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Galaburda AM. Animal models of developmental dyslexia. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:981801. [PMID: 36452335 PMCID: PMC9702821 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.981801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
As some critics have stated, the term "developmental dyslexia" refers to a strictly human disorder, relating to a strictly human capacity - reading - so it cannot be modeled in experimental animals, much less so in lowly rodents. However, two endophenotypes associated with developmental dyslexia are eminently suitable for animal modeling: Cerebral Lateralization, as illustrated by the association between dyslexia and non-righthandedness, and Cerebrocortical Dysfunction, as illustrated by the described abnormal structural anatomy and/or physiology and functional imaging of the dyslexic cerebral cortex. This paper will provide a brief review of these two endophenotypes in human beings with developmental dyslexia and will describe the animal work done in my laboratory and that of others to try to shed light on the etiology of and neural mechanisms underlying developmental dyslexia. Some thought will also be given to future directions of the research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert M. Galaburda
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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2
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Leibovitz Z, Lerman-Sagie T, Haddad L. Fetal Brain Development: Regulating Processes and Related Malformations. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12060809. [PMID: 35743840 PMCID: PMC9224903 DOI: 10.3390/life12060809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the contemporary state of knowledge regarding processes that regulate normal development of the embryonic–fetal central nervous system (CNS). The processes are described according to the developmental timetable: dorsal induction, ventral induction, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, post-migration neuronal development, and cortical organization. We review the current literature on CNS malformations associated with these regulating processes. We specifically address neural tube defects, holoprosencephaly, malformations of cortical development (including microcephaly, megalencephaly, lissencephaly, cobblestone malformations, gray matter heterotopia, and polymicrogyria), disorders of the corpus callosum, and posterior fossa malformations. Fetal ventriculomegaly, which frequently accompanies these disorders, is also reviewed. Each malformation is described with reference to the etiology, genetic causes, prenatal sonographic imaging, associated anomalies, differential diagnosis, complimentary diagnostic studies, clinical interventions, neurodevelopmental outcome, and life quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Leibovitz
- Obstetrics-Gynecology Ultrasound Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fetal Neurology Clinic, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 5822012, Israel;
- Obstetrics-Gynecology Ultrasound Unit, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa 31048, Israel;
- Correspondence:
| | - Tally Lerman-Sagie
- Obstetrics-Gynecology Ultrasound Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fetal Neurology Clinic, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 5822012, Israel;
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 5822012, Israel
| | - Leila Haddad
- Obstetrics-Gynecology Ultrasound Unit, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa 31048, Israel;
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Karslı MF, Çakmak B, Şen C. Novel method for trisomy 21 screening in the first trimester of pregnancy: fetal brain angle. J Perinat Med 2022; 50:82-86. [PMID: 34333886 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2021-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was performed to examine the utility of a new first trimester marker called the "brain angle" (BA) in screening for trisomy 21. We postulate that differences in the midbrain anatomy between euploid fetuses and those that are affected by trisomy 21 are reflected in changes in BA measurements. METHODS In fetuses at 11+0-13+6 weeks of gestations, which were at high risk for trisomy 21, the angle was measured between the line crossing the thalamus and mesencephalon cranial border tangentially and the line crossing the brainstem lower limit. This angle was compared between fetuses with trisomy 21 (based on karyotyping) and those with a normal karyotype. RESULTS Trisomy 21 was detected in 45 (8%) of 560 fetuses. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that, at BA≥94°, the sensitivity and specificity for determining trisomy 21 were 97.8% (95% CI=88.2-99.9%) and 100% (95% CI=99.2-100%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Fetal BA appears to be a promising new first trimester marker in screening for trisomy 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Fatih Karslı
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Perinatology, Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bülent Çakmak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Cihat Şen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Prenatal Unit, Bahçelievler Memorial Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.,Perinatal Medicine Foundation, Istanbul, Turkey
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Transitory and Vestigial Structures of the Developing Human Nervous System. Pediatr Neurol 2021; 123:86-101. [PMID: 34416613 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As with many body organs, the human central nervous system contains many structures and cavities that may have had functions in embryonic and fetal life but are vestigial or atrophic at maturity. Examples are the septum pellucidum, remnants of the lamina terminalis, Cajal-Retzius neurons, induseum griseum, habenula, and accessory olfactory bulb. Other structures are transitory in fetal or early postnatal life, disappearing from the mature brain. Examples are the neural crest, subpial granular glial layer of Brun over cerebral cortex, radial glial cells, and subplate zone of cerebral cortex. At times persistent fetal structures that do not regress may cause neurological problems or indicate a pathologic condition, such as Blake pouch cyst. Transitory structures thus can become vestigial. Examples are an excessively wide cavum septi pellucidi, suprapineal recess of the third ventricle, trigeminal artery of the posterior fossa circulation, and hyaloid ocular artery. Arrested maturation might be considered another aspect of vestigial structure. An example is the persistent microcolumnar cortical architecture in focal cortical dysplasia type Ia, in cortical zones of chronic fetal ischemia, and in some metabolic/genetic congenital encephalopathies. Some transitory structures in human brain are normal adult structures in lower vertebrates. Recognition of transitory and vestigial structures by fetal or postnatal neuroimaging and neuropathologically enables better understanding of cerebral ontogenesis and avoids misinterpretations.
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Congenital Hearing Loss Is Associated With a High Incidence of Central Nervous System Abnormalities. Otol Neurotol 2021; 41:1397-1405. [PMID: 32740546 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000002778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) To assess the incidence of central nervous system abnormalities in pediatric subjects with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). METHODS One hundred forty-three pediatric subjects evaluated for SNHL at a single academic center from 2007 to 2014 were included and divided into eight diagnosis groups based on etiology of SNHL. One hundred forty-three age- and gender-matched control subjects with no known brain-related pathology or history of hearing loss were included as healthy controls for comparison. Two neuroradiologists independently evaluated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans for each subject. Comparison of abnormal cerebral development was performed using an ordinal logistic regression model. Concordance between CT and MRI of the temporal bone was assessed using the kappa statistic. RESULTS The etiologies of hearing loss in our cohort were 37.8% genetic, 12.6% infectious, 1.4% ototoxin-induced, and 48.3% idiopathic. Brain MRI revealed cerebral developmental abnormalities in defined regions in >30% of the SNHL cohort, significantly more than in normal-hearing pediatric controls. The Sylvian fissure, Virchow-Robin spaces, and lateral ventricles were most commonly affected. In the temporal bone, the percentage of subjects with concordant findings on CT and MRI was ≥92% across all anatomical structures. CONCLUSION MRI revealed a high incidence of intracranial abnormalities, suggestive of aberrant development of auditory and nonauditory neural structures associated with SNHL. CT and MRI share a high degree of concordance in detecting temporal bone anomalies. Inclusion of MRI as part of the workup of congenital SNHL may facilitate the detection of developmental anomalies of the brain associated with SNHL.
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A rare association of right hemicerebral dysgenesis with congenital anophthalmia in a neonate. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:329-334. [PMID: 32394010 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-020-04639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital anophthalmia is rare and can occur due to various etiologies, including genetic defects, teratogenic exposures, and vascular disruptions. We report a rare case of right-sided congenital anophthalmia and hemicerebral dysgenesis in association with ipsilateral hemicerebral vascular dysgenesis in a neonate. Postnatal neuroimaging was conspicuous for a "bare orbit sign." A unilateral cranial neurocristopathy was suspected to be an underlying etiopathology for such a diffuse defect.
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Renner H, Grabos M, Becker KJ, Kagermeier TE, Wu J, Otto M, Peischard S, Zeuschner D, TsyTsyura Y, Disse P, Klingauf J, Leidel SA, Seebohm G, Schöler HR, Bruder JM. A fully automated high-throughput workflow for 3D-based chemical screening in human midbrain organoids. eLife 2020; 9:52904. [PMID: 33138918 PMCID: PMC7609049 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems have fueled hopes to bring about the next generation of more physiologically relevant high-throughput screens (HTS). However, current protocols yield either complex but highly heterogeneous aggregates (‘organoids’) or 3D structures with less physiological relevance (‘spheroids’). Here, we present a scalable, HTS-compatible workflow for the automated generation, maintenance, and optical analysis of human midbrain organoids in standard 96-well-plates. The resulting organoids possess a highly homogeneous morphology, size, global gene expression, cellular composition, and structure. They present significant features of the human midbrain and display spontaneous aggregate-wide synchronized neural activity. By automating the entire workflow from generation to analysis, we enhance the intra- and inter-batch reproducibility as demonstrated via RNA sequencing and quantitative whole mount high-content imaging. This allows assessing drug effects at the single-cell level within a complex 3D cell environment in a fully automated HTS workflow. In 1907, the American zoologist Ross Granville Harrison developed the first technique to artificially grow animal cells outside the body in a liquid medium. Cells are still grown in much the same way in modern laboratories: a single layer of cells is placed in a warm incubator with nutrient-rich broth. These cell layers are often used to test new drugs, but they cannot recapitulate the complexity of a real organ made from multiple cell types within a living, breathing human body. Growing three-dimensional miniature organs or 'organoids' that behave in a similar way to real organs is the next step towards creating better platforms for drug screening, but there are several difficulties inherent to this process. For one thing, it is hard to recreate the multitude of cell types that make up an organ. For another, the cells that do grow often fail to connect and communicate with each other in biologically realistic ways. It is also tough to grow a large number of organoids that all behave in the same way, making it hard to know whether a particular drug works or whether it is just being tested on a 'good' organoid. Renner et al. have been able to overcome these issues by using robotic technology to create thousands of identical, mid-brain organoids from human cells in the lab. The robots perform a series of precisely controlled tasks – including dispensing the initial cells into wells, feeding organoids as they grow and testing them at different stages of development. These mini-brains, which are the size of the head of a pin, mimic the part of the brain where Parkinson's disease first manifests. They can be used to test new drugs for Parkinson's, and to better understand the biology of the brain. Perhaps more importantly, other types of organoids can be created using the same technique to model diseases that affect other areas of the brain, or other organs altogether. For example, Renner et al. also generated forebrain organoids using an automated approach for both generation and analysis. This research, which shows that organoids can be grown and tested in a fully automated, reproducible and scalable way, creates a platform to quickly, cheaply and easily test thousands of drugs for Parkinson's and other difficult-to-treat diseases in a human setting. This approach has the potential to reduce research waste by increasing the chances that a drug that works in the lab will also ultimately work in a patient; and reduce animal experiments, as drugs that do not work in human tissues will not proceed to animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Renner
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Martha Grabos
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina J Becker
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Theresa E Kagermeier
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jie Wu
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Research Group for RNA Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mandy Otto
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Peischard
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dagmar Zeuschner
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck Institute for molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Yaroslav TsyTsyura
- Cellular Biophysics Group, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Disse
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Klingauf
- Cellular Biophysics Group, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian A Leidel
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Research Group for RNA Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan M Bruder
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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Sequerra EB, Rocha AJ, de Medeiros GOC, Neto MM, Maia CRS, Arrais NMR, Bezerra M, Jeronimo SMB, Barros AK, Sousa PS, Nogueira de Melo A, Queiroz CM. Association between brain morphology and electrophysiological features in Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome: A cross-sectional, observational study. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 26:100508. [PMID: 33089122 PMCID: PMC7565198 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine infection with the Zika virus (ZIKV) has been connected to severe brain malformations, microcephaly, and abnormal electrophysiological activity. METHODS We describe the interictal electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings of 47 children born with ZIKV-derived microcephaly. EEGs were recorded in the first year of life and correlated with brain morphology. In 31 subjects, we tested the association between computed tomography (CT) findings and interictal epileptiform discharges (IED). In eighteen, CTs were used for correlating volumetric measurements of the brainstem, cerebellum, and prosencephalon with the rate of IED. FINDINGS Twenty-nine out of 47 (62%) subjects were diagnosed as having epilepsy. Those subjects presented epileptiform discharges, including unilateral interictal spikes (26/29, 90%), bilateral synchronous and asynchronous interictal spikes (21/29, 72%), and hypsarrhythmia (12/29, 41%). Interestingly, 58% of subjects with clinical epilepsy were born with rhombencephalon malformations, while none of the subjects without epilepsy showed macroscopic abnormalities in this region. The presence of rhombencephalon malformation was associated with epilepsy (odds ratio of 34; 95% CI: 2 - 654). Also, the presence of IED was associated with smaller brain volumes. Age-corrected total brain volume was inversely correlated with the rate of IED during sleep. Finally, 11 of 44 (25%) subjects presented sleep spindles. We observed an odds ratio of 0·25 (95% CI: 0·06 - 1·04) for having sleep spindles given the IED presence. INTERPRETATION The findings suggest that certain CT imaging features are associated with an increased likelihood of developing epilepsy, including higher rates of IED and impaired development of sleep spindles, in the first year of life of CZVS subjects. FUNDING This work was supported by the Brazilian Federal Government through a postdoctoral fellowship for EBS (Talented Youth, Science without Borders), an undergraduate scholarship for AJR (Institutional Program of Science Initiation Scholarships, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil), by International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CRP/BRA18-05_EC) and by CAPES (Grant number 440893/2016-0), and CNPq (Grant number 88881.130729/2016-01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo B Sequerra
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59056-450 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Rocha
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59056-450 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Galtieri O C de Medeiros
- Imaging Diagnostic Center, Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59012-300 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Manuel M Neto
- Imaging Diagnostic Center, Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59012-300 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Claudia R S Maia
- Department of Pediatrics, Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59012-300 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Nívia M R Arrais
- Department of Pediatrics, Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59012-300 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Mylena Bezerra
- Department of Pediatrics, Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59012-300 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Selma M B Jeronimo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59056-450 Natal, RN, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Allan Kardec Barros
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Maranhão, 65080-040 São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S Sousa
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59056-450 Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Maranhão, 65080-040 São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Aurea Nogueira de Melo
- Department of Pediatrics, Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59012-300 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Claudio M Queiroz
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59056-450 Natal, RN, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
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Dandy-Walker-Like Malformation in a Free-Ranging Atlantic Harbour Seal Pup (Phoca vitulina concolor). J Comp Pathol 2020; 178:41-45. [PMID: 32800107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An 88.5 cm long, 12.9 kg, 3-week-old stranded male Atlantic harbour seal (Phoca vitulina concolor) presented with cerebellar ataxia, delayed postural reactions, hyperaesthesia and nystagmus. The skull was enlarged and domed. Ultrasound through a persistent fontanelle in the frontal bone revealed hydrocephalus. Magnetic resonance imaging showed diffuse enlargement of the ventricular system, an absent cerebellar vermis, hypertrophy of the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle and enlargement of the caudal fossa. Throughout rehabilitation, the seal failed to achieve milestones critical for successful release or placement in a managed care facility, including the ability to feed independently and haul out. Three months into rehabilitation it began to regurgitate and staff had difficulty administering food to the seal. The seal was euthanized due to a poor prognosis. Post-mortem examination confirmed a) aplasia of the dorsal cerebellar vermis and hypoplasia of the most dorsal portions of the right and left cerebellar hemispheres, b) severe, diffuse, congenital communicating hydrocephalus, and c) aplasia of the interthalamic adhesion and corpus callosum. This case represents the first report of Dandy-Walker-like malformation (DWLM) in a marine mammal and illustrates the importance of advanced imaging and thorough post-mortem examination in free-ranging pinnipeds that strand with evidence of neurological disease.
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Dovjak GO, Diogo MC, Brugger PC, Gruber GM, Weber M, Glatter S, Seidl R, Bettelheim D, Prayer D, Kasprian GJ. Quantitative fetal magnetic resonance imaging assessment of cystic posterior fossa malformations. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2020; 56:78-85. [PMID: 31595598 PMCID: PMC7384051 DOI: 10.1002/uog.21890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Normal cognitive development usually requires a structurally intact and complete cerebellar vermis. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether quantification by fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of vermis- and brainstem-specific imaging markers improves the definition of cystic posterior fossa malformations (cPFM). METHODS Fetuses diagnosed with cPFM that had an available midsagittal plane on T2-weighted MRI were identified retrospectively and compared with gestational-age (GA) matched brain-normal controls. Fetuses with cPFM were assigned to three groups, according to standard criteria (vermian size and brainstem-vermis (BV) angle): normal vermian area and BV angle < 25° (Group 1); reduced vermian area and/or BV angle of 25-45° (Group 2); and reduced vermian area and BV angle > 45° (Group 3; Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM) group). The number of differentiable vermian lobules and the areas of the vermis, mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata were quantified, correlated with and controlled for GA, and compared between the study groups. RESULTS In total, 142 cases of cPFM were included, with a mean GA of 25.20 ± 5.11 weeks. Cases comprised Blake's pouch cyst (n = 46), arachnoid cyst (n = 12), inferior vermian hypoplasia (n = 5), megacisterna magna (n = 35) and classic DWM (n = 44). In the control group, 148 fetuses were included, with a mean GA of 25.26 ± 4.12 weeks. All quantified areas and the number of differentiable vermian lobules had a significant positive correlation with GA. The number of vermian lobules and the areas of all quantified regions, except for that of the medulla oblongata, differed significantly between the study groups (P ≤ 0.015 for all). The control group had the highest number of differentiable vermian lobules and the DWM group had the lowest (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Prenatal MRI assessment of vermian lobules is a useful addition to standard neuroradiological and neurosonographic techniques. The quantification of vermian lobules using fetal MRI allows further differentiation of cPFM into subgroups and thereby improves the classification of hindbrain malformations. © 2019 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. O. Dovjak
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐Guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - M. C. Diogo
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐Guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - P. C. Brugger
- Department of Anatomy and BiomechanicsKarl Landsteiner University of Health SciencesKremsAustria
| | - G. M. Gruber
- Department of Anatomy and BiomechanicsKarl Landsteiner University of Health SciencesKremsAustria
| | - M. Weber
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐Guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - S. Glatter
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - R. Seidl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - D. Bettelheim
- Department of Obstetrics and Feto‐Maternal MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - D. Prayer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐Guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - G. J. Kasprian
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐Guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Abstract
Disorders of the developing nervous system may be of genetic origin, comprising congenital malformations of spine and brain as well as metabolic or vascular disorders that affect normal brain development. Acquired causes include congenital infections, hypoxic-ischemic or traumatic brain injury, and a number of rare neoplasms. This chapter focuses on the clinical presentation and workup of neurogenetic disorders presenting in the fetal or neonatal period. After a summary of the most frequent clinical presentations, clues from history taking and clinical examination are illustrated with short case reports. This is followed by a discussion of the different tools available for the workup of neurogenetic disorders, including the various genetic techniques with their advantages and disadvantages. The implications of a molecular genetic diagnosis for the patient and family are addressed in the section on counseling. The chapter concludes with a proposed workflow that may help the clinician when confronted with a potential neurogenetic disorder in the fetal or neonatal period.
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Bell C, Nevitt S, McKay VH, Fattah AY. Will the real Moebius syndrome please stand up? A systematic review of the literature and statistical cluster analysis of clinical features. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 179:257-265. [PMID: 30556292 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.60683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Moebius syndrome is a highly variable syndrome with abducens and facial nerve palsy as core features. Strict diagnostic criteria do not exist and the inconsistency of the associated features makes determination difficult. To determine what features are associated with Moebius syndrome we performed a systematic literature review resulting in a composite case series of 449 individuals labeled with Moebius syndrome. We applied minimum criteria (facial and abducens palsy) to determine the prevalence of associated clinical features in this series. Additionally, we performed statistical cluster analysis to determine which features tended to occur together. Our study comprises the largest series of patients with Moebius syndrome and the first to apply statistical methodology to elucidate clinical relationships. We present evidence for two groups within the Moebius diagnosis. Type 1: exhibiting micrognathia, limb anomalies and feeding/swallowing difficulty that tend to occur together. Type 2: phenotypically diverse but more associated with radiologically detectable neurologic abnormalities and developmental delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bell
- School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Nevitt
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria H McKay
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Women's Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adel Y Fattah
- Facial Nerve Programme, Regional Paediatric Burns and Plastic Surgery Service, Alder Hey Children's Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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13
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Spinelli M, Di Meglio L, Mosimann B, Di Naro E, Surbek D, Raio L. The Vermian-Crest Angle: A New Method to Assess Fetal Vermis Position within the Posterior Fossa Using 3-Dimensional Multiplanar Sonography. Fetal Diagn Ther 2018; 46:223-230. [PMID: 30517923 DOI: 10.1159/000494721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal morphometry of the vermis and its relation to the posterior fossa (PF) rule out most major anomalies of the cerebellum. However, accurate categorization of the position and size of the fetal vermis remains a challenge. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to test a new method to assess the position and size of fetal vermis on 3-dimensional ultrasound (3D-US). METHODS We measured the vermian-crest angle (VCA) in normal fetuses using multiplanar 3D-US. We also assessed the diameters (superoinferior, anteroposterior, and horizontal) and volume of the vermis. The Spearman rank test and linear and polynomial regression analyses were used for statistical purposes. RESULTS We included 126 fetuses. Mean ± SD gestational age (GA) was 26.3 ± 4.6 (range 17-35.5) weeks. Mean ± SD superoinferior, anteroposterior, and horizontal diameters were 16.2 ± 4.9, 11.2 ± 3.6, and 5.6 ± 1.6 mm, respectively. Median (range) vermian volume was 0.50 (0.05-2.9) cm3. The VCA was 64.49° ± 11.45. We found no correlation between GA and VCA (r = 0.15; p = 0.13), a linear correlation between GA and vermian diameters, and a quadratic correlation between GA and vermian volume. CONCLUSIONS We provide a new method to assess vermian position and size within the PF using 3D-US. The combined information may be of value for screening purposes, particularly to differentiate between the various pathological situations encountered within the PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuigia Spinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy, .,Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,
| | - Lavinia Di Meglio
- Private Centre "Diagnostica Ecografica Prenatale Aniello Di Meglio srl", Naples, Italy
| | - Beatrice Mosimann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Di Naro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico di Bari, School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniel Surbek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Raio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Haratz KK, Lerman-Sagie T. Prenatal diagnosis of brainstem anomalies. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2018; 22:1016-1026. [PMID: 30448280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal diagnosis of brainstem anomalies is important due to the usually associated neurodevelopmental impairment and genetic implications. The extreme developmental changes that the brainstem and cerebellum undergo during fetal life pose a challenge for the characterization and definition of the different malformations. The present review aims to demonstrate the normal development of the fetal brainstem and to present the main features required for diagnosis of its anomalies according to available data in the medical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Krajden Haratz
- Fetal Neurology Clinic, Ultrasound in Ob-Gyn Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Tally Lerman-Sagie
- Fetal Neurology Clinic, Ultrasound in Ob-Gyn Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Pediatric Neurology Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
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15
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Vezain M, Lecuyer M, Rubio M, Dupé V, Ratié L, David V, Pasquier L, Odent S, Coutant S, Tournier I, Trestard L, Adle-Biassette H, Vivien D, Frébourg T, Gonzalez BJ, Laquerrière A, Saugier-Veber P. A de novo variant in ADGRL2 suggests a novel mechanism underlying the previously undescribed association of extreme microcephaly with severely reduced sulcation and rhombencephalosynapsis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:109. [PMID: 30340542 PMCID: PMC6195752 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme microcephaly and rhombencephalosynapsis represent unusual pathological conditions, each of which occurs in isolation or in association with various other cerebral and or extracerebral anomalies. Unlike microcephaly for which several disease-causing genes have been identified with different modes of inheritance, the molecular bases of rhombencephalosynapsis remain unknown and rhombencephalosynapsis presents mainly as a sporadic condition consistent with de novo dominant variations. We report for the first time the association of extreme microcephaly with almost no sulcation and rhombencephalosynapsis in a fœtus for which comparative patient-parent exome sequencing strategy revealed a heterozygous de novo missense variant in the ADGRL2 gene. ADGRL2 encodes latrophilin 2, an adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor whose exogenous ligand is α-latrotoxin. Adgrl2 immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed expression in the telencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon of mouse and chicken embryos. In human brain embryos and fœtuses, Adgrl2 immunoreactivity was observed in the hemispheric and cerebellar germinal zones, the cortical plate, basal ganglia, pons and cerebellar cortex. Microfluorimetry experiments evaluating intracellular calcium release in response to α-latrotoxin binding showed significantly reduced cytosolic calcium release in the fœtus amniocytes vs amniocytes from age-matched control fœtuses and in HeLa cells transfected with mutant ADGRL2 cDNA vs wild-type construct. Embryonic lethality was also observed in constitutive Adgrl2−/− mice. In Adgrl2+/− mice, MRI studies revealed microcephaly and vermis hypoplasia. Cell adhesion and wound healing assays demonstrated that the variation increased cell adhesion properties and reduced cell motility. Furthermore, HeLa cells overexpressing mutant ADGRL2 displayed a highly developed cytoplasmic F-actin network related to cytoskeletal dynamic modulation. ADGRL2 is the first gene identified as being responsible for extreme microcephaly with rhombencephalosynapsis. Increased cell adhesion, reduced cell motility and cytoskeletal dynamic alterations induced by the variant therefore represent a new mechanism responsible for microcephaly.
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16
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Arrigoni F, Romaniello R, Peruzzo D, Poretti A, Bassi MT, Pierpaoli C, Valente EM, Nuovo S, Boltshauser E, Huisman TAGM, Triulzi F, Borgatti R. The spectrum of brainstem malformations associated to mutations of the tubulin genes family: MRI and DTI analysis. Eur Radiol 2018; 29:770-782. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-018-5610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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Lauda A, Bruehschwein A, Ficek J, Schmidt MJ, Klima A, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Fischer A. Caudal Fossa Ratio in Normal Dogs and Eurasier Dogs with VLDLR-Associated Genetic Cerebellar Hypoplasia. Front Vet Sci 2018; 4:241. [PMID: 29404343 PMCID: PMC5786823 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar and hindbrain malformations, such as cerebellar hypoplasia (CH), vermis hypoplasia, and Dandy–Walker malformation, occur in dogs as well as in humans. Neuroimaging is essential for a precise description of these malformations and defining translational animal models. Neuroimaging is increasingly performed in puppies, but there is a lack of data on developmental changes in the caudal fossa, which can impair assessment of caudal fossa size in this age group. The purpose of this study was to validate caudal fossa ratio (CFR) in dogs and to explore CFR in Eurasier dogs with genetic CH. CFR was calculated from midsagittal brain images of 130 dogs as caudal fossa area/total cranial cavity area. In addition, the volume of the caudal fossa was measured in 64 randomly selected dogs from this group. Repeated measurements were used to investigate inter- and intra-rater variability and influence of imaging modality. Furthermore, the influence of age, weight, and breed was explored. The CFR was a reliable parameter with negligible influence from the examiners, imaging modality, and weight of the dog. The midsagittal area of the caudal fossa and the volume of the caudal fossa correlated closely with each other. In this study, we observed a smaller CFR in puppies. The CFR in adult dogs lies within 0.255 and 0.330, while CFR is smaller in puppies up to 4 months of age. Besides age, there was also an effect of breed, which should be explored in larger data sets. Measurements of CFR in Eurasier dogs with genetic CH caused by a mutation in the very-low-density-lipoprotein-receptor gene revealed the presence of two variants, one with an enlarged caudal fossa and one with a normal to small caudal fossa. This observation indicates that there is phenotypic heterogeneity and interaction between the developing cerebellum and the surrounding mesenchyme in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lauda
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Bruehschwein
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joanna Ficek
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin J Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - André Klima
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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18
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McVige JW. Imaging of Congenital Malformations. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2018; 22:1480-1498. [PMID: 27740985 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Intracranial congenital malformations are anomalies of brain development caused by genetic and environmental influences. This article discusses common intracranial congenital malformations, presents the associated neuroimaging findings, and discusses how appropriate identification of intracranial anomalies can impact diagnosis and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in neuroimaging techniques and genetic research have led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of many congenital malformations, adding insight into their clinical relevance and the intricate relationship between critical periods of development, genetic predisposition, and environmental insults. When one malformation is discovered, a high likelihood of more malformations exists. In some instances, the intracranial anomalies will lead to the diagnosis of a particular neurologic syndrome, which may, in turn, lead to modification of a plan of care. SUMMARY Knowledge of congenital malformations and their appearance on imaging sequences is essential to improve clinical outcomes and quality of life for patients.
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Abstract
We aim to review the magnetic resonance imaging appearance of malformations of midbrain and hindbrain. These can be classified as predominantly cerebellar malformations, combined cerebellar and brain stem malformations, and predominantly brain stem malformations. The diagnostic criteria for the majority of these morphological malformations are based on neuroimaging findings. The predominantly cerebellar malformations include predominantly vermian hypoplasia seen in Dandy-Walker malformation and rhombencephalosynapsis, global cerebellar hypoplasia reported in lissencephaly and microlissencephaly, and unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia seen in PHACES, vanishing cerebellum, and cerebellar cleft. Cerebellar dysplasias are seen in Chudley-McCullough syndrome, associated with LAMA1 mutations and GPR56 mutations; Lhermitte-Duclos disease; and focal cerebellar dysplasias. Cerebellar hyperplasias are seen in megalencephaly-related syndromes and hemimegalencephaly with ipsilateral cerebellomegaly. Cerebellar and brain stem malformations include tubulinopathies, Joubert syndrome, cobblestone malformations, pontocerebellar hypoplasias, and congenital disorders of glycosylation type Ia. Predominantly brain stem malformations include congenital innervation dysgenesis syndrome, pontine tegmental cap dysplasia, diencephalic-mesencephalic junction dysplasia, disconnection syndrome, and pontine clefts.
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20
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Bernardino F, Rentmeister K, Schmidt MJ, Bruehschwein A, Matiasek K, Matiasek LA, Lauda A, Schoon HA, Fischer A. Inferior cerebellar hypoplasia resembling a Dandy-Walker-like malformation in purebred Eurasier dogs with familial non-progressive ataxia: a retrospective and prospective clinical cohort study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117670. [PMID: 25668516 PMCID: PMC4323131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar malformations can be inherited or caused by insults during cerebellar development. To date, only sporadic cases of cerebellar malformations have been reported in dogs, and the genetic background has remained obscure. Therefore, this study`s objective was to describe the clinical characteristics, imaging features and pedigree data of a familial cerebellar hypoplasia in purebred Eurasier dogs. A uniform cerebellar malformation characterized by consistent absence of the caudal portions of the cerebellar vermis and, to a lesser degree, the caudal portions of the cerebellar hemispheres in association with large retrocerebellar fluid accumulations was recognized in 14 closely related Eurasier dogs. Hydrocephalus was an additional feature in some dogs. All dogs displayed non-progressive ataxia, which had already been noted when the dogs were 5 – 6 weeks old. The severity of the ataxia varied between dogs, from mild truncal sway, subtle dysmetric gait, dysequilibrium and pelvic limb ataxia to severe cerebellar ataxia in puppies and episodic falling or rolling. Follow-up examinations in adult dogs showed improvement of the cerebellar ataxia and a still absent menace response. Epileptic seizures occurred in some dogs. The association of partial vermis agenesis with an enlarged fourth ventricle and an enlarged caudal (posterior) fossa resembled a Dandy-Walker-like malformation in some dogs. Pedigree analyses were consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Bernardino
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Martin J. Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bruehschwein
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lara A. Matiasek
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Lauda
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Heinz A. Schoon
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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21
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Martinez S. The cerebellum: from development to structural complexity and motor learning. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:118. [PMID: 25506317 PMCID: PMC4246884 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Martinez
- Developmental Biology Unit, Instituto Neurociecnias, University Miguel Hernandez-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Alicante, Spain ; Brain Morphogenesis, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Arrixaca, University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
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22
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Leibovitz Z, Shkolnik C, Haratz KK, Malinger G, Shapiro I, Lerman-Sagie T. Assessment of fetal midbrain and hindbrain in mid-sagittal cranial plane by three-dimensional multiplanar sonography. Part 2: application of nomograms to fetuses with posterior fossa malformations. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2014; 44:581-587. [PMID: 24478245 DOI: 10.1002/uog.13312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To apply fetal midbrain (MB) and hindbrain (HB) nomograms, developed using three-dimensional multiplanar sonographic reconstruction (3D-MPR) in the mid-sagittal cranial plane, to fetuses with known posterior fossa malformations. METHODS In this retrospective study we examined sonographic volumes obtained by sagittal acquisition in 43 fetuses diagnosed with posterior fossa abnormalities and evaluated in the mid-sagittal cranial plane, using 3D-MPR, the following: MB parameters tectal length (TL) and anteroposterior midbrain diameter (APMD), and HB parameters anteroposterior pons diameter (APPD), superoinferior vermian diameter (SIVD) and anteroposterior vermian diameter (APVD). Fetuses were grouped, according to malformation, into eight categories: cobblestone malformation complex (CMC, n = 3), Chiari-II malformation (C-II, n = 7), pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH, n = 2), rhombencephalosynapsis (RES, n = 4), Dandy-Walker malformation (n = 8), vermian dysgenesis (VD, n = 7), persistent Blake's pouch cyst (n = 6) and megacisterna magna (n = 6). In each case and for each subgroup, the MB-HB biometric parameters and their z-scores were evaluated with reference to our new nomograms. RESULTS The new MB-HB nomograms were able to identify the brainstem and vermian anomalies and differentiate fetuses with MB-HB malformations from those with isolated enlarged posterior fossa cerebrospinal fluid spaces. Use of the nomograms enabled detection of an elongated tectum in fetuses with CMC, C-II and RES, and a flattened pontine belly in cases of CMC, PCH and VD. In the fetuses with VD, the nomograms enabled division into three distinctive groups: (1) those with small SIVD and APVD, (2) those with normal SIVD but small APVD, and (3) those with small SIVD but normal APVD. CONCLUSIONS Application of our new reference data, that for the first time include the MB, enables accurate diagnosis of brain malformations affecting the MB and HB and makes possible novel characterization of previously described features of posterior fossa anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Leibovitz
- Unit of Fetal Neurology and Prenatal Diagnosis, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel, affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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23
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Update on neuroimaging phenotypes of mid-hindbrain malformations. Neuroradiology 2014; 57:113-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00234-014-1431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Nunes RH, Pacheco FT, da Rocha AJ. Magnetic resonance imaging of anterior temporal lobe cysts in children: discriminating special imaging features in a particular group of diseases. Neuroradiology 2014; 56:569-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00234-014-1356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Martinez S, Andreu A, Mecklenburg N, Echevarria D. Cellular and molecular basis of cerebellar development. Front Neuroanat 2013; 7:18. [PMID: 23805080 PMCID: PMC3693072 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cerebellar development were investigated through structural descriptions and studying spontaneous mutations in animal models and humans. Advances in experimental embryology, genetic engineering, and neuroimaging techniques render today the possibility to approach the analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying histogenesis and morphogenesis of the cerebellum by experimental designs. Several genes and molecules were identified to be involved in the cerebellar plate regionalization, specification, and differentiation of cerebellar neurons, as well as the establishment of cellular migratory routes and the subsequent neuronal connectivity. Indeed, pattern formation of the cerebellum requires the adequate orchestration of both key morphogenetic signals, arising from distinct brain regions, and local expression of specific transcription factors. Thus, the present review wants to revisit and discuss these morphogenetic and molecular mechanisms taking place during cerebellar development in order to understand causal processes regulating cerebellar cytoarchitecture, its highly topographically ordered circuitry and its role in brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Martinez
- Experimental Embryology Lab, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernandez Alicante, Spain
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26
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Azmanov DN, Chamova T, Tankard R, Gelev V, Bynevelt M, Florez L, Tzoneva D, Zlatareva D, Guergueltcheva V, Bahlo M, Tournev I, Kalaydjieva L. Challenges of diagnostic exome sequencing in an inbred founder population. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2013; 1:71-6. [PMID: 24498604 PMCID: PMC3865571 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exome sequencing was used as a diagnostic tool in a Roma/Gypsy family with three subjects (one deceased) affected by lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia (LCH), a clinically and genetically heterogeneous diagnostic category. Data analysis identified high levels of unreported inbreeding, with multiple rare/novel “deleterious” variants occurring in the homozygous state in the affected individuals. Step-wise filtering was facilitated by the inclusion of parental samples in the analysis and the availability of ethnically matched control exome data. We identified a novel mutation, p.Asp487Tyr, in the VLDLR gene involved in the Reelin developmental pathway and associated with a rare form of LCH, the Dysequilibrium Syndrome. p.Asp487Tyr is the third reported missense mutation in this gene and the first example of a change affecting directly the functionally crucial β-propeller domain. An unexpected additional finding was a second unique mutation (p.Asn494His) with high scores of predicted pathogenicity in KCNV2, a gene implicated in a rare eye disorder, retinal cone dystrophy type 3B. This result raised diagnostic and counseling challenges that could be resolved through mutation screening of a large panel of healthy population controls. The strategy and findings of this study may inform the search for new disease mutations in the largest European genetic isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar N Azmanov
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Centre for Medical Research/Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Rick Tankard
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vladimir Gelev
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Michael Bynevelt
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia Perth, WA, Australia ; Neurological Intervention and Imaging Service (WA), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Laura Florez
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Centre for Medical Research/Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Dochka Tzoneva
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital "Alexandrovska" Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dora Zlatareva
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital "Alexandrovska" Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Melanie Bahlo
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ivailo Tournev
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Sofia, Bulgaria ; Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, New Bulgarian University Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Luba Kalaydjieva
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Centre for Medical Research/Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia Perth, WA, Australia
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Role of Shh in the development of molecularly characterized tegmental nuclei in mouse rhombomere 1. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:777-92. [PMID: 23494735 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hindbrain rhombomeres in general are differentially specified molecularly by unique combinations of Hox genes with other developmental genes. Rhombomere 1 displays special features, including absence of Hox gene expression. It lies within the hindbrain range of the Engrailed genes (En1, En2), controlled by the isthmic organizer via diffusion of FGF8. It is limited rostrally by the isthmus territory, and caudally by rhombomere 2. It is double the normal size of any other rhombomere. Its dorsal part generates the cerebellar hemispheres and its ventral part gives rise to several populations, such as some raphe nuclei, the interpeduncular nucleus, the rhabdoid nucleus, anterior, dorsal, ventral and posterodorsal tegmental nuclei, the cholinergic pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei, rostral parts of the hindbrain reticular formation, the locus coeruleus, and part of the lateral lemniscal and paralemniscal nuclei, among other formations. Some of these populations migrate tangentially before reaching their final positions. The morphogen Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is normally released from the local floor plate and underlying notochord. In the present report we explore, first, whether Shh is required in the specification of these r1 populations, and, second, its possible role in the guidance of tangentially migrating neurons that approach the midline. Our results indicate that when Shh function is altered selectively in a conditional mutant mouse strain, most populations normally generated in the medial basal plate of r1 are completely absent. Moreover, the relocation of some neurons that normally originate in the alar plate and migrate tangentially into the medial basal plate is variously altered. In contrast, neurons that migrate radially (or first tangentially and then radially) into the lateral basal plate were not significantly affected.
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Radmanesh F, Caglayan A, Silhavy J, Yilmaz C, Cantagrel V, Omar T, Rosti B, Kaymakcalan H, Gabriel S, Li M, Šestan N, Bilguvar K, Dobyns W, Zaki M, Gunel M, Gleeson J. Mutations in LAMB1 cause cobblestone brain malformation without muscular or ocular abnormalities. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:468-74. [PMID: 23472759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cobblestone brain malformation (COB) is a neuronal migration disorder characterized by protrusions of neurons beyond the first cortical layer at the pial surface of the brain. It is usually seen in association with dystroglycanopathy types of congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) and ocular abnormalities termed muscle-eye-brain disease. Here we report homozygous deleterious mutations in LAMB1, encoding laminin subunit beta-1, in two families with autosomal-recessive COB. Affected individuals displayed a constellation of brain malformations including cortical gyral and white-matter signal abnormalities, severe cerebellar dysplasia, brainstem hypoplasia, and occipital encephalocele, but they had less apparent ocular or muscular abnormalities than are typically observed in COB. LAMB1 is localized to the pial basement membrane, suggesting that defective connection between radial glial cells and the pial surface mediated by LAMB1 leads to this malformation.
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Ginath S, Lerman-Sagie T, Haratz Krajden K, Lev D, Cohen-Sacher B, Bar J, Malinger G. The Fetal vermis, pons and brainstem: normal longitudinal development as shown by dedicated neurosonography. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26:757-62. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.755508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques turned possible for neuroradiologists to be frequently the first one to detect possible brain structural anomalies. However, with all the recent advances in genetics and embryology, understanding posterior fossa malformation's principles is being hardest to be achieved than previously. Studies in vertebrate models provide a developmental framework in which to categorize human hindbrain malformations and serve to inform our thinking regarding candidate genes involved in disrupted developmental processes. The main focus of this review was to survey the basic principles of the rhombomere division, anteroposterior and dorsoventral patterning, alar and basal zone concept, and axonal path finding to integrate the knowledge of human hindbrain malformations for better understanding the genetic basis of hindbrain development.
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