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Gillot C, Tré-Hardy M, Cupaiolo R, Blairon L, Wilmet A, Beukinga I, Dogné JM, Douxfils J, Favresse J. Assessment of the neutralizing antibody response in Omicron breakthrough cases in healthcare workers who received the homologous booster of Moderna mRNA-1273. Virology 2024; 595:110082. [PMID: 38636363 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 were developed during the pandemic including the BNT162b2 and the mRNA-1273. We evaluated the levels of binding antibodies against the receptor binding domain and the levels of NAbs in individuals who developed a breakthrough infection after having received three doses of mRNA-1273. A total of 51 participants were included. The breakthrough group was compared to a 1:1 matched-control group. Among the 51 individuals, 18 (35%) developed a breakthrough infection. The GMT of NAbs against the BA.1 in the BK population was 278.1 (95%CI: 168.1-324.1). This titer was significantly lower compared to the matched-control group when considering all data (GMT = 477.4; 95%CI: 316.2-541.0; p = 0.0057). Results were similar for the BA.5 (GMT = 152.0 (95%CI: 76.9-172.9) for breakthrough and 262.0 (95%CI: 171.3-301.8) for control (p = 0.0043)). Our study found that individuals receiving the mRNA-1273 booster and who developed a breakthrough infection presented lower levels of binding antibodies and NAbs before the infection as compared to a matched-control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constant Gillot
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Marie Tré-Hardy
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hopital Iris Sud, Brussels, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roberto Cupaiolo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hopital Iris Sud, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Blairon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hopital Iris Sud, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alain Wilmet
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hopital Iris Sud, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Beukinga
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hopital Iris Sud, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Dogné
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Douxfils
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium; Qualiblood s.a., Research and Development Department, Namur, Belgium.
| | - Julien Favresse
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, Namur, Belgium
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2
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Vanetti C, Stracuzzi M, Crivellaro E, Ciciliano F, Garziano M, Fenizia C, Biasin M, Rubinacci V, Amendola A, Tanzi E, Zuccotti GV, Clerici M, Giacomet V, Trabattoni D. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in HIV-vertically infected young patients after three doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1301766. [PMID: 38250079 PMCID: PMC10797701 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1301766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Data on the efficacy of three SARS-CoV-2 mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine doses and the role of previous SARS-CoV-2-infection in enhancing vaccine immunogenicity in HIV-vertically-infected people living with HIV (PLWH) are limited, as is the duration of vaccine-induced responses. Methods SARS-CoV-2 plasma neutralizing activity (NA) against the European (B.1), Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) were analyzed in 29 ART-treated young PLWH (mean age 27.9 years) and 30 healthy controls (HC) who received three BNT162b2 vaccine doses. Individuals were stratified based on the presence/absence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (infected and vaccinated -SIV-; uninfected and vaccinated -SV-). Analyses were performed before vaccination (T0), 25 days from the second dose (T1), the day the third dose was administered (T2), and 3 months after the third dose (T3). Results In PLWH: i) NA against all variants was higher in SIV compared to SV at T2 and was increased at T3; ii) switched-memory plasmablasts were augmented in SIV alone at T2 and T3; iii) a SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell memory was generated; iv) IFN-γ-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were boosted at T3 mainly in SV. CMI magnitude was reduced in PLWH compared to HC. Notably, after the third dose of vaccine viremia was unmodified, but CD4 T cell counts were reduced>20% in 3/29 PHLW. Conclusion A third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine induces strong humoral and CMI responses in young ART-treated PLWH independently from a previous SARS-CoV-2 natural infection. The lower magnitude of CMI responses should be considered when planning mRNA vaccine booster doses in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vanetti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Stracuzzi
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Ospedale L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Crivellaro
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Ospedale L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Ciciliano
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Micaela Garziano
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Rubinacci
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Ospedale L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Tanzi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Vania Giacomet
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Ospedale L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Binayke A, Zaheer A, Vishwakarma S, Singh S, Sharma P, Chandwaskar R, Gosain M, Raghavan S, Murugesan DR, Kshetrapal P, Thiruvengadam R, Bhatnagar S, Pandey AK, Garg PK, Awasthi A. A quest for universal anti-SARS-CoV-2 T cell assay: systematic review, meta-analysis, and experimental validation. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:3. [PMID: 38167915 PMCID: PMC10762233 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Measuring SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses is crucial to understanding an individual's immunity to COVID-19. However, high inter- and intra-assay variability make it difficult to define T cells as a correlate of protection against COVID-19. To address this, we performed systematic review and meta-analysis of 495 datasets from 94 original articles evaluating SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses using three assays - Activation Induced Marker (AIM), Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS), and Enzyme-Linked Immunospot (ELISPOT), and defined each assay's quantitative range. We validated these ranges using samples from 193 SARS-CoV-2-exposed individuals. Although IFNγ ELISPOT was the preferred assay, our experimental validation suggested that it under-represented the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell repertoire. Our data indicate that a combination of AIM and ICS or FluoroSpot assay would better represent the frequency, polyfunctionality, and compartmentalization of the antigen-specific T cell responses. Taken together, our results contribute to defining the ranges of antigen-specific T cell assays and propose a choice of assay that can be employed to better understand the cellular immune response against viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Binayke
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Aymaan Zaheer
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Siddhesh Vishwakarma
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Savita Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Rucha Chandwaskar
- Department of Microbiology, AMITY University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Mudita Gosain
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | | | | | - Ramachandran Thiruvengadam
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | | | | | - Pramod Kumar Garg
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.
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4
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Rodríguez-Prieto M, Modino-García F, de la Arada-Benavides C, de la Puente R, Carvajal A, Rodríguez-Cabañeros I, de Prado-Santos C, de Mota-Luna B, Fernández-Villa T, Fernández-Váquez JP, Martín V. Immunogenicity of BNT162b2 vaccine after two and three doses in health personnel and institutionalized elderly people not infected with SARS-CoV-2. Semergen 2024; 50:102092. [PMID: 37832164 DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2023.102092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our research was to compare the evolution of the immune response induced by the BNT162b2 vaccine after the administration of two and three doses in healthcare personnel and in institutionalized elderly people (>65 years of age) without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS A prospective observational study was carried out on a convenience sample made up of health workers and institutionalized elderly people, measuring antibodies against S and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2 two and six months after receiving the second vaccine dose, as well as two months after receiving the third dose. RESULTS A significant reduction of the anti-S humoral immune response was reported six months after the second dose of vaccine in both health workers and residents. The administration of a third dose of vaccine induced a significant increase in this antibody response in both investigated groups reaching a similar proportion of responders two months after this third dose. CONCLUSIONS Humoral immunity induced by two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine in persons without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection wanes over time. The administration of a third dose significantly increases anti-S antibodies being highly recommended, especially in people over 65 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rodríguez-Prieto
- SACYL, Centro de Salud La Palomera, Avda. San Juan de Sahagún S/N, 24007 León, Spain
| | - F Modino-García
- SACYL, Centro de Salud La Palomera, Avda. San Juan de Sahagún S/N, 24007 León, Spain
| | | | - R de la Puente
- Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain
| | - A Carvajal
- Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - I Rodríguez-Cabañeros
- SACYL, Centro de Salud La Bañeza, C/Doctor Fleming S/N, 24750 La Bañeza, León, Spain
| | - C de Prado-Santos
- SACYL, Centro de Salud La Bañeza, C/Doctor Fleming S/N, 24750 La Bañeza, León, Spain
| | - B de Mota-Luna
- SACYL, Centro de Salud La Bañeza, C/Doctor Fleming S/N, 24750 La Bañeza, León, Spain
| | - T Fernández-Villa
- Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071 León, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Interacción Gen-Ambiente y Salud (GIIGAS) / Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)>, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - V Martín
- Grupo de Investigación en Interacción Gen-Ambiente y Salud (GIIGAS) / Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)>, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Mahdi S, Joudeh AI, Raman KS, Faqih SA, Alhatou MI, Wadiwala MF, Akhtar M, Lutf AQA. New-onset severe eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis following the third dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: A case report. Mod Rheumatol Case Rep 2023; 8:153-158. [PMID: 37525576 DOI: 10.1093/mrcr/rxad043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a complex multifactorial disease that results in multisystemic inflammation of the small- and medium-sized arteries. The exact pathogenesis of this syndrome is poorly understood, but it is postulated to result from a combination of eosinophilic dysfunction, genetic predisposition, and the development of autoantibodies after exposure to an unknown stimulus. We describe a case of new-onset EGPA following the third dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine in an infection-naive middle-aged man with a background history of allergic respiratory symptoms. The patient developed acute onset of mononeuritis multiplex, pauci-immune glomerulonephritis, and leucocytoclastic vasculitis 10 days after receiving the booster dose. His laboratory markers including eosinophil count, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, and renal function tests improved markedly after the initiation of pulse steroid therapy and rituximab infusion. However, his peripheral muscle weakness and neuropathic pain did not respond to the initial therapy but improved later with intravenous cyclophosphamide and intravenous immunoglobulin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fourth case report of post-coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination precipitation of EGPA. All reported cases including our report were in patients with previous allergic manifestations who received mRNA-based coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines, and all the patients developed mononeuritis multiplex at presentation. Despite the few reported cases of post-vaccination autoimmune phenomena, the temporal association between vaccination administration and disease onset does not indicate causality, given the mass vaccination programmes employed. However, the novel use of the mRNA platform in vaccine delivery necessitates vigilant monitoring by the scientific committee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Mahdi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Al-Khor Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anwar I Joudeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Al-Khor Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Samia Ait Faqih
- Department of Nephrology, Al-Khor Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Mohammed Akhtar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdo Qaid Ahmed Lutf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Al-Khor Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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6
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Wang L, Nicols A, Turtle L, Richter A, Duncan CJA, Dunachie SJ, Klenerman P, Payne RP. T cell immune memory after covid-19 and vaccination. BMJ MEDICINE 2023; 2:e000468. [PMID: 38027416 PMCID: PMC10668147 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The T cell memory response is a crucial component of adaptive immunity responsible for limiting or preventing viral reinfection. T cell memory after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or vaccination is broad, and spans multiple viral proteins and epitopes, about 20 in each individual. So far the T cell memory response is long lasting and provides a high level of cross reactivity and hence resistance to viral escape by variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, such as the omicron variant. All current vaccine regimens tested produce robust T cell memory responses, and heterologous regimens will probably enhance protective responses through increased breadth. T cell memory could have a major role in protecting against severe covid-19 disease through rapid viral clearance and early presentation of epitopes, and the presence of cross reactive T cells might enhance this protection. T cell memory is likely to provide ongoing protection against admission to hospital and death, and the development of a pan-coronovirus vaccine might future proof against new pandemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alex Nicols
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alex Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher JA Duncan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Susanna J Dunachie
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University Faculty of Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca P Payne
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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7
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Neale I, Ali M, Kronsteiner B, Longet S, Abraham P, Deeks AS, Brown A, Moore SC, Stafford L, Dobson SL, Plowright M, Newman TAH, Wu MY, Carr EJ, Beale R, Otter AD, Hopkins S, Hall V, Tomic A, Payne RP, Barnes E, Richter A, Duncan CJA, Turtle L, de Silva TI, Carroll M, Lambe T, Klenerman P, Dunachie S. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and antibodies are associated with protection against Delta vaccine breakthrough infection: a nested case-control study within the PITCH study. mBio 2023; 14:e0121223. [PMID: 37655880 PMCID: PMC10653804 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01212-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Defining correlates of protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine breakthrough infection informs vaccine policy for booster doses and future vaccine designs. Existing studies demonstrate humoral correlates of protection, but the role of T cells in protection is still unclear. In this study, we explore antibody and T cell immune responses associated with protection against Delta variant vaccine breakthrough infection in a well-characterized cohort of UK Healthcare Workers (HCWs). We demonstrate evidence to support a role for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as antibodies against Delta vaccine breakthrough infection. In addition, our results suggest a potential role for cross-reactive T cells in vaccine breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Neale
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Barbara Kronsteiner
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Priyanka Abraham
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra S. Deeks
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Brown
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shona C. Moore
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lizzie Stafford
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susan L. Dobson
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Plowright
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. H. Newman
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Y. Wu
- Covid Surveillance Unit, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Crick COVID Immunity Pipeline
- Covid Surveillance Unit, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rupert Beale
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Adriana Tomic
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca P. Payne
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. A. Duncan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Thushan I. de Silva
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - On behalf of the PITCH Consortium
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Covid Surveillance Unit, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, United Kingdom
- UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, United Kingdom
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Tani N, Ikematsu H, Goto T, Kondo S, Gondo K, Fujiyoshi N, Minami J, Harada Y, Nagano S, Horiuchi T, Kuwano H, Akashi K, Shimono N, Chong Y. Correlation between specific antibody response to wild-type BNT162b2 booster and the risk of breakthrough infection with omicron variants: Impact of household exposure in hospital healthcare workers. Vaccine 2023; 41:6672-6678. [PMID: 37775465 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of omicron variants exhibiting antigenic changes has led to an increase in breakthrough infection among individuals with a wild-type SARS-CoV-2 vaccine booster. The correlation between post-booster spike-specific antibodies and omicron infection risk remains unclear. METHODS This prospective cohort study included SARS-CoV-2-naive healthcare workers with three-dose BNT162b2. Post-booster spike-specific IgG and interferon-γ levels were measured. Breakthrough infection was documented during a 10-month omicron-predominant period. Household and healthcare contacts were followed to identify subsequent infections. The IgG titers were additionally measured at the end of follow-up, and the titers at exposure were estimated from the two-point titers. RESULTS Of 333 participants, 89 developed infection, of whom 37 (41.6 %) were household contacts. Kaplan-Meier curves indicated that higher IgG titers were significantly correlated with lower cumulative infection incidence (p = 0.029), whereas the interferon-γ levels were not (p = 0.926). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that increasing IgG titers were associated with a reduced hazard ratio (HR) of 0.26 (95% CI, 0.12-0.55). Household exposure posed a greater infection risk than healthcare exposure (HRs, 11.24 [6.88-18.40] vs. 2.82 [1.37-5.44]). The difference in geometric mean IgG titers of infected and uninfected participants was significant among household contacts (20,244 AU/mL vs. 13,842 AU/mL, p = 0.031). Estimation of IgG titers at exposure showed a significantly higher infection incidence in those exposed with titers of <3,000 AU/mL than in those with higher titers (79.2 % vs. 32.3 %, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Spike-specific antibodies induced by a wild-type SARS-CoV-2 vaccine booster are suggested to be effective in protecting against omicron infection. Household exposure would be a significant source of infection for hospital healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tani
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | - Takeyuki Goto
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Satoko Kondo
- Department of Nursing, Fukuoka City Hospital, Fukuoka 812-0046, Japan
| | - Kei Gondo
- Clinical Laboratory, Fukuoka City Hospital, Fukuoka 812-0046, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujiyoshi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fukuoka City Hospital, Fukuoka 812-0046, Japan
| | - Junya Minami
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fukuoka City Hospital, Fukuoka 812-0046, Japan
| | - Yukiko Harada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fukuoka City Hospital, Fukuoka 812-0046, Japan
| | - Sukehisa Nagano
- Department of Neurology, Fukuoka City Hospital, Fukuoka 812-0046, Japan
| | | | | | - Koichi Akashi
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shimono
- Center for the Study of Global Infection, Kyushu University Hospital, 812-8582 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yong Chong
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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9
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Čiučiulkaitė I, Siffert W, Elsner C, Dittmer U, Wichert M, Wagner B, Volbracht L, Mosel F, Möhlendick B. Influence of the Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms rs12252 and rs34481144 in IFITM3 on the Antibody Response after Vaccination against COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1257. [PMID: 37515072 PMCID: PMC10384856 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 mRNA vaccine is the first mRNA vaccine approved for human administration by both the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency. Studies have shown that the immune response and the decay of immunity after vaccination with the COVID-19 vaccines are variable within a population. Host genetic factors probably contribute to this variability. In this study, we investigated the effect of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs12252 and rs34481144 in the interferon-induced transmembrane protein (IFITM) 3 gene on the humoral immune response after vaccination against COVID-19 with mRNA vaccines. Blood samples were collected from 1893 healthcare workers and medical students at multiple time points post-vaccination and antibody titers against the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein receptor binding domain were determined at all time points. All participants were genotyped for the rs34481144 and rs12252 polymorphisms in the IFITM3 gene. After the second and third vaccinations, antibody titer levels increased at one month and decreased at six months (p < 0.0001) and were higher after the booster vaccination than after the basic immunization (p < 0.0001). Participants vaccinated with mRNA-1273 had a higher humoral immune response than participants vaccinated with BNT162b2. rs12252 had no effect on the antibody response. In contrast, carriers of the GG genotype in rs34481144 vaccinated with BNT162b2 had a lower humoral immune response compared to A allele carriers, which reached statistical significance on the day of the second vaccination (p = 0.03) and one month after the second vaccination (p = 0.04). Further studies on the influence of rs12252 and rs34481144 on the humoral immune response after vaccination against COVID-19 are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Čiučiulkaitė
- Institute of Pharmacogenetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Winfried Siffert
- Institute of Pharmacogenetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Carina Elsner
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Marc Wichert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wagner
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Lothar Volbracht
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Frank Mosel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Birte Möhlendick
- Institute of Pharmacogenetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
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10
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Souan L, Abdel-Razeq H, Al Zughbieh M, Al Badr S, Sughayer MA. Comparative Assessment of the Kinetics of Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccination in Cancer Patients. Viruses 2023; 15:1439. [PMID: 37515127 PMCID: PMC10383486 DOI: 10.3390/v15071439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The kinetics of immune responses to various SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in cancer patients were investigated. METHODS In total, 57 cancer patients who received BNT162b2-RNA or BBIBP-CorV vaccines were enrolled. Cellular and humoral immunity were assessed at three-time points, before the first vaccine dose and 14-21 days after the first and second doses. Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay was used to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG response, and QuantiFERON® SARS-CoV-2 kit assessed T-cell response. RESULTS Data showed that cancer patients' CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-median IFN-γ secretion of SARS-CoV-2 antigens increased after the first and second vaccine doses (p = 0.027 and p = 0.042). BNT162b2 vaccinees had significantly higher IFN-γ levels to CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes than BBIBP-CorV vaccinees (p = 0.028). There was a positive correlation between IgG antibody titer and T cell response regardless of vaccine type (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study is one of the first to investigate cellular and humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 immunization in cancer patients on active therapy after each vaccine dose. COVID-19 immunizations helped cancer patients develop an effective immune response. Understanding the cellular and humoral immune response to COVID-19 in cancer patients undergoing active treatment is necessary to improve vaccines and avoid future SARS pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Souan
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan
| | | | - Muna Al Zughbieh
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan
| | - Sara Al Badr
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan
| | - Maher A Sughayer
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan
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11
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Petrone L, Sette A, de Vries RD, Goletti D. The Importance of Measuring SARS-CoV-2-Specific T-Cell Responses in an Ongoing Pandemic. Pathogens 2023; 12:862. [PMID: 37513709 PMCID: PMC10385870 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies are considered a correlate of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19, although they are not the only contributing factor to immunity: T-cell responses are considered important in protecting against severe COVID-19 and contributing to the success of vaccination effort. T-cell responses after vaccination largely mirror those of natural infection in magnitude and functional capacity, but not in breadth, as T-cells induced by vaccination exclusively target the surface spike glycoprotein. T-cell responses offer a long-lived line of defense and, unlike humoral responses, largely retain reactivity against the SARS-CoV-2 variants. Given the increasingly recognized role of T-cell responses in protection against severe COVID-19, the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants, and the potential implementation of novel vaccines, it becomes imperative to continuously monitor T-cell responses. In addition to "classical" T-cell assays requiring the isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, simple whole-blood-based interferon-γ release assays have a potential role in routine T-cell response monitoring. These assays could be particularly useful for immunocompromised people and other clinically vulnerable populations, where interactions between cellular and humoral immunity are complex. As we continue to live alongside COVID-19, the importance of considering immunity as a whole, incorporating both humoral and cellular responses, is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Petrone
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rory D. de Vries
- Department Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy;
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12
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Evaluation of T cell responses with the QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 assay in individuals with 3 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 infection, or hybrid immunity. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 106:115948. [PMID: 37094435 PMCID: PMC10060202 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.115948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection or immunization may be important for long-lasting protection against severe COVID-19 disease. We investigated cellular immune responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination with an interferon-γ release assay (QuantiFERON, QFN), in parallel, with humoral immunity assessment. We recruited 41 participants: unvaccinated convalescent children and adults and vaccinated uninfected or vaccinated convalescent adults. All vaccinated adults had received three doses of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine at 6.2-10.9 months prior to their inclusion to the study. All the unvaccinated participants were tested negative with QFN. Regarding the vaccinated population, 50%(8/16) of the vaccinated uninfected adults and 57.1%(8/14) of the vaccinated convalescent adults were tested positive. QFN did not detect T cellular responses in unvaccinated individuals and in a significant number of vaccinated individuals. Further comparative studies with different immunoassays are required to elucidate whether this is the result of waning immunity or low sensitivity of the assay.
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13
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Fu JYL, Pukhari MH, Bador MK, Sam IC, Chan YF. Humoral and T Cell Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2 after Primary and Homologous or Heterologous Booster Vaccinations and Breakthrough Infection: A Longitudinal Cohort Study in Malaysia. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040844. [PMID: 37112825 PMCID: PMC10146761 DOI: 10.3390/v15040844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 could be compromised by the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and it is important to study how it impacts the booster vaccination regime. We investigated the humoral and T cell responses longitudinally in vaccinated uninfected (n = 25) and post-COVID-19 individuals (n = 8), and those who had received a BNT162b2 booster following complete two-doses regimes of either BNT162b2 (homologous) (n = 14) or ChAdOx1-S (heterologous) (n = 15) vaccines, by means of a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus neutralization test and QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 assay. Vaccinated post-COVID-19 individuals showed higher neutralizing antibodies with longer durability against SARS-CoV-2 wild type (WT) and Omicron spikes, but demonstrated similar declining T cell responses compared to the uninfected vaccinated. Two doses of BNT162b2 induced higher neutralizing antibodies against WT and T cell responses than ChAdOx1-S for six months. The BNT162b2 booster confers a greater humoral response against WT, but a similar cross-neutralizing antibody against Omicron and T cell responses in the homologous booster group compared to the heterologous booster group. Breakthrough infection in the homologous booster group (n = 11) significantly increased the neutralizing antibody, but T cell responses remained low. Our data may impact government public health policy regarding the administration of mix-and-match vaccines, where both vaccination regimes can be employed should there be shortages of certain vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene Yin Ling Fu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (J.Y.L.F.); (M.H.P.); (M.K.B.); (I.-C.S.)
| | - Muhammad Harith Pukhari
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (J.Y.L.F.); (M.H.P.); (M.K.B.); (I.-C.S.)
| | - Maria Kahar Bador
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (J.Y.L.F.); (M.H.P.); (M.K.B.); (I.-C.S.)
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (J.Y.L.F.); (M.H.P.); (M.K.B.); (I.-C.S.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 59100, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (J.Y.L.F.); (M.H.P.); (M.K.B.); (I.-C.S.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Gattinger P, Ohradanova-Repic A, Valenta R. Importance, Applications and Features of Assays Measuring SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065352. [PMID: 36982424 PMCID: PMC10048970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
More than three years ago, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the unforeseen COVID-19 pandemic with millions of deaths. In the meantime, SARS-CoV-2 has become endemic and is now part of the repertoire of viruses causing seasonal severe respiratory infections. Due to several factors, among them the development of SARS-CoV-2 immunity through natural infection, vaccination and the current dominance of seemingly less pathogenic strains belonging to the omicron lineage, the COVID-19 situation has stabilized. However, several challenges remain and the possible new occurrence of highly pathogenic variants remains a threat. Here we review the development, features and importance of assays measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). In particular we focus on in vitro infection assays and molecular interaction assays studying the binding of the receptor binding domain (RBD) with its cognate cellular receptor ACE2. These assays, but not the measurement of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies per se, can inform us of whether antibodies produced by convalescent or vaccinated subjects may protect against the infection and thus have the potential to predict the risk of becoming newly infected. This information is extremely important given the fact that a considerable number of subjects, in particular vulnerable persons, respond poorly to the vaccination with the production of neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, these assays allow to determine and evaluate the virus-neutralizing capacity of antibodies induced by vaccines and administration of plasma-, immunoglobulin preparations, monoclonal antibodies, ACE2 variants or synthetic compounds to be used for therapy of COVID-19 and assist in the preclinical evaluation of vaccines. Both types of assays can be relatively quickly adapted to newly emerging virus variants to inform us about the magnitude of cross-neutralization, which may even allow us to estimate the risk of becoming infected by newly appearing virus variants. Given the paramount importance of the infection and interaction assays we discuss their specific features, possible advantages and disadvantages, technical aspects and not yet fully resolved issues, such as cut-off levels predicting the degree of in vivo protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Gattinger
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Ohradanova-Repic
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115478 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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15
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Almendro-Vázquez P, Laguna-Goya R, Paz-Artal E. Defending against SARS-CoV-2: The T cell perspective. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107803. [PMID: 36776863 PMCID: PMC9911802 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response has been proven essential for viral clearance, COVID-19 outcome and long-term memory. Impaired early T cell-driven immunity leads to a severe form of the disease associated with lymphopenia, hyperinflammation and imbalanced humoral response. Analyses of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection have revealed that mild COVID-19 course is characterized by an early induction of specific T cells within the first 7 days of symptoms, coordinately followed by antibody production for an effective control of viral infection. In contrast, patients who do not develop an early specific cellular response and initiate a humoral immune response with subsequent production of high levels of antibodies, develop severe symptoms. Yet, delayed and persistent bystander CD8+ T cell activation has been also reported in hospitalized patients and could be a driver of lung pathology. Literature supports that long-term maintenance of T cell response appears more stable than antibody titters. Up to date, virus-specific T cell memory has been detected 22 months post-symptom onset, with a predominant IL-2 memory response compared to IFN-γ. Furthermore, T cell responses are conserved against the emerging variants of concern (VoCs) while these variants are mostly able to evade humoral responses. This could be partly explained by the high HLA polymorphism whereby the viral epitope repertoire recognized could differ among individuals, greatly decreasing the likelihood of immune escape. Current COVID-19-vaccination has been shown to elicit Th1-driven spike-specific T cell response, as does natural infection, which provides substantial protection against severe COVID-19 and death. In addition, mucosal vaccination has been reported to induce strong adaptive responses both locally and systemically and to protect against VoCs in animal models. The optimization of vaccine formulations by including a variety of viral regions, innovative adjuvants or diverse administration routes could result in a desirable enhanced cellular response and memory, and help to prevent breakthrough infections. In summary, the increasing evidence highlights the relevance of monitoring SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular immune response, and not only antibody levels, as a correlate for protection after infection and/or vaccination. Moreover, it may help to better identify target populations that could benefit most from booster doses and to personalize vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Almendro-Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Laguna-Goya
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Maaske J, Sproule S, Falsey AR, Sobieszczyk ME, Luetkemeyer AF, Paulsen GC, Riddler SA, Robb ML, Rolle CP, Sha BE, Tong T, Ahani B, Aksyuk AA, Bansal H, Egan T, Jepson B, Padilla M, Patel N, Shoemaker K, Stanley AM, Swanson PA, Wilkins D, Villafana T, Green JA, Kelly EJ. Robust humoral and cellular recall responses to AZD1222 attenuate breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to unvaccinated. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1062067. [PMID: 36713413 PMCID: PMC9881590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1062067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breakthrough severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinees typically produces milder disease than infection in unvaccinated individuals. Methods To explore disease attenuation, we examined COVID-19 symptom burden and immuno-virologic responses to symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in participants (AZD1222: n=177/17,617; placebo: n=203/8,528) from a 2:1 randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study of two-dose primary series AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) vaccination (NCT04516746). Results We observed that AZD1222 vaccinees had an overall lower incidence and shorter duration of COVID-19 symptoms compared with placebo recipients, as well as lower SARS-CoV-2 viral loads and a shorter median duration of viral shedding in saliva. Vaccinees demonstrated a robust antibody recall response versus placebo recipients with low-to-moderate inverse correlations with virologic endpoints. Vaccinees also demonstrated an enriched polyfunctional spike-specific Th-1-biased CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell response that was associated with strong inverse correlations with virologic endpoints. Conclusion Robust immune responses following AZD1222 vaccination attenuate COVID-19 disease severity and restrict SARS-CoV-2 transmission potential by reducing viral loads and the duration of viral shedding in saliva. Collectively, these analyses underscore the essential role of vaccination in mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Maaske
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Stephanie Sproule
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Ann R. Falsey
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
- Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York-Presbyterian Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anne F. Luetkemeyer
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Grant C. Paulsen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sharon A. Riddler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | - Beverly E. Sha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tina Tong
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bahar Ahani
- Bioinformatics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Anastasia A. Aksyuk
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Himanshu Bansal
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Timothy Egan
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Brett Jepson
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Marcelino Padilla
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Nirmeshkumar Patel
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Kathryn Shoemaker
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Ann Marie Stanley
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Phillip A. Swanson
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Deidre Wilkins
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Tonya Villafana
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Justin A. Green
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J. Kelly
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
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Zhang L, Yang J, Lai C, Wan L, Xiong S, Kong W, Liu Z, Yu P, Chen M, Mai W, Khan SA, Deng M, Chen L, Lei Y, Zhou Q, Yu N, Li P, Chen Z, Ji T. Immunity against Delta and Omicron variants elicited by homologous inactivated vaccine booster in kidney transplant recipients. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1042784. [PMID: 36700230 PMCID: PMC9868555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A third mRNA vaccine booster is recommended to improve immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). However, the immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Ancestral strain and Delta and Omicron variants elicited by the third dose of inactivated booster vaccine in KTRs remains unknown. Methods The blood parameters related to blood cells count, hepatic function, kidney function, heart injury and immunity were explored clinically from laboratory examinations. SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody IgG titer was detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cellular immunity was analyzed using interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Results The results showed that there were no severe adverse effects and apparent changes of clinical laboratory biomarkers in KTRs and healthy volunteers (HVs) after homologous inactivated vaccine booster. A third dose of inactivated vaccine booster significantly increased anti-Ancestral-spike-trimer-IgG and anti-Ancestral-receptor binding domain (RBD)-IgG titers in KTRs and HVs compared with the second vaccination. However, the anti-Delta-RBD-IgG and anti-Omicron-RBD-IgG titers were significantly lower than anti-Ancestral-RBD-IgG titer in KTRs and HVs after the third dose. Notably, only 25.6% (10/39) and 10.3% (4/39) of KTRs had seropositivity for anti-Delta-RBD-IgG and anti-Omicron-RBD-IgG after booster, which were significantly lower than HVs (anti-Delta-RBD-IgG: 100%, anti-Omicron-RBD-IgG: 77.8%). Ancestral strain nucleocapsid protein and spike specific T cell frequency after booster was not significantly increased in KTRs compared with the second dose, significantly lower than that in HVs. Moreover, 33.3% (12/36), 14.3% (3/21) and 14.3% (3/21) of KTRs were positive for the Ancestral strain and Delta and Omicron spike-specific T cells, which were significantly lower than HVs (Ancestral: 80.8%, Delta: 53.8%, and Omicron: 57.7%). Conclusions A third dose of inactivated booster vaccine may significantly increase humoral immunity against the Ancestral strain in KTRs, while humoral and cellular immunity against the Delta and Omicron variants were still poor in KTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Kidney Transplant Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changchun Lai
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Wan
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shilong Xiong
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiya Kong
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijian Liu
- State Key Laboratories of Respiratory Diseases, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Yu
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingxiao Chen
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weikang Mai
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shahzad Akbar Khan
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Min Deng
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Yu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Tianxing Ji, ; Zheng Chen, ; Pingchao Li, ; Nan Yu,
| | - Pingchao Li
- State Key Laboratories of Respiratory Diseases, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Tianxing Ji, ; Zheng Chen, ; Pingchao Li, ; Nan Yu,
| | - Zheng Chen
- Kidney Transplant Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Tianxing Ji, ; Zheng Chen, ; Pingchao Li, ; Nan Yu,
| | - Tianxing Ji
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Tianxing Ji, ; Zheng Chen, ; Pingchao Li, ; Nan Yu,
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Lozano-Rodríguez R, Avendaño-Ortíz J, Terrón V, Montalbán-Hernández K, Casalvilla-Dueñas J, Bergón-Gutiérrez M, Mata-Martínez P, Martín-Quirós A, García-Garrido MÁ, del Balzo-Castillo Á, Peinado M, Gómez L, Llorente-Fernández I, Martín-Miguel G, Herrero-Benito C, López-Morejón L, Vela-Olmo C, Cubillos-Zapata C, López-Collazo E, del Fresno C. mRNA-1273 boost after BNT162b2 vaccination generates comparable SARS-CoV-2-specific functional responses in naïve and COVID-19-recovered individuals. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1136029. [PMID: 37153580 PMCID: PMC10160618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1136029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction COVID-19 vaccines based on mRNA have represented a revolution in the biomedical research field. The initial two-dose vaccination schedule generates potent humoral and cellular responses, with a massive protective effect against severe COVID-19 and death. Months after this vaccination, levels of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 waned, and this promoted the recommendation of a third vaccination dose. Methods We have performed an integral and longitudinal study of the immunological responses triggered by the booster mRNA-1273 vaccination, in a cohort of health workers previously vaccinated with two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine at University Hospital La Paz located in Madrid, Spain. Circulating humoral responses and SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular reactions, after ex vivo restimulation of both T and B cells (cytokines production, proliferation, class switching), have been analyzed. Importantly, all along these studies, the analyses have been performed comparing naïve and subjects recovered from COVID-19, addressing the influence of a previous infection by SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, as the injection of the third vaccination dose was contemporary to the rise of the Omicron BA.1 variant of concern, T- and B-cell-mediated cellular responses have been comparatively analyzed in response to this variant. Results All these analyses indicated that differential responses to vaccination due to a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection were balanced following the boost. The increase in circulating humoral responses due to this booster dropped after 6 months, whereas T-cell-mediated responses were more stable along the time. Finally, all the analyzed immunological features were dampened in response to the Omicron variant of concern, particularly late after the booster vaccination. Conclusion This work represents a follow-up longitudinal study for almost 1.5 years, analyzing in an integral manner the immunological responses triggered by the prime-boost mRNA-based vaccination schedule against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Lozano-Rodríguez
- The Innate Immune Response Group, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Avendaño-Ortíz
- The Innate Immune Response Group, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Terrón
- The Innate Immune Response Group, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karla Montalbán-Hernández
- The Innate Immune Response Group, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Casalvilla-Dueñas
- The Innate Immune Response Group, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Bergón-Gutiérrez
- The Innate Immune Response Group, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Mata-Martínez
- The Innate Immune Response Group, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martín-Quirós
- Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel García-Garrido
- Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro del Balzo-Castillo
- The Innate Immune Response Group, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Peinado
- Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Gómez
- Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gema Martín-Miguel
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Herrero-Benito
- Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Carolina Cubillos-Zapata
- The Innate Immune Response Group, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo López-Collazo
- The Innate Immune Response Group, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Eduardo López-Collazo, ; Carlos del Fresno,
| | - Carlos del Fresno
- The Innate Immune Response Group, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Eduardo López-Collazo, ; Carlos del Fresno,
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Early CD4 + T cell responses induced by the BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine predict immunological memory. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20376. [PMID: 36437407 PMCID: PMC9701808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24938-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal studies have revealed large interindividual differences in antibody responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. Thus, we performed a comprehensive analysis of adaptive immune responses induced by three doses of the BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. The responses of spike-specific CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and serum IgG, and the serum neutralization capacities induced by the two vaccines declined 6 months later. The 3rd dose increased serum spike IgG and neutralizing capacities against the wild-type and Omicron spikes to higher levels than the 2nd dose, and this was supported by memory B cell responses, which gradually increased after the 2nd dose and were further enhanced by the 3rd dose. The 3rd dose moderately increased the frequencies of spike-specific CD4+ T cells, but the frequencies of spike-specific CD8+ T cells remained unchanged. T cells reactive against the Omicron spike were 1.3-fold fewer than those against the wild-type spike. The early responsiveness of spike-specific CD4+ T, circulating T follicular helper cells and circulating T peripheral helper cells correlated with memory B cell responses to the booster vaccination, and early spike-specific CD4+ T cell responses were also associated with spike-specific CD8+ T cell responses. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating cellular responses to optimize future vaccine strategies.
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