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Li L, Liu Z, Shi J, Yang M, Yan Y, Fu Y, Shen Z, Peng G. The CDE region of feline Calicivirus VP1 protein is a potential candidate subunit vaccine. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:80. [PMID: 38443948 PMCID: PMC10916247 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline calicivirus (FCV) infection causes severe upper respiratory disease in cats, but there are no effective vaccines available for preventing FCV infection. Subunit vaccines have the advantages of safety, low cost and excellent immunogenicity, but no FCV subunit vaccine is currently available. The CDE protein is the dominant neutralizing epitope region of the main antigenic structural protein of FCV, VP1. Therefore, this study evaluated the effectiveness of the CDE region as a truncated FCV VP1 protein in preventing FCV infection to provide a strategy for developing potential FCV subunit vaccines. RESULTS Through the prediction of FCV VP1 epitopes, we found that the E region is the dominant neutralizing epitope region. By analysing the spatial structure of VP1 protein, 13 amino acid sites in the CD and E regions were found to form hydrogen bonding interactions. The results show the presence of these interaction forces supports the E region, helping improve the stability and expression level of the soluble E protein. Therefore, we selected the CDE protein as the immunogen for the immunization of felines. After immunization with the CDE protein, we found significant stimulation of IgG, IgA and neutralizing antibody production in serum and swab samples, and the cytokine TNF-α levels and the numbers of CD4+ T lymphocytes were increased. Moreover, a viral challenge trial indicated that the protection generated by the CDE subunit vaccine significantly reduced the incidence of disease in animals. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we studied the efficacy of the CDE protein, which is the dominant neutralizing epitope region of the FCV VP1 protein, in preventing FCV infection. We revealed that the CDE protein can significantly activate humoral, mucosal and cellular immunity, and the resulting protective effect can significantly reduce the incidence of animal disease. The CDE region of the FCV capsid is easy to produce and has high stability and excellent immunogenicity, which makes it a candidate for low-cost vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiale Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mengfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yanan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhou Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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2
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Yan Y, Yang M, Jiao Y, Li L, Liu Z, Shi J, Shen Z, Peng G. Drug screening identified that handelin inhibits feline calicivirus infection by inhibiting HSP70 expression in vitro. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38175184 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is considered one of the major pathogens of cats worldwide and causes upper respiratory tract disease in all cats. In some cats, infection is by a highly virulent strain of FCV (vs.-FCV), which can cause severe and fatal systemic disease symptoms. At present, few antiviral drugs are approved for clinical treatment against FCV. Therefore, there is an imminent need for effective FCV antiviral agents. Here, we used observed a cytopathic effect (CPE) assay to screen 1746 traditional Chinese medicine monomer compounds and found one that can effectively inhibit FCV replication, namely, handelin, with an effective concentration (EC50) value of approximately 2.5 µM. Further study showed that handelin inhibits FCV replication via interference with heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), which is a crucial host factor and plays a positive role in regulating viral replication. Moreover, handelin and HSP70 inhibitors have broad-spectrum antiviral activity. These findings indicate that handelin is a potential candidate for the treatment of FCV infection and that HSP70 may be an important drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Mengfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yuzhou Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Lisha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jiale Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhou Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, PR China
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Porcine sapovirus-induced RIPK1-dependent necroptosis is proviral in LLC-PK cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279843. [PMID: 36735696 PMCID: PMC9897573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sapoviruses belonging to the genus Sapovirus within the family Caliciviridae are commonly responsible for severe acute gastroenteritis in both humans and animals. Caliciviruses are known to induce intrinsic apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, however, calicivirus-induced necroptosis remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that infection of porcine kidney LLC-PK cells with porcine sapovirus (PSaV) Cowden strain as a representative of caliciviruses induces receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1)-dependent necroptosis and acts as proviral compared to the antiviral function of PSaV-induced apoptosis. Infection of LLC-PK cells with PSaV Cowden strain showed that the interaction of phosphorylated RIPK1 (pRIPK1) with RIPK3 (pRIPK3), mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (pMLKL) increased in a time-dependent manner, indicating induction of PSaV-induced RIPK1-dependent necroptosis. Interfering of PSaV-infected cells with each necroptotic molecule (RIPK1, RIPK3, or MLKL) by treatment with each specific chemical inhibitor or knockdown with each specific siRNA significantly reduced replication of PSaV but increased apoptosis and cell viability, implying proviral action of PSaV-induced necroptosis. In contrast, treatment of PSaV-infected cells with pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK increased PSaV replication and necroptosis, indicating an antiviral action of PSaV-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that PSaV-induced RIPK1-dependent necroptosis and apoptosis‒which have proviral and antiviral effects, respectively‒counterbalanced each other in virus-infected cells. Our study contributes to understanding the nature of PSaV-induced necroptosis and apoptosis and will aid in developing efficient and affordable therapies against PSaV and other calicivirus infections.
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Villatoro AJ, Martín-Astorga MDC, Alcoholado C, Kazantseva L, Cárdenas C, Fariñas F, Becerra J, Visser R. Secretory Profile of Adipose-Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Cats with Calicivirus-Positive Severe Chronic Gingivostomatitis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061146. [PMID: 35746618 PMCID: PMC9228153 DOI: 10.3390/v14061146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The feline calicivirus (FCV) causes infections in cats all over the world and seems to be related to a broad variety of clinical presentations, such as feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS), a severe oral pathology in cats. Although its etiopathogeny is largely unknown, FCV infection is likely to be a main predisposing factor for developing this pathology. During recent years, new strategies for treating FCGS have been proposed, based on the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and their regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. The main mechanism of action of MSC seems to be paracrine, due to the secretion of many biomolecules with different biological functions (secretome). Currently, several pathologies in humans have been shown to be related to functional alterations of the patient’s MSCs. However, the possible roles that altered MSCs might have in different diseases, including virus-mediated diseases, remain unknown. We have recently demonstrated that the exosomes produced by the adipose-tissue-derived MSCs (fAd-MSCs) from cats suffering from FCV-positive severe and refractory FCGS showed altered protein contents. Based on these findings, the goal of this work was to analyze the proteomic profile of the secretome produced by feline adipose-tissue-derived MSCs (fAd-MSCs) from FCV-positive patients with FCGS, in order to identify differences between them and to increase our knowledge of the etiopathogenesis of this disease. We used high-resolution mass spectrometry and functional enrichment analysis with Gene Ontology to compare the secretomes produced by the fAd-MSCs of healthy and calicivirus-positive FCGS cats. We found that the fAd-MSCs from cats with FCGS had an increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an altered proteomic profile compared to the secretome produced by cells from healthy cats. These findings help us gain insight on the roles of MSCs and their possible relation to FCGS, and may be useful for selecting specific biomarkers and for identifying new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Villatoro
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (A.J.V.); (M.d.C.M.-A.); (C.A.); (L.K.); (J.B.)
- Grupo Ynmun, Inmunología Clínica y Terapia Celular (IMMUNESTEM), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - María del Carmen Martín-Astorga
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (A.J.V.); (M.d.C.M.-A.); (C.A.); (L.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Cristina Alcoholado
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (A.J.V.); (M.d.C.M.-A.); (C.A.); (L.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Liliya Kazantseva
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (A.J.V.); (M.d.C.M.-A.); (C.A.); (L.K.); (J.B.)
| | - Casimiro Cárdenas
- Research Support Central Services (SCAI) of the University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Fernando Fariñas
- Grupo Ynmun, Spanish Association for the Research in Immunological and Infectious Diseases, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - José Becerra
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (A.J.V.); (M.d.C.M.-A.); (C.A.); (L.K.); (J.B.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rick Visser
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (A.J.V.); (M.d.C.M.-A.); (C.A.); (L.K.); (J.B.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-952-131-858
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5
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Peñaflor-Téllez Y, Chávez-Munguía B, Lagunes-Guillén A, Salazar-Villatoro L, Gutiérrez-Escolano AL. The Feline Calicivirus Leader of the Capsid Protein Has the Functional Characteristics of a Viroporin. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030635. [PMID: 35337042 PMCID: PMC8955107 DOI: 10.3390/v14030635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The leader of the capsid (LC) protein is exclusive to the Vesivirus genus, and it is needed for successful feline calicivirus (FCV) replication, as well as an efficient apoptosis induction through the mitochondrial pathway. In this work, we aimed to determine if the LC protein from the FCV is a viroporin. Although lacking in a transmembrane domain or an amphipathic helix, the LC protein from the FCV is toxic when expressed in bacteria and it oligomerizes through disulfide bonds, which are both key characteristics of viroporins. An electron microscopy analysis of LC-expressing E. coli cells suggest that the protein induces osmotic stress. Moreover, we found that the previously studied C40A LC mutant, that fails to induce apoptosis and that hinders the replication cycle, also oligomerizes but it has a reduced toxicity and fails to induce osmotic stress in bacteria. We propose that the LC protein is a viroporin that acts as a disulfide bond-dependent antimicrobial peptide, similar to the Ebola virus delta peptide.
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Zweigart MR, Becker-Dreps S, Bucardo F, González F, Baric RS, Lindesmith LC. Serological Humoral Immunity Following Natural Infection of Children with High Burden Gastrointestinal Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:2033. [PMID: 34696463 PMCID: PMC8538683 DOI: 10.3390/v13102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, resulting in an estimated 440,571 deaths of children under age 5 annually. Rotavirus, norovirus, and sapovirus are leading causes of childhood AGE. A successful rotavirus vaccine has reduced rotavirus hospitalizations by more than 50%. Using rotavirus as a guide, elucidating the determinants, breath, and duration of serological antibody immunity to AGE viruses, as well as host genetic factors that define susceptibility is essential for informing development of future vaccines and improving current vaccine candidates. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of disease burden and serological antibody immunity following natural infection to inform further vaccine development for these three high-burden viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Zweigart
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.R.Z.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.R.Z.); (S.B.-D.)
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Filemón Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua; (F.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Fredman González
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua; (F.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.R.Z.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Lisa C. Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.R.Z.); (S.B.-D.)
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König KMK, Jahun AS, Nayak K, Drumright LN, Zilbauer M, Goodfellow I, Hosmillo M. Design, development, and validation of a strand-specific RT-qPCR assay for GI and GII human Noroviruses. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:245. [PMID: 34708158 PMCID: PMC8506223 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17078.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are the major cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Similar to other positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, norovirus RNA replication requires the formation of a negative strand RNA intermediate. Methods for detecting and quantifying the viral positive or negative sense RNA in infected cells and tissues can be used as important tools in dissecting virus replication. In this study, we have established a sensitive and strand-specific Taqman-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for both genogroups GI and GII HuNoV. This assay shows good reproducibility, has a broad dynamic range and is able to detect a diverse range of isolates. We used tagged primers containing a non-viral sequence for the reverse transcription (RT) reaction and targeted this tag in the succeeding qPCR reaction to achieve strand specificity. The specificity of the assay was confirmed by the detection of specific viral RNA strands in the presence of high levels of the opposing strands, in both RT and qPCR reactions. Finally, we further validated the assay in norovirus replicon-bearing cell lines and norovirus-infected human small intestinal organoids, in the presence or absence of small-molecule inhibitors. Overall, we have established a strand-specific qPCR assay that can be used as a reliable method to understand the molecular details of the human norovirus life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Marie Kjara König
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Insitute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aminu S. Jahun
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Komal Nayak
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lydia N. Drumright
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Ian Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Roach SN, Langlois RA. Intra- and Cross-Species Transmission of Astroviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061127. [PMID: 34208242 PMCID: PMC8230745 DOI: 10.3390/v13061127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses that infect mammalian and avian species. In humans, astrovirus infections are one of the most common causes of gastroenteritis in children. Infection has also been linked to serious neurological complications, especially in immunocompromised individuals. More extensive disease has also been characterized in non-human mammalian and avian species. To date, astroviruses have been detected in over 80 different avian and mammalian hosts. As the number of hosts continues to rise, the need to understand how astroviruses transmit within a given species as well as to new host species becomes increasingly important. Here, we review the current understanding of astrovirus transmission, the factors that influence viral spread, and the potential for cross-species transmission. Additionally, we highlight the current gaps in knowledge and areas of future research that will be key to understanding astrovirus transmission and zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanley N. Roach
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Ryan A. Langlois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sapovirus, a genus in the Caliciviridae family alongside norovirus, is increasingly recognized as an important cause of childhood diarrhea. Some challenges exist in our ability to better understand sapovirus infections, including the inability to grow sapovirus in cell culture, which has hindered diagnosis and studies of immunity. Another challenge is that individuals with sapovirus infection are commonly coinfected with other enteric pathogens, complicating our ability to attribute the diarrhea episode to a single pathogen. RECENT FINDINGS Development of molecular methods for sapovirus detection has increased our ability to measure disease prevalence. The prevalence of sapovirus varies between 1 and 17% of diarrhea episodes worldwide, with the highest burden in young children and older adults. Further, epidemiological studies have used novel approaches to account for the presence of coinfections with other enteric pathogens; one multisite cohort study of children under two years of age found that sapovirus had the second-highest attributable incidence among all diarrheal pathogens studied. SUMMARY Especially in settings where rotavirus vaccines have been introduced, efforts to reduce the overall burden of childhood diarrhea should focus on the reduction of sapovirus transmission and disease burden.
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Müller C, Hrynkiewicz R, Bębnowska D, Maldonado J, Baratelli M, Köllner B, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P. Immunity against Lagovirus europaeus and the Impact of the Immunological Studies on Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030255. [PMID: 33805607 PMCID: PMC8002203 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early 1980s, a highly contagious viral hemorrhagic fever in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) emerged, causing a very high rate of mortality in these animals. Since the initial occurrence of the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), several hundred million rabbits have died after infection. The emergence of genetically-different virus variants (RHDV GI.1 and GI.2) indicated the very high variability of RHDV. Moreover, with these variants, the host range broadened to hare species (Lepus). The circulation of RHDV genotypes displays different virulences and a limited induction of cross-protective immunity. Interestingly, juvenile rabbits (<9 weeks of age) with an immature immune system display a general resistance to RHDV GI.1, and a limited resistance to RHDV GI.2 strains, whereas less than 3% of adult rabbits survive an infection by either RHDV GI.1. or GI.2. Several not-yet fully understood phenomena characterize the RHD. A very low infection dose followed by an extremely rapid viral replication could be simplified to the induction of a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), a severe loss of lymphocytes—especially T-cells—and death within 36 to 72 h post infection. On the other hand, in animals surviving the infection or after vaccination, very high titers of RHDV-neutralizing antibodies were induced. Several studies have been conducted in order to deepen the knowledge about the virus’ genetics, epidemiology, RHDV-induced pathology, and the anti-RHDV immune responses of rabbits in order to understand the phenomenon of the juvenile resistance to this virus. Moreover, several approaches have been used to produce efficient vaccines in order to prevent an infection with RHDV. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about anti-RHDV resistance and immunity, RHDV vaccination, and the further need to establish rationally-based RHDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Müller
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Rafał Hrynkiewicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (D.B.)
| | - Dominika Bębnowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (D.B.)
| | | | | | - Bernd Köllner
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (P.N.-R.)
| | - Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (P.N.-R.)
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11
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Trujillo-Uscanga A, Gutiérrez-Escolano AL. Host cell p53 associates with the feline calicivirus major viral capsid protein VP1, the protease-polymerase NS6/7, and the double-stranded RNA playing a role in virus replication. Virology 2020; 550:78-88. [PMID: 32890980 PMCID: PMC7451061 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
p53 is implicated in several cellular pathways such as induction of cell-cycle arrest, differentiation, senescence, and apoptosis. p53 is activated by a broad range of stress signals, including viral infections. While some viruses activate p53, others induce its inactivation, and occasionally p53 is differentially modulated during the replicative cycle. During calicivirus infections, apoptosis is required for virus exit and spread into the host; yet, the role of p53 during infection is unknown. By confocal microscopy, we found that p53 associates with FCV VP1, the protease-polymerase NS6/7, and the dsRNA. This interaction was further confirmed by proximity ligation assays, suggesting that p53 participates in the FCV replication. Knocked-down of p53 expression in CrFK cells before infection, resulted in a strong reduction of the non-structural protein levels and a decrease of the viral progeny production. These results indicate that p53 is associated with the viral replication complex and is required for an efficient FCV replication. Host cell p53 protein levels and subcellular localization do not change during FCV infection. Host cell p53 associates with FCV major viral capsid protein VP1, protease-polymerase NS6/7, and the dsRNA in FCV infected cells. Host cell p53 is required for a FCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Trujillo-Uscanga
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, Mexico
| | - Ana Lorena Gutiérrez-Escolano
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, Mexico.
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Kennedy S, Leroux MM, Simons A, Malve B, Devocelle M, Varbanov M. Apoptosis and autophagy as a turning point in viral–host interactions: the case of human norovirus and its surrogates. Future Virol 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human gastroenteritis viruses are amid the major causes of disease worldwide, responsible for more than 2 million deaths per year. Human noroviruses play a leading role in the gastroenteritis outbreaks and the continuous emergence of new strains contributes to the significant morbidity and mortality. Many aspects of the viral entry and infection process remain unclear, including the major response of the host cell to the virus, which is the trigger of several programmed cell death related mechanisms. In this review, we assessed apoptosis and autophagy at various stages in the infection process to provide better understanding of the viral–host interaction. This brings us closer to fully understanding how noroviruses work, thus allowing the development of specific antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Kennedy
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 1st Floor Ardilaun House Block B, 111 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mélanie M Leroux
- Faculté de Pharmacie, 7 avenue de la forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000 Nancy, France
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology, Institute Jean Lamour UMR 7198 du CNRS, Université deLorraine, F‐54000, Nancy, France
| | - Alexis Simons
- Faculté de Pharmacie, 7 avenue de la forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000 Nancy, France
- Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 Rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Brice Malve
- Université deLorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Marc Devocelle
- Synthesis & Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), 123 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mihayl Varbanov
- Faculté de Pharmacie, 7 avenue de la forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000 Nancy, France
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