The Intestinal Microbiota and Colorectal Cancer

Identify key genes and biological processes participated in obesity-related cancer based on studying 12 cancers

Obesity significantly increases the risk of various diseases, particularly cancers, which present a serious threat to public health. Therefore, identifying cancers related to obesity and exploring their pathological pathways and key genes are highly significant for the prevention and treatment of these cancers. In this study, we propose the obesity and cancer edge connectivity based on expanded modular disease genes and expanded modular networks (OCEC_eDMN) algorithm, which based on the disease-related genes, Biological Process (BP) genes, and Protein-Potein Interaction (PPI) network. The algorithm utilizes Random Walk with Restart (RWR) to expand BP genes and disease genes to generate the expanded modular networks (eMNs) and disease genes (eMDs). Finally, this algorithm calculates the average interaction number between eMDs on eMNs. We utilize OCEC_eDMN to predict the ranking of 12 cancers related to obesity/morbid obesity and obtain an AUC of 0.93/0.84. Additionally, OCEC_eDMN reveals the significant BPs associated with obesity-cancer connections. For instance, "gluconeogenesis" plays a critical role in the connections between obesity and cancers. Through key driver analysis (KDA) on eMDs, we identify the key connectors in obesity-cancer connections. Genes such as GRB2 are instrumental in linking morbid obesity to colorectal cancer in the eMNs of "response to molecule of bacterial origin". The significant eMNs and key genes provide valuable references for the prevention and treatment of obesity-related cancers and carry important theoretical implications.

Advances in research on the intestinal microbiota in the mechanism and prevention of colorectal cancer (Review)

The intestinal microbiota represents a diverse population that serves a key role in colorectal cancer (CRC) and its treatment outcomes. Advancements in sequencing have revealed notable shifts in microbial composition and diversity among individuals with CRC. Concurrently, animal models have elucidated the involvement of specific microbes such as Lactobacillus fragilis, Escherichia coli and Fusobacterium nucleatum in the progression of CRC. The present review aimed to highlight contributions of intestinal microbiota to the pathogenesis of CRC, the effects of traditional treatments on intestinal microbiota and the potential for microbiota modulation as a therapeutic strategy for CRC.

Fecal profiling reveals a common microbial signature for pancreatic cancer in Finnish and Iranian cohorts

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer (PC) presents a significant challenge in oncology because of its late-stage diagnosis and limited treatment options. The inadequacy of current screening methods has prompted investigations into stool-based assays and microbial classifiers as potential early detection markers. The gut microbiota composition of PC patients may be influenced by population differences, thereby impacting the accuracy of disease prediction. However, comprehensive profiling of the PC gut microbiota and analysis of these cofactors remain limited. Therefore, we analyzed the stool microbiota of 33 Finnish and 50 Iranian PC patients along with 35 Finnish and 34 Iranian healthy controls using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We assessed similarities and differences of PC gut microbiota in both populations while considering sociocultural impacts and generated a statistical model for disease prediction based on microbial classifiers. Our aim was to expand the current understanding of the PC gut microbiota, discuss the impact of population differences, and contribute to the development of early PC diagnosis through microbial biomarkers.

RESULTS

Compared with healthy controls, PC patients presented reduced microbial diversity, with discernible microbial profiles influenced by factors such as ethnicity, demographics, and lifestyle. PC was marked by significantly higher abundances of facultative pathogens including Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcaceae, and Fusobacteriaceae, and significantly lower abundances of beneficial bacteria. In particular, bacteria belonging to the Clostridia class, such as butyrate-producing Lachnospiraceae, Butyricicoccaceae, and Ruminococcaceae, were depleted. A microbial classifier for the prediction of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) was developed in the Iranian cohort and evaluated in the Finnish cohort, where it yielded a respectable AUC of 0.88 (95% CI 0.78, 0.97).

CONCLUSIONS

This study highlights the potential of gut microbes as biomarkers for noninvasive PC screening and the development of targeted therapies, emphasizing the need for further research to validate these findings in diverse populations. A comprehensive understanding of the role of the gut microbiome in PC could significantly enhance early detection efforts and improve patient outcomes.

Gut microbiota protect against colorectal tumorigenesis through lncRNA Snhg9

The intestinal microbiota is a key environmental factor in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we report that, in the context of mild colonic inflammation, the microbiota protects against colorectal tumorigenesis in mice. This protection is achieved by microbial suppression of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) Snhg9. Snhg9 promotes tumor growth through inhibition of the tumor suppressor p53. Snhg9 suppresses p53 activity by dissociating the p53 deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) from the cell cycle and apoptosis regulator 2 (CCAR2). Consequently, the depletion of the microbiota by antibiotics causes upregulation of Snhg9 and accelerates CRC progression. Moreover, Snhg9 is functionally conserved. Human SNHG9 promotes tumor growth via the same mechanism as mouse Snhg9, despite their low sequence similarity.

Advances in Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Gut Dysbiosis-Related Diseases

This article provides an overview of the advancements in the application of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in treating diseases related to intestinal dysbiosis. FMT involves the transfer of healthy donor fecal microbiota into the patient's body, aiming to restore the balance of intestinal microbiota and thereby treat a variety of intestinal diseases such as recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), constipation, short bowel syndrome (SBS), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). While FMT has shown high efficacy in the treatment of rCDI, further research is needed for its application in other chronic conditions. This article elaborates on the application of FMT in intestinal diseases and the mechanisms of intestinal dysbiosis, as well as discusses key factors influencing the effectiveness of FMT, including donor selection, recipient characteristics, treatment protocols, and methods for assessing microbiota. Additionally, it emphasizes the key to successful FMT. Future research should focus on optimizing the FMT process to ensure long-term safety and explore the potential application of FMT in a broader range of medical conditions.

Exploring the gut microbiome and serum metabolome interplay in non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors

The gut microbiome has emerged as a potential factor in cancer pathogenesis, but its role in non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (NF-PitNETs) remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate gut microbiome and metabolomic alterations in NF-PitNETs by comparing microbial diversity, pathogenic bacteria, and serum metabolomic profiles between NF-PitNET patients and healthy controls. The gut microbiome was assessed through 16S rRNA sequencing, while serum metabolomics was analyzed using mass spectrometry. Correlation analyses identified potential links between microbial characteristics and metabolic markers. The results revealed that specific pathogenic bacteria, such as Bacteroides, were significantly enriched in NF-PitNET patients. Multi-omics correlations suggested that altered microbiota might contribute to NF-PitNET pathogenesis by modulating host metabolic pathways. These findings highlight the potential role of gut microbiome dysbiosis and its metabolic effects in NF-PitNET development, offering insights into possible therapeutic and diagnostic targets.

Fecal microbiota transplantation restores gut microbiota diversity in children with active Crohn's disease: a prospective trial

BACKGROUND

Clinical data on oral fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), a promising therapy for Crohn's disease (CD), are limited. Herein, we determined the short-term safety and feasibility of FMT for pediatric patients with active CD.

METHODS

In this open-label, parallel-group, single-center prospective trial, patients with active CD were treated with oral FMT capsules combined with partial enteral nutrition (PEN) (80%). The control group comprised pediatric patients with active CD treated with PEN (80%) and immunosuppressants. Thirty-three patients (11.6 ± 1.82 years)-17 in the capsule and 16 in the control groups-were analyzed. Data regarding the adverse events, clinical reactions, intestinal microbiome composition, and biomarker parameters were collected and compared post-treatment.

RESULTS

At week 10, the clinical and endoscopic remission rates did not differ between the two groups. By week 10, the mean fecal calprotectin level, C-reactive protein level, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, simple endoscopic score for CD, and pediatric CD activity index decreased significantly in the capsule group (all P < 0.05). The main adverse event was mild-to-moderate constipation. Core functional genera, Agathobacter, Akkermansia, Roseburia, Blautia, Subdoligranulum, and Faecalibacterium, were lacking pre-treatment. Post-treatment, the implantation rates of these core functional genera increased significantly, which positively correlated with the anti-inflammatory factor, interleukin (IL)-10, and negatively correlated with the pro-inflammatory factor, IL-6. The combination of these six functional genera distinguished healthy children from those with CD (area under the curve = 0.96).

CONCLUSIONS

Oral FMT capsules combined with PEN (80%) could be an effective therapy for children with active CD. The six core functional genera identified here may be candidate biomarkers for identifying children with CD.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov, retrospectively registered, ID# NCT05321758, NCT05321745, date of registration: 2022-04-04.

Uncovering the Effects and Molecular Mechanisms of Shaoyao Decoction Against Colorectal Cancer Using Network Pharmacology Analysis Coupled With Experimental Validation and Gut Microbiota Analysis

BACKGROUND

Chronic gut inflammation and dysbiosis contribute significantly to colorectal cancer (CRC) development. Shaoyao decoction (SYD) is a well-established Chinese medicine prescription. Besides ameliorating CRC via anti-inflammatory effects, SYD modulates gut microbiota (GM) to improve inflammatory responses in ulcerative colitis (UC). However, whether and how SYD suppresses CRC by regulating GM remains largely unknown.

METHODS

SD rats were orally administered SYD for 7 days to obtain medicated serum. We utilized liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, GeneCards, DisGeNET, and SwissTargetPrediction databases to analyze blank and SYD-medicated rat serum, comparing the findings with those of SYD aqueous extract in previous studies to identify SYD circulating compounds/components with predictable target genes. Using network pharmacology, the potential active compounds and corresponding hub genes associated with modulating GM to suppress CRC were selected for molecular docking. In vivo experiments, a CRC transplantation tumor model was established in BALB/c mice using CT26 cells, with SYD gavage for 14 days. To investigate the mechanism of SYD-regulated GM against CRC, HE and IHC staining, Western blotting, and 16S rRNA sequencing were employed.

RESULTS

LC-MS identified 26 SYD compounds with computationally predicted target genes. Network pharmacology prioritized 13 compounds targeting 8 inflammation/immunity-related genes (IL-17/TNF pathways), validated by molecular docking. In vivo experiments, SYD dose-dependently suppressed tumor growth (p < 0.05, medium/high doses), as confirmed by HE staining and IHC analysis of Ki-67. Notably, SYD potentially delayed CRC liver metastasis and alleviated hepatic injury in tumor-bearing mice. Western blotting demonstrated SYD's inhibition of the IL-17/TNF/NF-κB axis, aligning with computational predictions. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed SYD-enriched Akkermansia and GM structural shifts, mechanistically linking microbiota remodeling to anti-tumor efficacy.

CONCLUSIONS

SYD combats CRC via dual modulation of IL-17/TNF/NF-κB signaling and GM ecosystems (e.g., Akkermansia enrichment). This microbiota-immune crosstalk positions SYD as a potential adjunct to conventional therapies, particularly for CRC patients with dysbiosis.

Prediction of colorectal cancer based on taxonomic levels of microorganisms and discovery of taxonomic biomarkers using the Grouping-Scoring-Modeling (G-S-M) approach

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer globally. The human gut microbiome plays an important role in the development of CRC and serves as a biomarker for early detection and treatment. This research effort focuses on the identification of potential taxonomic biomarkers of CRC using a grouping-based feature selection method. Additionally, this study investigates the effect of incorporating biological domain knowledge into the feature selection process while identifying CRC-associated microorganisms. Conventional feature selection techniques often fail to leverage existing biological knowledge during metagenomic data analysis. To address this gap, we propose taxonomy-based Grouping Scoring Modeling (G-S-M) method that integrates biological domain knowledge into feature grouping and selection. In this study, using metagenomic data related to CRC, classification is performed at three taxonomic levels (genus, family and order). The MetaPhlAn tool is employed to determine the relative abundance values of species in each sample. Comparative performance analyses involve six feature selection methods and four classification algorithms. When experimented on two CRC associated metagenomics datasets, the highest performance metric, yielding an AUC of 0.90, is observed at the genus taxonomic level. At this level, 7 out of top 10 groups (Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium, Gemella, Streptococcus, Porphyromonas and Solobacterium) were commonly identified for both datasets. Moreover, the identified microorganisms at genus, family, and order levels are thoroughly discussed via refering to CRC-related metagenomic literature. This study not only contributes to our understanding of CRC development, but also highlights the applicability of taxonomy-based G-S-M method in tackling various diseases.

Ex Vivo Analysis of the Effect of Endoscopic Premedications on the Microbiota Profile in Gastric Juice

Background and Aim

Dimethicone (GAS), lidocaine (XYL), and protease (PRO) are commonly used as premedications during esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). However, the effects of these drugs on the gastric microbiota remain unexplored. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of these premedications on gastric juice collected from patients undergoing EGD.

Methods

Gastric juice was endoscopically aspirated from six patients and divided into six aliquots for in vitro analysis. The samples were mixed with premedications in corresponding treatment sets: GAS, XYL, PRO, MIX (a mixture of GAS, XYL, and PRO), and control (CTL1 and 2; no medication treatment). After extraction of microbial DNA from the treated samples, the 16S rRNA amplicon sequence was analyzed to determine the microbiota profile in terms of (1) the amount of genomic DNA (gDNA), (2) α-diversity indices, Shannon index, number of observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs), and Chao1 index, (3) weighted and unweighted UniFrac distances, and (4) the relative abundance of phyla and genera.

Results

The total amount of extracted gDNA did not significantly differ between the six groups. The α-diversity indices did not significantly differ between treatment groups. Although GAS, PRO, and MIX differed significantly from the technical replicates in the weighted UniFrac distance (p = 0.03 all), no significant difference was observed in the unweighted UniFrac distance. However, significant differences were observed in the relative abundance of several bacterial microbiota at the phylum and genus levels.

Conclusions

Premedications affect the microbiota profile of specific phylum- and genus-level bacterial groups. Trial Registration: University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry: UMIN-CTR 000040192 and UMIN-CTR 000051289.

Insights into the Anticancer Mechanisms Modulated by Gamma and Delta Tocotrienols in Colorectal Cancers

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a growing concern all over the world. There has been a concerted effort to identify natural bioactive compounds that can be used to prevent or overcome this condition. Tocotrienols (T3s) are a naturally occurring form of vitamin E known for various therapeutic effects, such as anticancer, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities. The literature evidence suggests that two T3 analogues, ie, gamma (γ)- and delta (δ)-T3, can modulate cancers via several cancer-related signaling pathways. The aim of this review was to compile and analyze the existing literature on the diverse anticancer mechanisms of γT3 and δT3 exhibited in CRC cells, to showcase the anticancer potential of T3s. Medline was searched for research articles on anticancer effects of γT3 and δT3 in CRC published in the past 2 decades. A total of 38 articles (26 cell-based, 9 animal studies, 2 randomized clinical trials, and 1 scoping review) that report anticancer effects of γT3 and δT3 in CRC were identified. The findings reported in those articles indicate that γT3 and δT3 inhibit the proliferation of CRC cells, induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, suppress metastasis, and produce synergistic anticancer effects when combined with well-established anticancer agents. There is preliminary evidence that shows that T3s affect telomerase functions and support anticancer immune responses. γT3 and δT3 have the potential for development as anticancer agents.

Methylmalonic acid at the serum level in the elderly contributes to cell growth via mitochondrial dysfunction in colorectal cancer cell spheroids

Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a small molecule produced during the metabolism of propionate and branched-chain amino acids. Recently, it has been reported that the blood concentration of MMA increases with age and promotes lung cancer metastasis. However, little is known regarding its effects on cancers other than lung cancer. In the present study, we examined the effects of MMA on colorectal cancer cell spheroids. We found that MMA promoted the proliferation of colorectal cancer spheroids at physiological concentrations that can be exhibited by the elderly and induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, which in turn affected the promotion of cell growth. MMA treatment also induces a metabolic shift in the glycolytic system. These results suggest that MMA may promote cancer cell proliferation by decreasing mitochondrial function, inducing a metabolic shift, and provide new insights into the effects of aging on cancer.

Therapeutic Strategies to Modulate Gut Microbial Health: Approaches for Chronic Metabolic Disorder Management

Numerous recent studies have suggested that the composition of the intestinal microbiota can trigger metabolic disorders, such as diabetes, prediabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, sarcopenia, dyslipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Since then, considerable effort has been made to understand the link between the composition of intestinal microbiota and metabolic disorders, as well as the role of probiotics in the modulation of the intestinal microbiota. The aim of this review was to summarize the reviews and individual articles on the state of the art regarding ideal therapy with probiotics and prebiotics in order to obtain the reversion of dysbiosis (alteration in microbiota) to eubiosis during metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, prediabetes, obesity, hyperhomocysteinemia, dyslipidemia, sarcopenia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. This review includes 245 eligible studies. In conclusion, a condition of dysbiosis, or in general, alteration of the intestinal microbiota, could be implicated in the development of metabolic disorders through different mechanisms, mainly linked to the release of pro-inflammatory factors. Several studies have already demonstrated the potential of using probiotics and prebiotics in the treatment of this condition, detecting significant improvements in the specific symptoms of metabolic diseases. These findings reinforce the hypothesis that a condition of dysbiosis can lead to a generalized inflammatory picture with negative consequences on different organs and systems. Moreover, this review confirms that the beneficial effects of probiotics on metabolic diseases are promising, but more research is needed to determine the optimal probiotic strains, doses, and administration forms for specific metabolic conditions.

Global prevalence of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Bacteroides fragilis in patients with colorectal cancer: an overview of case reports/case series and meta-analysis of prevalence studies

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second deadliest carcinoma across the globe and has been known as a multi-factor induced-disease. Emerging research have demonstrated that bacterial colonization may contribute to the initiation and promotion of the CRC. The presence of Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) and Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis) in the gut is associated with the development of CRC. In this study, the prevalence of F. nucleatum and B. fragilis among CRC patients has been assessed worldwide through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODS

The extensive search was performed using "Fusobacterium nucleatum", "Bacteroides fragilis", "Colorectal cancer" and all relevant keywords. Then, a systematic paper screening was done following a comprehensive search in Embase, Web of Science, and PubMed databases while the time range was limited between the years 2000 and 2024. Afterwards, statistical analysis was performed utilizing the comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) software (version 2.0, Biostat, USA).

RESULTS

According to the meta-analysis of prevalence studies, the prevalence of F. nucleatum among 19 countries and B. fragilis among 10 countries were indicated to be 38.9% (95% CI 33.7-44.3%) and 42.5% (95% CI 34.4-51.1%), respectively, among the CRC patients. It was then revealed that Asia had the highest prevalence of F. nucleatum while most of the B. fragilis isolates in CRC cases were reported in European countries. Moreover, the data suggested that the most common comorbidity observed among the CRC cases was diabetes.

CONCLUSION

Our results emphasized the high prevalence of F. nucleatum and B. fragilis in CRC patients. Based on this meta-analysis review, regulating the gut microbiota in CRC patients seemed to be a promising approach to improving the efficacy of CRC therapy.

Advancements in the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Implications of Intestinal Bacteria

Intestinal bacteria form one of the most complex microbial communities in the human body, playing a crucial role in maintaining host health and contributing to the development of various diseases. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the composition and function of intestinal bacteria, the factors affecting their homeostasis, and their association and mechanisms with a range of diseases (e.g., inflammatory bowel diseases, colorectal cancer, metabolic diseases). Additionally, their advanced potential in disease diagnosis and treatment is highlighted. Therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, are significantly impacted by intestinal bacteria, with research indicating that bacteria can enhance chemoimmunotherapy efficiency by affecting T cell recruitment and immune cell infiltration. Fecal microbiota transplantation has emerged as a promising option for treating recurrent Clostridium difficile infections and certain metabolic and neurological disorders. Gut bacteria-related serum metabolites serve as non-invasive indicators for diagnosing CRC, while fecal immunochemical tests offer promising applications in CRC screening. Future research is needed to better understand the causal relationships between intestinal bacteria and diseases, develop more precise diagnostic tools, and evaluate the effectiveness and safety of microbiome-targeted therapies in clinical treatment. This study provides deeper insights into the role of intestinal bacteria in human health and disease, providing a scientific basis for innovative therapeutic strategies that have the potential to transform the landscape of healthcare.

Intestinal microbiota as biomarkers for different colorectal lesions based on colorectal cancer screening participants in community

Introduction

The dysregulation of intestinal microbiota has been implicated in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the utilization of intestinal microbiota for identify the lesions in different procedures in CRC screening populations remains limited.

Methods

A total of 529 high-risk individuals who underwent CRC screening were included, comprising 13 advanced adenomas (Aade), 5 CRC, 59 non-advanced adenomas (Nade), 129 colon polyps (Pol), 99 cases of colorectal inflammatory disease (Inf), and 224 normal controls (Nor). 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to profile the intestinal microbiota communities. The Gut Microbiota Health Index (GMHI) and average variation degree (AVD) were employed to assess the health status of the different groups.

Results

Our findings revealed that the Nor group exhibited significantly higher GMHIs and the lowest AVD compared to the four Lesion groups. The model incorporating 13 bacterial genera demonstrated optimal efficacy in distinguishing CRC and Aade from Nor, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.81 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.72 to 0.89. Specifically, the 55 bacterial genera combination model exhibited superior performance in differentiating CRC from Nor (AUC 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96-1), the 25 bacterial genera combination showed superior performance in distinguishing Aade from Nor (AUC 0.95). Additionally, the 27 bacterial genera combination demonstrated superior efficacy in differentiating Nade from Nor (AUC 0.82). The 13 bacterial genera combination exhibited optimal performance in distinguishing Inf from Nor (AUC 0.71).

Discussion

Our study has identified specific microbial biomarkers that can differentiate between colorectal lesions and healthy individuals. The intestinal microbiota markers identified may serve as valuable tools in community-based CRC screening programs.

Conjugated linoleic acid metabolite impact in colorectal cancer: a potential microbiome-based precision nutrition approach

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most deadly and the third most diagnosed cancer in both sexes worldwide. CRC pathogenesis is associated with risk factors such as genetics, alcohol, smoking, sedentariness, obesity, unbalanced diets, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. The gut microbiota is the microbial community living in symbiosis in the intestine, in a dynamic balance vital for health. Increasing evidence underscores the influence of specific gut microbiota bacterial species on CRC incidence and pathogenesis. In this regard, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) metabolites produced by certain gut microbiota have demonstrated an anticarcinogenic effect in CRC, influencing pathways for inflammation, proliferation, and apoptosis. CLA production occurs naturally in the rumen, and human bioavailability is through the consumption of food derived from ruminants. In recent years, biotechnological attempts to increase CLA bioavailability in humans have been unfruitful. Therefore, the conversion of essential dietary linoleic acid to CLA metabolite by specific intestinal bacteria has become a promising process. This article reviews the evidence regarding CLA and CLA-producing bacteria as therapeutic agents against CRC and investigates the best strategy for increasing the yield and bioavailability of CLA. Given the potential and limitations of the present strategies, a new microbiome-based precision nutrition approach based on endogenous CLA production by human gut bacteria is proposed. A literature search in the PubMed and PubMed Central databases identified 794 papers on human gut bacteria associated with CLA production. Of these, 51 studies exploring association consistency were selected. After excluding 19 papers, due to health concerns or discrepancies between studies, 32 papers were selected for analysis, encompassing data for 38 CLA-producing bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species. The information was analyzed by a bioinformatics food recommendation system patented by our research group, Phymofood (EP22382095). This paper presents a new microbiome-based precision nutrition approach targeting CLA-producing gut bacterial species to maximize the anticarcinogenic effect of CLA in CRC.

The effect of tumor resection on intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in patients with right-sided colon cancer

PURPOSE

This study aimed to determine the effect of tumor resection on dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota in patients with right-sided colon cancer.

METHODS

This study utilized a longitudinal design to explore the outcomes of patients diagnosed with right-sided colon cancer who underwent surgical resection at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital from July to December 2023. We excluded patients with a documented history of comorbidities, specifically those affecting the digestive system. To compare the microbiota (genus and phylum) between patients with right-sided colon cancer and the control group, we conducted bivariate analyses using the independent t-test or Mann-Whitney test. Furthermore, we employed the dependent t-test or Wilcoxon test to assess changes in the dysbiosis of the microbiota (genus and phylum) before and after resection. A P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

This study included a total of 21 patients diagnosed with right-sided colon cancer. In the control group, Bacteroidetes constituted the highest proportion of intestinal microbiota, accounting for 56.34%. Prior to tumor resection, the intestinal microbiota of patients exhibited Proteobacteria as the predominant phylum, representing 52.97%. Following tumor resection, Bacteroidetes remained the most prevalent, comprising 50.9% of the intestinal microbiota. Significant variations in the levels of Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Cyanobacteria/Chloroplast were observed in the intestinal microbiota of patients with right-sided colorectal cancer before and after tumor excision (all P=0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The microbiome of patients with right-sided colorectal cancer differed significantly from that of the control group. However, following tumor resection, the microbiome composition of these patients became more similar to that observed in the control group.

Gut Microbiota-Tumor Microenvironment Interactions: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Efficacy in Cancer

Cancer immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatment in recent years, with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) emerging as a key therapeutic approach. ICIs work by inhibiting the mechanisms that allow tumors to evade immune detection. Although ICIs have shown promising results, especially in solid tumors, patient responses vary widely due to multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors within the tumor microenvironment. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in modulating immune responses at the tumor site and may even influence treatment outcomes in cancer patients receiving ICIs. This review explores the complex interactions between the gut microbiota and the tumor microenvironment, examining how these interactions could impact the effectiveness of ICI therapy. Furthermore, we discuss how dysbiosis, an imbalance in gut microbiota composition, may contribute to resistance to ICIs, and highlight microbiota-targeted strategies to potentially overcome this challenge. Additionally, we review recent studies investigating the diagnostic potential of microbiota profiles in cancer patients, considering how microbial markers might aid in early detection and stratification of patient responses to ICIs. By integrating insights from recent preclinical and clinical studies, we aim to shed light on the potential of microbiome modulation as an adjunct to cancer immunotherapy and as a diagnostic tool, paving the way for personalized therapeutic approaches that optimize patient outcomes.

Sleep Duration, Dietary Inflammatory Potential, and Obesity in Relation to Colorectal Cancer Incidence in the Multiethnic Cohort

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Sleep duration, diet, and obesity have each been identified as modifiable risk factors linked to CRC. However, their joint effect on CRC incidence is underexplored. This study investigated the association between sleep duration and CRC incidence and explored the joint effects of sleep duration, a pro-inflammatory diet, and obesity on CRC incidence in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC).

METHODS

This prospective cohort study analyzed 193,027 participants from Hawaii and California enrolled in the MEC between 1993 and 1996. Sleep duration was self-reported and categorized as short (≤6 h), normal (7-8 h), or long (≥9 h). Diet was self-reported via FFQ and inflammatory potential was assessed using the energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII). CRC cases were identified via cancer registries. Cox proportional hazards models estimated the hazard ratios (HRs) for CRC risk.

RESULTS

After 23.8 years of follow-up, 5825 CRC cases were identified. A pro-inflammatory diet combined with suboptimal sleep increased CRC risk by 12% (short sleep duration, aHR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.02-1.24) and 22% (long sleep duration, aHR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.05-1.43). Furthermore, long sleep duration was associated with a 10% increase in CRC risk (aHR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.01-1.22) compared with normal sleep, while short sleep showed no significant association overall. Obese individuals with short or long sleep had significantly higher CRC risk (short sleep aHR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.21-1.51; long sleep aHR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.14-1.64) compared with non-obese individuals with corresponding sleep durations.

CONCLUSIONS

Long sleep duration and a combination of suboptimal sleep duration and a pro-inflammatory dietary pattern or obesity amplifies the risk.

Fecal occult blood affects intestinal microbial community structure in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Gut microbes have been used to predict CRC risk. Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) has been recommended for population screening of CRC.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the effects of fecal occult blood test (FOBT) on gut microbes.

METHODS

Fecal samples from 107 healthy individuals (FOBT-negative) and 111 CRC patients (39 FOBT-negative and 72 FOBT-positive) were included for 16 S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Based on the results of different FOBT, the community structure and diversity of intestinal bacteria in healthy individuals and CRC patients were analyzed. Characteristic gut bacteria were screened, and various machine learning algorithms were applied to construct CRC risk prediction models.

RESULTS

The gut microbiota of healthy people and CRC patients with different fecal occult blood were mapped. There was no statistical difference in diversity between CRC patients with negative FOBT and positive FOBT. Bacteroides, Blautia and Escherichia-Shigella were more correlated to healthy individuals, while Streptococcus showed higher correlation with CRC patients with negative FOBT. The accuracy of CRC risk prediction model based on the support vector machines (SVM) algorithm was the highest (89.71%). Subsequently, FOBT was included as a characteristic element in the model construction, and the prediction accuracy of the model was all increased. Similarly, the CRC risk prediction model based on SVM algorithm had the highest accuracy (92%).

CONCLUSION

FOB affects the community composition of gut microbes. When predicting CRC risk based on gut microbiome, considering the influence of FOBT is expected to improve the accuracy of CRC risk prediction.

Gut Microbiota Secondary Metabolites: Key Roles in GI Tract Cancers and Infectious Diseases

The gut microbiota, a dynamic ecosystem of trillions of microorganisms, produces secondary metabolites that profoundly influence host health. Recent research has highlighted the significant role of these metabolites, particularly short-chain fatty acids, indoles, and bile acids, in modulating immune responses, impacting epigenetic mechanisms, and contributing to disease processes. In gastrointestinal (GI) cancers such as colorectal, liver, and gastric cancer, microbial metabolites can drive tumorigenesis by promoting inflammation, DNA damage, and immune evasion. Conversely, these same metabolites hold therapeutic promise, potentially enhancing responses to chemotherapy and immunotherapy and even directly suppressing tumor growth. In addition, gut microbial metabolites play crucial roles in infectious disease susceptibility and resilience, mediating immune pathways that impact pathogen resistance. By consolidating recent insights into the gut microbiota's role in shaping disease and health, this review underscores the therapeutic potential of targeting microbiome-derived metabolites for treating GI cancers and infectious diseases and calls for further research into microbiome-based interventions.

Fecal Microbial Dysbiosis Is Associated with Colorectal Cancer Risk in a Korean Population

PURPOSE

The association between the fecal microbiota and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk has been suggested in epidemiologic studies. However, data from large-scale population-based studies are lacking.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this case-control study, we recruited 283 CRC patients from the Center for Colorectal Cancer, National Cancer Center Hospital, Korea to perform 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal samples. A total of 283 age- and sex-matched healthy participants were selected from 890 cohort of healthy Koreans that are publicly available (PRJEB33905). The microbial dysbiosis index (MDI) was calculated based on the differentially abundant species. The association between MDI and CRC risk was observed using conditional logistic regression. Sparse Canonical Correlation Analysis was performed to integrate species data with microbial pathways obtained by PICRUSt2.

RESULTS

There is a significant divergence of the microbial composition between CRC patients and controls (permutational multivariate analysis of variance p=0.001). Those who were in third tertile of the MDI showed a significantly increased risk of CRC in the total population (odds ratio [OR], 6.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.98 to 12.06; p-trend < 0.001) compared to those in the lowest tertile. Similar results were found for men (OR, 6.28; 95% CI, 3.04 to 12.98; p-trend < 0.001) and women (OR, 7.39; 95% CI, 3.10 to 17.63; p-trend < 0.001). Bacteroides coprocola and Bacteroides plebeius species and 12 metabolic pathways were interrelated in healthy controls that explain 91% covariation across samples.

CONCLUSION

Dysbiosis in the fecal microbiota may be associated with an increased risk of CRC. Due to the potentially modifiable nature of the gut microbiota, our findings may have implications for CRC prevention among Koreans.

Changes in Intestinal Microbiota and Their Relationship With Patient Characteristics in Colorectal Cancer

Background

Gut microbiota are associated with the pathological features and development of colorectal cancer (CRC); however, how gut microbiota changes in patients with CRC is unknown. This study investigated the role of gut microbiota in the development and progression of CRC by retrospectively comparing the structural differences between the gut microbiota of patients with CRC and healthy individuals.

Methods

Together with clinical data, we collected fecal samples from patients with CRC (n = 18) and healthy controls (n = 18) and performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing and alpha and beta diversity analysis to compare microbiota richness and diversity. Based on the differences in microbiota between the CRC and control groups, we identified disease-specific microbial communities after relevant factors. PICRUSt2 software was used to predict the differential microbial functions.

Results

The CRC and control groups differed in both composition and abundance of intestinal microbiota. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant phyla in both groups, while Verrucomicrobi was significantly more abundant in the CRC group. Megamonas, Lachnospira, and Romboutsia were more abundant in the control group; 18 genera differed significantly in abundance between the groups, which were found to involve 21 metabolic pathways. The distribution and abundance of gut microbiota differed significantly between patients with CRC with and without lymph node metastasis; at the genus level, the abundance of Rothia and Streptococcus was significantly higher and that of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, and Oscillibacter was significantly lower in patients with lymph node metastasis.

Conclusions

The gut microbiota is altered in CRC patients compared with healthy individuals, with specific changes in the microbiota associated with clinical and pathological features such as tumor stage, lymph node involvement, and tumor differentiation. Our findings elaborate to some extent on the link between the gut microbiota and CRC.

Association of Fusobacterium nucleatum infection with colorectal cancer in Kazakhstani patients

Objectives

Fusobacterium nucleatum is a gram-negative anaerobic bacillus associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to determine the abundance of F. nucleatum and other CRC-associated bacteria using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis to detect the possible correlations between tumor and normal tissues and the relationships between patients' clinical characteristics, diet, and CRC-associated bacteria.

Methods

A total of 249 biopsy samples of tumor and paired normal tissues were collected from patients with CRC. Biopsy samples were screened for detection of F. nucleatum using qPCR targeting nusG gene. Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus gallolyticus were also detected in the samples using species-specific genes.

Results

The frequencies of detection of F. nucleatum in the tumor and normal tissues of patients with CRC were 43.37 and 24.1%, respectively (P < 0.05). Statistical analysis using cycle threshold (Ct) values from qPCR data and clinical characteristics showed that tumor size, tumor location, and processed meat consumption were significantly correlated with the abundance of F. nucleatum (P < 0.05). The significance of the prevalence of B. fragilis and E. coli in tumor tissues was marginally higher than that in normal tissues (P < 0.1), and the consumption of processed/red meat affected the prevalence of these bacteria (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Our results showed an association between the presence of F. nucleatum in tumor tissues and CRC, indicating that F. nucleatum may be a potential marker for CRC diagnosis. F. nucleatum is enriched in CRC tissues and is associated with CRC development.

Prediction of Crohn's disease based on deep feature recognition

BACKGROUND

Crohn's disease is a complex genetic disease that involves chronic gastrointestinal inflammation and results from a complex set of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. By analyzing data from the human microbiome, genetic information can be used to predict Crohn's disease. Recent advances in deep learning have demonstrated its effectiveness in feature extraction and the use of deep learning to decode genetic information for disease prediction.

METHODS

In this paper, we present a deep learning-based model that utilizes a sequential convolutional attention network (SCAN) for feature extraction, incorporates adaptive additive interval losses to enhance these features, and employs support vector machines (SVM) for classification. To address the challenge of unbalanced Crohn's disease samples, we propose a random noise one-hot encoding data augmentation method.

RESULTS

Data augmentation with random noise accelerates training convergence, while SCAN-SVM effectively extracts features with adaptive additive interval loss enhancing differentiation. Our approach outperforms benchmark methods, achieving an average accuracy of 0.80 and a kappa value of 0.76, and we validate the effectiveness of feature enhancement.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, we use deep feature recognition to effectively analyze the potential information in genes, which has a good application potential for gene analysis and prediction of Crohn's disease.

Fusobacterium Nucleatum Promotes Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal Carcinoma Through Up-regulation of miRNA-155-5p-Targeted Inhibition of MSH6 via the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) is significantly associated with poor prognosis in colorectal carcinoma (CRC), however, mechanisms of Fn in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) and microsatellite instability (MSI) in CRC have not been fully elucidated. Clinical samples are collected to analyze the relationship between Fn abundance and microsatellite stability. Tumor cells are treated with Fn to detect the expression of proteins related to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88), mutS homolog 6 (MSH6), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, respectively. Combined with the prediction results from TargetScan, the regulatory role of microRNA upstream of MSH6 is demonstrated. The effect of this regulatory axis on CRC development is demonstrated using a nude mouse tumor model. Compared with microsatellite stability (MSS)-type CRC patients, MSI-type showed higher Fn abundance. Fn treatment of CRC cells activated TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB signaling pathway, transcriptionally activating miRNA-155-5p expression, thereby negatively regulating MSH6. Fn treatment accelerated the malignant progression of CRC in mice, and this process is inhibited by miRNA-155-5p antagomir. Fn in CRC upregulated miRNA-155-5p by activating TLR4/NF-κB signaling to inhibit MSH6, and this regulatory pathway may affect MSS of cancer cells.

Exploring the hypothetical links between environmental pollutants, diet, and the gut-testis axis: The potential role of microbes in male reproductive health

The gut system, commonly referred to as one of the principal organs of the human "superorganism," is a home to trillions of bacteria and serves an essential physiological function in male reproductive failures or infertility. The interaction of the endocrine-immune system and the microbiome facilitates reproduction as a multi-network system. Some recent studies that link gut microbiota to male infertility are questionable. Is the gut-testis axis (GTA) real, and does it affect male infertility? As a result, this review emphasizes the interconnected links between gut health and male reproductive function via changes in gut microbiota. However, a variety of harmful (endocrine disruptors, heavy metals, pollutants, and antibiotics) and favorable (a healthy diet, supplements, and phytoconstituents) elements promote microbiota by causing dysbiosis and symbiosis, respectively, which eventually modify the activities of male reproductive organs and their hormones. The findings of preclinical and clinical studies on the direct and indirect effects of microbiota changes on testicular functions have revealed a viable strategy for exploring the GTA-axis. Although the GTA axis is poorly understood, it may have potential ties to reproductive issues that can be used for therapeutic purposes in the future.

New Insights into Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in Paired Tumor and Non-Tumor Adjacent Mucosal Tissues in Colorectal Cancer Patients

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Increasing scientific evidence supports the idea that gut microbiota dysbiosis accompanies colorectal tumorigenesis, and these changes could be causative. Implementing gut microbiota analysis in clinical practice is limited by sample type, sequencing platform and taxonomic classification. This article aims to address these limitations, providing new insights into the microbiota associated with CRC pathogenesis and implementing its analyses in personalized medicine.

METHODS

To that aim, we evaluate differences in the bacterial composition of 130 paired tumor and non-tumor adjacent tissues from a cohort of CRC patients from the Biobank of the University of Navarra, Spain. The V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified, sequenced using the MinION platform, and taxonomically classified using the NCBI database.

RESULTS

To our knowledge, this is the first study to report an increased relative abundance of Streptococcus periodonticum and a decreased relative abundance of Corynebacterium associated with CRC. Genera such as Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia and Streptococcus showed higher relative abundances in tumor than in non-tumor tissues, as previously described in the literature. Specifically, we identified higher levels of Fusobacterium animalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fusobacterium polymorphum and S. periodonticum in tumor tissues. In contrast, genera such as Bacteroides and Corynebacterium showed lower relative abundances in tumor tissues. There were also differences at the taxonomic level between tumor locations.

CONCLUSIONS

These results, consistent with previous studies, further support the hypothesis that Leptotrichia and Fusobacterium contribute to CRC progression, with F. nucleatum and F. animalis proposed as key CRC pathogenic taxa. Overall, these results contribute to a better understanding of the CRC-associated microbiota, addressing critical barriers to its implementation in personalized medicine.

Blood levels of zearalenone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and thyroid hormones in patients with colorectal cancer

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various species of mold fungi commonly found in plant materials. Zearalenone (ZEN) adversely affects the endocrine system. This study aimed to determine whether thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), procalcitonin (PCT), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) levels are altered during natural zearalenone mycotoxicosis in patients diagnosed with sigmoid colon cancer (SCC) or colorectal cancer (CRC). A study was conducted on women and men diagnosed with SCC or CRC accompanied by the presence or absence (Patients Without ZEN - PWZ group) of ZEN in the blood. The PWZ group consisted of 17 patients with symptoms of SCC and CRC in whom ZEN and its metabolites were not detected in peripheral blood. The experimental (empirical) groups included a total of 16 SCC and CRC patients who tested positive for ZEN, but not its metabolites. TSH values in both sexes were within the upper limit of the reference range (0.27-4.2 μIU/mL) adopted by the hospital laboratory and corresponded to the upper second tertile and the lower third tertile. PCT values demonstrated that SCC and CRC were accompanied by a systemic or local bacterial infection. All mean values of fT3 were in the middle of the reference range, and the mean values of fT4 were within the upper reference limit. The fT3/fT4 prognostic marker was somewhat above the cut-off point of 0.22. These results indicate that in postmenopausal women and andropausal men who were diagnosed with SCC and CRC and were exposed to food-borne ZEN, higher values of the prognostic marker (fT3/fT4) were associated with an unfavorable prognosis. The study also revealed that the more distal the neoplastic lesions in the colon, the higher the percentage of both thyroid hormones, regardless of the patient's sex. The presence of ZEN in the diet alters thyroid activity in patients diagnosed with SCC and CRC.

Significant difference in gut microbiota Bifidobacterium species but not Lactobacillus species in colorectal cancer patients in comparison with healthy volunteers using quantitative real-time PCR

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC), with a growing incidence trend, is one of the most diagnosed cancers and the second cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The literature has frequently focused attention on the correlation between the gut microbiota imbalance and CRC. The genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have recently received increasing attention because of their potential in restoring alterations in the gut microflora. Therefore, this study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the presence of lactobacilli and bifidobacterial strains in the fecal samples of CRC patients compared to healthy volunteers.

METHODS

From 2018 to 2019, 25 confirmed CRC patients and 25 age- and gender-matched control subjects were enrolled in the study. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the fecal samples and the presence of lactobacilli and bifidobacterial strains were quantitatively determined using quantitative real-time PCR using genus-specific 16S rDNA primers.

RESULTS

A significant decline in the abundance of bifidobacteria in CRC patients compared to healthy individuals (p value<0.003) was observed; however, no significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding the abundance of lactobacilli (p value<0.163). Correlation analysis showed a positive association between the lack of genetic history of CRC and the numbers of gut bifidobacteria and lactobacilli.

CONCLUSION

As a putative gut probiotic, depletion of bifidobacteria showed significant correlation to the development and progression of CRC; therefore, therapeutic use of these probiotic bacteria could be considered a possible adjuvant approach in disease management through modulation of the microbiota.

Bondarzewia dickinsii Against Colitis-Associated Cancer Through the Suppression of the PI3K/AKT/COX-2 Pathway and Inhibition of PGE2 Production in Mice

BACKGROUND

Bondarzewia dickinsii (BD) is a newly discovered edible mushroom with rich nutritional components. This study presents a thorough analysis of the components of BD, examining its inhibitory effects and the underlying mechanisms by which BD influences colitis-associated cancer (CAC).

METHODS

AOM/DSS-induced CAC mice (male C57BL/6) were used, and a histopathological analysis, intestinal microbiota assessment, and metabolomics profiling were carried out, as well as an evaluation of relevant proteins and factors, to investigate the CAC-inhibitory effects of BD.

RESULTS

BD is rich in nutritional components, including a total sugar content of 37.29% and total protein content of 24.9%. BD significantly diminished colon inflammation, as well as the size and quantity of tumors. In addition, BD modified the diversity of intestinal microbiota and changed the levels of 19 serum metabolites, including arachidonic acid. BD significantly reduced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in colon tissue. Furthermore, it was found to inhibit the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/COX-2 signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

In general, BD inhibited the onset and progression of CAC by modulating the composition of intestinal microbiota and metabolite levels, suppressing the PI3K/AKT/COX-2 pathway, and decreasing PGE2 expression. This study provides a significant reference for the development of BD as a dietary supplement and pharmaceutical agent in the treatment of CAC.

Research Progress with Atractylone as an Antitumor Agent

Atractylone is a sesquiterpenoid compound extracted from Rhizoma Atractylodis. As one of the main active components in the volatile oil of the Atractylodes genus, it has exhibited certain therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, antiallergic, antiangiogenic, and neuroprotective activities, among others. With further research on the chemical constituents and pharmacology of sesquiterpenes, research on the antitumor activity of Atractylone has also been further expanded. Much of the current literature pays particular attention to the antitumor activity of Atractylone, which was found to inhibit the apoptosis of tumor cells and prevent growth, invasion, and migration through different apoptosis pathways and signaling pathways. Due to its promising potential for cancer prevention, it may play a role in reducing the incidence of malignant tumors. In this paper, the antitumor activity and mechanism of Atractylone are reviewed, providing a reference to inform future research on the tumor treatment, clinical application, and further development and utilization of this plant genus.

Zuogui Jiangtang Jieyu prescription improves diabetes-related depression by modulation of gut microbiota and neuroinflammation in hippocampus

Context

There is a significant challenge associated with the co-morbidity of mental and physical illnesses throughout the world. A classic example of mental/physical co-morbidity is diabetes-related depression (DD).

Objective

DD is treated with Zuogui Jiangtang Jieyu prescription (ZJJ). Diabetes and psychiatric disorders are associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. In this study, the aim is to examine the effects of ZJJ on gut microbiota and neuroinflammation in DD.

Methods

A model of DD was established and treated with medium and high doses of ZJJ as well as Metformin & Fluoxetine. A detection of depressive-like behavior was then conducted on the rats. Proinflammatory cytokines were measured in cerebrospinal fluid, and HPA axis-related proteins, glucose metabolism, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were measured in serum. Fecal samples from each group were collected and analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing; TLR4 and MyD88 levels were detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the hippocampus.

Results

High doses of ZJJ (ZJJ-H) were found to alleviate HPA axis hyperactivity and improve gut microbiota in rats with DD. Additionally, ZJJ treatment attenuated the inflammatory response in cerebrospinal fluid, e.g. a significant reduction in proinflammatory factors, a decrease in serum LPS levels, and an inhibition of TLR4/MyD88-related pathways in the hippocampus.

Discussion and conclusion

ZJJ improved DD glucose metabolism and alleviated depression-like behaviors by improving gut microbiota and inhibiting hippocampal TLR4/Myd88 signaling pathways.

Short-chain fatty acids reverses gut microbiota dysbiosis-promoted progression of glioblastoma by up-regulating M1 polarization in the tumor microenvironment

Glioblastoma (GBM), known as the most malignant and common primary brain tumor of the central nervous system, has finite therapeutic options and a poor prognosis. Studies have shown that host intestinal microorganisms play a role in the immune regulation of parenteral tumors in a number of different ways, either directly or indirectly. However, the potential impact of gut microbiota on tumor microenvironment, particularly glioma immunological milieu, has not been clarified exactly. In this study, by using an orthotopic GBM model, we found gut microbiota dysbiosis caused by antibiotic cocktail treatment boosted the tumor process in vivo. An obvious change that followed gut microbiota dysbiosis was the enhanced percentage of M2-like macrophages in the TME, in parallel with a decrease in the levels of gut microbial metabolite, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the blood and tumor tissues. Oral supplementation with SCFAs can increase the proportion of M1-like macrophages in the TME, which improves the outcomes of glioma. In terms of mechanism, SCFAs-activated glycolysis in the tumor-associated macrophages may be responsible for the elevated M1 polarization in the TME. This study will enable us to better comprehend the "gut-brain" axis and be meaningful for the development of TAM-targeting immunotherapeutic strategies for GBM patients.

Analysis of Characteristics of Bovine-Derived Non-Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis and Validation of Potential Probiotic Effects

Bacteroides fragilis is a new generation of probiotics, and its probiotic effects on humans and some animals have been verified. However, research on B. fragilis in cattle is still lacking. In this study, 24 stool samples were collected from two large-scale cattle farms in Wuzhong, Ningxia, including 12 diarrheal and 12 normal stools. A non-toxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (NTBF) was isolated and identified by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and named BF-1153; genome composition and genome functional analyses were carried out to reflect the biological characteristics of the BF-1153 strain. A cluster analysis of BF-1153 was performed using Mega X to explore its genetic relationship. In addition, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) was used to determine the toxic effects of the strain on human ileocecal colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line cells (HCT-8), Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells (MDBK), and intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPECs). The results showed that BF-1153 conformed to the biological characteristics of B. fragilis. BF-1153 had no toxic effects on HCT-8, MDBK, and IPEC. Animal experiments have shown that BF-1153 has no toxic effects on healthy SPF Kunming mice. Notably, the supernatant of BF-1153 enhanced cell activity and promoted cell growth in all three cell lines. At the same time, a cluster analysis of the isolated strains showed that the BF-1153 strain belonged to the same branch as the B. fragilis strain 23212, and B. fragilis strain 22998. The results of the animal experiments showed that BF-1153 had a certain preventive effect on diarrhea symptoms in SPF Kunming mice caused by a bovine rotavirus (BRV). In summary, the strain BF-1153 isolated in this experiment is NTBF, which has no toxic effect on MDBK, HCT-8, and IPEC, and has obvious cell growth-promoting effects, especially on MDBK. BF-1153 promotes the growth and development of SPF Kunming mice when compared with the control group. At the same time, BF-1153 alleviated the diarrhea symptoms caused by BRV in SPF Kunming mice. Therefore, BF-1153 has the potential to be a probiotic for cattle.

Evaluation of Periodontitis and Fusobacterium nucleatum Among Colorectal Cancer Patients: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND

Periodontitis has been associated with an increased risk of CRC, as well as a worse prognosis due to increased inflammation mediators and carcinogenic factors. Moreover, direct and indirect virulence factors from periodontal pathogens, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, could play a pivotal role in malignant transformation and progression. This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the presence and the stage of periodontitis in a cohort of patients with CRC. The secondary aim is to assess the presence of F. nucleatum and its relationship with patients' general characteristics, concomitant pathologies, tumor characteristics, and drug therapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients affected by CRC underwent dental examination and periodontal charting with the "North Carolina" probe to assess the presence and stage of periodontitis, according to the new classification of periodontal diseases of the World Workshop of the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) and the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) 2017. F. nucleatum presence was assessed by a dorsal tongue swab and related to the patient's general characteristics, concomitant pathologies, tumor characteristics, and drug therapy.

RESULTS

Periodontal disease was found in 94.3% of I/II CRC stage patients and 100% of III/IV CRC stage patients. Severe periodontitis was found in 76% of the advanced CRC stage and 87.9% of patients with initial CRC, while initial periodontitis was found in 12.1% of initial CRC and 24% of late CRC stages, respectively, without significant differences. F. nucleatum presence showed no correlation between the patient's and tumor's characteristics, comorbidities, and drug assumed.

CONCLUSIONS

Periodontal disease showed a high prevalence among CRC patients. Moreover, severe periodontitis has a higher prevalence in CRC patients compared to initial periodontitis. F. nucleatum presence was unrelated to CRC stage, site, other comorbidities, and drug therapies. With these data, it is not possible to admit a direct relationship between CRC and periodontal disease, but further case-control studies must be carried out to further prove this aspect. Preventive and operative targeted strategies to maintain a healthy oral status are suggested in CRC patients.

Metabolic interactions of host-gut microbiota: New possibilities for the precise diagnosis and therapeutic discovery of gastrointestinal cancer in the future-A review

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer continues to pose a significant global health challenge. Recent advances in our understanding of the complex relationship between the host and gut microbiota have shed light on the critical role of metabolic interactions in the pathogenesis and progression of GI cancer. In this study, we examined how microbiota interact with the host to influence signalling pathways that impact the formation of GI tumours. Additionally, we investigated the potential therapeutic approach of manipulating GI microbiota for use in clinical settings. Revealing the complex molecular exchanges between the host and gut microbiota facilitates a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms that drive cancer development. Metabolic interactions hold promise for the identification of microbial signatures or metabolic pathways associated with specific stages of cancer. Hence, this study provides potential strategies for the diagnosis, treatment and management of GI cancers to improve patient outcomes.

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids influence colorectal cancer progression via the interactions between the intestinal microflora and the macrophages

The metabolism of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) is closely associated with the risk and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). This paper aims to investigate the role of LCPUFA in the crosstalk between intestinal microflora and macrophages, as well as the effects of these three parties on the progression of CRC. The metabolism and function of LCPUFA play important roles in regulating the composition of the human gut microflora and participating in the regulation of inflammation, ultimately affecting macrophage function and polarization, which is crucial in the tumor microenvironment. The effects of LCPUFA on cellular interactions between the two species can ultimately influence the progression of CRC. In this review, we explore the molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of LCPUFA in the interactions between intestinal microflora and intestinal macrophages, as well as its significance for CRC progression. Furthermore, we reveal the role of LCPUFA in the construction of the CRC microenvironment and explore the key nodes of the interactions between intestinal flora and intestinal macrophages in the environment. It provides potential targets for the metabolic diagnosis and treatment of CRC.

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Insights into Colon Carcinogenesis and Immune Regulation

Colorectal cancer (CRC) constitutes a significant global health challenge, with recent studies underscoring the pivotal role of the gut microbiome in its pathogenesis and progression. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as a compelling therapeutic approach, offering the potential to modulate microbial composition and optimize treatment outcomes. Research suggests that specific bacterial strains are closely linked to CRC, influencing both its clinical management and therapeutic interventions. Moreover, the gut microbiome's impact on immunotherapy responsiveness heralds new avenues for personalized medicine. Despite the promise of FMT, safety concerns, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, remain a critical issue. Clinical outcomes vary widely, influenced by genetic predispositions and the specific transplantation methodologies employed. Additionally, rigorous donor selection and screening protocols are paramount to minimize risks and maximize therapeutic efficacy. The current body of literature advocates for the establishment of standardized protocols and further clinical trials to substantiate FMT's role in CRC management. As our understanding of the microbiome deepens, FMT is poised to become a cornerstone in CRC treatment, underscoring the imperative for continued research and clinical validation.

Predicting acute lung injury in infants with congenital heart disease after cardiopulmonary bypass by gut microbiota

Background

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious and common complication that occurs in children with congenital heart disease after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery, leading to higher mortality rates and poorer prognosis. Currently, there is no reliable predictive strategy for CPB-associated lung injury (CPB-ALI) in infants. Certain characteristics of the gut microbiota could potentially serve as biomarkers for predicting the development of CPB-ALI.

Methods

We conducted 16S rRNA sequencing to analyze the characteristics of the intestinal microbiota in healthy controls and infants with CHD admitted to the hospital. The CHD infants were divided into CPB-ALI and non-ALI (CPB-NALI) groups based on postoperative outcomes. Bacterial functional pathway prediction analysis was performed using PIRCUSt2, and the gut microbiota composition associated with immune status was determined with heatmap. Random forest regression models and ROC curves were utilized to predict the occurrence of CPB-ALI.

Results

Our study revealed significantly different microbiota compositions among three groups (CON, CPB-ALI, and CPB-NALI). The microbiota diversity was low in the CPB-ALI group with high pathogen abundance and significant decrease in Bacteroides, while the opposite was observed in the CPB-NALI group. The microbiota dysbiosis index was high in the CPB-ALI group, with its dominant microbiota significantly associated with multiple metabolic pathways. Additionally, CPB-ALI patients showed high levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and HMGB1 in their serum, with high expression of IL-8 being associated with Enterobacteriaceae. Further correlation analysis showed that the differences in gut bacterial taxonomy were related to the occurrence of ALI, length of stay in the cardiac care unit, and ventilation time. It is noteworthy that Escherichia Shigella performed best in distinguishing CPB-ALI patients from non-ALI patients.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that postoperative ALI patients have distinct gut microbiota upon admission compared to non-ALI patients after surgery. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota may potentially impact the progression of ALI through metabolic pathways, quorum sensing, and the levels of inflammatory factors expressed in the serum. Escherichia Shigella represents a potential predictive factor for the occurrence of ALI in CHD infants after surgery. Acute lung injury, congenital heart disease, cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, gut microbiota, biomarker.

From colon wall to tumor niche: Unraveling the microbiome's role in colorectal cancer progression

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is influenced by perturbations in the colonic microbiota, characterized by an imbalance favoring pathogenic bacteria over beneficial ones. This dysbiosis contributes to CRC initiation and progression through mechanisms such as carcinogenic metabolite production, inflammation induction, DNA damage, and oncogenic signaling activation. Understanding the role of external factors in shaping the colonic microbiota is crucial for mitigating CRC progression. This study aims to elucidate the gut microbiome's role in CRC progression by analyzing paired tumor and mucosal tissue samples obtained from the colon walls of 17 patients. Through sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, we characterized the tumor microbiome and assessed its association with clinical variables. Our findings revealed a significant reduction in alpha diversity within tumor samples compared to paired colon biopsy samples, indicating a less diverse microbial environment within the tumor microenvironment. While both tissues exhibited dominance of similar bacterial phyla, their relative abundances varied, suggesting potential colon-specific effects. Fusobacteriota enrichment, notably in the right colon, may be linked to MLH1 deficiency. Taxonomy analysis identified diverse bacterial genera, with some primarily associated with the colon wall and others unique to this region. Conversely, several genera were exclusively expressed in tumor tissue. Functional biomarker analysis identified three key genes with differential abundance between tumor microenvironment and colon tissue, indicating distinct metabolic activities. Functional biomarker analysis revealed three key genes with differential abundance: K11076 (putrescine transport system) and K10535 (nitrification) were enriched in the tumor microenvironment, while K11329 (SasA-RpaAB circadian timing mediator) dominated colon tissue. Metabolic pathway analysis linked seven metabolic pathways to the microbiome. Collectively, these findings highlight significant gut microbiome alterations in CRC and strongly suggest that long-term dysbiosis profoundly impacts CRC progression.

Exploring the gut microbiome's role in colorectal cancer: diagnostic and prognostic implications

The intricate interplay between the gut microbiome and colorectal cancer (CRC) presents novel avenues for early diagnosis and prognosis, crucial for improving patient outcomes. This comprehensive review synthesizes current findings on the gut microbiome's contribution to CRC pathogenesis, highlighting its potential as a biomarker for non-invasive CRC screening strategies. We explore the mechanisms through which the microbiome influences CRC, including its roles in inflammation, metabolism, and immune response modulation. Furthermore, we assess the viability of microbial signatures as predictive tools for CRC prognosis, offering insights into personalized treatment approaches. Our analysis underscores the necessity for advanced metagenomic studies to elucidate the complex microbiome-CRC nexus, aiming to refine diagnostic accuracy and prognostic assessment in clinical settings. This review propels forward the understanding of the microbiome's diagnostic and prognostic capabilities, paving the way for microbiome-based interventions in CRC management.

Hippo Signaling Pathway in Colorectal Cancer: Modulation by Various Signals and Therapeutic Potential

Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as a significant global health issue, marked by elevated occurrence and mortality statistics. Despite the availability of various treatments, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy, CRC cells often exhibit resistance to these interventions. As a result, it is imperative to identify the disease at an earlier stage and enhance the response to treatment by acquiring a deeper comprehension of the processes driving tumor formation, aggressiveness, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. The Hippo pathway plays a critical role in facilitating the initiation of tumorigenesis and frequently experiences disruption within CRC because of genetic mutations and modified expression in its fundamental constituents. Targeting upstream regulators or core Hippo pathway components may provide innovative therapeutic strategies for modulating Hippo signaling dysfunction in CRC. To advance novel therapeutic techniques for CRC, it is imperative to grasp the involvement of the Hippo pathway in CRC and its interaction with alternate signaling pathways, noncoding RNAs, gut microbiota, and the immune microenvironment. This review seeks to illuminate the function and control of the Hippo pathway in CRC, ultimately aiming to unearth innovative therapeutic methodologies for addressing this ailment.

Integrated analysis of gut microbiota and metabolomic profiling in colorectal cancer metastasis

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is characterized by its heterogeneity and complex metastatic mechanisms, presenting significant challenges in treatment and prognosis. This study aimed to unravel the intricate interplay between the gut microbiota and metabolic alterations associated with CRC metastasis. By employing high-throughput sequencing and advanced metabolomic techniques, we identified distinct patterns in the gut microbiome and fecal metabolites across different CRC metastatic sites. The differential gene analysis highlighted significant enrichment in biological processes related to immune response and extracellular matrix organization, with key genes playing roles in the complement and clotting cascades, and staphylococcus aureus infections. Protein-protein interaction networks further elucidated the potential mechanisms driving CRC spread, emphasizing the importance of extracellular vesicles and the PPAR signaling pathway in tumor metastasis. Our comprehensive microbiota analysis revealed a relatively stable alpha diversity across groups but identified specific bacterial genera associated with metastatic stages. Metabolomic profiling using OPLS-DA models unveiled distinct metabolic signatures, with differential metabolites enriched in pathways crucial for cancer metabolism and immune modulation. Integrative analysis of the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles highlighted significant correlations, suggesting a complex interplay that may influence CRC progression and metastasis. These findings offer novel insights into the microbial and metabolic underpinnings of CRC metastasis, paving the way for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiome and metabolic pathways.

Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) Enhances Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation and Metastasis Through HDAC3/miR-139-3p Pathway

Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) is believed to promote the malignant process of colorectal cancer (CRC), but the underlying molecular mechanism still needs to be revealed. CRC cells (SW480 and HCT-116) were treated with ETBF strain. Cell proliferation, invasion and, migration were evaluated by cell counting kit 8 assay, EdU assay, colony formation assay, transwell assay, and wound healing assay. Protein expression was analyzed by western blot. MicroRNA (miR)-139-3p and histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) expression levels in tissues and cells were determined by qRT-PCR. Xenograft tumor model was conducted to evaluate the effect of miR-139-3p on CRC tumor growth. ETBF treatment could promote CRC cell proliferation, invasion and migration. MiR-139-3p expression was decreased by ETBF, and its overexpression reversed the effect of ETBF on CRC cell progression. HDAC3 negatively regulated miR-139-3p expression, and its overexpression facilitated CRC cell behaviors via reducing miR-139-3p expression. Moreover, HDAC3 expression was increased by ETBF, and its knockdown also abolished ETBF-mediated CRC cell progression. Additionally, miR-139-3p overexpression could reduce CRC tumor growth in vivo. ETBF aggravated CRC proliferation and metastasis via the regulation of HDAC3/miR-139-3p axis. The discovery of ETBF/HDAC3/miR-139-3p axis may provide a new direction for CRC treatment.

Robust prediction of colorectal cancer via gut microbiome 16S rRNA sequencing data

Introduction. The study addresses the challenge of utilizing human gut microbiome data for the early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC). The research emphasizes the potential of using machine learning techniques to analyze complex microbiome datasets, providing a non-invasive approach to identifying CRC-related microbial markers.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. The primary hypothesis is that a robust machine learning-based analysis of 16S rRNA microbiome data can identify specific microbial features that serve as effective biomarkers for CRC detection, overcoming the limitations of classical statistical models in high-dimensional settings.Aim. The primary objective of this study is to explore and validate the potential of the human microbiome, specifically in the colon, as a valuable source of biomarkers for colorectal cancer (CRC) detection and progression. The focus is on developing a classifier that effectively predicts the presence of CRC and normal samples based on the analysis of three previously published faecal 16S rRNA sequencing datasets.Methodology. To achieve the aim, various machine learning techniques are employed, including random forest (RF), recursive feature elimination (RFE) and a robust correlation-based technique known as the fuzzy forest (FF). The study utilizes these methods to analyse the three datasets, comparing their performance in predicting CRC and normal samples. The emphasis is on identifying the most relevant microbial features (taxa) associated with CRC development via partial dependence plots, i.e. a machine learning tool focused on explainability, visualizing how a feature influences the predicted outcome.Results. The analysis of the three faecal 16S rRNA sequencing datasets reveals the consistent and superior predictive performance of the FF compared to the RF and RFE. Notably, FF proves effective in addressing the correlation problem when assessing the importance of microbial taxa in explaining the development of CRC. The results highlight the potential of the human microbiome as a non-invasive means to detect CRC and underscore the significance of employing FF for improved predictive accuracy.Conclusion. In conclusion, this study underscores the limitations of classical statistical techniques in handling high-dimensional information such as human microbiome data. The research demonstrates the potential of the human microbiome, specifically in the colon, as a valuable source of biomarkers for CRC detection. Applying machine learning techniques, particularly the FF, is a promising approach for building a classifier to predict CRC and normal samples. The findings advocate for integrating FF to overcome the challenges associated with correlation when identifying crucial microbial features linked to CRC development.

Personalised medicine based on host genetics and microbiota applied to colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks second in incidence and third in cancer mortality worldwide. This situation, together with the understanding of the heterogeneity of the disease, has highlighted the need to develop a more individualised approach to its prevention, diagnosis and treatment through personalised medicine. This approach aims to stratify patients according to risk, predict disease progression and determine the most appropriate treatment. It is essential to identify patients who may respond adequately to treatment and those who may be resistant to treatment to avoid unnecessary therapies and minimise adverse side effects. Current research is focused on identifying biomarkers such as specific mutated genes, the type of mutations and molecular profiles critical for the individualisation of CRC diagnosis, prognosis and treatment guidance. In addition, the study of the intestinal microbiota as biomarkers is being incorporated due to the growing scientific evidence supporting its influence on this disease. This article comprehensively addresses the use of current and emerging diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers in precision medicine against CRC. The effects of host genetics and gut microbiota composition on new approaches to treating this disease are discussed. How the gut microbiota could mitigate the side effects of treatment is reviewed. In addition, strategies to modulate the gut microbiota, such as dietary interventions, antibiotics, and transplantation of faecal microbiota and phages, are discussed to improve CRC prevention and treatment. These findings provide a solid foundation for future research and improving the care of CRC patients.

The key to intestinal health: a review and perspective on food additives

In this review, we explore the effects of food additives on intestinal health. Food additives, such as preservatives, antioxidants and colorants, are widely used to improve food quality and extend shelf life. However, their effects on intestinal microecology May pose health risks. Starting from the basic functions of food additives and the importance of intestinal microecology, we analyze in detail how additives affect the diversity of intestinal flora, oxidative stress and immune responses. Additionally, we examine the association between food additives and intestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, and how the timing, dosage, and individual differences affect the body's response to additives. We also assess the safety and regulatory policies of food additives and explore the potential of natural additives. Finally, we propose future research directions, emphasizing the refinement of risk assessment methods and the creation of safer, innovative additives.

Inhibition of colorectal cancer in Alzheimer's disease is mediated by gut microbiota via induction of inflammatory tolerance

Epidemiological studies have revealed an inverse relationship between the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and various cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to determine whether the incidence of CRC is reduced in AD-like mice and whether gut microbiota confers resistance to tumorigenesis through inducing inflammatory tolerance using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). AD-like mice experienced a significantly decreased incidence of CRC tumorigenesis induced by azoxymethane-dextran sodium sulfate as evidenced by suppressed intestinal inflammation compared with control mice. However, FMT from age-matched control mice reversed the inhibitory effects on the tumorigenesis of CRC and inflammatory response in AD-like mice. The key bacterial genera in gut microbiota, including Prevotella, were increased in both the AD-like mice and in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) but were decreased in patients with CRC. Pretreatment with low-dose Prevotella-derived lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced inflammatory tolerance both in vivo and in vitro and inhibited CRC tumorigenesis in mice. Imbalanced gut microbiota increased intestinal barrier permeability, which facilitated LPS absorption from the gut into the blood, causing cognitive decline in AD-like mice and patients with aMCI. These data reveal that intestinal Prevotella-derived LPS exerts a resistant effect to CRC tumorigenesis via inducing inflammatory tolerance in the presence of AD. These findings provide biological evidence demonstrating the inverse relationship between the incidence of AD and CRC.