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Ihara S, Nguyen BV, Miyamoto Y, Eckmann L. Mucosal vaccination in a murine gnotobiotic model of Giardia lamblia infection. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0006524. [PMID: 38722167 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00065-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is an important protozoan cause of diarrheal disease worldwide, delayed development and cognitive impairment in children in low- and middle-income countries, and protracted post-infectious syndromes in developed regions. G. lamblia resides in the lumen and at the epithelial surface of the proximal small intestine but is not mucosa invasive. The protozoan parasite is genetically diverse with significant genome differences across strains and assemblages. Animal models, particularly murine models, have been instrumental in defining mechanisms of host defense against G. lamblia, but mice cannot be readily infected with most human pathogenic strains. Antibiotic pretreatment can increase susceptibility, suggesting that the normal microbiota plays a role in controlling G. lamblia infection in mice, but the broader implications on susceptibility to diverse strains are not known. Here, we have used gnotobiotic mice to demonstrate that robust intestinal infection can be achieved for a broad set of human-pathogenic strains of the genetic assemblages A and B. Furthermore, gnotobiotic mice were able to eradicate infection with a similar kinetics to conventional mice after trophozoite challenge. Germ-free mice could also be effectively immunized by the mucosal route with a protective antigen, α1-giardin, in a manner dependent on CD4 T cells. These results indicate that the gnotobiotic mouse model is powerful for investigating acquired host defenses in giardiasis, as the mice are broadly susceptible to diverse G. lamblia strains yet display no apparent defects in mucosal immunity needed for controlling and eradicating this lumen-dwelling pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sozaburo Ihara
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Brian V Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Kono HN, Ada Mengome MF, Pongui Ngondza B, Sibi Matotou RH, Ndong Akomezoghe L, Ekomi B, Moutombi Ditombi BC, Koumba Lengongo JV, Ndong Ngomo JM, M’Bondoukwé NP, Bisseye C, Mawili-Mboumba DP, Bouyou Akotet MK. C-reactive protein and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in asymptomatic intestinal parasite carriers from urban and rural areas of Gabon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011282. [PMID: 38768226 PMCID: PMC11142663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic carriage of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) can induce chronic inflammation and dysbiosis, which are risk factors for non-communicable diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between IPI carriage and inflammation in a population of volunteers living in Gabon. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to November 2021 in asymptomatic volunteers aged 18 years old and over, residing in different areas of Gabon: Libreville (urban area) and Koula-Moutou and Bitam (rural areas). The detection of IPIs was carried out using four common microscopic techniques. C-reactive protein (CRP), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured and levels were compared according to the presence or absence of IPI. Overall, 518 participants were included, 64.5% (n = 334) of whom resided in urban area and 35.5% (n = 184) in rural areas. The median age was 35 years (27; 46). The prevalence of asymptomatic IPIs was 29.9% (n = 155), with a significantly higher frequency in rural areas than in urban area (adjusted OR 6.6 (CI 3.2-13.8), p < 0.01). Protozoa were more frequent than soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) in both areas: 81.6% (n = 40) in urban area and 69.8% (n = 74) in rural areas. STHs were predominant in rural areas (48.1% vs 22.4% in urban area. In case of IPI, the median values of CRP (15 (13-15) mg/L vs 13.0 (11.1-14.9) mg/L) and hsCRP (4.2 (1.4-13.0) mg/L vs 2.2(0.4-6.1) mg/L) were higher (p<0.01). Elevated hsCRP and CRP were significantly more frequent in parasitized individuals (for hsCRP: 22.6%, n = 35; for CRP: 52.9%, n = 82); in particular among STH carriers (for hsCRP: 65.9%, n = 27, for CRP: 36.6%, n = 15) (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This first study showed that asymptomatic IPIs, particularly STH carriage are associated with high CRP and hsCRP levels. Further larger and longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate the global and specie-specific enteropathogens link with chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Noéline Kono
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Mérédith Flore Ada Mengome
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Bedrich Pongui Ngondza
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Roger Hadry Sibi Matotou
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Luccheri Ndong Akomezoghe
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Agents Infectieux et leur Pathologie (UMRAIP), Université des Sciences de la Santé, Owendo, Gabon
| | - Bernadette Ekomi
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
| | - Bridy Chesly Moutombi Ditombi
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Agents Infectieux et leur Pathologie (UMRAIP), Université des Sciences de la Santé, Owendo, Gabon
| | - Jeanne Vanessa Koumba Lengongo
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Jacques Mari Ndong Ngomo
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Agents Infectieux et leur Pathologie (UMRAIP), Université des Sciences de la Santé, Owendo, Gabon
| | - Noé Patrick M’Bondoukwé
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Agents Infectieux et leur Pathologie (UMRAIP), Université des Sciences de la Santé, Owendo, Gabon
| | - Cyrille Bisseye
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Denise Patricia Mawili-Mboumba
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Agents Infectieux et leur Pathologie (UMRAIP), Université des Sciences de la Santé, Owendo, Gabon
| | - Marielle Karine Bouyou Akotet
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Gabon
- Centre de REcherche biomédicale en pathogènes Infectieux et Pathologies Associées (CREIPA), Libreville, Gabon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Agents Infectieux et leur Pathologie (UMRAIP), Université des Sciences de la Santé, Owendo, Gabon
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Šmit I, Potočnjak D, Matijatko V, Torti M, Jović I, Grden D, Crnogaj M, Beck R. The Influence of Giardia duodenalis on the Occurrence of Clinical Signs in Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:694. [PMID: 38133245 PMCID: PMC10748341 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis infections are common in dogs and are mainly caused by assemblages C and D. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the presence of Giardia duodenalis and different Giardia assemblages detected in symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs and the occurrence of certain clinical signs. All the dogs included (n = 82) were clinically examined, and fecal samples were examined for other parasites and Clostridium spp. Also, G. duodenalis assemblages were detected and the occurrence of certain clinical signs was assessed. A total of 42/82 (51.2%) dogs were symptomatic and had one or more gastrointestinal signs, and 40/82 (48.8%) dogs were asymptomatic. G. duodenalis was found in 25/82 (30.5%) dogs: assemblage C in 10/25 (40%) and assemblage D in 15/25 (60%). Only Cryptosporidium spp. showed a higher coinfection rate with G. duodenalis but that did not have an influence on clinical sign appearance. There was no correlation between the presence of different assemblages of G. duodenalis and the sex of the host or the duration and appearance of certain clinical signs, except the presence of mucus in feces, which was more frequent in dogs invaded with G. duodenalis assemblage C. Further research of other assemblages is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Šmit
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Dalibor Potočnjak
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Vesna Matijatko
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Marin Torti
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Ines Jović
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Darko Grden
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Martina Crnogaj
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Relja Beck
- Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Prabakaran M, Weible LJ, Champlain JD, Jiang RY, Biondi K, Weil AA, Van Voorhis WC, Ojo KK. The Gut-Wrenching Effects of Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis in Children. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2323. [PMID: 37764167 PMCID: PMC10538111 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium species and Giardia duodenalis are infectious intestinal protozoan pathogens that cause alarming rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Children are more likely to have clinical symptoms due to their less developed immune systems and factors such as undernutrition, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The severity of the symptoms and clinical manifestations in children may vary from asymptomatic to life-threatening depending on the Cryptosporidium species/G. duodenalis strains and the resulting complex stepwise interactions between the parasite, the host nutritional and immunologic status, and the gut microbiome profile. Structural damages inflicted by both parasites to epithelial cells in the large and small intestines could severely impair children's gut health, including the ability to absorb nutrients, resulting in stunted growth, diminished neurocognitive development, and other long-term effects. Clinically approved cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis drugs have broad antimicrobial effects that have incomprehensible impacts on growing children's gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Prabakaran
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.P.); (L.J.W.); (J.D.C.); (R.Y.J.); (A.A.W.); (W.C.V.V.)
| | - Lyssa J. Weible
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.P.); (L.J.W.); (J.D.C.); (R.Y.J.); (A.A.W.); (W.C.V.V.)
| | - Joshua D. Champlain
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.P.); (L.J.W.); (J.D.C.); (R.Y.J.); (A.A.W.); (W.C.V.V.)
| | - Ryan Ye Jiang
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.P.); (L.J.W.); (J.D.C.); (R.Y.J.); (A.A.W.); (W.C.V.V.)
| | - Katalina Biondi
- Human Center for Artificial Intelligence, Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Ana A. Weil
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.P.); (L.J.W.); (J.D.C.); (R.Y.J.); (A.A.W.); (W.C.V.V.)
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.P.); (L.J.W.); (J.D.C.); (R.Y.J.); (A.A.W.); (W.C.V.V.)
| | - Kayode K. Ojo
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.P.); (L.J.W.); (J.D.C.); (R.Y.J.); (A.A.W.); (W.C.V.V.)
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Artuyants A, Hong J, Dauros-Singorenko P, Phillips A, Simoes-Barbosa A. Lactobacillus gasseri and Gardnerella vaginalis produce extracellular vesicles that contribute to the function of the vaginal microbiome and modulate host-Trichomonas vaginalis interactions. Mol Microbiol 2023. [PMID: 37485746 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is an extracellular protozoan parasite of the human urogenital tract, responsible for a prevalent sexually transmitted infection. Trichomoniasis is accompanied by a dysbiotic microbiome that is characterised by the depletion of host-protective commensals such as Lactobacillus gasseri, and the flourishing of a bacterial consortium that is comparable to the one seen for bacterial vaginosis, including the founder species Gardnerella vaginalis. These two vaginal bacteria are known to have opposite effects on T. vaginalis pathogenicity. Studies on extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been focused on the direction of a microbial producer (commensal or pathogen) to a host recipient, and largely in the context of the gut microbiome. Here, taking advantage of the simplicity of the human cervicovaginal microbiome, we determined the molecular cargo of EVs produced by L. gasseri and G. vaginalis and examined how these vesicles modulate the interaction of T. vaginalis and host cells. We show that these EVs carry a specific cargo of proteins, which functions can be attributed to the opposite roles that these bacteria play in the vaginal biome. Furthermore, these bacterial EVs are delivered to host and protozoan cells, modulating host-pathogen interactions in a way that mimics the opposite effects that these bacteria have on T. vaginalis pathogenicity. This is the first study to describe side-by-side the protein composition of EVs produced by two bacteria belonging to the opposite spectrum of a microbiome and to demonstrate that these vesicles modulate the pathogenicity of a protozoan parasite. Such as in trichomoniasis, infections and dysbiosis co-occur frequently resulting in significant co-morbidities. Therefore, studies like this provide the knowledge for the development of antimicrobial therapies that aim to clear the infection while restoring a healthy microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiwon Hong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Anthony Phillips
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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DeMichele E, Sosnowski O, Buret AG, Allain T. Regulatory Functions of Hypoxia in Host-Parasite Interactions: A Focus on Enteric, Tissue, and Blood Protozoa. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1598. [PMID: 37375100 PMCID: PMC10303274 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Body tissues are subjected to various oxygenic gradients and fluctuations and hence can become transiently hypoxic. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the master transcriptional regulator of the cellular hypoxic response and is capable of modulating cellular metabolism, immune responses, epithelial barrier integrity, and local microbiota. Recent reports have characterized the hypoxic response to various infections. However, little is known about the role of HIF activation in the context of protozoan parasitic infections. Growing evidence suggests that tissue and blood protozoa can activate HIF and subsequent HIF target genes in the host, helping or hindering their pathogenicity. In the gut, enteric protozoa are adapted to steep longitudinal and radial oxygen gradients to complete their life cycle, yet the role of HIF during these protozoan infections remains unclear. This review focuses on the hypoxic response to protozoa and its role in the pathophysiology of parasitic infections. We also discuss how hypoxia modulates host immune responses in the context of protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily DeMichele
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.D.); (O.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Olivia Sosnowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.D.); (O.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andre G. Buret
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.D.); (O.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Thibault Allain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.D.); (O.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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7
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Hassan ZR, Salama DEA, Ibrahim HF, Ahmed SG. Ultrastructural changes and IgA modulatory effect of commercial prebiotic and probiotic in murine giardiasis. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:224-237. [PMID: 37193505 PMCID: PMC10182204 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis, a parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract, is prevalent worldwide. The integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier plays an important defensive role in giardiasis, and as Oral supplementation with prebiotics and probiotics is known to reinforce the intestinal barrier in many gastrointestinal diseases, this study assessed the effects of prebiotic and probiotic supplementation in giardiasis and compared the results with those obtained after nitazoxanide therapy. Swiss albino male lab-bred mice (n = 50) were divided into three major groups; Group I (control group), i.e., negative (noninfected nontreated) and positive controls (infected nontreated); Group II (preventive group), in which mice were provided prebiotic, probiotic, or a combination for 7 days before of infection, and Group III (therapy group), in which mice were administered prebiotic, probiotic, combined supplements and nitazoxanide from day 12 post-infection. The assessment was achieved through Giardia cyst count, histopathological examination and ultrastructure study. Also, Serological and immunohistochemical parameters were done to evaluate the modulation of IgA levels. Oral supplementation with prebiotic and probiotic, either before or after infection (in preventive or therapy groups respectively) resulted in a significant reduction in Giardia cyst shedding. Remarkable histological and ultrastructure improvement in the intestinal changes, along with a significant increase in the serological and immunohistochemical IgA levels, were seen in mice provided combined supplements and nitazoxanide (in therapy group). Thus, our results indicate that combined prebiotic and probiotic supplementation has promising anti-Giardia activity and that it can restore intestinal structures and modulate IgA response, apart from providing synergistic effects when added to nitazoxanide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab R. Hassan
- Departments of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651 Egypt
| | - Doaa E. A. Salama
- Departments of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651 Egypt
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo, 11829 Egypt
| | - Hanan F. Ibrahim
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651 Egypt
| | - Samah G. Ahmed
- Departments of Histology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651 Egypt
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8
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Giallourou N, Arnold J, McQuade ETR, Awoniyi M, Becket RVT, Walsh K, Herzog J, Gulati AS, Carroll IM, Montgomery S, Quintela PH, Faust AM, Singer SM, Fodor AA, Ahmad T, Mahfuz M, Mduma E, Walongo T, Guerrant RL, Balfour Sartor R, Swann JR, Kosek MN, Bartelt LA. Giardia hinders growth by disrupting nutrient metabolism independent of inflammatory enteropathy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2840. [PMID: 37202423 PMCID: PMC10195804 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia (Giardia) is among the most common intestinal pathogens in children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Although Giardia associates with early-life linear growth restriction, mechanistic explanations for Giardia-associated growth impairments remain elusive. Unlike other intestinal pathogens associated with constrained linear growth that cause intestinal or systemic inflammation or both, Giardia seldom associates with chronic inflammation in these children. Here we leverage the MAL-ED longitudinal birth cohort and a model of Giardia mono-association in gnotobiotic and immunodeficient mice to propose an alternative pathogenesis of this parasite. In children, Giardia results in linear growth deficits and gut permeability that are dose-dependent and independent of intestinal markers of inflammation. The estimates of these findings vary between children in different MAL-ED sites. In a representative site, where Giardia associates with growth restriction, infected children demonstrate broad amino acid deficiencies, and overproduction of specific phenolic acids, byproducts of intestinal bacterial amino acid metabolism. Gnotobiotic mice require specific nutritional and environmental conditions to recapitulate these findings, and immunodeficient mice confirm a pathway independent of chronic T/B cell inflammation. Taken together, we propose a new paradigm that Giardia-mediated growth faltering is contingent upon a convergence of this intestinal protozoa with nutritional and intestinal bacterial factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Giallourou
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Centre of Excellence in Biobanking and Biomedical Research, Molecular Medicine Research Center, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Jason Arnold
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Muyiwa Awoniyi
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rose Viguna Thomas Becket
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Global Health and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeremy Herzog
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ajay S Gulati
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ian M Carroll
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Steven M Singer
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anthony A Fodor
- The University of North Carolina Charlotte, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Charlotte, USA
| | - Tahmeed Ahmad
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafa Mahfuz
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Esto Mduma
- Haydom Global Health Research Centre, Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Haydom, Tanzania
| | - Thomas Walongo
- Haydom Global Health Research Centre, Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Haydom, Tanzania
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, The University of Virginia Charlottesville, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan R Swann
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, The University of Virginia Charlottesville, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Luther A Bartelt
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Global Health and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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9
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Xaplanteri P, Rodis N, Potsios C. Gut Microbiota Crosstalk with Resident Macrophages and Their Role in Invasive Amebic Colitis and Giardiasis-Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1203. [PMID: 37317178 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response is highly dependent on the action of macrophages. They are abundant in the intestine subepithelial lamina propria of the mucosa, where they deploy multiple tasks and play a critical role. The balance between the gut microbiota and M2 macrophages is critical for gut health and homeostasis. Gut microbiota has the power to change macrophage phenotype and replenish the resident macrophage niche during and post infection. As far as the extracellular enteric parasitic infections invasive amebic colitis and giardiasis are concerned, a change of macrophages phenotype to a pro-inflammatory state is dependent on direct contact of the protozoan parasites with host cells. Macrophages induce strong pro-inflammatory response by inflammasome activation and secretion of interleukin IL-1β. Inflammasomes play a key role in the response to cellular stress and microbe attacks. The balance between gut mucosal homeostasis and infection is dependent on the crosstalk between microbiota and resident macrophages. Parasitic infections involve NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. For Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia duodenalis infections, inflammasome NLRP3 activation is crucial to promote the host defenses. More studies are needed to further elucidate possible therapeutic and protective strategies against these protozoan enteric parasites' invasive infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Xaplanteri
- Department of Microbiology, General Hospital of Eastern Achaia, 25001 Kalavrita, Greece
| | - Nikiforos Rodis
- Department of Surgery, University General Hospital of Patras, 26332 Patras, Greece
| | - Charalampos Potsios
- Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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10
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Hernández-Castro C, Dashti A, Vusirikala A, Balasegaram S, Köster PC, Bailo B, Imaña E, López A, Llorente MT, González-Barrio D, Sánchez S, Carmena D. Prevalence and temporal dynamics of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Blastocystis sp. among toddlers attending day-care centres in Spain. A prospective molecular-based longitudinal study. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:213-223. [PMID: 36282323 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Blastocystis sp. are common intestinal eukaryotic parasites affecting children in developed and resource-limited countries. Lack of information on the epidemiology and long-term stability in asymptomatic children complicates interpretation of transmission and pathogenesis. To assess the occurrence, genetic diversity, and temporal dynamics of intestinal eukaryotic parasites in young children, 679 stool samples from 125 toddlers attending six public day-care centres in Central Spain were collected bimonthly within a 1-year period. Detection and identification of species/genotypes were based on PCR and Sanger sequencing methods. Four eukaryotic species were identified: G. duodenalis (2.5‒31.6%), Cryptosporidium spp. (0.0‒2.4%), Blastocystis sp. (2.5‒6.4%), and Entamoeba dispar (0.0‒0.9%). Entamoeba histolytica and Enterocytozoon bieneusi were undetected. Sequence analyses identified assemblage A (63.6%) and B (36.4%) within G. duodenalis (n = 11), C. hominis (40%), C. parvum (40%), and C. wrairi (20%) within Cryptosporidium spp. (n = 5), and ST1 (3.8%), ST2 (46.2%), ST3 (15.4%), and ST4 (34.6%) within Blastocystis sp. (n = 26). Giardia duodenalis sub-assemblage AII/AIII was detected in a toddler for 10 consecutive months. Stable carriage of Blastocystis ST2 allele 9, ST3 allele 34, and ST4 allele 42 was demonstrated in five toddlers for up to 1 year. Conclusions: Giardia duodenalis and Blastocystis sp. were common in toddlers attending day-care centres in Central Spain. Long-term infection/colonization periods by the same genetic variant were observed for G. duodenalis (up to 10 months) and Blastocystis sp. (up to 12 months). What is Known: • Asymptomatic carriage of G. duodenalis and Blastocystis sp. is frequent in toddlers. • The epidemiology and long-term stability of these eukaryotes in asymptomatic young children is poorly understood. What is New: • Long-term colonization/infection periods by the same genetic variant were described for Blastocystis sp. (up to 12 months) and G. duodenalis (up to 10 months).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Hernández-Castro
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.,Parasitology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Corporation for the Study of Tropical Pathologies, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amoolya Vusirikala
- UK Field Epidemiology Training Programme, UK Health Security Agency, London, SE1 8UG, UK
| | | | - Pamela Carolina Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Imaña
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea López
- Food and Waterborne Bacterial Infections Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Llorente
- Food and Waterborne Bacterial Infections Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Food and Waterborne Bacterial Infections Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain. .,CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Quantitative histology as a diagnostic tool for celiac disease in children and adolescents. Ann Diagn Pathol 2022; 61:152031. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2022.152031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Díaz-Alberola I, Gutiérrez-Bautista JF, Espuch-Oliver A, García-Aznar JM, Anderson P, Jiménez P, Hidalgo-Tenorio C, López-Nevot MÁ. Incidence, Management Experience and Characteristics of Patients with Giardiasis and Common Variable Immunodeficiency. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11237007. [PMID: 36498582 PMCID: PMC9740678 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is an antibody immunodeficiency with a wide variety of clinical and immunological manifestations, and whose genetic cause is found in about 25% of diagnosed cases. Giardia lamblia is one of the main causes of gastrointestinal infections in CVID. 5-Nitroimidazoles are the most used first-line treatment, but nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis is increasing. Nevertheless, only a few cases of refractory giardiasis in CVID have been reported. This study aimed to determine the incidence of Giardia infection in our CVID cohort, shows our management experience and describes patients' phenotypic features. Clinical data collection, immunological, immunogenetics and microbiology assays were performed, and previous cases of giardiasis in CVID were reviewed. The incidence of symptomatic giardiasis was 12.9%. The main immunological features were undetectable or decreased IgA levels and reduced switched memory B cells. A probable PTEN pathogenic variant was detected in one. Three patients responded to metronidazole but suffered reinfections, and one was a refractory giardiasis eradicated with innovative quinacrine plus paromomycin combination. This work could contribute to the decision-making and therapeutic management of future patients with CVID and giardiasis, highlighting the importance of the early detection and treatment of infections in patients with CVID to ensure a good quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Díaz-Alberola
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Programa de Doctorado en Biomedicina, University of Granada, 10816 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Andrea Espuch-Oliver
- Servicio de Reproducción Asistida, Hospital Universitario de Torrecárdenas, 04009 Almería, Spain
| | | | - Per Anderson
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
- Departamento Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Jiménez
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Hidalgo-Tenorio
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel López-Nevot
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
- Departamento Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología III, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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13
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Quezada-Lázaro R, Vázquez-Cobix Y, Fonseca-Liñán R, Nava P, Hernández-Cueto DD, Cedillo-Peláez C, López-Vidal Y, Huerta-Yepez S, Ortega-Pierres MG. The Cysteine Protease Giardipain-1 from Giardia duodenalis Contributes to a Disruption of Intestinal Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13649. [PMID: 36362435 PMCID: PMC9655832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In giardiasis, diarrhoea, dehydration, malabsorption, weight loss and/or chronic inflammation are indicative of epithelial barrier dysfunction. However, the pathogenesis of giardiasis is still enigmatic in many aspects. Here, we show evidence that a cysteine protease of Giardia duodenalis called giardipain-1, contributes to the pathogenesis of giardiasis induced by trophozoites of the WB strain. In an experimental system, we demonstrate that purified giardipain-1 induces apoptosis and extrusion of epithelial cells at the tips of the villi in infected jirds (Meriones unguiculatus). Moreover, jird infection with trophozoites expressing giardipain-1 resulted in intestinal epithelial damage, cellular infiltration, crypt hyperplasia, goblet cell hypertrophy and oedema. Pathological alterations were more pronounced when jirds were infected intragastrically with Giardia trophozoites that stably overexpress giardipain-1. Furthermore, Giardia colonization in jirds results in a chronic inflammation that could relate to the dysbiosis triggered by the protist. Taken together, these results reveal that giardipain-1 plays a key role in the pathogenesis of giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Quezada-Lázaro
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07360, Mexico
| | - Yessica Vázquez-Cobix
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07360, Mexico
| | - Rocío Fonseca-Liñán
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07360, Mexico
| | - Porfirio Nava
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Daniel Dimitri Hernández-Cueto
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Hemato-Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cedillo-Peláez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Torre de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
| | - Yolanda López-Vidal
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología Facultad de Medicina Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Sara Huerta-Yepez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Hemato-Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - M. Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07360, Mexico
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14
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Dougherty M, Bartelt LA. Giardia and growth impairment in children in high-prevalence settings: consequence or co-incidence? Curr Opin Infect Dis 2022; 35:417-423. [PMID: 35980005 PMCID: PMC10373467 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Giardia is a common intestinal parasite worldwide, and infection can be associated with clear, and sometimes persistent symptomatology. However, in children in high-prevalence settings, it is most often not associated with or is perhaps even protective against acute diarrhea. Nonetheless, recent longitudinal studies in high-prevalence settings increasingly identify an association with long-term outcomes that has been difficult to discern. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have made progress in disentangling this apparent paradox. First, prospective, well characterized cohort studies have repeatedly identified associations between Giardia infection, gut function, and child growth. Second, experimental animal and in-vitro models have further characterized the biological plausibility that Giardia could impair intestinal function and subsequently child development through different pathways, depending upon biological and environmental factors. Finally, new work has shed light on the potential for Giardia conspiring with specific other gut microbes, which may explain discrepant findings in the literature, help guide future higher resolution analyses of this pathogen, and inform new opportunities for intervention. SUMMARY Recent prospective studies have confirmed a high, if not universal, prevalence of persistent Giardia infections in low-and-middle income countries associated with child-growth shortfalls and altered gut permeability. However, the predominance of subclinical infections limits understanding of the true clinical impact of endemic pediatric giardiasis, and global disease burdens remain uncalculated. Integrating the role of Giardia in multipathogen enteropathies and how nutritional, microbial, metabolic, and pathogen-strain variables influence Giardia infection outcomes could sharpen delineations between pathogenic and potentially beneficial attributes of this enigmatic parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dougherty
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Rex Digestive Healthcare, UNC REX Healthcare, Raleigh
| | - Luther A. Bartelt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Santos R, Ástvaldsson Á, Pipaliya SV, Zumthor JP, Dacks JB, Svärd S, Hehl AB, Faso C. Combined nanometric and phylogenetic analysis of unique endocytic compartments in Giardia lamblia sheds light on the evolution of endocytosis in Metamonada. BMC Biol 2022; 20:206. [PMID: 36127707 PMCID: PMC9490929 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia lamblia, a parasitic protist of the Metamonada supergroup, has evolved one of the most diverged endocytic compartment systems investigated so far. Peripheral endocytic compartments, currently known as peripheral vesicles or vacuoles (PVs), perform bulk uptake of fluid phase material which is then digested and sorted either to the cell cytosol or back to the extracellular space. Results Here, we present a quantitative morphological characterization of these organelles using volumetric electron microscopy and super-resolution microscopy (SRM). We defined a morphological classification for the heterogenous population of PVs and performed a comparative analysis of PVs and endosome-like organelles in representatives of phylogenetically related taxa, Spironucleus spp. and Tritrichomonas foetus. To investigate the as-yet insufficiently understood connection between PVs and clathrin assemblies in G. lamblia, we further performed an in-depth search for two key elements of the endocytic machinery, clathrin heavy chain (CHC) and clathrin light chain (CLC), across different lineages in Metamonada. Our data point to the loss of a bona fide CLC in the last Fornicata common ancestor (LFCA) with the emergence of a protein analogous to CLC (GlACLC) in the Giardia genus. Finally, the location of clathrin in the various compartments was quantified. Conclusions Taken together, this provides the first comprehensive nanometric view of Giardia’s endocytic system architecture and sheds light on the evolution of GlACLC analogues in the Fornicata supergroup and, specific to Giardia, as a possible adaptation to the formation and maintenance of stable clathrin assemblies at PVs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01402-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Santos
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ásgeir Ástvaldsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Uppsala, Husargatan 3, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shweta V Pipaliya
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jon Paulin Zumthor
- Amt für Lebensmittelsicherheit und Tiergesundheit Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, CAS, v.v.i., Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Staffan Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Uppsala, Husargatan 3, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adrian B Hehl
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Faso
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, Vetsuisse, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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16
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Caudet J, Trelis M, Cifre S, Soriano JM, Rico H, Merino-Torres JF. Interplay between Intestinal Bacterial Communities and Unicellular Parasites in a Morbidly Obese Population: A Neglected Trinomial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153211. [PMID: 35956387 PMCID: PMC9370494 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an epidemic causing a metabolic health crisis. Herein, the interactions between the gut prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities, metabolic comorbidities and diet were studied. Stool samples from 56 subjects, 47 with type III obesity and 9 with type II obesity and cardiovascular risk or metabolic disease, were assessed for the richness, diversity and ecology of the bacterial gut community through metagenomics, together with the study of the presence of common unicellular eukaryote parasites (Blastocystis sp., Dientamoeba fragilis and Giardia intestinalis) by qPCR. Clinical information regarding metabolic comorbidities and non-alcoholic hepatic fatty liver disease was gathered. To assess the quality of the patients’ diet, each participant filled in three dietary questionnaires. The most prevalent parasite Blastocystis sp. (46.4%), together with D. fragilis (8.9%), was found to be associated with higher mean diversity indexes regarding non-colonized subjects; the opposite of that which was observed in those with G. intestinalis (16.1%). In terms of phyla relative abundance, with Blastocystis sp. and D. fragilis, very slight differences were observed; on the contrary, G. intestinalis was related to an increase in Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, and a decrease in Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, presenting the lowest Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. At genus level, Blastocystis sp. and/or D. fragilis was accompanied with an increase in Lactobacillus spp., and a decrease in Akkermansia spp., Bifidobacterium spp. and Escherichia spp., while G. intestinalis was associated with an increase in Bacteroides spp., and a decrease in Faecalibacterium spp., Prevotella spp. and Lactobacillus spp., and the highest Bacteroides spp./Prevotella spp. ratio. Participants with non-alcoholic hepatic fatty liver presented a higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and those with type 2 diabetes displayed a significantly lower Faecalibacterium spp./Escherichia spp. ratio, due to an overrepresentation of the genus Escherichia spp. The presence of parasites was associated with variations in the richness, diversity and distribution of taxa in bacterial communities, confirming a gain in diversity associated with Blastocystis sp. and providing different functioning of the microbiota with a potential positive effect on comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Future basic and clinical studies should assess the beneficial or pathogenic effect of these eukaryotes on obese subjects and focus on deciphering whether they may imply a healthier metabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Caudet
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Trelis
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Area of Parasitology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Susana Cifre
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Soriano
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, 46980 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Hortensia Rico
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Area of Microbiology, Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan F. Merino-Torres
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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17
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Coimbra A, Ferreira S, Duarte AP. Biological properties of Thymus zygis essential oil with emphasis on antimicrobial activity and food application. Food Chem 2022; 393:133370. [PMID: 35667177 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Thymus plants have been used for centuries in traditional medicine and as a food spice, among this genus, Thymus zygis (red thyme) is a widespread plant, vastly used as a culinary flavouring agent. Its essential oil has demonstrated diverse bioactive properties, such as antimicrobial, insecticidal, larvicidal and antiparasitic activities. Numerous studies have characterized this essential oil showing that it possesses a broad antimicrobial spectrum and may even enhance the effect of certain antimicrobial agents. Its potential application as a food preservative has been analysed on different matrixes pointing to its antimicrobial activity against spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in food. This review provides an insight in the chemical composition, antimicrobial, insecticidal, larvicidal and antiparasitic activities and toxicity of T. zygis essential oil, as well as its potential application in food as a preservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Coimbra
- CICS-UBI Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Susana Ferreira
- CICS-UBI Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ana Paula Duarte
- CICS-UBI Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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18
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Sui Y, Zhang X, Wang H, Yu F, Zheng L, Guo Y, Lu Y, Chen M, Wang B, Dai H, Liu F, Li J, Dong H, Tong C, Zhang L. Prevalence and genetic diversity of Giardia duodenalis in pet dogs from Zhengzhou, central China and the association between gut microbiota and fecal characteristics during infection. One Health 2022; 14:100401. [PMID: 35686142 PMCID: PMC9171527 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a common zoonotic intestinal parasite, Giardia duodenalis could infect humans and various mammals worldwide, including pet dogs, leading to giardiasis. This study detected the infection of G. duodenalis in asymptomatic pet dogs in Zhengzhou, and evaluated the possibility of zoonosis and the relationship between gut microbiota and fecal characteristics. We randomly collected 448 fresh fecal samples from Zhengzhou, and G. duodenalis was screened based on the beta-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. The difference of gut microbiota between five G. duodenalis-positive and five G. duodenalis-negative samples was investigated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis was 7.1% (32/448) based on bg, gdh, and tpi locus, two G. duodenalis assemblages (C = 13, D = 14) and five (15.6%) mixed infection (C + D) were identified. Moreover, compared with the G. duodenalis-negative group, the diversity of gut microbiota increased in G. duodenalis-positive group. The decrease of Lactobacillus spp. and considerable increase of Prevotella spp. were associated with the fecal characteristics. These results show that the transmission of zoonotic giardiasis between humans and pet dogs is rare in Zhengzhou, central China, and support the use of Lactobacillus spp. as a potential probiotic agent to improve intestinal health in dogs, or even humans, by treating G. duodenalis. Therefore, the public health significance of G. duodenalis to humans, companion animals, and the environment should be further evaluated from One Health perspective. Prevalence of G. duodenalis was 7.1% in pet dogs in Zhengzhou, central China. G. duodenalis assemblage D infection is associated to higher gut microbial diversity. The abundance of Prevotella and Lactobacillus may affect fecal characteristics. Lactobacillus may be used as a potential feed additive to treat giardiasis. Effective strategies should be taken to minimize the threat posed by G. duodenalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Sui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunan Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Bukang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiju Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding authors at: Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chao Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding authors at: Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding authors at: Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao Y, Yang Y, Liu M, Qin X, Yu X, Zhao H, Li X, Li W. COX-2 is required to mediate crosstalk of ROS-dependent activation of MAPK/NF-κB signaling with pro-inflammatory response and defense-related NO enhancement during challenge of macrophage-like cell line with Giardia duodenalis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010402. [PMID: 35482821 PMCID: PMC9089906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis, the causative agent of giardiasis, is among the most important causes of waterborne diarrheal diseases around the world. Giardia infection may persist over extended periods with intestinal inflammation, although minimal. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is well known as an important inducer of inflammatory response, while the role it played in noninvasive Giardia infection remains elusive. Here we investigated the regulatory function of COX-2 in Giardia-induced pro-inflammatory response and defense-related nitric oxide (NO) generation in macrophage-like cell line, and identified the potential regulators. We initially found that Giardia challenge induced up-regulation of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, prostaglandin (PG) E2, and COX-2 in macrophages, and pretreatment of the cells with COX-2 inhibitor NS398 reduced expressions of those pro-inflammatory factors. It was also observed that COX-2 inhibition could attenuate the up-regulated NO release and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression induced by Giardia. We further confirmed that Giardia-induced COX-2 up-regulation was mediated by the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs and NF-κB. In addition, inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NAC was shown to repress Giardia-induced activation of MAPK/NF-κB signaling, up-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS, increased levels of PGE2 and NO release, and up-expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Collectively, in this study, we revealed a critical role of COX-2 in modulating pro-inflammatory response and defense-related NO production in Giardia-macrophage interactions, and this process was evident to be controlled by ROS-dependent activation of MAPK/NF-κB signaling. The results can deepen our knowledge of anti-Giardia inflammatory response and host defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Zhao
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongwu Yang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Min Liu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuening Qin
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiran Yu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Li
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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Giardia duodenalis in a clinically healthy population of captive zoo chimpanzees: Rapid antigen testing, diagnostic real-time PCR and faecal microbiota profiling. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 17:308-318. [PMID: 35342712 PMCID: PMC8943339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is one of the most common intestinal parasites of humans, with a worldwide distribution. Giardia duodenalis has been reported in both wild and captive populations of non-human primates, namely chimpanzees. In this study we investigated an entire troop of clinically healthy chimpanzees (n = 21) for the presence of G. duodenalis and its association with faecal microbiota profile. Faecal samples (n = 26) were collected from the chimpanzee exhibit from a zoo in Sydney, Australia. Diagnosis of G. duodenalis was made using a Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) as a point-of-care-test and compared to a reference standard real-time PCR test. Approximately half of the chimpanzee faecal samples tested positive for G. duodenalis by both RAT (13/26, 50%) and real-time PCR (14/26, 53.85%). The RAT sensitivity was 85.7% (95% CI: 63.8%–96%) and specificity was 91.7% (95% CI: 68.3%–99%) when compared to the in-house real-time PCR. Genotyping of the samples revealed the presence of zoonotic assemblage B. Microscopic analysis revealed the presence of Troglodytella spp. (14/26), Balantioides sp. (syn. Balantidium sp.) (8/26) as well as Entamoeba spp. (3/26). Microbiota profile based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the community was significantly different between G. duodenalis positive and negative samples if RAT results were taken into an account, but not real-time PCR diagnostics results. Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi were the significant features in the dataset that separated G. duodenalis positive and negative samples using LEfSe analysis. Being able to rapidly test for G. duodenalis in captive populations of primates assists in point-of-care diagnostics and may better identify animals with subclinical disease. Under the investigated conditions of the zoo setting, however, presence of G. duodenalis either detected by RAT or real-time PCR was not associated with clinically apparent disease in captive chimpanzees. Whole troop investigation of healthy captive chimpanzees for Giardia duodenalis. Whole chimpanzee troop faecal microbiota profiled. Diagnosing G. duodenalis with Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) as a point-of-care-test. Comparison of RAT and reference real-time PCR test. Presence of G. duodenalis assemblage B.
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Ihara S, Miyamoto Y, Le CHY, Tran VN, Hanson EM, Fischer M, Hanevik K, Eckmann L. Conserved metabolic enzymes as vaccine antigens for giardiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010323. [PMID: 35468132 PMCID: PMC9037923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is a leading protozoal cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. Infection is associated with abdominal pain, malabsorption and weight loss, and protracted post-infectious syndromes. A human vaccine is not available against G. lamblia. Prior studies with human and murine immune sera have identified several parasite antigens, including surface proteins and metabolic enzymes with intracellular functions. While surface proteins have demonstrated vaccine potential, they can exhibit significant variation between G. lamblia strains. By comparison, metabolic enzymes show greater conservation but their vaccine potential has not been established. To determine whether such proteins can serve as vaccine candidates, we focused on two enzymes, α-enolase (ENO) and ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCT), which are involved in glycolysis and arginine metabolism, respectively. We show in a cohort of patients with confirmed giardiasis that both enzymes are immunogenic. Intranasal immunization with either enzyme antigen in mice induced strong systemic IgG1 and IgG2b responses and modest mucosal IgA responses, and a marked 100- to 1,000-fold reduction in peak trophozoite load upon oral G. lamblia challenge. ENO immunization also reduced the extent and duration of cyst excretion. Examination of 44 cytokines showed only minimal intestinal changes in immunized mice, although a modest increase of CCL22 was observed in ENO-immunized mice. Spectral flow cytometry revealed increased numbers and activation state of CD4 T cells in the small intestine and an increase in α4β7-expressing CD4 T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes of ENO-immunized mice. Consistent with a key role of CD4 T cells, immunization of CD4-deficient and Rag-2 deficient mice failed to induce protection, whereas mice lacking IgA were fully protected by immunization, indicating that immunity was CD4 T cell-dependent but IgA-independent. These results demonstrate that conserved metabolic enzymes can be effective vaccine antigens for protection against G. lamblia infection, thereby expanding the repertoire of candidate antigens beyond primary surface proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sozaburo Ihara
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Christine H. Y. Le
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Vivien N. Tran
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Elaine M. Hanson
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Marvin Fischer
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kurt Hanevik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Bourque DL, Neumayr A, Libman M, Chen LH. Treatment strategies for nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis: a systematic review. J Travel Med 2022; 29:6340793. [PMID: 34350966 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE FOR REVIEW Giardiasis is one of the most common human protozoal infections worldwide. First-line therapy of giardiasis includes nitroimidazole antibiotics. However, treatment failure with nitroimidazoles is increasingly reported, with up to 45% of patients not responding to initial treatment. There is no clear consensus on the approach to the management of nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis. This systematic review aims to summarize the literature on pharmacotherapy for nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the literature to determine the optimal management strategies for nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis. We searched Pubmed/MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane library using the following search terms 'Giardia' AND 'treatment failure' OR 'refractory giardia' OR 'resistant giardia' with date limits of 1 January 1970 to 30 June 2021. We included all reports on humans, which described clinical outcomes of individuals with treatment refractory giardiasis, including case series and case reports. A descriptive synthesis of the data was conducted with pooling of data for interventions. KEY FINDINGS Included in this review were five prospective studies, three retrospective studies, seven case series and nine case reports. Across these reports, a wide heterogeneity of treatment regimens was employed, including retreatment with an alternative nitroimidazole, combination therapy with a nitroimidazole and another agent and monotherapy with non-nitroimidazole regimens, including quinacrine, paromomycin and nitazoxanide. Retreatment with a nitroimidazole was not an effective therapy for refractory giardiasis. However, treatment with a nitroimidazole in combination with albendazole had a cure rate of 66.9%. In the included studies, quinacrine monotherapy was administered to a total of 179 patients, with a clinical cure rate of 88.8%. Overall, quinacrine was fairly well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Reports on the treatment of nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis demonstrate a heterogeneous approach to treatment. Of these, quinacrine appeared to be highly effective, though more data on its safety are needed.
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Fekete E, Allain T, Amat CB, Mihara K, Saifeddine M, Hollenberg MD, Chadee K, Buret AG. Giardia duodenalis cysteine proteases cleave proteinase-activated receptor-2 to regulate intestinal goblet cell mucin gene expression. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:285-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Nourrisson C, Scanzi J, Brunet J, Delbac F, Dapoigny M, Poirier P. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Fecal Microbiota in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients and Healthy Individuals Colonized With Blastocystis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:713347. [PMID: 34603241 PMCID: PMC8486285 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.713347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis is the most frequently isolated protozoan from human stool. Its role in human health is still debated, and a high prevalence was reported in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) subjects, suggesting a potential link with microbiota. In the present study, we aimed to investigate prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbiota in both IBS-C (constipated) and healthy individuals. We recruited 35 IBS-C patients and 23 healthy subjects, from which 12 and 11 carried Blastocystis, respectively. We performed 16S and 18S rRNA high-throughput sequencing on feces. Whereas we did not observe differences between infected and non-infected controls, several phyla were significantly modified in IBS-C patients according to the presence of Blastocystis. Tenericutes phylum and Ruminococcaceae family were especially increased in Blastocystis carriers. Furthermore, colonization with Blastocystis was associated with discrete changes in the microbial eukaryome, particularly among the Fungi taxa. Depending on the group of patients considered, the mycobiota changes do not go in the same direction and seem more deleterious in the IBS-C group. These results encourage further in vivo and in vitro investigations concerning the role of Blastocystis in the gut environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Nourrisson
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, 3IHP, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Scanzi
- Service de Médecine Digestive et Hépatobiliaire, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julie Brunet
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, 3IHP, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Michel Dapoigny
- Service de Médecine Digestive et Hépatobiliaire, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philippe Poirier
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, 3IHP, INSERM, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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High-fat diet increases the severity of Giardia infection in association with low-grade inflammation and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18842. [PMID: 34552170 PMCID: PMC8458452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous factors that may influence the pathophysiology of Giardia infection remain incompletely understood. We have investigated the role of dietary fat in the pathogenesis of Giardia infection. Male 3 to 4-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed either a low fat (LF) or a high fat (HF) diet for 12 days and challenged with G. duodenalis. In infected animals, the trophozoite burden was higher in HF + Giardia mice compared to the LF + Giardia group at day 7 post infection. Fatty acids exerted direct pro-growth effects on Giardia trophozoites. Analysis of disease parameters showed that HF + Giardia mice exhibited more mucosal infiltration by inflammatory cells, decreased villus/crypt ratios, goblet cell hyperplasia, mucus disruption, increased gut motility, and elevated fecal water content compared with LF + Giardia. HF diet-dependent exacerbation of Giardia-induced goblet cell hyperplasia was associated with elevated Atoh1 and Muc2 gene expression. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that the HF diet alone induces a taxonomic shift. HF + Giardia mice exhibited microbiota dysbiosis characterized by an increase of Firmicutes and a decrease of Bacteroidetes and significant changes in α- and β-diversity metrics. Taken together, the findings suggest that a HF diet exacerbates the outcome of Giardia infection. The data demonstrate that elevated dietary fat represents an important exogenous factor promoting the pathophysiology of giardiasis.
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Dashti N, Zarebavani M. Probiotics in the management of Giardia duodenalis: an update on potential mechanisms and outcomes. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:1869-1878. [PMID: 34324017 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a common cause of infection in children and travelers. The most frequent symptom is diarrhea in these patients. G. duodenalis trophozoites use a highly specialized adhesive disc to attach the host intestinal epithelium to induce intestinal damages. Pathological features of the small intestine following giardiasis include villous atrophy; infiltration of granulocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells into the lamina propria; and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia. The disturbed intestinal microbiota has been observed in patients with giardiasis. Therefore, a growing body of evidence has emphasized restoring the gut microbiome by probiotics in giardiasis. This study aimed to review the literature to find the pathologic features of giardiasis and its relationship with imbalanced microbiota. Then, benefits of probiotics in giardiasis and their potential molecular mechanisms were discussed. It has been illustrated that using probiotics (e.g., Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces) can reduce the time of gastrointestinal symptoms and repair the damages, particularly in giardiasis. Probiotics' capability in restoring the composition of commensal microbiota may lead to therapeutic outcomes. According to preclinical and clinical studies, probiotics can protect against parasite-induced mucosal damages via increasing the antioxidant capacity, suppressing oxidative products, and regulating the systemic and mucosal immune responses. In addition, they can reduce the proportion of G. duodenalis load by directly targeting the parasite. They can destroy the cellular architecture of parasites and suppress the proliferation and growth of trophozoites via the production of some factors with anti-giardial features. Further researches are required to find suitable probiotics for the prevention and treatment of giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Dashti
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Zarebavani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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27
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Marucci G, Zullino I, Bertuccini L, Camerini S, Cecchetti S, Pietrantoni A, Casella M, Vatta P, Greenwood AD, Fiorillo A, Lalle M. Re-Discovery of Giardiavirus: Genomic and Functional Analysis of Viruses from Giardia duodenalis Isolates. Biomedicines 2021; 9:654. [PMID: 34201207 PMCID: PMC8230311 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis, is an intestinal diarrheal disease affecting almost one billion people worldwide. A small endosymbiotic dsRNA viruses, G. lamblia virus (GLV), genus Giardiavirus, family Totiviridae, might inhabit human and animal isolates of G. duodenalis. Three GLV genomes have been sequenced so far, and only one was intensively studied; moreover, a positive correlation between GLV and parasite virulence is yet to be proved. To understand the biological significance of GLV infection in Giardia, the characterization of several GLV strains from naturally infected G. duodenalis isolates is necessary. Here we report high-throughput sequencing of four GLVs strains, from Giardia isolates of human and animal origin. We also report on a new, unclassified viral sequence (designed GdRV-2), unrelated to Giardiavirus, encoding and expressing for a single large protein with an RdRp domain homologous to Totiviridae and Botybirnaviridae. The result of our sequencing and proteomic analyses challenge the current knowledge on GLV and strongly suggest that viral capsid protein translation unusually starts with a proline and that translation of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) occurs via a +1/-2 ribosomal frameshift mechanism. Nucleotide polymorphism, confirmed by mass-spectrometry analysis, was also observed among and between GLV strains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the occurrence of at least two GLV subtypes which display different phenotypes and transmissibility in experimental infections of a GLV naïve Giardia isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Marucci
- Unit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (I.Z.); (P.V.)
| | - Ilaria Zullino
- Unit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (I.Z.); (P.V.)
| | - Lucia Bertuccini
- Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.B.); (S.C.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Serena Camerini
- Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.B.); (S.C.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Serena Cecchetti
- Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.B.); (S.C.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Agostina Pietrantoni
- Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.B.); (S.C.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Marialuisa Casella
- Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.B.); (S.C.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Paolo Vatta
- Unit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (I.Z.); (P.V.)
| | - Alex D. Greenwood
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315 Berlin, Germany;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annarita Fiorillo
- Department of Biochemical Science “A. Rossi-Fanelli”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Lalle
- Unit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (I.Z.); (P.V.)
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