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Lopez CE, Zacharias ZR, Ross KA, Narasimhan B, Waldschmidt TJ, Legge KL. Polyanhydride nanovaccine against H3N2 influenza A virus generates mucosal resident and systemic immunity promoting protection. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:96. [PMID: 38822003 PMCID: PMC11143372 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide due to seasonal epidemics and periodic pandemics. The antigenic drift/shift of IAV continually gives rise to new strains and subtypes, aiding IAV in circumventing previously established immunity. As a result, there has been substantial interest in developing a broadly protective IAV vaccine that induces, durable immunity against multiple IAVs. Previously, a polyanhydride nanoparticle-based vaccine or nanovaccine (IAV-nanovax) encapsulating H1N1 IAV antigens was reported, which induced pulmonary B and T cell immunity and resulted in cross-strain protection against IAV. A key feature of IAV-nanovax is its ability to easily incorporate diverse proteins/payloads, potentially increasing its ability to provide broad protection against IAV and/or other pathogens. Due to human susceptibility to both H1N1 and H3N2 IAV, several H3N2 nanovaccines were formulated herein with multiple IAV antigens to examine the "plug-and-play" nature of the polyanhydride nanovaccine platform and determine their ability to induce humoral and cellular immunity and broad-based protection similar to IAV-nanovax. The H3N2-based IAV nanovaccine formulations induced systemic and mucosal B cell responses which were associated with antigen-specific antibodies. Additionally, systemic and lung-tissue resident CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were enhanced post-vaccination. These immune responses corresponded with protection against both homologous and heterosubtypic IAV infection. Overall, these results demonstrate the plug-and-play nature of the polyanhydride nanovaccine platform and its ability to generate immunity and protection against IAV utilizing diverse antigenic payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Zeb R Zacharias
- Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Thomas J Waldschmidt
- Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kevin L Legge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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2
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Murakami M. Tissue-resident memory T cells: decoding intra-organ diversity with a gut perspective. Inflamm Regen 2024; 44:19. [PMID: 38632596 PMCID: PMC11022361 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-024-00333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) serve as the frontline of host defense, playing a critical role in protection against invading pathogens. This emphasizes their role in providing rapid on-site immune responses across various organs. The physiological significance of TRM is not just confined to infection control; accumulating evidence has revealed that TRM also determine the pathology of diseases such as autoimmune disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer. Intensive studies on the origin, mechanisms of formation and maintenance, and physiological significance of TRM have elucidated the transcriptional and functional diversity of these cells, which are often affected by local cues associated with their presence. These were further confirmed by the recent remarkable advancements of next-generation sequencing and single-cell technologies, which allow the transcriptional and phenotypic characterization of each TRM subset induced in different microenvironments. This review first overviews the current knowledge of the cell fate, molecular features, transcriptional and metabolic regulation, and biological importance of TRM in health and disease. Finally, this article presents a variety of recent studies on disease-associated TRM, particularly focusing and elaborating on the TRM in the gut, which constitute the largest and most intricate immune network in the body, and their pathological relevance to gut inflammation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Murakami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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3
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Lanfermeijer J, van de Ven K, Hendriks M, van Dijken H, Lenz S, Vos M, Borghans JAM, van Baarle D, de Jonge J. The Memory-CD8+-T-Cell Response to Conserved Influenza Virus Epitopes in Mice Is Not Influenced by Time Since Previous Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:419. [PMID: 38675801 PMCID: PMC11054904 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To protect older adults against influenza A virus (IAV) infection, innovative strategies are imperative to overcome the decrease in protective immune response with age. One approach involves the boosting of CD8+ T cells at middle age that were previously induced by natural infection. At this stage, the immune system is still fit. Given the high conservation of T-cell epitopes within internal viral proteins, such a response may confer lasting protection against evolving influenza strains at older age, also reducing the high number of influenza immunizations currently required. However, at the time of vaccination, some individuals may have been more recently exposed to IAV than others, which could affect the T-cell response. We therefore investigated the fundamental principle of how the interval between the last infection and booster immunization during middle age influences the CD8+ T-cell response. To model this, female mice were infected at either 6 or 9 months of age and subsequently received a heterosubtypic infection booster at middle age (12 months). Before the booster infection, 6-month-primed mice displayed lower IAV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in the spleen and lung than 9-month-primed mice. Both groups were better protected against the subsequent heterosubtypic booster infection compared to naïve mice. Notably, despite the different CD8+ T-cell levels between the 6-month- and 9-month-primed mice, we observed comparable responses after booster infection, based on IFNγ responses, and IAV-specific T-cell frequencies and repertoire diversity. Lung-derived CD8+ T cells of 6- and 9-month-primed mice expressed similar levels of tissue-resident memory-T-cell markers 30 days post booster infection. These data suggest that the IAV-specific CD8+ T-cell response after boosting is not influenced by the time post priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josien Lanfermeijer
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- AstraZeneca, 2594 AV Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Koen van de Ven
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- DICA (Dutch Institute for Clinical Auditing), 2333 AA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Hendriks
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Deventer Ziekenhuis, 7416 SE Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Dijken
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Lenz
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- MSD Animal Health, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Vos
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Virology & Immunology Research, Department Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jørgen de Jonge
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Furukawa Y, Ishii M, Ando J, Ikeda K, Igarashi KJ, Kinoshita S, Azusawa Y, Toyota T, Honda T, Nakanishi M, Ohshima K, Masuda A, Yoshida E, Kitade M, Porteus M, Terao Y, Nakauchi H, Ando M. iPSC-derived hypoimmunogenic tissue resident memory T cells mediate robust anti-tumor activity against cervical cancer. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101327. [PMID: 38091985 PMCID: PMC10772465 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Functionally rejuvenated human papilloma virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (HPV-rejTs) generated from induced pluripotent stem cells robustly suppress cervical cancer. However, autologous rejT generation is time consuming, leading to difficulty in treating patients with advanced cancer. Although use of allogeneic HPV-rejTs can obviate this, the major obstacle is rejection by the patient immune system. To overcome this, we develop HLA-A24&-E dual integrated HPV-rejTs after erasing HLA class I antigens. These rejTs effectively suppress recipient immune rejection while maintaining more robust cytotoxicity than original cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Single-cell RNA sequencing performed to gain deeper insights reveal that HPV-rejTs are highly enriched with tissue resident memory T cells, which enhance cytotoxicity against cervical cancer through TGFβR signaling, with increased CD103 expression. Genes associated with the immunological synapse also are upregulated, suggesting that these features promote stronger activation of T cell receptor (TCR) and increased TCR-mediated target cell death. We believe that our work will contribute to feasible "off-the-shelf" T cell therapy with robust anti-cervical cancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Furukawa
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Midori Ishii
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Jun Ando
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Division of Cell Therapy & Blood Transfusion Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ikeda
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kyomi J Igarashi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shintaro Kinoshita
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoko Azusawa
- Division of Cell Therapy & Blood Transfusion Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tokuko Toyota
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Honda
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mahito Nakanishi
- TOKIWA-Bio, Inc., Tsukuba Center Inc. (TCI), Building G, 2-1-6 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Ayako Masuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Emiko Yoshida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mari Kitade
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Matthew Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yasuhisa Terao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Miki Ando
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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5
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Proß V, Sattler A, Lukassen S, Tóth L, Thole LML, Siegle J, Stahl C, He A, Damm G, Seehofer D, Götz C, Bayerl C, Jäger P, Macke A, Eggeling S, Kirzinger B, Mayr T, Herbst H, Beyer K, Laue D, Krönke J, Braune J, Rosseck F, Kittner B, Friedersdorff F, Hubatsch M, Weinberger S, Lachmann N, Hofmann VM, Schrezenmeier E, Ludwig C, Schrezenmeier H, Jechow K, Conrad C, Kotsch K. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination-induced immunological memory in human nonlymphoid and lymphoid tissues. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e171797. [PMID: 37815874 PMCID: PMC10721158 DOI: 10.1172/jci171797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident lymphocytes provide organ-adapted protection against invading pathogens. Whereas their biology has been examined in great detail in various infection models, their generation and functionality in response to vaccination have not been comprehensively analyzed in humans. We therefore studied SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine-specific T cells in surgery specimens of kidney, liver, lung, bone marrow, and spleen compared with paired blood samples from largely virus-naive individuals. As opposed to lymphoid tissues, nonlymphoid organs harbored significantly elevated frequencies of spike-specific CD4+ T cells compared with blood showing hallmarks of tissue residency and an expanded memory pool. Organ-derived CD4+ T cells further exhibited increased polyfunctionality over those detected in blood. Single-cell RNA-Seq together with T cell receptor repertoire analysis indicated that the clonotype rather than organ origin is a major determinant of transcriptomic state in vaccine-specific CD4+ T cells. In summary, our data demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 vaccination entails acquisition of tissue memory and residency features in organs distant from the inoculation site, thereby contributing to our understanding of how local tissue protection might be accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Proß
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Sattler
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sören Lukassen
- Center of Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Tóth
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Marie Laura Thole
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Siegle
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Stahl
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - An He
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Götz
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Bayerl
- Department of Radiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pia Jäger
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Hermann Herbst
- Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Beyer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Laue
- Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Krönke
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Braune
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Rosseck
- Institute of Pathology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatrice Kittner
- Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Friedersdorff
- Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mandy Hubatsch
- Department of Urology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Weinberger
- Department of Urology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Lachmann
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veit Maria Hofmann
- Department of Otolaryngology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Schrezenmeier
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- BIH Charité Clinician Scientist Program, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Ludwig
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen and University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen and University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katharina Jechow
- Center of Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Conrad
- Center of Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Kotsch
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Redruello-Romero A, Benitez-Cantos MS, Lopez-Perez D, García-Rubio J, Tamayo F, Pérez-Bartivas D, Moreno-SanJuan S, Ruiz-Palmero I, Puentes-Pardo JD, Vilchez JR, López-Nevot MÁ, García F, Cano C, León J, Carazo Á. Human adipose tissue as a major reservoir of cytomegalovirus-reactive T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1303724. [PMID: 38053998 PMCID: PMC10694288 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1303724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common herpesvirus with a high prevalence worldwide. After the acute infection phase, CMV can remain latent in several tissues. CD8 T cells in the lungs and salivary glands mainly control its reactivation control. White adipose tissue (WAT) contains a significant population of memory T cells reactive to viral antigens, but CMV specificity has mainly been studied in mouse WAT. Therefore, we obtained blood, omental WAT (oWAT), subcutaneous WAT (sWAT), and liver samples from 11 obese donors to characterize the human WAT adaptive immune landscape from a phenotypic and immune receptor specificity perspective. Methods We performed high-throughput sequencing of the T cell receptor (TCR) locus to analyze tissue and blood TCR repertoires of the 11 donors. The presence of TCRs specific to CMV epitopes was tested through ELISpot assays. Moreover, phenotypic characterization of T cells was carried out through flow cytometry. Results High-throughput sequencing analyses revealed that tissue TCR repertoires in oWAT, sWAT, and liver samples were less diverse and dominated by hyperexpanded clones when compared to blood samples. Additionally, we predicted the presence of TCRs specific to viral epitopes, particularly from CMV, which was confirmed by ELISpot assays. Remarkably, we found that oWAT has a higher proportion of CMV-reactive T cells than blood or sWAT. Finally, flow cytometry analyses indicated that most WAT-infiltrated lymphocytes were tissue-resident effector memory CD8 T cells. Discussion Overall, these findings postulate human oWAT as a major reservoir of CMV-specific T cells, presumably for latent viral reactivation control. This study enhances our understanding of the adaptive immune response in human WAT and highlights its potential role in antiviral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria S. Benitez-Cantos
- Research Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - David Lopez-Perez
- Research Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Daniel Pérez-Bartivas
- Research Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Sara Moreno-SanJuan
- Research Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Cytometry and Microscopy Research Service, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Ruiz-Palmero
- Research Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Jose D. Puentes-Pardo
- Research Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose R. Vilchez
- Research Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Clinical Analyses and Immunology Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Á. López-Nevot
- Research Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Clinical Analyses and Immunology Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Federico García
- Research Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) of Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Cano
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Josefa León
- Research Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Digestive Unit, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Ángel Carazo
- Research Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
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7
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Diniz MO, Maini MK, Swadling L. T cell control of SARS-CoV-2: When, which, and where? Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101828. [PMID: 37651850 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Efficient immune protection against viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 requires the coordinated activity of innate immunity, B and T cells. Accumulating data point to a critical role for T cells not only in the clearance of established infection, but also for aborting viral replication independently of humoral immunity. Here we review the evidence supporting the contribution of antiviral T cells and consider which of their qualitative features favour efficient control of infection. We highlight how studies of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviridae in animals and humans have provided important lessons on the optimal timing (When), functionality and specificity (Which), and location (Where) of antiviral T cells. We discuss the clinical implications, particularly for the development of next-generation vaccines, and emphasise areas requiring further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana O Diniz
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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8
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Schmidt F, Fields HF, Purwanti Y, Milojkovic A, Salim S, Wu KX, Simoni Y, Vitiello A, MacLeod DT, Nardin A, Newell EW, Fink K, Wilm A, Fehlings M. In-depth analysis of human virus-specific CD8 + T cells delineates unique phenotypic signatures for T cell specificity prediction. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113250. [PMID: 37837618 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Following viral infection, the human immune system generates CD8+ T cell responses to virus antigens that differ in specificity, abundance, and phenotype. A characterization of virus-specific T cell responses allows one to assess infection history and to understand its contribution to protective immunity. Here, we perform in-depth profiling of CD8+ T cells binding to CMV-, EBV-, influenza-, and SARS-CoV-2-derived antigens in peripheral blood samples from 114 healthy donors and 55 cancer patients using high-dimensional mass cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing. We analyze over 500 antigen-specific T cell responses across six different HLA alleles and observed unique phenotypes of T cells specific for antigens from different virus categories. Using machine learning, we extract phenotypic signatures of antigen-specific T cells, predict virus specificity for bulk CD8+ T cells, and validate these predictions, suggesting that machine learning can be used to accurately predict antigen specificity from T cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kan Xing Wu
- ImmunoScape Pte Ltd, Singapore 228208, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Evan W Newell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Katja Fink
- ImmunoScape Pte Ltd, Singapore 228208, Singapore
| | - Andreas Wilm
- ImmunoScape Pte Ltd, Singapore 228208, Singapore
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9
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Sportiello M, Poindexter A, Reilly EC, Geber A, Lambert Emo K, Jones TN, Topham DJ. Mouse Memory CD8 T Cell Subsets Defined by Tissue-Resident Memory Integrin Expression Exhibit Distinct Metabolic Profiles. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:652-669. [PMID: 37855738 PMCID: PMC10615656 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (TRM) principally reside in peripheral nonlymphoid tissues, such as lung and skin, and confer protection against a variety of illnesses ranging from infections to cancers. The functions of different memory CD8 T cell subsets have been linked with distinct metabolic pathways and differ from other CD8 T cell subsets. For example, skin-derived memory T cells undergo fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation to a greater degree than circulating memory and naive cells. Lung TRMs defined by the cell-surface expression of integrins exist as distinct subsets that differ in gene expression and function. We hypothesize that TRM subsets with different integrin profiles will use unique metabolic programs. To test this, differential expression and pathway analysis were conducted on RNA sequencing datasets from mouse lung TRMs yielding significant differences related to metabolism. Next, metabolic models were constructed, and the predictions were interrogated using functional metabolite uptake assays. The levels of oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial mass, and neutral lipids were measured. Furthermore, to investigate the potential relationships to TRM development, T cell differentiation studies were conducted in vitro with varying concentrations of metabolites. These demonstrated that lipid conditions impact T cell survival, and that glucose concentration impacts the expression of canonical TRM marker CD49a, with no effect on central memory-like T cell marker CCR7. In summary, it is demonstrated that mouse resident memory T cell subsets defined by integrin expression in the lung have unique metabolic profiles, and that nutrient abundance can alter differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Sportiello
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Alexis Poindexter
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Emma C. Reilly
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Adam Geber
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Kris Lambert Emo
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Taylor N. Jones
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - David J. Topham
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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10
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Lee EJ, Choi JG, Han JH, Kim YW, Lim J, Chung HS. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Immuno-Oncology Characteristics of Tumor-Infiltrating T Lymphocytes in Photodynamic Therapy-Treated Colorectal Cancer Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13913. [PMID: 37762216 PMCID: PMC10531263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown promise in reducing metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC); however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Modulating tumor-infiltrating immune cells by PDT may be achieved, which requires the characterization of immune cell populations in the tumor microenvironment by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Here, we determined the effect of Chlorin e6 (Ce6)-mediated PDT on tumor-infiltrating T cells using scRNA-seq analysis. We used a humanized programmed death-1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) MC38 cell allograft mouse model, considering its potential as an immunogenic cancer model and in combination with PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade. PDT treatment significantly reduced tumor growth in mice containing hPD-1/PD-L1 MC38 tumors. scRNA-seq analysis revealed that the PDT group had increased levels of CD8+ activated T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, but decreased levels of exhausted CD8+ T cells. PDT treatment also enhanced the infiltration of CD8+ T cells into tumors and increased the production of key effector molecules, including granzyme B and perforin 1. These findings provide insight into immune-therapeutic modulation for CRC patients and highlight the potential of PDT in overcoming immune evasion and enhancing antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Lee
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.L.); (J.-G.C.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Jang-Gi Choi
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.L.); (J.-G.C.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Jung Ho Han
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.L.); (J.-G.C.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Yong-Wan Kim
- Dongsung Cancer Center, Dongsung Biopharmaceutical, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea; (Y.-W.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Junmo Lim
- Dongsung Cancer Center, Dongsung Biopharmaceutical, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea; (Y.-W.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Hwan-Suck Chung
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.L.); (J.-G.C.); (J.H.H.)
- Korean Convergence Medical Science Major, University of Science and Technology (UST), KIOM Campus, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
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11
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Jia J, Li H, Huang Z, Yu J, Zheng Y, Cao B. Comprehensive immune landscape of lung-resident memory CD8 + T cells after influenza infection and reinfection in a mouse model. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1184884. [PMID: 37415817 PMCID: PMC10320391 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1184884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Resident phenotypic memory CD8+ T cells are crucial for immune defense against pathogens. However, little is known about the potential transitions and regulation mechanisms of their function after influenza virus infection and reinfection. In this study, we utilized integrated transcriptome data and in vivo experiments to investigate the key characteristics behind it. Methods Two single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets of lung CD8+ T cells and one RNA-seq dataset of lung tissue after infection or reinfection were included. After Seurat procedures classifying CD8+ T subsets, the scCODE algorithm was used to identify the differentially expressed genes for GSVA, GO, and KEGG pathway enrichment. Monocle 3 and CellChat were used to infer pseudotime cell trajectory and cell interactions. The ssGSEA method was used to estimate the relative proportions of immune cells. The findings were confirmed with a mouse model via flow cytometry and RT-PCR analysis. Results Our study refined the landscape of CD8+ T-cell subsets in the lung, showing that CD8+ Trm cells accumulated in the lung within 14 days after influenza infection. The classical CD8+ Trm cells co-expressed a high level of CD49a and even maintained 90 days after primary infection. The ratio of CD8+ Trm cells decreased 1 day after influenza reinfection, which may be parallel with their potential transition into effector types, as observed in trajectory inference analysis. KEGG analysis suggested that PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway were upregulated in CD8+ Trm cells on day 14 after infection. GO and GSVA analyses revealed that PI3K-Akt-mTOR and type I interferon signaling pathways were enriched in CD8+ Tem and Trm cells after reinfection. Additionally, CCL signaling pathways were involved in cell interaction between CD8+ Trm cells and other cells, with Ccl4-Ccr5 and Ccl5-Ccr5 ligand/receptor pairs being important between CD8+ Trm and other memory subsets after infection and reinfection. Conclusion Our data suggest that resident memory CD8+ T cells with CD49a co-expression account for a large proportion after influenza infection, and they can be rapidly reactivated against reinfection. Function differences exist in CD8+ Trm and Tem cells after influenza infection and reinfection. Ccl5-Ccr5 ligand/receptor pair is important in cell interactions between CD8+ Trm and other subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Jia
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhisheng Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiapei Yu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Infections, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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12
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Eriksson M, Nylén S, Grönvik KO. T cell kinetics reveal expansion of distinct lung T cell subsets in acute versus in resolved influenza virus infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:949299. [PMID: 36275685 PMCID: PMC9582761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.949299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is restricted to airway-associated tissues and elicits both cellular and humoral responses ultimately resulting in generation of memory cells able to initiate a rapid immune response against re-infections. Resident memory T cells confer protection at the site of infection where lung-resident memory T cells are important for protecting the host against homologous and heterologous influenza virus infections. Mapping kinetics of local and systemic T cell memory formation is needed to better understand the role different T cells have in viral control and protection. After infecting BALB/c mice with influenza virus strain A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 H1N1 the main proportion of activated T cells and B cells expressing the early activation marker CD69 was detected in lungs and lung-draining mediastinal lymph nodes. Increased frequencies of activated cells were also observed in the peripheral lymphoid organs spleen, inguinal lymph nodes and mesenteric lymph nodes. Likewise, antigen-specific T cells were most abundant in lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes but present in all organs studied. CD8+CD103-CD49a+ lung-resident T cells expanded simultaneously with timing of viral clearance whereas CD8+CD103+CD49a+ lung-resident T cells was the most abundant subset after resolution of infection and antigen-specific, lung-resident T cells were detected up to seven months after infection. In conclusion, the results in this detailed kinetic study demonstrate that influenza virus infection elicits adaptive immune responses mainly in respiratory tract-associated tissues and that distinct subsets of lung-resident T cells expand at different time points during infection. These findings contribute to the understanding of the adaptive immune response locally and systemically following influenza virus infection and call for further studies on the roles of the lung-resident T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Eriksson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Malin Eriksson,
| | - Susanne Nylén
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Liu Z, Liao F, Zhu J, Zhou D, Heo GS, Leuhmann HP, Scozzi D, Parks A, Hachem R, Byers DE, Tague LK, Kulkarni HS, Cano M, Wong BW, Li W, Huang HJ, Krupnick AS, Kreisel D, Liu Y, Gelman AE. Reprogramming alveolar macrophage responses to TGF-β reveals CCR2+ monocyte activity that promotes bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:159229. [PMID: 36189800 PMCID: PMC9525120 DOI: 10.1172/jci159229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is a major impediment to lung transplant survival and is generally resistant to medical therapy. Extracorporeal photophoresis (ECP) is an immunomodulatory therapy that shows promise in stabilizing BOS patients, but its mechanisms of action are unclear. In a mouse lung transplant model, we show that ECP blunts alloimmune responses and inhibits BOS through lowering airway TGF-β bioavailability without altering its expression. Surprisingly, ECP-treated leukocytes were primarily engulfed by alveolar macrophages (AMs), which were reprogrammed to become less responsive to TGF-β and reduce TGF-β bioavailability through secretion of the TGF-β antagonist decorin. In untreated recipients, high airway TGF-β activity stimulated AMs to express CCL2, leading to CCR2+ monocyte-driven BOS development. Moreover, we found TGF-β receptor 2-dependent differentiation of CCR2+ monocytes was required for the generation of monocyte-derived AMs, which in turn promoted BOS by expanding tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells that inflicted airway injury through Blimp-1-mediated granzyme B expression. Thus, through studying the effects of ECP, we have identified an AM functional plasticity that controls a TGF-β-dependent network that couples CCR2+ monocyte recruitment and differentiation to alloimmunity and BOS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ramsey Hachem
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Derek E. Byers
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laneshia K. Tague
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hrishikesh S. Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marlene Cano
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Howard J. Huang
- Houston Methodist J.C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander S. Krupnick
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Department of Surgery
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Houston Methodist J.C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew E. Gelman
- Department of Surgery
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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14
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Janssens Y, Joye J, Waerlop G, Clement F, Leroux-Roels G, Leroux-Roels I. The role of cell-mediated immunity against influenza and its implications for vaccine evaluation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:959379. [PMID: 36052083 PMCID: PMC9424642 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.959379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccines remain the most effective tools to prevent flu and its complications. Trivalent or quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines primarily elicit antibodies towards haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. These vaccines fail to induce high protective efficacy, in particular in older adults and immunocompromised individuals and require annual updates to keep up with evolving influenza strains (antigenic drift). Vaccine efficacy declines when there is a mismatch between its content and circulating strains. Current correlates of protection are merely based on serological parameters determined by haemagglutination inhibition or single radial haemolysis assays. However, there is ample evidence showing that these serological correlates of protection can both over- or underestimate the protective efficacy of influenza vaccines. Next-generation universal influenza vaccines that induce cross-reactive cellular immune responses (CD4+ and/or CD8+ T-cell responses) against conserved epitopes may overcome some of the shortcomings of the current inactivated vaccines by eliciting broader protection that lasts for several influenza seasons and potentially enhances pandemic preparedness. Assessment of cellular immune responses in clinical trials that evaluate the immunogenicity of these new generation vaccines is thus of utmost importance. Moreover, studies are needed to examine whether these cross-reactive cellular immune responses can be considered as new or complementary correlates of protection in the evaluation of traditional and next-generation influenza vaccines. An overview of the assays that can be applied to measure cell-mediated immune responses to influenza with their strengths and weaknesses is provided here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorick Janssens
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jasper Joye
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gwenn Waerlop
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Clement
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Isabel Leroux-Roels,
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15
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Varese A, Nakawesi J, Farias A, Kirsebom FCM, Paulsen M, Nuriev R, Johansson C. Type I interferons and MAVS signaling are necessary for tissue resident memory CD8+ T cell responses to RSV infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010272. [PMID: 35108347 PMCID: PMC8843175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia in young children and the elderly. Lack of vaccines and recurrence of RSV infection indicate the difficulty in eliciting protective memory immune responses. Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) can confer protection from pathogen re-infection and, in human experimental RSV infection, the presence of lung CD8+ TRM cells correlates with a better outcome. However, the requirements for generating and maintaining lung TRM cells during RSV infection are not fully understood. Here, we use mouse models to assess the impact of innate immune response determinants in the generation and subsequent expansion of the TRM cell pool during RSV infection. We show that CD8+ TRM cells expand independently from systemic CD8+ T cells after RSV re-infection. Re-infected MAVS and MyD88/TRIF deficient mice, lacking key components involved in innate immune recognition of RSV and induction of type I interferons (IFN-α/β), display impaired expansion of CD8+ TRM cells and reduction in antigen specific production of granzyme B and IFN-γ. IFN-α treatment of MAVS deficient mice during primary RSV infection restored TRM cell expansion upon re-challenge but failed to recover TRM cell functionality. Our data reveal how innate immunity, including the axis controlling type I IFN induction, instructs and regulates CD8+ TRM cell responses to RSV infection, suggesting possible mechanisms for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Varese
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary’s campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Nakawesi
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary’s campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Farias
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary’s campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Freja C. M. Kirsebom
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary’s campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Paulsen
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary’s campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rinat Nuriev
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary’s campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Johansson
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary’s campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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