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Sacco RE, Jensen ED, Sullivan YB, LaBresh J, Davis WC. An update on the development of a bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, immune reagent toolkit. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 272:110769. [PMID: 38703558 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
There are extensive immunological reagents available for laboratory rodents and humans. However, for veterinary species there is a need for expansion of immunological toolkits, with this especially evident for marine mammals, such as cetaceans. In addition to their use in a research setting, immune assays could be employed to monitor the health status of cetaceans and serve as an adjunct to available diagnostic tests. Such development of specific and sensitive immune assays will enhance the proper care and stewardship of wild and managed cetacean populations. Our goal is to provide immune reagents and immune assays for the research community, clinicians, and others involved in care of bottlenose dolphins. This review will provide an update on our development of a bottlenose dolphin immunological toolkit. The future availability and continued development of these reagents is critical for improving wild and managed bottlenose dolphin population health through enhanced assessment of their responses to alterations in the marine environment, including pathogens, and improve our ability to monitor their status following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy E Sacco
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Eric D Jensen
- US Navy Marine Mammal Program, Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Chow L, Wheat W, Ramirez D, Impastato R, Dow S. Direct comparison of canine and human immune responses using transcriptomic and functional analyses. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2207. [PMID: 38272935 PMCID: PMC10811214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The canine spontaneous cancer model is increasingly utilized to evaluate new combined cancer immunotherapy approaches. While the major leukocyte subsets and phenotypes are closely related in dogs and humans, the functionality of T cells and antigen presenting cells in the two species has not been previously compared in detail. Such information would be important in interpreting immune response data and evaluating the potential toxicities of new cancer immunotherapies in dogs. To address this question, we used in vitro assays to compare the transcriptomic, cytokine, and proliferative responses of activated canine and human T cells, and also compared responses in activated macrophages. Transcriptomic analysis following T cell activation revealed shared expression of 515 significantly upregulated genes and 360 significantly downregulated immune genes. Pathway analysis identified 33 immune pathways shared between canine and human activated T cells, along with 34 immune pathways that were unique to each species. Activated human T cells exhibited a marked Th1 bias, whereas canine T cells were transcriptionally less active overall. Despite similar proliferative responses to activation, canine T cells produced significantly less IFN-γ than human T cells. Moreover, canine macrophages were significantly more responsive to activation by IFN-γ than human macrophages, as reflected by co-stimulatory molecule expression and TNF-α production. Thus, these studies revealed overall broad similarity in responses to immune activation between dogs and humans, but also uncovered important key quantitative and qualitative differences, particularly with respect to T cell responses, that should be considered in designing and evaluating cancer immunotherapy studies in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndah Chow
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1678, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - William Wheat
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1678, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Dominique Ramirez
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1678, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Renata Impastato
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1678, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Steven Dow
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1678, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Loving CL. Immunology of Zoonotic Diseases and Relevant Animal Models. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1169-1170. [PMID: 37782852 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
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Hay AL, Birch J, Ellis S, Burns D, Mansour S, Khakoo SI, Hammond JA. Cattle killer immunoglobulin-like receptor expression on leukocyte subsets suggests functional divergence compared to humans. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 263:110646. [PMID: 37634416 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Cattle, sheep, and goats are the only species outside primates known to have an expanded and diversified family of killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). Primate KIR are expressed on the surface of NK and T cells and bind MHC-I to control activation. However, the surface expression, ligands and function of bovid KIR remain unknown. Cattle botaKIR2DL1 is the only functional KIR of the same DL-lineage as the expanded KIR in primates and we examined if leukocyte expression patterns were consistent with human. We raised a specific mouse anti-botaKIR2DL1 monoclonal antibody and assessed its utility in flow cytometry, ELISA, and western blot. Unlike primates, cattle DL-lineage KIR (botaKIR2DL1) is present on B cells and monocytes in addition to T cells and low-level expression on NK cells. Expression decreases after in vitro PBMC stimulation with IL-2. This suggests that botaKIR2DL1 has different functions, and potentially ligands, compared to primate KIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L Hay
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - James Birch
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Shirley Ellis
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Burns
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Salah Mansour
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Salim I Khakoo
- School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - John A Hammond
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
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Wiarda JE, Trachsel JM, Sivasankaran SK, Tuggle CK, Loving CL. Intestinal single-cell atlas reveals novel lymphocytes in pigs with similarities to human cells. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/10/e202201442. [PMID: 35995567 PMCID: PMC9396248 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing of porcine ileal lymphocytes reveals similarities to human cells and discovery of porcine intestinal innate lymphoid cells. Lymphocytes can heavily influence intestinal health, but resolving intestinal lymphocyte function is challenging as the intestine contains a vastly heterogeneous mixture of cells. Pigs are an advantageous biomedical model, but deeper understanding of intestinal lymphocytes is warranted to improve model utility. Twenty-six cell types were identified in the porcine ileum by single-cell RNA sequencing and further compared with cells in human and murine ileum. Though general consensus of cell subsets across species was revealed, some porcine-specific lymphocyte subsets were identified. Differential tissue dissection and in situ analyses conferred spatial context, revealing similar locations of lymphocyte subsets in Peyer’s patches and epithelium in pig-to-human comparisons. Like humans, activated and effector lymphocytes were abundant in the ileum but not periphery of pigs, suggesting tissue-specific and/or activation-associated gene expression. Gene signatures for peripheral and ileal innate lymphoid cells newly discovered in pigs were defined and highlighted similarities to human innate lymphoid cells. Overall, we reveal novel lymphocyte subsets in pigs and highlight utility of pigs for intestinal research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne E Wiarda
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.,Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Agricultural Research Service Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Julian M Trachsel
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sathesh K Sivasankaran
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.,Genome Informatics Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Crystal L Loving
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
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Charlier J, Barkema HW, Becher P, De Benedictis P, Hansson I, Hennig-Pauka I, La Ragione R, Larsen LE, Madoroba E, Maes D, Marín CM, Mutinelli F, Nisbet AJ, Podgórska K, Vercruysse J, Vitale F, Williams DJL, Zadoks RN. Disease control tools to secure animal and public health in a densely populated world. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e812-e824. [PMID: 36208644 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Animal health is a prerequisite for global health, economic development, food security, food quality, and poverty reduction, while mitigating against climate change and biodiversity loss. We did a qualitative review of 53 infectious diseases in terrestrial animals with data from DISCONTOOLS, a specialist database and prioritisation model focusing on research gaps for improving infectious disease control in animals. Many diseases do not have any appropriate control tools, but the prioritisation model suggests that we should focus international efforts on Nipah virus infection, African swine fever, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, peste des petits ruminants, sheeppox and goatpox, avian influenza, Rift Valley fever, foot and mouth disease, and bovine tuberculosis, for the greatest impact on the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. Easy to use and accurate diagnostics are available for many animal diseases. However, there is an urgent need for the development of stable and durable diagnostics that can differentiate infected animals from vaccinated animals, to exploit rapid technological advances, and to make diagnostics widely available and affordable. Veterinary vaccines are important for dealing with endemic, new, and emerging diseases. However, fundamental research is needed to improve the convenience of use and duration of immunity, and to establish performant marker vaccines. The largest gap in animal pharmaceuticals is the threat of pathogens developing resistance to available drugs, in particular for bacterial and parasitic (protozoal, helminth, and arthropod) pathogens. We propose and discuss five research priorities for animal health that will help to deliver a sustainable and healthy planet: vaccinology, antimicrobial resistance, climate mitigation and adaptation, digital health, and epidemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Charlier
- DISCONTOOLS, AnimalhealthEurope, Brussels, Belgium; Kreavet, Kruibeke, Belgium.
| | - Herman W Barkema
- One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ingrid Hansson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology in Bakum, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roberto La Ragione
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - Lars E Larsen
- Institute for Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Evelyn Madoroba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Empangeni, South Africa
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Clara M Marín
- Department of Animal Science, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragón (CITA) and AgriFood Institute of Aragón-IA2 (CITA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alasdair J Nisbet
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Mithlothian, Scotland
| | - Katarzyna Podgórska
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabrizio Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Diana J L Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ruth N Zadoks
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Adaptation and Diagnostic Potential of a Commercial Cat Interferon Gamma Release Assay for the Detection of Mycobacterium bovis Infection in African Lions (Panthera leo). Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070765. [PMID: 35890010 PMCID: PMC9317741 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) infection in wildlife, including lions (Panthera leo), has implications for individual and population health. Tools for the detection of infected lions are needed for diagnosis and disease surveillance. This study aimed to evaluate the Mabtech Cat interferon gamma (IFN-γ) ELISABasic kit for detection of native lion IFN-γ in whole blood samples stimulated using the QuantiFERON® TB Gold Plus (QFT) platform as a potential diagnostic assay. The ELISA was able to detect lion IFN-γ in mitogen-stimulated samples, with good parallelism, linearity, and a working range of 15.6–500 pg/mL. Minimal matrix interference was observed in the recovery of domestic cat rIFN-γ in lion plasma. Both intra- and inter-assay reproducibility had a coefficient of variation less than 10%, while the limit of detection and quantification were 7.8 pg/mL and 31.2 pg/mL, respectively. The diagnostic performance of the QFT Mabtech Cat interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) was determined using mycobacterial antigen-stimulated samples from M. bovis culture-confirmed infected (n = 8) and uninfected (n = 4) lions. A lion-specific cut-off value (33 pg/mL) was calculated, and the sensitivity and specificity were determined to be 87.5% and 100%, respectively. Although additional samples should be tested, the QFT Mabtech Cat IGRA could identify M. bovis-infected African lions.
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Manirarora JN, Walker KE, Patil V, Renukaradhya GJ, LaBresh J, Sullivan Y, Francis O, Lunney JK. Development and Characterization of New Monoclonal Antibodies Against Porcine Interleukin-17A and Interferon-Gamma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:786396. [PMID: 35185884 PMCID: PMC8850701 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.786396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Current research efforts require a broad range of immune reagents, but those available for pigs are limited. The goal of this study was to generate priority immune reagents for pigs and pipeline them for marketing. Our efforts were aimed at the expression of soluble swine cytokines and the production of panels of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to these proteins. Swine interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and Interferon-gamma (IFNγ) recombinant proteins were produced using yeast expression and used for monoclonal antibody (mAb) production resulting in panels of mAbs. We screened each mAb for cross-species reactivity with orthologs of IL-17A or IFNγ and checked each mAb for inhibition by other related mAbs, to assign mAb antigenic determinants. For porcine IL-17A, the characterization of a panel of 10 mAbs identified eight different antigenic determinants; interestingly, most of the mAbs cross-reacted with the dolphin recombinant ortholog. Likewise, the characterization of a panel of nine anti-PoIFNγ mAbs identified four different determinants; most of the mAbs cross-reacted with dolphin, bovine, and caprine recombinant orthologs. There was a unique reaction of one anti-PoIFNγ mAb that cross-reacted with the zebrafish recombinant ortholog. The αIL-17A mAbs were used to develop a quantitative sandwich ELISA detecting the yeast expressed protein as well as native IL-17A in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) supernatants. Our analyses showed that phorbol myristate acetate/ionomycin stimulation of PBMC induced significant expression of IL-17A by CD3+ T cells as detected by several of our mAbs. These new mAbs expand opportunities for immunology research in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean N Manirarora
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Kristen E Walker
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Veerupaxagouda Patil
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | | | | | - Ore Francis
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Joan K Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, United States
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