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Wang L, Yang F, Ye J, Zhang L, Jiang X. Insight into the role of IRF7 in skin and connective tissue diseases. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15083. [PMID: 38794808 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are signalling proteins primarily involved in initiating innate immune responses against pathogens and promoting the maturation of immune cells. Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 (IRF7) plays a pivotal role in the IFNs signalling pathway. The activation process of IRF7 is incited by exogenous or abnormal nucleic acids, which is followed by the identification via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and the ensuing signalling cascades. Upon activation, IRF7 modulates the expression of both IFNs and inflammatory gene regulation. As a multifunctional transcription factor, IRF7 is mainly expressed in immune cells, yet its presence is also detected in keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and various dermal cell types. In these cells, IRF7 is critical for skin immunity, inflammation, and fibrosis. IRF7 dysregulation may lead to autoimmune and inflammatory skin conditions, including systemic scleroderma (SSc), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Atopic dermatitis (AD) and Psoriasis. This comprehensive review aims to extensively elucidate the role of IRF7 and its signalling pathways in immune cells and keratinocytes, highlighting its significance in skin-related and connective tissue diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengjuan Yang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Peng Y, Yang Y, Li Y, Shi T, Xu N, Liu R, Luan Y, Yao Y, Yin C. Mitochondrial (mt)DNA-cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling promotes pyroptosis of macrophages via interferon regulatory factor (IRF)7/IRF3 activation to aggravate lung injury during severe acute pancreatitis. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:61. [PMID: 38671352 PMCID: PMC11055249 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage proinflammatory activation contributes to the pathology of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and, simultaneously, macrophage functional changes, and increased pyroptosis/necrosis can further exacerbate the cellular immune suppression during the process of SAP, where cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) plays an important role. However, the function and mechanism of cGAS-STING in SAP-induced lung injury (LI) remains unknown. METHODS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was combined with caerulein-induced SAP in wild type, cGAS -/- and sting -/- mice. Primary macrophages were extracted via bronchoalveolar lavage and peritoneal lavage. Ana-1 cells were pretreated with LPS and stimulated with nigericin sodium salt to induce pyroptosis in vitro. RESULTS SAP triggered NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation-mediated pyroptosis of alveolar and peritoneal macrophages in mouse model. Knockout of cGAS/STING could ameliorate NLRP3 activation and macrophage pyroptosis. In addition, mitochondrial (mt)DNA released from damaged mitochondria further induced macrophage STING activation in a cGAS- and dose-dependent manner. Upregulated STING signal can promote NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated macrophage pyroptosis and increase serum interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels and, thus, exacerbate SAP-associated LI (SAP-ALI). Downstream molecules of STING, IRF7, and IRF3 connect the mtDNA-cGAS-STING axis and the NLRP3-pyroptosis axis. CONCLUSIONS Negative regulation of any molecule in the mtDNA-cGAS-STING-IRF7/IRF3 pathway can affect the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes, thereby reducing macrophage pyroptosis and improving SAP-ALI in mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiu Peng
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 251 Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Yuxi Yang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 251 Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 251 Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Tingjuan Shi
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 251 Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 251 Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Ruixia Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 251 Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Yingyi Luan
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 251 Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China.
| | - Yongming Yao
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 251 Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China.
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Scott HM, Smith MH, Coleman AK, Armijo KS, Chapman MJ, Apostalo SL, Wagner AR, Watson RO, Patrick KL. Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 7 promotes the type I interferon response by activating Irf7 transcription. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113816. [PMID: 38393946 PMCID: PMC11056844 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tight regulation of macrophage immune gene expression is required to fight infection without risking harmful inflammation. The contribution of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to shaping the macrophage response to pathogens remains poorly understood. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that a member of the serine/arginine-rich (SR) family of mRNA processing factors, SRSF7, is required for optimal expression of a cohort of interferon-stimulated genes in macrophages. Using genetic and biochemical assays, we discover that in addition to its canonical role in regulating alternative splicing, SRSF7 drives transcription of interferon regulatory transcription factor 7 (IRF7) to promote antiviral immunity. At the Irf7 promoter, SRSF7 maximizes STAT1 transcription factor binding and RNA polymerase II elongation via cooperation with the H4K20me1 histone methyltransferase KMT5a (SET8). These studies define a role for an SR protein in activating transcription and reveal an RBP-chromatin network that orchestrates macrophage antiviral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley M Scott
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Mackenzie H Smith
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Aja K Coleman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Kaitlyn S Armijo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Morgan J Chapman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Summer L Apostalo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Allison R Wagner
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Robert O Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Kristin L Patrick
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
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Maler MD, Zwick S, Kallfass C, Engelhard P, Shi H, Hellig L, Zhengyang P, Hardt A, Zissel G, Ruzsics Z, Jahnen-Dechent W, Martin SF, Nielsen PJ, Stolz D, Lopatecka J, Bastyans S, Beutler B, Schamel WW, Fejer G, Freudenberg MA. Type I Interferon, Induced by Adenovirus or Adenoviral Vector Infection, Regulates the Cytokine Response to Lipopolysaccharide in a Macrophage Type-Specific Manner. J Innate Immun 2024; 16:226-247. [PMID: 38527452 PMCID: PMC11023693 DOI: 10.1159/000538282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While TLR ligands derived from microbial flora and pathogens are important activators of the innate immune system, a variety of factors such as intracellular bacteria, viruses, and parasites can induce a state of hyperreactivity, causing a dysregulated and potentially life-threatening cytokine over-response upon TLR ligand exposure. Type I interferon (IFN-αβ) is a central mediator in the induction of hypersensitivity and is strongly expressed in splenic conventional dendritic cells (cDC) and marginal zone macrophages (MZM) when mice are infected with adenovirus. This study investigates the ability of adenoviral infection to influence the activation state of the immune system and underlines the importance of considering this state when planning the treatment of patients. METHODS Infection with adenovirus-based vectors (Ad) or pretreatment with recombinant IFN-β was used as a model to study hypersensitivity to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice, murine macrophages, and human blood samples. The TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-αβ, and IL-10 responses induced by LPS after pretreatment were measured. Mouse knockout models for MARCO, IFN-αβR, CD14, IRF3, and IRF7 were used to probe the mechanisms of the hypersensitive reaction. RESULTS We show that, similar to TNF-α and IL-6 but not IL-10, the induction of IFN-αβ by LPS increases strongly after Ad infection. This is true both in mice and in human blood samples ex vivo, suggesting that the regulatory mechanisms seen in the mouse are also present in humans. In mice, the scavenger receptor MARCO on IFN-αβ-producing cDC and splenic marginal zone macrophages is important for Ad uptake and subsequent cytokine overproduction by LPS. Interestingly, not all IFN-αβ-pretreated macrophage types exposed to LPS exhibit an enhanced TNF-α and IL-6 response. Pretreated alveolar macrophages and alveolar macrophage-like murine cell lines (MPI cells) show enhanced responses, while bone marrow-derived and peritoneal macrophages show a weaker response. This correlates with the respective absence or presence of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 response in these different macrophage types. In contrast, Ad or IFN-β pretreatment enhances the subsequent induction of IFN-αβ in all macrophage types. IRF3 is dispensable for the LPS-induced IFN-αβ overproduction in infected MPI cells and partly dispensable in infected mice, while IRF7 is required. The expression of the LPS co-receptor CD14 is important but not absolutely required for the elicitation of a TNF-α over-response to LPS in Ad-infected mice. CONCLUSION Viral infections or application of virus-based vaccines induces type I interferon and can tip the balance of the innate immune system in the direction of hyperreactivity to a subsequent exposure to TLR ligands. The adenoviral model presented here is one example of how multiple factors, both environmental and genetic, affect the physiological responses to pathogens. Being able to measure the current reactivity state of the immune system would have important benefits for infection-specific therapies and for the prevention of vaccination-elicited adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike D. Maler
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sophie Zwick
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Kallfass
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peggy Engelhard
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hexin Shi
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Laura Hellig
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pang Zhengyang
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annika Hardt
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gernot Zissel
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Willi Jahnen-Dechent
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan F. Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Jess Nielsen
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daiana Stolz
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Justyna Lopatecka
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Faculty of Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Bastyans
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Faculty of Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Wolfgang W. Schamel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - György Fejer
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Faculty of Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marina Alexandra Freudenberg
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Pöysti S, Silojärvi S, Brodnicki TC, Catterall T, Liu X, Mackin L, Luster AD, Kay TWH, Christen U, Thomas HE, Hänninen A. Gut dysbiosis promotes islet-autoimmunity by increasing T-cell attraction in islets via CXCL10 chemokine. J Autoimmun 2023; 140:103090. [PMID: 37572540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
CXCL10 is an IFNγ-inducible chemokine implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. T-cells attracted to pancreatic islets produce IFNγ, but it is unclear what attracts the first IFNγ -producing T-cells in islets. Gut dysbiosis following administration of pathobionts induced CXCL10 expression in pancreatic islets of healthy non-diabetes-prone (C57BL/6) mice and depended on TLR4-signaling, and in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, gut dysbiosis induced also CXCR3 chemokine receptor in IGRP-reactive islet-specific T-cells in pancreatic lymph node. In amounts typical to low-grade endotoxemia, bacterial lipopolysaccharide induced CXCL10 production in isolated islets of wild type and RAG1 or IFNG-receptor-deficient but not type-I-IFN-receptor-deficient NOD mice, dissociating lipopolysaccharide-induced CXCL10 production from T-cells and IFNγ. Although mostly myeloid-cell dependent, also β-cells showed activation of innate immune signaling pathways and Cxcl10 expression in response to lipopolysaccharide indicating their independent sensitivity to dysbiosis. Thus, CXCL10 induction in response to low levels of lipopolysaccharide may allow islet-specific T-cells imprinted in pancreatic lymph node to enter in healthy islets independently of IFN-g, and thus link gut dysbiosis to early islet-autoimmunity via dysbiosis-associated low-grade endotoxemia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Mice
- Autoimmunity
- Chemokine CXCL10/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL10/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/etiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dysbiosis/immunology
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, CXCR3/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR3/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR3/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Pöysti
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Satu Silojärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Tara Catterall
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xin Liu
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Leanne Mackin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas W H Kay
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Urs Christen
- Klinikum der Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Helen E Thomas
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arno Hänninen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku University Hospital Laboratory Division, Turku, Finland.
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6
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Jung KI, McKenna S, Vijayamahantesh V, He Y, Hahm B. Protective versus Pathogenic Type I Interferon Responses during Virus Infections. Viruses 2023; 15:1916. [PMID: 37766322 PMCID: PMC10538102 DOI: 10.3390/v15091916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Following virus infections, type I interferons are synthesized to induce the expression of antiviral molecules and interfere with virus replication. The importance of early antiviral type I IFN response against virus invasion has been emphasized during COVID-19 as well as in studies on the microbiome. Further, type I IFNs can directly act on various immune cells to enhance protective host immune responses to viral infections. However, accumulating data indicate that IFN responses can be harmful to the host by instigating inflammatory responses or inducing T cell suppression during virus infections. Also, inhibition of lymphocyte and dendritic cell development can be caused by type I IFN, which is independent of the traditional signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 signaling. Additionally, IFNs were shown to impair airway epithelial cell proliferation, which may affect late-stage lung tissue recovery from the infection. As such, type I IFN-virus interaction research is diverse, including host antiviral innate immune mechanisms in cells, viral strategies of IFN evasion, protective immunity, excessive inflammation, immune suppression, and regulation of tissue repair. In this report, these IFN activities are summarized with an emphasis placed on the functions of type I IFNs recently observed during acute or chronic virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bumsuk Hahm
- Departments of Surgery & Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (K.I.J.); (S.M.); (V.V.); (Y.H.)
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Fox AR, Fingert JH. Familial normal tension glaucoma genetics. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 96:101191. [PMID: 37353142 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is defined by characteristic optic nerve damage and corresponding visual field defects and is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a strong risk factor for developing glaucoma. However, glaucoma can occur at any IOP. Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) arises with IOPs that are within what has been defined as a normal range, i.e., 21 mm Hg or less, which may present challenges in its diagnosis and management. Identifying inheritance patterns and genetic mutations in families with NTG has helped elucidate mechanisms of NTG, however the pathophysiology is complex and not fully understood. Approximately 2% of NTG cases are caused primarily by mutations in single genes, optineurin (OPTN), TANK binding kinase 1 (TKB1), or myocilin (MYOC). Herein, we review pedigree studies of NTG and autosomal dominant NTG caused by OPTN, TBK1, and MYOC mutations. We review identified mutations and resulting clinical features of OPTN-associated and TBK1-associated NTG, including long-term follow up of these patients with NTG. In addition, we report a new four-generation pedigree of NTG caused by a Glu50Lys OPTN mutation, including six family members with a mean follow up of 17 years. Common features of OPTN -associated NTG due to Glu50Lys mutation included early onset of disease with an IOP <21 mm Hg, marked optic disc cupping, and progressive visual field loss which appeared to stabilize once an IOP of less than 10 mm Hg was achieved. Lastly, we review risk factor genes which have been identified to contribute to the complex inheritance of NTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin R Fox
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - John H Fingert
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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8
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Scott HM, Smith MH, Coleman AK, Apostalo SL, Wagner AR, Watson RO, Patrick KL. Serine arginine-rich splicing factor (SRSF7) cooperates with the histone methyltransferase KMT5a to promote the type I interferon response via transcriptional activation of IRF7. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.09.540055. [PMID: 37503164 PMCID: PMC10369877 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.09.540055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Tight regulation of macrophage immune gene expression is required to fight infection without risking harmful inflammation. The contribution of RNA binding proteins (RBPs) to shaping the macrophage response to pathogens remains poorly understood. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that a member of the serine/arginine-rich (SR) family of mRNA processing factors, SRSF7, is required for optimal expression of a cohort of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) in macrophages. Using genetic and biochemical assays, we discovered that in addition to its canonical role in regulating alternative splicing, SRSF7 drives transcription of interferon regulatory transcription factor 7 (IRF7) to promote antiviral immunity. At the Irf7 promoter, SRSF7 maximizes STAT1 transcription factor binding and RNA polymerase II elongation via cooperation with the H4K20me1 histone methyltransferase KMT5a (SET8). These studies define an unorthodox role for an SR protein in activating transcription and reveal an unappreciated RNA binding protein-chromatin network that orchestrates macrophage antiviral gene expression.
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9
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Velazquez-Salinas L, Medina GN, Valdez F, Zarate S, Collinson S, Zhu JJ, Rodriguez LL. Exploring the Molecular Basis of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Pathogenesis in Swine: Insights from Expression Profiling of Primary Macrophages Infected with M51R Mutant Virus. Pathogens 2023; 12:896. [PMID: 37513744 PMCID: PMC10384765 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is an emergent virus affecting livestock in the US. Previously, using a recombinant VSV carrying the M51R mutation in the matrix protein (rNJ0612NME6-M51R), we evaluated the pathogenesis of this virus in pigs. Our results indicated that rNJ0612NME6-M51R represented an attenuated phenotype in in-vivo and in ex-vivo in pig macrophages, resembling certain clinical features observed in field VSV isolates. In order to gain more insight into the molecular basis leading to the attenuation of rNJ0612NME6-M51R in pigs, we conducted a microarray analysis to assess the gene expression profiles of primary porcine macrophages infected with rNJ0612NME6-M51R compared to its parental virus (rNJ0612NME6). Our results showed an overall higher gene expression in macrophages infected with rNJ0612NME6-M51R. Specifically, we observed that the pathways related with immune cytokine signaling and interferon (IFN)-related responses (including activation, signaling, induction, and antiviral mechanisms) were the ones comprising most of the relevant genes identified during this study. Collectively, the results presented herein highlight the relevance of type I interferon during the pathogenesis of VSV in pigs. The information generated from this study may represent a framework for future studies intended to understand the molecular bases of the pathogenesis of field strains in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), ARS, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Gisselle N Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), ARS, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Federico Valdez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)-PIADC, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Selene Zarate
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Shannon Collinson
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)-PIADC, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - James J Zhu
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), ARS, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), ARS, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
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10
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Sveiven SN, Anesko K, Morgan J, Nair MG, Nordgren TM. Lipid-Sensing Receptor FFAR4 Modulates Pulmonary Epithelial Homeostasis following Immunogenic Exposures Independently of the FFAR4 Ligand Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087072. [PMID: 37108233 PMCID: PMC10138935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of pulmonary free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4) is not fully elucidated and we aimed to clarify the impact of FFAR4 on the pulmonary immune response and return to homeostasis. We employed a known high-risk human pulmonary immunogenic exposure to extracts of dust from swine confinement facilities (DE). WT and Ffar4-null mice were repetitively exposed to DE via intranasal instillation and supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by oral gavage. We sought to understand if previous findings of DHA-mediated attenuation of the DE-induced inflammatory response are FFAR4-dependent. We identified that DHA mediates anti-inflammatory effects independent of FFAR4 expression, and that DE-exposed mice lacking FFAR4 had reduced immune cells in the airways, epithelial dysplasia, and impaired pulmonary barrier integrity. Analysis of transcripts using an immunology gene expression panel revealed a role for FFAR4 in lungs related to innate immune initiation of inflammation, cytoprotection, and immune cell migration. Ultimately, the presence of FFAR4 in the lung may regulate cell survival and repair following immune injury, suggestive of potential therapeutic directions for pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie N Sveiven
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Kyle Anesko
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Joshua Morgan
- Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Meera G Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Tara M Nordgren
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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11
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Dai J, Zhou P, Li S, Qiu HJ. New Insights into the Crosstalk among the Interferon and Inflammatory Signaling Pathways in Response to Viral Infections: Defense or Homeostasis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122798. [PMID: 36560803 PMCID: PMC9783938 DOI: 10.3390/v14122798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity plays critical roles in eliminating viral infections, healing an injury, and restoring tissue homeostasis. The signaling pathways of innate immunity, including interferons (IFNs), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and inflammasome responses, are activated upon viral infections. Crosstalk and interplay among signaling pathways are involved in the complex regulation of antiviral activity and homeostasis. To date, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that NF-κB or inflammasome signaling exhibits regulatory effects on IFN signaling. In addition, several adaptors participate in the crosstalk between IFNs and the inflammatory response. Furthermore, the key adaptors in innate immune signaling pathways or the downstream cytokines can modulate the activation of other signaling pathways, leading to excessive inflammatory responses or insufficient antiviral effects, which further results in tissue injury. This review focuses on the crosstalk between IFN and inflammatory signaling to regulate defense and homeostasis. A deeper understanding of the functional aspects of the crosstalk of innate immunity facilitates the development of targeted treatments for imbalanced homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Pingping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Su Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (H.-J.Q.)
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (H.-J.Q.)
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12
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Chen H, Chew G, Devapragash N, Loh JZ, Huang KY, Guo J, Liu S, Tan ELS, Chen S, Tee NGZ, Mia MM, Singh MK, Zhang A, Behmoaras J, Petretto E. The E3 ubiquitin ligase WWP2 regulates pro-fibrogenic monocyte infiltration and activity in heart fibrosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7375. [PMID: 36450710 PMCID: PMC9712659 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) can cause left ventricular dysfunction through interstitial fibrosis, which corresponds to the failure of cardiac tissue remodeling. Recent evidence implicates monocytes/macrophages in the etiopathology of cardiac fibrosis, but giving their heterogeneity and the antagonizing roles of macrophage subtypes in fibrosis, targeting these cells has been challenging. Here we focus on WWP2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that acts as a positive genetic regulator of human and murine cardiac fibrosis, and show that myeloid specific deletion of WWP2 reduces cardiac fibrosis in hypertension-induced NICM. By using single cell RNA sequencing analysis of immune cells in the same model, we establish the functional heterogeneity of macrophages and define an early pro-fibrogenic phase of NICM that is driven by Ccl5-expressing Ly6chigh monocytes. Among cardiac macrophage subtypes, WWP2 dysfunction primarily affects Ly6chigh monocytes via modulating Ccl5, and consequentially macrophage infiltration and activation, which contributes to reduced myofibroblast trans-differentiation. WWP2 interacts with transcription factor IRF7, promoting its non-degradative mono-ubiquitination, nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity, leading to upregulation of Ccl5 at transcriptional level. We identify a pro-fibrogenic macrophage subtype in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, and demonstrate that WWP2 is a key regulator of IRF7-mediated Ccl5/Ly6chigh monocyte axis in heart fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Chen
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857 Singapore, Singapore ,grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Institute for Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Gabriel Chew
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nithya Devapragash
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jui Zhi Loh
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin Y. Huang
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Guo
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shiyang Liu
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elisabeth Li Sa Tan
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuang Chen
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Institute for Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China ,grid.452511.6Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008 China
| | - Nicole Gui Zhen Tee
- grid.419385.20000 0004 0620 9905National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609 Singapore
| | - Masum M. Mia
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manvendra K. Singh
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aihua Zhang
- grid.452511.6Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008 China
| | - Jacques Behmoaras
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857 Singapore, Singapore ,grid.413629.b0000 0001 0705 4923Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN UK
| | - Enrico Petretto
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857 Singapore, Singapore ,grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793Institute for Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
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13
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Wierenga KA, Riemers FM, Westendorp B, Harkema JR, Pestka JJ. Single cell analysis of docosahexaenoic acid suppression of sequential LPS-induced proinflammatory and interferon-regulated gene expression in the macrophage. Front Immunol 2022; 13:993614. [PMID: 36405730 PMCID: PMC9669445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.993614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that consumption of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) reduces severity of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. While these ameliorative effects are conventionally associated with downregulated expression of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes, our laboratory has recently identified Type 1 interferon (IFN1)-regulated gene expression to be another key target of omega-3 PUFAs. Here we used single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) to gain new mechanistic perspectives on how the omega-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) influences TLR4-driven proinflammatory and IFN1-regulated gene expression in a novel self-renewing murine fetal liver-derived macrophage (FLM) model. FLMs were cultured with 25 µM DHA or vehicle for 24 h, treated with modest concentration of LPS (20 ng/ml) for 1 and 4 h, and then subjected to scRNAseq using the 10X Chromium System. At 0 h (i.e., in the absence of LPS), DHA increased expression of genes associated with the NRF2 antioxidant response (e.g. Sqstm1, Hmox1, Chchd10) and metal homeostasis (e.g.Mt1, Mt2, Ftl1, Fth1), both of which are consistent with DHA-induced polarization of FLMs to a more anti-inflammatory phenotype. At 1 h post-LPS treatment, DHA inhibited LPS-induced cholesterol synthesis genes (e.g. Scd1, Scd2, Pmvk, Cyp51, Hmgcs1, and Fdps) which potentially could contribute to interference with TLR4-mediated inflammatory signaling. At 4 h post-LPS treatment, LPS-treated FLMs reflected a more robust inflammatory response including upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine (e.g. Il1a, Il1b, Tnf) and chemokine (e.g.Ccl2, Ccl3, Ccl4, Ccl7) genes as well as IFN1-regulated genes (e.g. Irf7, Mx1, Oasl1, Ifit1), many of which were suppressed by DHA. Using single-cell regulatory network inference and clustering (SCENIC) to identify gene expression networks, we found DHA modestly downregulated LPS-induced expression of NF-κB-target genes. Importantly, LPS induced a subset of FLMs simultaneously expressing NF-κB- and IRF7/STAT1/STAT2-target genes that were conspicuously absent in DHA-pretreated FLMs. Thus, DHA potently targeted both the NF-κB and the IFN1 responses. Altogether, scRNAseq generated a valuable dataset that provides new insights into multiple overlapping mechanisms by which DHA may transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally regulate LPS-induced proinflammatory and IFN1-driven responses in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Wierenga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Frank M. Riemers
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bart Westendorp
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jack R. Harkema
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - James J. Pestka
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, United States
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14
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Chrisikos TT, Zhou Y, Kahn LM, Patel B, Denne NL, Brooks A, Shen L, Wang J, Watowich SS. STAT3 Inhibits Autocrine IFN Signaling in Type I Conventional Dendritic Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1286-1299. [PMID: 36038291 PMCID: PMC9529896 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) are an essential Ag-presenting population required for generating adaptive immunity against intracellular pathogens and tumors. While the transcriptional control of cDC1 development is well understood, the mechanisms by which extracellular stimuli regulate cDC1 function remain unclear. We previously demonstrated that the cytokine-responsive transcriptional regulator STAT3 inhibits polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)]-induced cDC1 maturation and cDC1-mediated antitumor immunity in murine breast cancer, indicating an intrinsic, suppressive role for STAT3 in cDC1s. To probe transcriptional mechanisms regulating cDC1 function, we generated novel RNA sequencing datasets representing poly(I:C)-, IL-10-, and STAT3-mediated gene expression responses in murine cDC1s. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that poly(I:C) stimulates multiple inflammatory pathways independent of STAT3, while IL-10-activated STAT3 uniquely inhibits the poly(I:C)-induced type I IFN (IFN-I) transcriptional response. We validated this mechanism using purified cDC1s deficient for STAT3 or IFN signaling. Our data reveal IL-10-activated STAT3 suppresses production of IFN-β and IFN-γ, accrual of tyrosine phosphorylated STAT1, and IFN-stimulated gene expression in cDC1s after poly(I:C) exposure. Moreover, we found that maturation of cDC1s in response to poly(I:C) is dependent on the IFN-I receptor, but not the type II IFN receptor, or IFN-λ. Taken together, we elucidate an essential role for STAT3 in restraining autocrine IFN-I signaling in cDC1s elicited by poly(I:C) stimulation, and we provide novel RNA sequencing datasets that will aid in further delineating inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in cDC1s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor T Chrisikos
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX; and
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Laura M Kahn
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX; and
| | - Bhakti Patel
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Nina L Denne
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Athena Brooks
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Stephanie S Watowich
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX;
- University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX; and
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15
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Lewis SA, Doratt BM, Sureshchandra S, Jankeel A, Newman N, Shen W, Grant KA, Messaoudi I. Ethanol Consumption Induces Nonspecific Inflammation and Functional Defects in Alveolar Macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:112-124. [PMID: 35380939 PMCID: PMC9273227 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0346oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol drinking is associated with increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens. In this study, we use a rhesus macaque model of voluntary ethanol self-administration to study the effects of long-term alcohol drinking on the immunological landscape of the lung. We report a heightened inflammatory state in alveolar macrophages (AMs) obtained from ethanol (EtOH)-drinking animals that is accompanied by increased chromatin accessibility in intergenic regions that regulate inflammatory genes and contain binding motifs for transcription factors AP-1, IRF8, and NFKB p-65. In line with these transcriptional and epigenetic changes at the basal state, AMs from EtOH-drinking animals generate elevated inflammatory mediator responses to lipopolysaccharides and respiratory syncytial virus. However, the transcriptional analysis revealed an inefficient induction of interferon-stimulated genes with EtOH in response to the respiratory syncytial virus, suggesting disruption of antimicrobial defenses. Correspondingly, AMs from EtOH-drinking animals exhibited transcriptional shifts indicative of increased oxidative stress and oxidative phosphorylation, which was coupled with higher cytosolic reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial potential. This heightened oxidative stress state was accompanied by decreased ability to phagocytose bacteria. Bulk RNA and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing data further revealed reduced expression and chromatin accessibility of loci associated with tissue repair and maintenance with chronic EtOH drinking. Similarly, analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing data revealed shifts in cell states from tissue maintenance to inflammatory responses with EtOH. Collectively, these data provide novel insight into mechanisms by which chronic EtOH drinking increases susceptibility to infection in patients with alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sloan A. Lewis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
- Institute for Immunology, and
| | - Brianna M. Doratt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and
| | - Suhas Sureshchandra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
- Institute for Immunology, and
| | | | - Natali Newman
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Weining Shen
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Kathleen A. Grant
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
- Institute for Immunology, and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and
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16
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The Role of Interferon Regulatory Factors in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. GASTROENTEROLOGY INSIGHTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/gastroent13020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming the most common chronic liver disease with many metabolic comorbidities, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an advanced form of NAFLD, accompanies the progression of hepatic steatosis, inflammation, cell death, and varying degree of liver fibrosis. Interferons (IFNs) have been shown to play important roles in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NASH. Their regulating transcriptional factors such as interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) can regulate IFN expression, as well as genes involved in macrophage polarization, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and advanced liver disease. In this review, the roles of IRF-involved signaling pathways in hepatic inflammation, insulin resistance, and immune cell activation are reviewed. IRFs such as IRF1 and IRF4 are also involved in the polarization of macrophages that contribute to critical roles in NAFLD or NASH pathogenesis. In addition, IRFs have been shown to be regulated by treatments including microRNAs, PPAR modulators, anti-inflammatory agents, and TLR agonists or antagonists. Modulating IRF-mediated factors through these treatments in chronic liver disease can ameliorate the progression of NAFLD to NASH. Furthermore, adenoviruses and CRISPR activation plasmids can also be applied to regulate IRF-mediated effects in chronic liver disease. Pre-clinical and clinical trials for evaluating IRF regulators in NAFLD treatment are essential in the future direction.
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17
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Chinthamani S, Settem RP, Honma K, Stafford GP, Sharma A. Tannerella forsythia strains differentially induce interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) expression in macrophages due to lipopolysaccharide heterogeneity. Pathog Dis 2022; 80:6566341. [PMID: 35404415 PMCID: PMC9053306 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia is strongly implicated in the development of periodontitis, an inflammatory disease that destroys the bone and soft tissues supporting the tooth. To date, the knowledge of the virulence attributes of T. forsythia species has mainly come from studies with a laboratory adapted strain (ATCC 43 037). In this study, we focused on two T. forsythia clinical isolates, UB4 and UB20, in relation to their ability to activate macrophages. We found that these clinical isolates differentially induced proinflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages. Prominently, the expression of the chemokine protein IP-10 (CXCL10) was highly induced by UB20 as compared to UB4 and the laboratory strain ATCC 43 037. Our study focused on the lipopolysaccharide component (LPS) of these strains and found that UB20 expressed a smooth-type LPS, unlike UB4 and ATCC 43 037 each of which expressed a rough-type LPS. The LPS from UB20, via activation of TLR4, was found to be a highly potent inducer of IP-10 expression via signaling through STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-1). These data suggest that pathogenicity of T. forsythia species could be strain dependent and the LPS heterogeneity associated with the clinical strains might be responsible for their pathogenic potential and severity of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ashu Sharma
- Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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18
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Kota NK, Vigorito M, Krishnan V, Chang SL. Using IPA tools to characterize molecular pathways underlying the involvement of IRF7 in antiviral response to HIV. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2022; 1:23-35. [PMID: 36827648 PMCID: PMC9923504 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2022-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRFs) regulate transcription of type-I interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes. We previously reported that IFN-regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) is significantly upregulated in the brain of HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) rats compared to F344 control rats in a region dependent manner [Li MD, Cao J, Wang S, Wang J, Sarkar S, Vigorito M, et al. Transcriptome sequencing of gene expression in the brain of the HIV-1 transgenic rat. PLoS One 2013]. The RNA deep-sequencing data were deposited in the NCBI SRA database with Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) number GSE47474. Our current study utilized QIAGEN CLC Genomics Workbench and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to identify molecular pathways underlying the involvement of IRF7 in the HIV antiviral response. Methods The differential RNA expression data between HIV-1Tg and F344 rats as well as HAND+ and HIV+ cognitively normal patients was collected from GSE47474 and GSE152416, respectively. The "Core Expression Data Analysis" function identified the significant canonical pathways in the datasets with or without IRF7 and its 455 associated molecules. Results It was found that IRF7 and its 455 associated molecules altered the expression of pathways involving neurotransmission, neuronal survival, and immune function. Conclusions This in-silico study reveals that IRF7 is involved in the promotion of macrophage activity, neuronal differentiation, the modulation of the Th-1/Th-2 ratio, and the suppression of HIV-1 translation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that bioinformatics tools such as IPA can be employed to simulate the complete knockout of a target molecule such as IRF7 to study its involvement in biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil K. Kota
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA,Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Vigorito
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA,Department of Psychology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Velu Krishnan
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA,Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Sulie L. Chang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA,Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
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19
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Dias BT, Goundry A, Vivarini AC, Costa TFR, Mottram JC, Lopes UG, Lima APCA. Toll-Like Receptor- and Protein Kinase R-Induced Type I Interferon Sustains Infection of Leishmania donovani in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:801182. [PMID: 35154115 PMCID: PMC8831251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.801182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani is a protozoan parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis, provoking liver and spleen tissue destruction that is lethal unless treated. The parasite replicates in macrophages and modulates host microbicidal responses. We have previously reported that neutrophil elastase (NE) is required to sustain L. donovani intracellular growth in macrophages through the induction of interferon beta (IFN-β). Here, we show that the gene expression of IFN-β by infected macrophages was reduced by half when TLR4 was blocked by pre-treatment with neutralizing antibodies or in macrophages from tlr2-/- mice, while the levels in macrophages from myd88-/- mice were comparable to those from wild-type C57BL/6 mice. The neutralization of TLR4 in tlr2-/- macrophages completely abolished induction of IFN-β gene expression upon parasite infection, indicating an additive role for both TLRs. Induction of type I interferon (IFN-I), OASL2, SOD1, and IL10 gene expression by L. donovani was completely abolished in macrophages from NE knock-out mice (ela2-/-) or from protein kinase R (PKR) knock-out mice (pkr-/-), and in C57BL/6 macrophages infected with transgenic L. donovani expressing the inhibitor of serine peptidase 2 (ISP2). Parasite intracellular growth was impaired in pkr-/- macrophages but was fully restored by the addition of exogenous IFN-β, and parasite burdens were reduced in the spleen of pkr-/- mice at 7 days, as compared to the 129Sv/Ev background mice. Furthermore, parasites were unable to grow in macrophages lacking TLR3, which correlated with lack of IFN-I gene expression. Thus, L. donovani engages innate responses in infected macrophages via TLR2, TLR4, and TLR3, via downstream PKR, to induce the expression of pro-survival genes in the host cell, and guarantee parasite intracellular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna T. Dias
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amy Goundry
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aislan C. Vivarini
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana F. R. Costa
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jeremy C. Mottram
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Ulisses G. Lopes
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula C. A. Lima
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Ana Paula C. A. Lima,
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20
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Naler LB, Hsieh YP, Geng S, Zhou Z, Li L, Lu C. Epigenomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal differences between low-grade inflammation and severe exhaustion in LPS-challenged murine monocytes. Commun Biol 2022; 5:102. [PMID: 35091696 PMCID: PMC8799722 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies suggest that monocytes can be trained by bacterial endotoxin to adopt distinct memory states ranging from low-grade inflammation to immune exhaustion. While low-grade inflammation may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases, exhausted monocytes with pathogenic and immune-suppressive characteristics may underlie the pathogenesis of polymicrobial sepsis including COVID-19. However, detailed processes by which the dynamic adaption of monocytes occur remain poorly understood. Here we exposed murine bone-marrow derived monocytes to chronic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation at low-dose or high-dose, as well as a PBS control. The cells were profiled for genome-wide H3K27ac modification and gene expression. The gene expression of TRAM-deficient and IRAK-M-deficient monocytes with LPS exposure was also analyzed. We discover that low-grade inflammation preferentially utilizes the TRAM-dependent pathway of TLR4 signaling, and induces the expression of interferon response genes. In contrast, high dose LPS uniquely upregulates exhaustion signatures with metabolic and proliferative pathways. The extensive differences in the epigenomic landscape between low-dose and high-dose conditions suggest the importance of epigenetic regulations in driving differential responses. Our data provide potential targets for future mechanistic or therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette B Naler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Yuan-Pang Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Shuo Geng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Zirui Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Liwu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Chang Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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21
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Hoffman RA, Huang S, Chalasani G, Vallejo AN. Disparate Recruitment and Retention of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells to The Small Intestinal Mucosa between Young and Aged Mice. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1183-1196. [PMID: 34341701 PMCID: PMC8279532 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), a highly specialized class of innate immune cells that serve as rapid sensors of danger signals in circulation or in lymphoid tissue are well studied. However, there remains knowledge gaps about age-dependent changes of pDC function in the intestinal mucosa. Here, we report that under homeostatic conditions, the proportion of pDC expressing C-C chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) in the intestinal intraepithelial cell (iIEC) population is comparable between young (2-4 months) and aged (18-24 months) mice, but the absolute numbers of iIEC and pDC are significantly lower in aged mice. Employing the classic model of acute endotoxemia induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we found a decrease in the proportion and absolute number of intraepithelial pDC in both young and aged mice despite the LPS-induced increased expression of the chemokine C-C ligand 25 (CCL25), the ligand of CCR9, in the intestinal mucosa of young mice. In adoptive transfer experiments, a significantly lower number of pDC was retained into the intestinal layer of aged host mice after LPS administration. This was associated with recoverable pDC numbers in the intestinal lumen. Furthermore, co-adoptive transfer of young and aged pDC into young hosts also showed significantly lower retention of aged pDC in the epithelial layer compared to the co-transferred young pDC. Collectively, these data show age-associated changes in mucosal CCL25 gene expression and in pDC number. These may underlie the reported inadequate responses to gastrointestinal pathogens during chronologic aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sulan Huang
- Department of Health Promotion and Development,
| | | | - Abbe N Vallejo
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh,
- Division of Rheumatology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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22
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TLR4 and TNFR1 blockade dampen M1 macrophage activation and shifts them towards an M2 phenotype. Immunol Res 2021; 69:334-351. [PMID: 34235623 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis has emerged as major concern worldwide due to the pressing need to develop its effective treatment strategies which is not available yet. LPS is the major causative agent in the pathogenesis of septic shock. In macrophages, LPS interacts with cell surface TLR4 leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS), TNF-α, IL-1β production, oxidative stress and markedly activated the MAPKs and NF-kB pathway. Post cell isolation, the macrophages were subjected to administration with neutralizing antibodies to TLR4 and TNFR1 either alone or in combination prior to LPS challenge. Subsequently, we performed flow cytometric analysis along with Western blots, reactive oxygen species production, and TNF-α, IL-1β release. Outcomes suggested that the dual blockade of TLR4 and TNFR1 was indeed beneficial in shifting the LPS-induced M1 polarization towards M2. Both TLR4 and TNFR1 exhibited dependency during LPS stimulation. Furthermore, the switch towards the M2 phenotype might be responsible for the decreased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, NO, and superoxide anion and the simultaneous elevation in the activity level of anti-oxidant enzymes like SOD, CAT (catalase), and GSH content in the isolated peritoneal macrophages. Simultaneous blocking of both TLR4 and TNFR1 also showed reduced expression of NF-kB, JNK, and COX-2 by promoting TNFR2-mediated TNF-α signaling. The increased arginase activity further confirmed the polarization towards M2. Thus it may be inferred that dual blockade of TLR4 and TNFR1 might be an alternative therapeutic approach for regulating of sepsis in future.
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23
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Xu S, Mei S, Lu J, Wu H, Dong X, Shi L, Zhou J, Zhang J. Transcriptome Analysis of Microglia Reveals That the TLR2/IRF7 Signaling Axis Mediates Neuroinflammation After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:645649. [PMID: 34276335 PMCID: PMC8278202 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.645649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory response in the early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has been reported to have an impact on progress, and the mechanism is not completely understood. Here, we performed genome-wide transcriptome analysis of microglia purified from damaged hemisphere of adult mice at 3 days after SAH or sham operation. Robust transcriptional changes were observed between SAH-induced and healthy microglia, indicating rapid activation of microglia after suffering from SAH. We identified 1576 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 928 upregulated and 648 downregulated) in SAH-induced microglia compared with sham microglia, representing a strong alteration of the genome (6.85% of total ∼23,000 genes). Functional enrichment of these DEGs indicated that cell division, inflammatory response, cytokine production, and leukocyte chemotaxis were strongly activated in SAH-induced microglia. Moreover, we identified and proved that the TLR2/IRF7 signaling axis was involved in the regulation of this microglia-mediated inflammation in SAH mice by performing flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Together, these results provided a perspective of microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory response in the early stage of SAH and might give a new therapeutic target for SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenbin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuhao Mei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ligen Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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