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Silawal S, Gesslein M, Willauschus M, Schulze-Tanzil G. In Vitro Investigation of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Stimulation (PEMF) with MAGCELL ® ARTHRO on the Regulatory Expression of Soluble and Membrane-Bound Complement Factors and Inflammatory Cytokines in Immortalized Synovial Fibroblasts. J Pers Med 2024; 14:701. [PMID: 39063955 PMCID: PMC11277808 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14070701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation (PEMF) is gaining more attention as a non-invasive arthritis treatment. In our study, immortalized synovial fibroblasts (K4IM) derived from a non-arthritic donor were exposed to MAGCELL® ARTHRO, a PEMF device, with 105 mT intensity, 8 Hz frequency, and 2 × 2.5 min sessions conducted thrice with a 1 h interval, to understand the underlying mechanism in regard to the complement system. Additionally, tumor necrosis factor (TNFα, 10 ng/mL) pre-treatment prior to PEMF stimulation, as well as 3-day versus 6-day stimulation, were compared. Gene expression of C4b binding protein-alpha and -beta (C4BPα, C4BPβ), complement factor (CF)-H, CFI, CD55, CD59, Interleukin (IL-6) and TNFα was analyzed. Immunofluorescence staining of CD55, CD59, and Ki67 was conducted. Results showed the absence of C4BPα gene expression, but C4BPβ was present. One and three days of PEMF stimulation caused no significant changes. However, after six days, there was a significant increase in CD55, CFH, and CD59 gene expression, indicating cytoprotective effects. Conversely, IL-6 gene expression increased after six days of stimulation and even after a single session in TNFα pre-stimulated cells, indicating a pro-inflammatory effect. PEMF's ambivalent, i.e., enhancing complement regulatory proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines, highlights its complexity at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Silawal
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, General Hospital Nuremberg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany;
| | - Markus Gesslein
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, General Hospital Nuremberg, Breslauer Str. 201, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany; (M.G.); (M.W.)
| | - Maximilian Willauschus
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, General Hospital Nuremberg, Breslauer Str. 201, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany; (M.G.); (M.W.)
| | - Gundula Schulze-Tanzil
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, General Hospital Nuremberg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany;
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Heggli I, Teixeira GQ, Iatridis JC, Neidlinger‐Wilke C, Dudli S. The role of the complement system in disc degeneration and Modic changes. JOR Spine 2024; 7:e1312. [PMID: 38312949 PMCID: PMC10835744 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Disc degeneration and vertebral endplate bone marrow lesions called Modic changes are prevalent spinal pathologies found in chronic low back pain patients. Their pathomechanisms are complex and not fully understood. Recent studies have revealed that complement system proteins and interactors are dysregulated in disc degeneration and Modic changes. The complement system is part of the innate immune system and plays a critical role in tissue homeostasis. However, its dysregulation has also been associated with various pathological conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Here, we review the evidence for the involvement of the complement system in intervertebral disc degeneration and Modic changes. We found that only a handful of studies reported on complement factors in Modic changes and disc degeneration. Therefore, the level of evidence for the involvement of the complement system is currently low. Nevertheless, the complement system is tightly intertwined with processes known to occur during disc degeneration and Modic changes, such as increased cell death, autoantibody production, bacterial defense processes, neutrophil activation, and osteoclast formation, indicating a contribution of the complement system to these spinal pathologies. Based on these mechanisms, we propose a model how the complement system could contribute to the vicious cycle of tissue damage and chronic inflammation in disc degeneration and Modic changes. With this review, we aim to highlight a currently understudied but potentially important inflammatory pathomechanism of disc degeneration and Modic changes that may be a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Heggli
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of RheumatologyUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of Physical Medicine and RheumatologyBalgrist University Hospital, Balgrist Campus, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of OrthopaedicsIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Graciosa Q. Teixeira
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Trauma Research Centre, Ulm UniversityUlmGermany
| | - James C. Iatridis
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of OrthopaedicsIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Stefan Dudli
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of RheumatologyUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of Physical Medicine and RheumatologyBalgrist University Hospital, Balgrist Campus, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Timkovich AE, Holling GA, Afzali MF, Kisiday J, Santangelo KS. TLR4 antagonism provides short-term but not long-term clinical benefit in a full-depth cartilage defect mouse model. Connect Tissue Res 2024; 65:26-40. [PMID: 37898909 PMCID: PMC11271750 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2023.2269257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM Cartilage injury and subsequent osteoarthritis (OA) are debilitating conditions affecting millions worldwide. As there are no cures for these ailments, novel therapies are needed to suppress disease pathogenesis. Given that joint injuries are known to produce damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), our central premise is that the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway is a principal driver in the early response to cartilage damage and subsequent pathology. We postulate that TLR4 activation is initiated/perpetuated by DAMPs released following joint damage. Thus, antagonism of the TLR4 pathway immediately after injury may suppress the development of joint surface defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two groups were utilized: (1) 8-week-old, male C57BL6 mice treated systemically with a known TLR4 antagonist and (2) mice injected with vehicle control. A full-depth cartilage lesion on the midline of the patellofemoral groove was created in the right knee of each mouse. The left knee was used as a sham surgery control. Gait changes were evaluated over 4 weeks using a quantitative gait analysis system. At harvest, knee joints were processed for pathologic assessment, Nanostring® transcript expression, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS Short-term treatment with a TLR4 antagonist at 14-days significantly improved relevant gait parameters; improved cartilage metrics and modified Mankin scores were also seen. Additionally, mRNA expression and IHC showed reduced expression of inflammatory mediators in animals treated with the TLR4 antagonist. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this work demonstrates that systemic treatment with a TLR4 antagonist is protective to further cartilage damage 14-days post-injury in a murine model of induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel E. Timkovich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - G. Aaron Holling
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Maryam F. Afzali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - John Kisiday
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kelly S. Santangelo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Kuang G, Tan X, Liu X, Li N, Yi N, Mi Y, Shi Q, Zeng F, Xie X, Lu M, Xu X. The Role of Innate Immunity in Osteoarthritis and the Connotation of "Immune-joint" Axis: A Narrative Review. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:2170-2179. [PMID: 38243960 DOI: 10.2174/0113862073264389231101190637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease that results in constriction of the joint space due to the gradual deterioration of cartilage, alterations in subchondral bone, and synovial membrane. Recently, scientists have found that OA involves lesions in the whole joint, in addition to joint wear and tear and cartilage damage. Osteoarthritis is often accompanied by a subclinical form of synovitis, which is a chronic, relatively low-grade inflammatory response mainly mediated by the innate immune system. The "immune-joint" axis refers to an interaction of an innate immune response with joint inflammation and the whole joint range. Previous studies have underestimated the role of the immune-joint axis in OA, and there is no related research. For this reason, this review aimed to evaluate the existing evidence on the influence of innate immune mechanisms on the pathogenesis of OA. The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense. When the innate immune system is triggered, it instantly activates the downstream inflammatory signal pathway, causing an inflammatory response, while also promoting immune cells to invade joint synovial tissue and accelerate the progression of OA. We have proposed the concept of the "immune-joint" axis and explored it from two aspects of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory and modern medical research, such as the innate immunity and OA, macrophages and OA, complement and OA, and other cells and OA, to enrich the scientific connotation of the "immune-joint" axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyan Kuang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Xuyi Tan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Changsha, Hunan, 410006, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Naping Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Nanxing Yi
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Yilin Mi
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Qiyun Shi
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Fan Zeng
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Xinjun Xie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Xiaotong Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
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Zhang X, Ma S, Naz SI, Jain V, Soderblom EJ, Aliferis C, Kraus VB. Comprehensive characterization of pathogenic synovial fluid extracellular vesicles from knee osteoarthritis. Clin Immunol 2023; 257:109812. [PMID: 37866785 PMCID: PMC10735321 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Synovial fluid (SF) extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a pathogenic role in osteoarthritis (OA). However, the surface markers, cell and tissue origins, and effectors of these EVs are largely unknown. We found that SF EVs contained 692 peptides that were positively associated with knee radiographic OA severity; 57.4% of these pathogenic peptides were from 46 proteins of the immune system, predominantly the innate immune system. CSPG4, BGN, NRP1, and CD109 are the major surface markers of pathogenic SF EVs. Genes encoding surface marker CSPG4 and CD109 were highly expressed by chondrocytes from damaged cartilage, while VISG4, MARCO, CD163 and NRP1 were enriched in the synovial immune cells. The frequency of CSPG4+ and VSIG4+ EV subpopulations in OA SF was high. We conclude that pathogenic SF EVs carry knee OA severity-associated proteins and specific surface markers, which could be developed as a new source of diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Sisi Ma
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Syeda Iffat Naz
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vaibhav Jain
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Erik J Soderblom
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Constantin Aliferis
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Virginia Byers Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Luo H, Zhu Y, Guo B, Ruan Z, Liu Z, Fan Z, Zhao S. Causal relationships between CD25 on immune cells and hip osteoarthritis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1247710. [PMID: 37731506 PMCID: PMC10507251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1247710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Previous research has indicated a potential association between immune factors and osteoarthritis (OA), but the causal relationship between CD25 expression on immune cells and hip OA remains enigmatic. To shed light on this relationship, this study utilized the two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) method. Methods Leveraging genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data from the UK Biobank and arcOGEN, the investigation encompasses a substantial European cohort comprising 15,704 hip OA cases and 378,169 controls. Genetic insights into CD25 stem from a subgroup of 3,757 individuals with European ancestry, encompassing 77 CD25-related traits. Several MR methods were applied, and robustness was assessed through heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis. Results Among the 77 traits examined, 66 shared the same single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with hip OA. Of these, 7 CD25-related traits were found to be causally associated with hip OA (adjusted P><0.05), with F-statistics ranging from 33 to 122. These traits are specifically related to CD4+CD25+ T cells, exhibiting odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) less than 1. Notably, no causal link was discerned with the CD8+CD25+ T cell subset. Within absolute count (AC) and relative count (RC) trait types, a significant causal relationship was observed solely between CD4+CD25+ T cells and hip OA, without subtype localization. A more intricate examination of CD25 expression levels within the CD4+CD25+ T cell subset revealed a correlation with the CD39+ regulatory T (Treg) subset and hip OA, particularly within the CD39+ activated Treg subset. Furthermore, a notable causal relationship emerged between CD25 expression levels in the CD45RA- not Treg subset and hip OA. However, no significant causal link was established with any subsets of B cells. Conclusion The genetic prediction suggests that CD25, particularly within the realm of CD4+CD25+ T cells, may exert a protective influence against the development of hip OA. These findings provide a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of hip OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhe Ruan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhihua Fan
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shushan Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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7
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Rongrong C, Xueting Y, Lian L, Qiang W, Guangjun J, Ying L, Chen Y, Yanling M, Qingqiang Y, Yan L, Fuwen W. Study on the mechanism and pharmacokinetics of HB-NC4 based on C5b-9 target in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166699. [PMID: 36965677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disease that mostly occurs in elderly individuals over 60 years old. The detailed pathogenesis of OA is unclear. Medicines available on the market are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Therefore, in this study, a fusion protein was introduced, and the detailed mechanism that could alleviate OA was discussed. As a targeted protein, HB-NC4 showed better binding ability to chondrocytes, and its half-life period was prolonged compared to NC4 alone. In addition, HB-NC4 can not only affect the levels of C3 and C5, but also inhibit the formation of the membrane-attack complex (MAC, C5b-9), thereby further affecting the expression of MAPK signalling pathway-related proteins to achieve the goal of treating OA. Thus, in this study, we demonstrate the pharmacokinetics of HB-NC4 and its mechanism to alleviate OA by regulating the complement system and MAPK signalling pathway. This study provides a new method for OA therapy based on fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai Rongrong
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of biotechnology drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Xueting
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of biotechnology drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Li Lian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Qiang
- Department of Physical Education, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan 063000, Hebei, China
| | - Jiao Guangjun
- Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Li Ying
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of biotechnology drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Mu Yanling
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of biotechnology drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Yao Qingqiang
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of biotechnology drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Li Yan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of biotechnology drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China.
| | - Wang Fuwen
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of biotechnology drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
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Selig M, Azizi S, Walz K, Lauer JC, Rolauffs B, Hart ML. Cell morphology as a biological fingerprint of chondrocyte phenotype in control and inflammatory conditions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1102912. [PMID: 36860844 PMCID: PMC9968733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1102912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Little is known how inflammatory processes quantitatively affect chondrocyte morphology and how single cell morphometric data could be used as a biological fingerprint of phenotype. Methods We investigated whether trainable high-throughput quantitative single cell morphology profiling combined with population-based gene expression analysis can be used to identify biological fingerprints that are discriminatory of control vs. inflammatory phenotypes. The shape of a large number of chondrocytes isolated from bovine healthy and human osteoarthritic (OA) cartilages was quantified under control and inflammatory (IL-1β) conditions using a trainable image analysis technique measuring a panel of cell shape descriptors (area, length, width, circularity, aspect ratio, roundness, solidity). The expression profiles of phenotypically relevant markers were quantified by ddPCR. Statistical analysis, multivariate data exploration, and projection-based modelling were used for identifying specific morphological fingerprints indicative of phenotype. Results Cell morphology was sensitive to both cell density and IL-1β. In both cell types, all shape descriptors correlated with expression of extracellular matrix (ECM)- and inflammatory-regulating genes. A hierarchical clustered image map revealed that individual samples sometimes responded differently in control or IL-1β conditions than the overall population. Despite these variances, discriminative projection-based modeling revealed distinct morphological fingerprints that discriminated between control and inflammatory chondrocyte phenotypes: the most essential morphological characteristics attributable to non-treated control cells was a higher cell aspect ratio in healthy bovine chondrocytes and roundness in OA human chondrocytes. In contrast, a higher circularity and width in healthy bovine chondrocytes and length and area in OA human chondrocytes indicated an inflammatory (IL-1β) phenotype. When comparing the two species/health conditions, bovine healthy and human OA chondrocytes exhibited comparable IL-1β-induced morphologies in roundness, a widely recognized marker of chondrocyte phenotype, and aspect ratio. Discussion Overall, cell morphology can be used as a biological fingerprint for describing chondrocyte phenotype. Quantitative single cell morphometry in conjunction with advanced methods for multivariate data analysis allows identifying morphological fingerprints that can discriminate between control and inflammatory chondrocyte phenotypes. This approach could be used to assess how culture conditions, inflammatory mediators, and therapeutic modulators regulate cell phenotype and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mischa Selig
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Saman Azizi
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Kathrin Walz
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jasmin C Lauer
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Melanie L Hart
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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9
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Talian I, Laputková G, Schwartzová V. Identification of crucial salivary proteins/genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of temporomandibular disorders. OPEN CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2022-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a collective term for a group of conditions that lead to impairment of the function of the temporomandibular joint. The proteins/genes and signaling pathways associated with TMD are still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify key differentially expressed salivary proteins/genes (DEGs) associated with TMD progression using LC-MS/MS coupled with a bioinformatics approach. The protein–protein interaction network was obtained from the STRING database and the hub genes were identified using Cytoscape including cytoHubba and MCODE plug-ins. In addition, enrichment of gene ontology functions and the Reactome signaling pathway was performed. A total of 140 proteins/genes were differentially expressed. From cluster analysis, a set of 20 hub genes were significantly modulated: ALB, APOA1, B2M, C3, CAT, CLU, CTSD, ENO1, GSN, HBB, HP, HSPA8, LTF, LYZ, MMP9, S100A9, SERPINA1, TF, TPI1, and TXN. Two enriched signaling pathways, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and tryptophan signaling pathway involving the hub genes CAT, ENO1, and TPI1 have been identified. The rest of the hub genes were mainly enriched in the innate immune system and antimicrobial peptides signaling pathways. In summary, hub DEGs and the signaling pathways identified here have elucidated the molecular mechanisms of TMD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Talian
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik , Košice , 040 11 , Slovak Republic
| | - Galina Laputková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik , Košice , 040 11 , Slovak Republic
| | - Vladimíra Schwartzová
- Clinic of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik and Louis Pasteur University Hospital , Košice , 041 90 , Slovak Republic
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10
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The Complement System, Aging, and Aging-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158689. [PMID: 35955822 PMCID: PMC9369321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a part of the immune system and consists of multiple complement components with biological functions such as defense against pathogens and immunomodulation. The complement system has three activation pathways: the classical pathway, the lectin pathway, and the alternative pathway. Increasing evidence indicates that the complement system plays a role in aging. Complement plays a role in inflammatory processes, metabolism, apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and Wnt signaling pathways. In addition, the complement system plays a significant role in aging-related diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, age-related macular degeneration, and osteoarthritis. However, the effect of complement on aging and aging-related diseases is still unclear. Thus, a better understanding of the potential relationship between complement, aging, and aging-related diseases will provide molecular targets for treating aging, while focusing on the balance of complement in during treatment. Inhibition of a single component does not result in a good outcome. In this review, we discussed the research progress and effects of complement in aging and aging-related diseases.
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Assirelli E, Caravaggi P, Mazzotti A, Ursini F, Leardini A, Belvedere C, Neri S. Location-Dependent Human Osteoarthritis Cartilage Response to Realistic Cyclic Loading: Ex-Vivo Analysis on Different Knee Compartments. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:862254. [PMID: 35782520 PMCID: PMC9240619 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.862254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial musculoskeletal disorder affecting mostly weight-bearing joints. Chondrocyte response to load is modulated by inflammatory mediators and factors involved in extracellular cartilage matrix (ECM) maintenance, but regulatory mechanisms are not fully clarified yet. By using a recently proposed experimental model combining biomechanical data with cartilage molecular information, basally and following ex-vivo load application, we aimed at improving the understanding of human cartilage response to cyclic mechanical compressive stimuli by including cartilage original anatomical position and OA degree as independent factors. Methods: 19 mono-compartmental Knee OA patients undergoing total knee replacement were recruited. Cartilage explants from four different femoral condyles zones and with different degeneration levels were collected. The response of cartilage samples, pooled according to OA score and anatomical position was tested ex-vivo in a bioreactor. Mechanical stimulation was obtained via a 3-MPa 1-Hz sinusoidal compressive load for 45-min to replicate average knee loading during normal walking. Samples were analysed for chondrocyte gene expression and ECM factor release. Results: Non parametric univariate and multivariate (generalized linear mixed model) analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of compression and IL-1β stimulation in relationship to the anatomical position, local disease severity and clinical parameters with a level of significance set at 0.05. We observed an anti-inflammatory effect of compression inducing a significant downmodulation of IL-6 and IL-8 levels correlated to the anatomical regions, but not to OA score. Moreover, ADAMTS5, PIICP, COMP and CS were upregulated by compression, whereas COL-2CAV was downmodulated, all in relationship to the anatomical position and to the OA degree. Conclusion: While unconfined compression testing may not be fully representative of the in-vivo biomechanical situation, this study demonstrates the importance to consider the original cartilage anatomical position for a reliable biomolecular analysis of knee OA metabolism following mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Assirelli
- Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Caravaggi
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Functional Evaluation of Prosthesis, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Mazzotti
- I Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Ursini
- Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Leardini
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Functional Evaluation of Prosthesis, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Belvedere
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Functional Evaluation of Prosthesis, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Neri
- Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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Sodhi EU, Philpott HT, Carter MM, Birmingham TB, Appleton CT. Sex-Differences and Associations Between Complement Activation and Synovial Vascularization in Patients with Late-Stage Knee Osteoarthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:890094. [PMID: 35686134 PMCID: PMC9170895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Synovial inflammation in knee osteoarthritis (OA) causes disorganized synovial angiogenesis and complement activation in synovial fluid, but links between complement and synovial microvascular pathology have not been established. Since complement causes vascular pathology in other diseases and since sex-differences exist in complement activation and in OA, we investigated sex differences in synovial fluid complement factors, synovial tissue vascular pathology, and associations between complement and synovial vascular pathology in patients with late-stage knee OA. Methods Patients with symptomatic, late-stage radiographic knee OA undergoing total knee arthroplasty or high tibial osteotomy provided matched synovial fluid and tissue biopsies during surgery. Complement factors (C2, C5, adipsin, MBL, and CFI) and terminal complement complex (sC5b-C9) were measured in synovial fluid by multiplex or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Features of synovial vascular pathology (vascularization, perivascular edema, and vasculopathy) were assessed by histopathology. Multivariate linear regression models were used to assess associations between synovial fluid complement factors and histopathological features of vascular pathology, with adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and sex interaction. Sex-disaggregated comparisons were completed. Results Synovial fluid biomarker and histopathology data were included from 97 patients. Most synovial fluid complement factors and synovial tissue histopathological features were similar between sexes. Synovial fluid C5 trended to lower levels in males (-20.93 ng/mL [95%CI -42.08, 0.23] p=0.05). Median vasculopathy scores (0.42 [95%CI 0.07, 0.77] p=0.02) were higher in males. In the full cohort, C5 concentration was associated with lower vascularization scores (-0.005 [95%CI -0.010, -0.0001] p=0.04) while accounting for sex*C5 interaction. In sex-disaggregated analyses, increased C5 concentration was associated with lower vascularization scores (-0.005 [95%CI –0.009, -0.0001] p=0.04) in male patients, but not in female patients. Males had higher sC5b-C9 compared to females. Additionally, males with high C5 had a higher synovial fluid concentration of sC5b-C9 compared to males with low C5. No differences were found in females. Conclusion Higher synovial fluid C5 levels were associated with increased complement activation and decreased synovial vascularization in males but not in females with OA. Future studies should test whether synovial fluid complement activation suppresses synovial angiogenesis and identify mechanisms accounting for C5-related sex-differences in synovial fluid complement activation in patients with knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily U Sodhi
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Holly T Philpott
- Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Bone & Joint Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - McKenzie M Carter
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Bone & Joint Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Trevor B Birmingham
- Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Bone & Joint Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - C Thomas Appleton
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Bone & Joint Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Sanchez-Lopez E, Coras R, Torres A, Lane NE, Guma M. Synovial inflammation in osteoarthritis progression. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2022; 18:258-275. [PMID: 35165404 PMCID: PMC9050956 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-022-00749-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative disease resulting in joint deterioration. Synovial inflammation is present in the OA joint and has been associated with radiographic and pain progression. Several OA risk factors, including ageing, obesity, trauma and mechanical loading, play a role in OA pathogenesis, likely by modifying synovial biology. In addition, other factors, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, damage-associated molecular patterns, cytokines, metabolites and crystals in the synovium, activate synovial cells and mediate synovial inflammation. An understanding of the activated pathways that are involved in OA-related synovial inflammation could form the basis for the stratification of patients and the development of novel therapeutics. This Review focuses on the biology of the OA synovium, how the cells residing in or recruited to the synovium interact with each other, how they become activated, how they contribute to OA progression and their interplay with other joint structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Roxana Coras
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alyssa Torres
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nancy E Lane
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Monica Guma
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- San Diego VA Healthcare Service, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Quan J, Bai Y, Yang Y, Han EL, Bai H, Zhang Q, Zhang D. Bioinformatics analysis of C3 and CXCR4 demonstrates their potential as prognostic biomarkers in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). BMC Cancer 2021; 21:814. [PMID: 34266404 PMCID: PMC8283915 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08525-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The molecular prognostic biomarkers of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) are still unknown. We aimed at researching the candidate biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets of ccRCC. Methods Three ccRCC expression microarray datasets (include GSE14762, GSE66270 and GSE53757) were downloaded from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between ccRCC and normal tissues were explored. The potential functions of identified DEGs were analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). And then the protein - protein interaction network (PPI) was established to screen the hub genes. After that, the expressions of hub genes were identified by the oncomine database. The hub genes’ prognostic values of patients with ccRCC were analyzed by GEPIA database. Results A total of 137 DEGs were identified by utilizing the limma package and RRA method, including 63 upregulated genes and 74 downregulated genes. It is found that 137 DEGs were mainly enriched in 82 functional terms and 24 pathways in accordance with the research results. Thirteen highest-scoring genes were screened as hub genes (include 10 upregulated genes and 3 downregulated candidate genes) by utilizing the PPI network and module analysis. Through integrating the oncoming database and GEPIA database, the author found that C3 and CXCR4 are not only overexpressed in ccRCC, but also associated with the prognosis of ccRCC. Further results could reveal that patients with high C3 expression had a poor overall survival (OS), while patients with high CTSS and TLR3 expressions had a good OS; patients with high C3 and CXCR4 expressions had a poor disease-free survival (DFS), while ccRCC patients with high TLR3 expression had a good DFS. Conclusion These findings suggested that C3 and CXCR4 were the candidate biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets of ccRCC patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08525-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Quan
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yuchen Bai
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yunbei Yang
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Er Lei Han
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Hong Bai
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Dahong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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Proteomic Analysis of Synovial Fibroblasts and Articular Chondrocytes Co-Cultures Reveals Valuable VIP-Modulated Inflammatory and Degradative Proteins in Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126441. [PMID: 34208590 PMCID: PMC8235106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common musculoskeletal disorder causing a great disability and a reduction in the quality of life. In OA, articular chondrocytes (AC) and synovial fibroblasts (SF) release innate-derived immune mediators that initiate and perpetuate inflammation, inducing cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Given the lack of therapies for the treatment of OA, in this study, we explore biomarkers that enable the development of new therapeutical approaches. We analyze the set of secreted proteins in AC and SF co-cultures by stable isotope labeling with amino acids (SILAC). We describe, for the first time, 115 proteins detected in SF-AC co-cultures stimulated by fibronectin fragments (Fn-fs). We also study the role of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in this secretome, providing new proteins involved in the main events of OA, confirmed by ELISA and multiplex analyses. VIP decreases proteins involved in the inflammatory process (CHI3L1, PTX3), complement activation (C1r, C3), and cartilage ECM degradation (DCN, CTSB and MMP2), key events in the initiation and progression of OA. Our results support the anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic properties of VIP in rheumatic diseases and provide potential new targets for OA treatment.
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Yu C, Zang H, Yang C, Liang D, Quan S, Li D, Li Y, Dong Q, Wang F, Li L. Study of chondroitin sulfate E oligosaccharide as a promising complement C5 inhibitor for osteoarthritis alleviation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 127:112234. [PMID: 34225875 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease which is highly prevalent worldwide. However, no therapy for blocking OA pathogenesis is available currently. In this study, chondroitin sulfate (CS) E oligosaccharides were prepared and we identified disaccharide as the functional unit showing the strongest anti-complement activity and screened out complement C5 as its target in the complement system. We determined that CS-E disaccharide produced anti-inflammatory effects to treat OA by regulating the complement system: it inhibited the formation of complement-dependent complexes such as the membrane-attack complex (MAC) by targeting C5 and suppressed MAC-induced protein expression and the activation of downstream MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways accordingly. By identifying CS-E disaccharide which could be regarded as a complement regulator or inhibitor exhibiting high anti-complement activity and revealing its OA-alleviating mechanism, this study not only provides a new strategy for OA treatment and drug development, but also potentially offers a promising C5 target therapy for other associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Hengchang Zang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Cui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Dong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shuang Quan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Danyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yanni Li
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Qin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Fengshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Lian Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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