtb infection, and MAIT cells are phenotypically similar in humans and NHPs. Here, we discuss current knowledge surrounding MAIT cells in SIV and Mtb infection, how SIV infection impairs MAIT cell function during Mtb co-infection, and knowledge gaps to address.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA; (R.V.M.); (A.L.E.)
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12
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Wen X, Zhang X, Nian S, Wei G, Guo X, Yu H, Xie X, Ye Y, Yuan Q. Title of article: Mucosal-associated invariant T cells in lung diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107485. [PMID: 33647824 PMCID: PMC7909906 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The lungs are directly connected to the external environment, which makes them more vulnerable to infection and injury. They are protected by the respiratory epithelium and immune cells to maintain a dynamic balance. Both innate and adaptive immune cells are involved in the pathogenesis of lung diseases. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of unconventional T cells, which have attracted increasing attention in recent years. Although MAIT cells account for a small part of the total immune cells in the lungs, evidence suggests that these cells are activated by T cell receptors and/or cytokine receptors and mediate immune response. They play an important role in immunosurveillance and immunity against microbial infection, and recent studies have shown that subsets of MAIT cells play a role in promoting pulmonary inflammation. Emerging data indicate that MAIT cells are involved in the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 and possible immunopathogenesis in COVID-19. Here, we introduce MAIT cell biology to clarify their role in the immune response. Then we review MAIT cells in human and murine lung diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer, and discuss their possible protective and pathological effects. MAIT cells represent an attractive marker and potential therapeutic target for disease progression, thus providing new strategies for the treatment of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wen
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China.
| | - Xingli Zhang
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China.
| | - Siji Nian
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China.
| | - Gang Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China.
| | - Xiyuan Guo
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China.
| | - Hong Yu
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China.
| | - Xiang Xie
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China.
| | - Yingchun Ye
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China.
| | - Qing Yuan
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China.
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13
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Ning H, Zhang W, Kang J, Ding T, Liang X, Lu Y, Guo C, Sun W, Wang H, Bai Y, Shen L. Subunit Vaccine ESAT-6:c-di-AMP Delivered by Intranasal Route Elicits Immune Responses and Protects Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:647220. [PMID: 33829000 PMCID: PMC8019782 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.647220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, remains the most common cause of death from a single infectious disease. More safe and effective vaccines are necessary for preventing the prevalence of TB. In this study, a subunit vaccine of ESAT-6 formulated with c-di-AMP (ESAT-6:c-di-AMP) promoted mucosal and systemic immune responses in spleen and lung. ESAT-6:c-di-AMP inhibited the differentiations of CD8+ T cells as well as macrophages, but promoted the differentiations of ILCs in lung. The co-stimulation also enhanced inflammatory cytokines production in MH-S cells. It was first revealed that ESAT-6 and c-di-AMP regulated autophagy of macrophages in different stages, which together resulted in the inhibition of Mtb growth in macrophages during early infection. After Mtb infection, the level of ESAT-6-specific immune responses induced by ESAT-6:c-di-AMP dropped sharply. Finally, inoculation of ESAT-6:c-di-AMP led to significant reduction of bacterial burdens in lungs and spleens of immunized mice. Our results demonstrated that subunit vaccine ESAT-6:c-di-AMP could elicit innate and adaptive immune responses which provided protection against Mtb challenge, and c-di-AMP as a mucosal adjuvant could enhance immunogenicity of antigen, especially for innate immunity, which might be used for new mucosal vaccine against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Ning
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Microbiology and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical School, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics, TangDu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical School, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Xuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanzhi Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical School, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chengxuan Guo
- Student Brigade, Basic Medical School, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Student Brigade, Basic Medical School, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huapeng Wang
- Student Brigade, Basic Medical School, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yinlan Bai
- Department of Microbiology and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical School, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lixin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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Ruibal P, Voogd L, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM. The role of donor-unrestricted T-cells, innate lymphoid cells, and NK cells in anti-mycobacterial immunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:30-47. [PMID: 33529407 PMCID: PMC8154655 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination strategies against mycobacteria, focusing mostly on classical T‐ and B‐cells, have shown limited success, encouraging the addition of alternative targets. Classically restricted T‐cells recognize antigens presented via highly polymorphic HLA class Ia and class II molecules, while donor‐unrestricted T‐cells (DURTs), with few exceptions, recognize ligands via genetically conserved antigen presentation molecules. Consequently, DURTs can respond to the same ligands across diverse human populations. DURTs can be activated either through cognate TCR ligation or via bystander cytokine signaling. TCR‐driven antigen‐specific activation of DURTs occurs upon antigen presentation via non‐polymorphic molecules such as HLA‐E, CD1, MR1, and butyrophilin, leading to the activation of HLA‐E–restricted T‐cells, CD1‐restricted T‐cells, mucosal‐associated invariant T‐cells (MAITs), and TCRγδ T‐cells, respectively. NK cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which lack rearranged TCRs, are activated through other receptor‐triggering pathways, or can be engaged through bystander cytokines, produced, for example, by activated antigen‐specific T‐cells or phagocytes. NK cells can also develop trained immune memory and thus could represent cells of interest to mobilize by novel vaccines. In this review, we summarize the latest findings regarding the contributions of DURTs, NK cells, and ILCs in anti–M tuberculosis, M leprae, and non‐tuberculous mycobacterial immunity and explore possible ways in which they could be harnessed through vaccines and immunotherapies to improve protection against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ruibal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Voogd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Walker NF, Opondo C, Meintjes G, Jhilmeet N, Friedland JS, Elkington PT, Wilkinson RJ, Wilkinson KA. Invariant Natural Killer T-cell Dynamics in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-associated Tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:1865-1874. [PMID: 31190065 PMCID: PMC7156773 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (PLWH). PLWH with TB disease are at risk of the paradoxical TB-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) when they commence antiretroviral therapy. However, the pathophysiology is incompletely understood and specific therapy is lacking. We investigated the hypothesis that invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells contribute to innate immune dysfunction associated with TB-IRIS. Methods In a cross-sectional study of 101 PLWH and HIV-uninfected South African patients with active TB and controls, iNKT cells were enumerated using α-galactosylceramide-loaded CD1d tetramers and subsequently functionally characterized by flow cytometry. In a second study of 49 people with HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and active TB commencing antiretroviral therapy, iNKT cells in TB-IRIS patients and non-IRIS controls were compared longitudinally. Results Circulating iNKT cells were reduced in HIV-1 infection, most significantly the CD4+ subset, which was inversely associated with HIV-1 viral load. iNKT cells in HIV-associated TB had increased surface CD107a expression, indicating cytotoxic degranulation. Relatively increased iNKT cell frequency in patients with HIV-1 infection and active TB was associated with development of TB-IRIS following antiretroviral therapy initiation. iNKT cells in TB-IRIS were CD4+CD8– subset depleted and degranulated around the time of TB-IRIS onset. Conclusions Reduced iNKT cell CD4+ subsets as a result of HIV-1 infection may skew iNKT cell functionality toward cytotoxicity. Increased CD4– cytotoxic iNKT cells may contribute to immunopathology in TB-IRIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi F Walker
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity, and Imperial College Wellcome Trust Centre for Global Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa.,Tuberculosis Centre and Department of Clinical Research
| | - Charles Opondo
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Nishtha Jhilmeet
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Jon S Friedland
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London
| | - Paul T Elkington
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity, and Imperial College Wellcome Trust Centre for Global Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa.,Francis Crick Institute, London.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Katalin A Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa.,Francis Crick Institute, London
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16
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La Manna MP, Orlando V, Tamburini B, Badami GD, Dieli F, Caccamo N. Harnessing Unconventional T Cells for Immunotherapy of Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2107. [PMID: 33013888 PMCID: PMC7497315 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Even if the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) has been decreasing over the last years, the number of patients with TB is increasing worldwide. The emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB is making control of TB more difficult. Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine fails to prevent pulmonary TB in adults, and there is an urgent need for a vaccine that is also effective in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. Therefore, TB control may benefit on novel therapeutic options beyond antimicrobial treatment. Host-directed immunotherapies could offer therapeutic strategies for patients with drug-resistant TB or with HIV and TB coinfection. In the last years, the use of donor lymphocytes after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has emerged as a new strategy in the cure of hematologic malignancies in order to induce graft-versus leukemia and graft-versus-infection effects. Moreover, adoptive therapy has proven to be effective in controlling cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in immunocompromised patients with ex vivo expanded viral antigen-specific T cells. Unconventional T cells are a heterogeneous group of T lymphocytes with limited diversity. One of their characteristics is that antigen recognition is not restricted by the classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC). They include CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1)–restricted T cells, MHC-related protein-1–restricted mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, MHC class Ib–reactive T cells, and γδ T cells. Because these T cells are genotype-independent, they are also termed “donor unrestricted” T cells. The combined features of low donor diversity and the lack of genetic restriction make these cells suitable candidates for T cell–based immunotherapy of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco P La Manna
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Orlando
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bartolo Tamburini
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giusto D Badami
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nadia Caccamo
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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17
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Ogongo P, Steyn AJ, Karim F, Dullabh KJ, Awala I, Madansein R, Leslie A, Behar SM. Differential skewing of donor-unrestricted and γδ T cell repertoires in tuberculosis-infected human lungs. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:214-230. [PMID: 31763997 PMCID: PMC6934215 DOI: 10.1172/jci130711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconventional T cells that recognize mycobacterial antigens are of great interest as potential vaccine targets against tuberculosis (TB). This includes donor-unrestricted T cells (DURTs), such as mucosa-associated invariant T cells (MAITs), CD1-restricted T cells, and γδ T cells. We exploited the distinctive nature of DURTs and γδ T cell receptors (TCRs) to investigate the involvement of these T cells during TB in the human lung by global TCR sequencing. Making use of surgical lung resections, we investigated the distribution, frequency, and characteristics of TCRs in lung tissue and matched blood from individuals infected with TB. Despite depletion of MAITs and certain CD1-restricted T cells from the blood, we found that the DURT repertoire was well preserved in the lungs, irrespective of disease status or HIV coinfection. The TCRδ repertoire, in contrast, was highly skewed in the lungs, where it was dominated by Vδ1 and distinguished by highly localized clonal expansions, consistent with the nonrecirculating lung-resident γδ T cell population. These data show that repertoire sequencing is a powerful tool for tracking T cell subsets during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Africa Health Research Institute and.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Kaylesh J Dullabh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ismael Awala
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajhmun Madansein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute and.,Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel M Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Pomaznoy M, Kuan R, Lindvall M, Burel JG, Seumois G, Vijayanand P, Taplitz R, Gilman RH, Saito M, Lewinsohn DM, Sette A, Peters B, Lindestam Arlehamn CS. Quantitative and Qualitative Perturbations of CD8 + MAITs in Healthy Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Individuals. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:292-307. [PMID: 32499216 PMCID: PMC7543048 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells are considered important contributors to the immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, yet limited information is currently known regarding their specific immune signature and phenotype. In this study, we applied a cell population transcriptomics strategy to define immune signatures of human latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in memory CD8 T cells. We found a 41-gene signature that discriminates between memory CD8 T cells from healthy LTBI subjects and uninfected controls. The gene signature was dominated by genes associated with mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAITs) and reflected the lower frequency of MAITs observed in individuals with LTBI. There was no evidence for a conventional CD8 T cell–specific signature between the two cohorts. We, therefore, investigated MAITs in more detail based on Vα7.2 and CD161 expression and staining with an MHC-related protein 1 (MR1) tetramer. This revealed two distinct populations of CD8+Vα7.2+CD161+ MAITs: MR1 tetramer+ and MR1 tetramer−, which both had distinct gene expression compared with memory CD8 T cells. Transcriptomic analysis of LTBI versus noninfected individuals did not reveal significant differences for MR1 tetramer+ MAITs. However, gene expression of MR1 tetramer− MAITs showed large interindividual diversity and a tuberculosis-specific signature. This was further strengthened by a more diverse TCR-α and -β repertoire of MR1 tetramer− cells as compared with MR1 tetramer+. Thus, circulating memory CD8 T cells in subjects with latent tuberculosis have a reduced number of conventional MR1 tetramer+ MAITs as well as a difference in phenotype in the rare population of MR1 tetramer− MAITs compared with uninfected controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Pomaznoy
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Rebecca Kuan
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Mikaela Lindvall
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Julie G Burel
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Grégory Seumois
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Randy Taplitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205.,Universidad Peruana Caytano Hereida, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205.,Department of Virology, Tohuku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 9808575, Japan
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Department of Medicine, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239; and
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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19
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Chai Q, Lu Z, Liu CH. Host defense mechanisms against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1859-1878. [PMID: 31720742 PMCID: PMC11104961 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains the leading cause of death worldwide from a single infectious pathogen. Mtb is a paradigmatic intracellular pathogen that primarily invades the lungs after host inhalation of bacteria-containing droplets via the airway. However, the majority of Mtb-exposed individuals can spontaneously control the infection by virtue of a robust immune defense system. The mucosal barriers of the respiratory tract shape the first-line defense against Mtb through various mucosal immune responses. After arriving at the alveoli, the surviving mycobacteria further encounter a set of host innate immune cells that exert multiple cellular bactericidal functions. Adaptive immunity, predominantly mediated by a range of different T cell and B cell subsets, is subsequently activated and participates in host anti-mycobacterial defense. During Mtb infection, host bactericidal immune responses are exquisitely adjusted and balanced by multifaceted mechanisms, including genetic and epigenetic regulation, metabolic regulation and neuroendocrine regulation, which are indispensable for maintaining host immune efficiency and avoiding excessive tissue injury. A better understanding of the integrated and equilibrated host immune defense system against Mtb will contribute to the development of rational TB treatment regimens especially novel host-directed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyao Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhe Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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20
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Estévez O, Anibarro L, Garet E, Martínez A, Pena A, Barcia L, Peleteiro M, González-Fernández Á. Multi-parameter flow cytometry immunophenotyping distinguishes different stages of tuberculosis infection. J Infect 2020; 81:57-71. [PMID: 32330526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify new potential host biomarkers in blood to discriminate between active TB patients, uninfected (NoTBI) and latently infected contacts (LTBI). METHODS A blood cell count was performed to study parent leukocyte populations. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and a multi-parameter flow cytometry assay was conducted to study the distribution of basal and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-stimulated lymphocytes. Differences between groups and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) were investigated to assess the diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS Active TB patients presented higher Monocyte-to-lymphocyte and Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios than LTBI and NoTBI contacts (p<0.0001; AUC>0.8). Lymphocyte subsets with differences (p >0.05; AUC >0.7) between active TB and both contact groups include the basal distribution of Th1/Th2 ratio, Th1-Th17, CD4+ Central Memory (TCM) or MAIT cells. Expression of CD154 is increased in Mtb-activated CD4+ TCM and Effector Memory T cells in active TB and LTBI compared to NoTBI. In CD4+T cells, expression of CD154 showed a higher accuracy than IFNγ to discriminate Mtb-specific activation. CONCLUSIONS We identified different cell subsets with potential use in tuberculosis diagnosis. Among them, distribution of CD4 TCM cells and their expression of CD154 after Mtb-activation are the most promising candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Estévez
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Campus universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-GS), Spain
| | - Luis Anibarro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-GS), Spain; GEIM -Grupo de Estudio de Micobacterias de la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica, Spain; Tuberculosis Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Pontevedra Hospital Complex, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Elina Garet
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Campus universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-GS), Spain
| | - Amparo Martínez
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Campus universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-GS), Spain
| | - Alberto Pena
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-GS), Spain; Tuberculosis Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Pontevedra Hospital Complex, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Laura Barcia
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-GS), Spain; Tuberculosis Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Pontevedra Hospital Complex, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Mercedes Peleteiro
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Campus universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Campus universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-GS), Spain.
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21
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Precision medicine in the clinical management of respiratory tract infections including multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: learning from innovations in immuno-oncology. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2020; 25:233-241. [PMID: 30883448 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the light of poor management outcomes of antibiotic-resistant respiratory tract infection (RTI)-associated sepsis syndrome and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), new management interventions based on host-directed therapies (HDTs) are warranted to improve morbidity, mortality and long-term functional outcomes. We review developments in potential HDTs based on precision cancer therapy concepts applicable to RTIs including MDR-TB. RECENT FINDINGS Immune reactivity, tissue destruction and repair processes identified during studies of cancer immunotherapy share common pathogenetic mechanisms with RTI-associated sepsis syndrome and MDR-TB. T-cell receptors (TCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors targeting pathogen-specific or host-derived mutated molecules (major histocompatibility class-dependent/ major histocompatibility class-independent) can be engineered for recognition by TCR γδ and natural killer (NK) cells. T-cell subsets and, more recently, NK cells are shown to be host-protective. These cells can also be activated by immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) or derived from allogeneic sources and serve as potential for improving clinical outcomes in RTIs and MDR-TB. SUMMARY Recent developments of immunotherapy in cancer reveal common pathways in immune reactivity, tissue destruction and repair. RTIs-related sepsis syndrome exhibits mixed immune reactions, making cytokine or ICI therapy guided by robust biomarker analyses, viable treatment options.
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22
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James CA, Seshadri C. T Cell Responses to Mycobacterial Glycolipids: On the Spectrum of "Innateness". Front Immunol 2020; 11:170. [PMID: 32117300 PMCID: PMC7026021 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases due to mycobacteria, including tuberculosis, leprosy, and Buruli ulcer, rank among the top causes of death and disability worldwide. Animal studies have revealed the importance of T cells in controlling these infections. However, the specific antigens recognized by T cells that confer protective immunity and their associated functions remain to be definitively established. T cells that respond to mycobacterial peptide antigens exhibit classical features of adaptive immunity and have been well-studied in humans and animal models. Recently, innate-like T cells that recognize lipid and metabolite antigens have also been implicated. Specifically, T cells that recognize mycobacterial glycolipid antigens (mycolipids) have been shown to confer protection to tuberculosis in animal models and share some biological characteristics with adaptive and innate-like T cells. Here, we review the existing data suggesting that mycolipid-specific T cells exist on a spectrum of “innateness,” which will influence how they can be leveraged to develop new diagnostics and vaccines for mycobacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A James
- Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease (M3D) PhD Program, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Tuberculosis Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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23
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Jiang J, Cao Z, Qu J, Liu H, Han H, Cheng X. PD-1-expressing MAIT cells from patients with tuberculosis exhibit elevated production of CXCL13. Scand J Immunol 2020; 91:e12858. [PMID: 31833092 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To understand functional role of PD-1-expressing MAIT cells during tuberculosis infection in humans, sorted PD-1+ and PD-1- MAIT cells from pleural effusions of patients with pleural tuberculosis were subjected to transcriptome sequencing. PD-1-expressing MAIT cells were analysed by flow cytometry and their phenotypic and functional features were investigated. Transcriptome sequencing identified 144 genes that were differentially expressed between PD-1+ and PD-1- MAIT cells from tuberculous pleural effusions and CXCL13 was the gene with highest fold difference. The level of PD-1-expressing MAIT cells was associated with extent of TB infection in humans. PD-1-expressing MAIT cells had increased production of CXCL13 and IL-21 as determined by flow cytometry. PD-1high CXCR5- MAIT cells were significantly expanded in pleural effusions from patients with pleural tuberculosis as compared with those from peripheral blood of both patients with tuberculosis and healthy controls. Although PD-1high CXCR5- MAIT cells from tuberculous pleural effusions had reduced IFN-γ level and increased expression of Tim-3 and GITR, they showed activated phenotype and had higher glucose uptake and lipid content. It is concluded that PD-1-expressing MAIT cells had reduced IFN-γ level but increased production of both CXCL13 and IL-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, and Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, and Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihong Cao
- Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuxin Qu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, and Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, and Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Houming Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, and Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, and Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongxing Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, and Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, and Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxing Cheng
- Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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24
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Stylianou E, Paul MJ, Reljic R, McShane H. Mucosal delivery of tuberculosis vaccines: a review of current approaches and challenges. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:1271-1284. [PMID: 31876199 PMCID: PMC6961305 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1692657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health threat and it is now clear that the current vaccine, BCG, is unable to arrest the global TB epidemic. A new vaccine is needed to either replace or boost BCG so that a better level of protection could be achieved. The route of entry of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative organism, is via inhalation making TB primarily a respiratory disease. There is therefore good reason to hypothesize that a mucosally delivered vaccine against TB could be more effective than one delivered via the systemic route. Areas covered: This review summarizes the progress that has been made in the area of TB mucosal vaccines in the last few years. It highlights some of the strengths and shortcomings of the published evidence and aims to discuss immunological and practical considerations in the development of mucosal vaccines. Expert opinion: There is a growing body of evidence that the mucosal approach to vaccination against TB is feasible and should be pursued. However, further key studies are necessary to both improve our understanding of the protective immune mechanisms operating in the mucosa and the technical aspects of aerosolized delivery, before such a vaccine could become a feasible, deployable strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stylianou
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew J Paul
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Tooting, London, UK
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Tooting, London, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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25
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The evolving research agenda for paediatric tuberculosis infection. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 19:e322-e329. [PMID: 31221543 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Following exposure to tuberculosis and subsequent infection, children often progress to tuberculosis disease more rapidly than adults. And yet the natural history of tuberculosis in children, as a continuum from exposure to infection and then to disease, is poorly understood. Children are rarely diagnosed with tuberculosis infection in routine care in international settings and few receive tuberculosis infection treatment. In this Personal View, we review the most up-to-date knowledge in three areas of childhood tuberculosis infection-namely, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. We then outline what is missing in each of these three areas to generate a priority research agenda. Finally, we suggest potential study designs that might answer these questions. Understanding of pathophysiology could be improved through animal models, laboratory studies assessing the immunological responses of blood or respiratory samples to Mycobacterium spp in vitro, as well as investigating immune responses in children exposed to tuberculosis. Identification of children with sub-clinical disease and at high risk of progression to clinically overt disease, would allow treatment to be targeted at those most likely to benefit. Optimisation and discovery of novel treatments for tuberculosis infection in children should account for mechanisms of action of tuberculosis drugs, as well as child-specific factors including pharmacokinetics and appropriate formulations. To conduct these studies, a change in mindset is required, with a recognition that the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis infection in children is a necessary component in addressing the overall tuberculosis epidemic. Collaboration between stakeholders will be required and funding will need to increase, both for research and implementation. The consequences of inaction, however, will lead to further decades of children suffering from what should increasingly be recognised as a preventable disease.
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26
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Pean P, Nouhin J, Ratana M, Madec Y, Borand L, Marcy O, Laureillard D, Fernandez M, Barré-Sinoussi F, Weiss L, Scott-Algara D. High Activation of γδ T Cells and the γδ2 pos T-Cell Subset Is Associated With the Onset of Tuberculosis-Associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome, ANRS 12153 CAPRI NK. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2018. [PMID: 31507608 PMCID: PMC6718564 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb) co-infected patients are commonly at risk of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) when initiating antiretroviral treatment (ART). Evidence indicates that innate immunity plays a role in TB-IRIS. Here, we evaluate the phenotype of Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells and invariant Natural Killer (iNK) T cells in tuberculosis-associated IRIS. Methods: Forty-eight HIV+/TB+ patients (21 IRIS) and three control groups: HIV–/TB– (HD, n = 11), HIV+/TB– (n = 26), and HIV–/TB+ (n = 22) were studied. Samples were taken at ART initiation (week 2 of anti-tuberculosis treatment) and at the diagnosis of IRIS for HIV+/TB+; before ART for HIV+/TB-, and at week 2 of anti-tuberculosis treatment for HIV–/TB+ patients. γδ T cells and Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: Before ART, IRIS, and non-IRIS patients showed a similar proportion of γδpos T and iNKT cells. HLA-DR on γδpos T cells and δ2posγδpos T cells was significantly higher in TB-IRIS vs. non-IRIS patients and controls (p < 0.0001). NKG2D expression on γδpos T cells and the δ2posγδpos T cell subset was lower in HIV+/TB+ patients than controls. CD158a expression on γδpos T cells was higher in TB-IRIS than non-IRIS (p = 0.02), HIV+/TB–, and HIV–/TB- patients. Conclusion: The higher activation of γδposT cells and the γδ2posγδpos T cell subset suggests that γδ T cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of TB-IRIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polidy Pean
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Janin Nouhin
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Meng Ratana
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Yoann Madec
- Unité d'Épidémiologie des Maladies Émergentes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Borand
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Olivier Marcy
- Bordeaux Population Health, Centre Inserm U1219, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Didier Laureillard
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University hospital, Nîmes, France
| | | | | | - Laurence Weiss
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service d'Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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27
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Downey AM, Kapłonek P, Seeberger PH. MAIT cells as attractive vaccine targets. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1627-1640. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Michael Downey
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max‐Planck‐Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Potsdam Germany
| | - Paulina Kapłonek
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max‐Planck‐Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Potsdam Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max‐Planck‐Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Potsdam Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Germany
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28
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Rao M, Ippolito G, Mfinanga S, Ntoumi F, Yeboah-Manu D, Vilaplana C, Zumla A, Maeurer M. Latent TB Infection (LTBI) - Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis and the dynamics of the granuloma battleground. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 80S:S58-S61. [PMID: 30822547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is established in over 90% of persons infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), from whom new active TB cases will arise. Understanding the spatio-temporal dynamics of host immune responses in LTBI granulomas is essential to designing effective post-exposure therapies that inhibit progression to TB. Information arising from cancer studies and other modalities - where local chronic inflammation leads to immunopathology - can help provide insights into the biological pathways at play in LTBI granulomas. Translational studies using patient material as well as LTBI+ donor-derived tissue samples are instrumental in understanding the various components of granuloma dynamics, immunological landscapes therein and how this could help to identify therapeutic targets. Deep sequencing technologies may aid to decipher the genetic changes in lung granuloma and blood samples from LTBI+ individuals associated with progression to active TB disease. This may lead to advancement of development of targeted Host-Directed Therapies (HDTs) and their evaluation as adjunct TB therapies for improving treatment outcomes for LTBI and pulmonary TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rao
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sayoki Mfinanga
- National Institute of Medical Research Muhimbili, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- University Marien NGouabi and Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Brazzaville, Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Cristina Vilaplana
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit (UTE), Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Avenida Brasília, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Haematology and Oncology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany.
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29
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Flores-Valdez MA. New potential biomarkers to assess efficacy of protection afforded by vaccine candidates against tuberculosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 25:656-658. [PMID: 30797061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Flores-Valdez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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30
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Vorkas CK, Wipperman MF, Li K, Bean J, Bhattarai SK, Adamow M, Wong P, Aubé J, Juste MAJ, Bucci V, Fitzgerald DW, Glickman MS. Mucosal-associated invariant and γδ T cell subsets respond to initial Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121899. [PMID: 30282828 PMCID: PMC6237486 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses that control early Mtb infection are poorly understood, but understanding these responses may inform vaccination and immunotherapy strategies. Innate T cells that respond to conserved bacterial ligands such as mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) and γδ T cells are prime candidates to mediate these early innate responses but have not been examined in subjects who have been recently exposed to Mtb. We recruited a cohort living in the same household with an active tuberculosis (TB) case and examined the abundance and functional phenotypes of 3 innate T cell populations reactive to M. tuberculosis: γδ T, invariant NK T (iNKT), and MAIT cells. Both MAIT and γδ T cells from subjects with Mtb exposure display ex vivo phenotypes consistent with recent activation. However, both MAIT and γδ T cell subsets have distinct response profiles, with CD4+ MAIT and γδ T cells accumulating after infection. Examination of exposed but uninfected contacts demonstrates that resistance to initial infection is accompanied by robust MAIT cell CD25 expression and granzyme B production coupled with a depressed CD69 and IFNγ response. Finally, we demonstrate that MAIT cell abundance and function correlate with the abundance of specific gut microbes, suggesting that responses to initial infection may be modulated by the intestinal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Kyriakos Vorkas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine (WCM), New York, New York, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthew F. Wipperman
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, WCM, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - James Bean
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Shakti K. Bhattarai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Adamow
- Immune Monitoring Core Facility, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sloan Kettering Institute, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Phillip Wong
- Immune Monitoring Core Facility, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sloan Kettering Institute, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Vanni Bucci
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel W. Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine (WCM), New York, New York, USA
- GHESKIO Centers, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
- Center for Global Health, WCM, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael S. Glickman
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
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