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Liu AY, Minetti CA, Remeta DP, Breslauer KJ, Chen KY. HSF1, Aging, and Neurodegeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1409:23-49. [PMID: 35995906 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is a master transcription regulator that mediates the induction of heat shock protein chaperones for quality control (QC) of the proteome and maintenance of proteostasis as a protective mechanism in response to stress. Research in this particular area has accelerated dramatically over the past three decades following successful isolation, cloning, and characterization of HSF1. The intricate multi-protein complexes and transcriptional activation orchestrated by HSF1 are fundamental processes within the cellular QC machinery. Our primary focus is on the regulation and function of HSF1 in aging and neurodegenerative diseases (ND) which represent physiological and pathological states of dysfunction in protein QC. This chapter presents an overview of HSF1 structural, functional, and energetic properties in healthy cells while addressing the deterioration of HSF1 function viz-à-viz age-dependent and neuron-specific vulnerability to ND. We discuss the structural domains of HSF1 with emphasis on the intrinsically disordered regions and note that disease proteins associated with ND are often structurally disordered and exquisitely sensitive to changes in cellular environment as may occur during aging. We propose a hypothesis that age-dependent changes of the intrinsically disordered proteome likely hold answers to understand many of the functional, structural, and organizational changes of proteins and signaling pathways in aging - dysfunction of HSF1 and accumulation of disease protein aggregates in ND included.Structured AbstractsIntroduction: Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is a master transcription regulator that mediates the induction of heat shock protein chaperones for quality control (QC) of the proteome as a cyto-protective mechanism in response to stress. There is cumulative evidence of age-related deterioration of this QC mechanism that contributes to disease vulnerability. OBJECTIVES Herein we discuss the regulation and function of HSF1 as they relate to the pathophysiological changes of protein quality control in aging and neurodegenerative diseases (ND). METHODS We present an overview of HSF1 structural, functional, and energetic properties in healthy cells while addressing the deterioration of HSF1 function vis-à-vis age-dependent and neuron-specific vulnerability to neurodegenerative diseases. RESULTS We examine the impact of intrinsically disordered regions on the function of HSF1 and note that proteins associated with neurodegeneration are natively unstructured and exquisitely sensitive to changes in cellular environment as may occur during aging. CONCLUSIONS We put forth a hypothesis that age-dependent changes of the intrinsically disordered proteome hold answers to understanding many of the functional, structural, and organizational changes of proteins - dysfunction of HSF1 in aging and appearance of disease protein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Y Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Conceição A Minetti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - David P Remeta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kenneth J Breslauer
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kuang Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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2
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Kaye J, Reisine T, Finkbeiner S. Huntington's disease iPSC models-using human patient cells to understand the pathology caused by expanded CAG repeats. Fac Rev 2022; 11:16. [PMID: 35865413 PMCID: PMC9264339 DOI: 10.12703/r/11-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A major advance in the study of Huntington's disease (HD) has been the development of human disease models employing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients with HD. Because iPSCs provide an unlimited source of cells and can be obtained from large numbers of HD patients, they are a uniquely valuable tool for investigating disease mechanisms and for discovering potential disease-modifying therapeutics. Here, we summarize some of the important findings in HD pathophysiology that have emerged from studies of patient-derived iPSC lines. Because they retain the genome and actual disease mutations of the patient, they provide a cell source to investigate genetic contributions to the disease. iPSCs provide advantages over other disease models. While iPSC-based technology erases some epigenetic marks, newly developed transdifferentiation methods now let us investigate epigenetic factors that control expression of mutant huntingtin (mHTT). Human HD iPSC lines allow us to investigate how endogenous levels of mHTT affect cell health, in contrast to other models that often rely on overexpressing the protein. iPSCs can be differentiated into neurons and other disease-related cells such as astrocytes from different brain regions to study brain regional differences in the disease process, as well as the cell-cell dependencies involved in HD-associated neurodegeneration. They also serve as a tissue source to investigate factors that impact CAG repeat instability, which is involved in regional differences in neurodegeneration in the HD brain. Human iPSC models can serve as a powerful model system to identify genetic modifiers that may impact disease onset, progression, and symptomatology, providing novel molecular targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kaye
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Terry Reisine
- Independent Scientific Consultant, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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3
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Huang S, Huang F, Zhang H, Yang Y, Lu J, Chen J, Shen L, Pei G. In vivo development and single-cell transcriptome profiling of human brain organoids. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13201. [PMID: 35141969 PMCID: PMC8891563 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human brain organoids can provide not only promising models for physiological and pathological neurogenesis but also potential therapies in neurological diseases. However, technical issues such as surgical lesions due to transplantation still limit their applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Instead of applying mature organoids, we innovatively developed human brain organoids in vivo by injecting small premature organoids into corpus striatum of adult SCID mice. Two months after injection, single-cell transcriptome analysis was performed on 6131 GFP-labeled human cells from transplanted mouse brains. RESULTS Eight subsets of cells (including neuronal cells expressing striatal markers) were identified in these in vivo developed organoids (IVD-organoids) by unbiased clustering. Compared with in vitro cultured human cortical organoids, we found that IVD-organoids developed more supporting cells including pericyte-like and choroid plexus cells, which are important for maintaining organoid homeostasis. Furthermore, IVD-organoids showed lower levels of cellular stress and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our study thus provides a novel method to generate human brain organoids, which is promising in various applications of disease models and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell BiologyCenter for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceShanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Fei Huang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell BiologyLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Huiying Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell BiologyLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell BiologyCenter for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceShanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell BiologyCenter for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceShanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Jiadong Chen
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyCenter for Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated HospitalMOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain‐Machine IntegrationSchool of Brain Science and Brain MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Li Shen
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell BiologyLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Department of Orthopedics SurgerySchool of MedicineThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterZhejiang University (HIC‐ZJU)HangzhouChina
| | - Gang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell BiologyCenter for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceShanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchLaboratory of Receptor‐based BiomedicineThe Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain ScienceSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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4
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Joshi T, Kumar V, Kaznacheyeva EV, Jana NR. Withaferin A Induces Heat Shock Response and Ameliorates Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3992-4006. [PMID: 33904021 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of proteostasis network is one of the characteristic features of many age-related neurodegenerative disorders including autosomal dominantly inherited Huntington's disease (HD). In HD, N-terminal portion of mutant huntingtin protein containing expanded polyglutamine repeats accumulates as inclusion bodies and leads to progressive deterioration of various cellular functioning including proteostasis network. Here we report that Withaferin A (a small bioactive molecule derived from Indian medicinal plant, Withania somnifera) partially rescues defective proteostasis by activating heat shock response (HSR) and delays the disease progression in a HD mouse model. Exposure of Withaferin A activates HSF1 and induces the expression of HSP70 chaperones in an in vitro cell culture system and also suppresses mutant huntingtin aggregation in a cellular model of HD. Withaferin A treatment to HD mice considerably increased their lifespan as well as restored progressive motor behavioral deficits and declined body weight. Biochemical studies confirmed the activation of HSR and global decrease in mutant huntingtin aggregates load accompanied with improvement of striatal function in Withaferin A-treated HD mouse brain. Withaferin A-treated HD mice also exhibit significant decrease in inflammatory processes as evident from the decreased microglial activation. These results indicate immense potential of Withaferin A for the treatment of HD and related neurodegenerative disorders involving protein misfolding and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Joshi
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, 122 051, India
| | - Vipendra Kumar
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, 122 051, India
| | - Elena V Kaznacheyeva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nihar Ranjan Jana
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, 122 051, India. .,School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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5
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Eshraghi M, Karunadharma PP, Blin J, Shahani N, Ricci EP, Michel A, Urban NT, Galli N, Sharma M, Ramírez-Jarquín UN, Florescu K, Hernandez J, Subramaniam S. Mutant Huntingtin stalls ribosomes and represses protein synthesis in a cellular model of Huntington disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1461. [PMID: 33674575 PMCID: PMC7935949 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyglutamine expansion of huntingtin (mHTT) causes Huntington disease (HD) and neurodegeneration, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we found that mHtt promotes ribosome stalling and suppresses protein synthesis in mouse HD striatal neuronal cells. Depletion of mHtt enhances protein synthesis and increases the speed of ribosomal translocation, while mHtt directly inhibits protein synthesis in vitro. Fmrp, a known regulator of ribosome stalling, is upregulated in HD, but its depletion has no discernible effect on protein synthesis or ribosome stalling in HD cells. We found interactions of ribosomal proteins and translating ribosomes with mHtt. High-resolution global ribosome footprint profiling (Ribo-Seq) and mRNA-Seq indicates a widespread shift in ribosome occupancy toward the 5' and 3' end and unique single-codon pauses on selected mRNA targets in HD cells, compared to controls. Thus, mHtt impedes ribosomal translocation during translation elongation, a mechanistic defect that can be exploited for HD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Eshraghi
- grid.214007.00000000122199231The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL USA
| | - Pabalu P. Karunadharma
- grid.214007.00000000122199231The Scripps Research Institute, Genomic Core, Jupiter, FL USA
| | - Juliana Blin
- grid.462957.b0000 0004 0598 0706Laboratory of Biology and Cellular Modelling at Ecole Normale Supérieure of Lyon, RNA Metabolism in Immunity and Infection Lab, LBMC, Lyon, France
| | - Neelam Shahani
- grid.214007.00000000122199231The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL USA
| | - Emiliano P. Ricci
- grid.462957.b0000 0004 0598 0706Laboratory of Biology and Cellular Modelling at Ecole Normale Supérieure of Lyon, RNA Metabolism in Immunity and Infection Lab, LBMC, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Nicole Galli
- grid.214007.00000000122199231The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL USA
| | - Manish Sharma
- grid.214007.00000000122199231The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL USA
| | - Uri Nimrod Ramírez-Jarquín
- grid.214007.00000000122199231The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL USA
| | - Katie Florescu
- grid.214007.00000000122199231The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL USA
| | - Jennifer Hernandez
- grid.214007.00000000122199231The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL USA
| | - Srinivasa Subramaniam
- grid.214007.00000000122199231The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL USA
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6
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Cano A, Ettcheto M, Espina M, Auladell C, Folch J, Kühne BA, Barenys M, Sánchez-López E, Souto EB, García ML, Turowski P, Camins A. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate PEGylated poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles mitigate striatal pathology and motor deficits in 3-nitropropionic acid intoxicated mice. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:19-35. [PMID: 33410329 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To compare free and nanoparticle (NP)-encapsulated epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) for the treatment of Huntington's disease (HD)-like symptoms in mice. Materials & methods: EGCG was incorporated into PEGylated poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid NPs with ascorbic acid (AA). HD-like striatal lesions and motor deficit were induced in mice by 3-nitropropionic acid-intoxication. EGCG and EGCG/AA NPs were co-administered and behavioral motor assessments and striatal histology performed after 5 days. Results: EGCG/AA NPs were significantly more effective than free EGCG in reducing motor disturbances and depression-like behavior associated with 3-nitropropionic acid toxicity. EGCG/AA NPs treatment also mitigated neuroinflammation and prevented neuronal loss. Conclusion: NP encapsulation enhances therapeutic robustness of EGCG in this model of HD symptomatology. Together with our previous findings, this highlights the potential of EGCG/AA NPs in the symptomatic treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cano
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Unit of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Rovira i Virgili, Reus (Tarragona), Spain
| | - Marta Espina
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Auladell
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology & Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Folch
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Unit of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Rovira i Virgili, Reus (Tarragona), Spain
| | - Britta A Kühne
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Barenys
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Luisa García
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patric Turowski
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Antonio Camins
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Donnelly KM, DeLorenzo OR, Zaya ADA, Pisano GE, Thu WM, Luo L, Kopito RR, Panning Pearce MM. Phagocytic glia are obligatory intermediates in transmission of mutant huntingtin aggregates across neuronal synapses. eLife 2020; 9:e58499. [PMID: 32463364 PMCID: PMC7297539 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that pathogenic protein aggregates associated with neurodegenerative diseases spread from cell to cell through the brain in a manner akin to infectious prions. Here, we show that mutant huntingtin (mHtt) aggregates associated with Huntington disease transfer anterogradely from presynaptic to postsynaptic neurons in the adult Drosophila olfactory system. Trans-synaptic transmission of mHtt aggregates is inversely correlated with neuronal activity and blocked by inhibiting caspases in presynaptic neurons, implicating synaptic dysfunction and cell death in aggregate spreading. Remarkably, mHtt aggregate transmission across synapses requires the glial scavenger receptor Draper and involves a transient visit to the glial cytoplasm, indicating that phagocytic glia act as obligatory intermediates in aggregate spreading between synaptically-connected neurons. These findings expand our understanding of phagocytic glia as double-edged players in neurodegeneration-by clearing neurotoxic protein aggregates, but also providing an opportunity for prion-like seeds to evade phagolysosomal degradation and propagate further in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirby M Donnelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the SciencesPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Olivia R DeLorenzo
- Program in Neuroscience, University of the SciencesPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Aprem DA Zaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the SciencesPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Gabrielle E Pisano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the SciencesPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Wint M Thu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the SciencesPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Ron R Kopito
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Margaret M Panning Pearce
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the SciencesPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Program in Neuroscience, University of the SciencesPhiladelphiaUnited States
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8
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Vonk WIM, Rainbolt TK, Dolan PT, Webb AE, Brunet A, Frydman J. Differentiation Drives Widespread Rewiring of the Neural Stem Cell Chaperone Network. Mol Cell 2020; 78:329-345.e9. [PMID: 32268122 PMCID: PMC7288733 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) are critical for continued cellular replacement in the adult brain. Lifelong maintenance of a functional NSPC pool necessitates stringent mechanisms to preserve a pristine proteome. We find that the NSPC chaperone network robustly maintains misfolded protein solubility and stress resilience through high levels of the ATP-dependent chaperonin TRiC/CCT. Strikingly, NSPC differentiation rewires the cellular chaperone network, reducing TRiC/CCT levels and inducing those of the ATP-independent small heat shock proteins (sHSPs). This switches the proteostasis strategy in neural progeny cells to promote sequestration of misfolded proteins into protective inclusions. The chaperone network of NSPCs is more effective than that of differentiated cells, leading to improved management of proteotoxic stress and amyloidogenic proteins. However, NSPC proteostasis is impaired by brain aging. The less efficient chaperone network of differentiated neural progeny may contribute to their enhanced susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases characterized by aberrant protein misfolding and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T Kelly Rainbolt
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Patrick T Dolan
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ashley E Webb
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Center on the Biology of Aging, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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9
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Rozpędek-Kamińska W, Siwecka N, Wawrzynkiewicz A, Wojtczak R, Pytel D, Diehl JA, Majsterek I. The PERK-Dependent Molecular Mechanisms as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062108. [PMID: 32204380 PMCID: PMC7139310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is strictly connected with progressive aging of the world population. Interestingly, a broad range of age-related, neurodegenerative diseases is characterized by a common pathological mechanism-accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins within the cells. Under certain circumstances, such protein aggregates may evoke endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions and subsequent activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways via the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)-dependent manner. Under mild to moderate ER stress, UPR has a pro-adaptive role. However, severe or long-termed ER stress conditions directly evoke shift of the UPR toward its pro-apoptotic branch, which is considered to be a possible cause of neurodegeneration. To this day, there is no effective cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), or prion disease. Currently available treatment approaches for these diseases are only symptomatic and cannot affect the disease progression. Treatment strategies, currently under detailed research, include inhibition of the PERK-dependent UPR signaling branches. The newest data have reported that the use of small-molecule inhibitors of the PERK-mediated signaling branches may contribute to the development of a novel, ground-breaking therapeutic approach for neurodegeneration. In this review, we critically describe all the aspects associated with such targeted therapy against neurodegenerative proteopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Rozpędek-Kamińska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Natalia Siwecka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Adam Wawrzynkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Radosław Wojtczak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Dariusz Pytel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (D.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - J. Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (D.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-272-53-00
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10
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Franich NR, Basso M, André EA, Ochaba J, Kumar A, Thein S, Fote G, Kachemov M, Lau AL, Yeung SY, Osmand A, Zeitlin SO, Ratan RR, Thompson LM, Steffan JS. Striatal Mutant Huntingtin Protein Levels Decline with Age in Homozygous Huntington's Disease Knock-In Mouse Models. J Huntingtons Dis 2019; 7:137-150. [PMID: 29843246 PMCID: PMC6002862 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-170274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background: Huntington’s disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with aging, caused by an expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat within the Huntingtin (HTT) protein. In HD, degeneration of the striatum and atrophy of the cortex are observed while cerebellum is less affected. Objective: To test the hypothesis that HTT protein levels decline with age, which together with HTT mutation could influence disease progression. Methods: Using whole brain cell lysates, a unique method of SDS-PAGE and western analysis was used to quantitate HTT protein, which resolves as a monomer and as a high molecular weight species that is modulated by the presence of transglutaminase 2. HTT levels were measured in striatum, cortex and cerebellum in congenic homozygous Q140 and HdhQ150 knock-in mice and WT littermate controls. Results: Mutant HTT in both homozygous knock-in HD mouse models and WT HTT in control striatal and cortical tissues significantly declined in a progressive manner over time. Levels of mutant HTT in HD cerebellum remained high during aging. Conclusions: A general decline in mutant HTT levels in striatum and cortex is observed that may contribute to disease progression in homozygous knock-in HD mouse models through reduction of HTT function. In cerebellum, sustained levels of mutant HTT with aging may be protective to this tissue which is less overtly affected in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Franich
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Manuela Basso
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Emily A André
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Joseph Ochaba
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Soe Thein
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gianna Fote
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marketta Kachemov
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alice L Lau
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sylvia Y Yeung
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Osmand
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Scott O Zeitlin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Rajiv R Ratan
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leslie M Thompson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joan S Steffan
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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11
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Rai SN, Singh BK, Rathore AS, Zahra W, Keswani C, Birla H, Singh SS, Dilnashin H, Singh SP. Quality Control in Huntington's Disease: a Therapeutic Target. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:612-626. [PMID: 31297710 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal autosomal dominantly inherited brain disease caused by excessively expanded CAG repeats in gene which encodes huntingtin protein. These abnormally encoded huntingtin proteins and their truncated fragments result in disruption of cellular quality mechanism ultimately triggering neuronal death. Despite great efforts, a potential causative agent leading to genetic mutation in HTT, manifesting the neurons more prone to oxidative stress, cellular inflammation, energy depletion and apoptotic death, has not been established yet. Current scenario concentrates on symptomatic pathologies to improvise the disease progression and to better the survival. Most of the therapeutic developments have been converged to rescue the protein homeostasis. In HD, abnormal expansion of glutamine repeats in the protein huntingtin leads to toxic aggregation of huntingtin which in turn impairs the quality control mechanism of cells through damaging the machineries involved in removal of aggregated abnormal protein. Therapeutic approaches to improve the efficiency of aggregate clearance through quality control mechanisms involve protein folding machineries such as chaperones and protein degradation machineries such as proteasome and autophagy. Also, to reduce protein aggregation by enhancing proper folding, to degrade and eliminate the aggregates are suggested to negatively regulate the HD progression associated with the disruption of protein homeostasis. This review focuses on the collection of therapeutic strategies targeting enhancement of protein quality control activity to delay the HD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachchida Nand Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Centre, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Aaina Singh Rathore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Walia Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Chetan Keswani
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hareram Birla
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Saumitra Sen Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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12
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Spencer B, Trinh I, Rockenstein E, Mante M, Florio J, Adame A, El-Agnaf OMA, Kim C, Masliah E, Rissman RA. Systemic peptide mediated delivery of an siRNA targeting α-syn in the CNS ameliorates the neurodegenerative process in a transgenic model of Lewy body disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:163-177. [PMID: 30849508 PMCID: PMC6588505 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders of the aging population are characterized by progressive accumulation of neuronal proteins such as α-synuclein (α-syn) in Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Amyloid ß (Aß) and Tau in Alzheimer's disease (AD) for which no treatments are currently available. The ability to regulate the expression at the gene transcription level would be beneficial for reducing the accumulation of these proteins or regulating expression levels of other genes in the CNS. Short interfering RNA molecules can bind specifically to target RNAs and deliver them for degradation. This approach has shown promise therapeutically in vitro and in vivo in mouse models of PD and AD and other neurological disorders; however, delivery of the siRNA to the CNS in vivo has been achieved primarily through intra-cerebral or intra-thecal injections that may be less amenable for clinical translation; therefore, alternative approaches for delivery of siRNAs to the brain is needed. Recently, we described a small peptide from the envelope protein of the rabies virus (C2-9r) that was utilized to deliver an siRNA targeting α-syn across the blood brain barrier (BBB) following intravenous injection. This approach showed reduced expression of α-syn and neuroprotection in a toxic mouse model of PD. However, since receptor-mediated delivery is potentially saturable, each allowing the delivery of a limited number of molecules, we identified an alternative peptide for the transport of nucleotides across the BBB based on the apolipoprotein B (apoB) protein targeted to the family of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDL-R). We used an 11-amino acid sequence from the apoB protein (ApoB11) that, when coupled with a 9-amino acid arginine linker, can transport siRNAs across the BBB to neuronal and glial cells. To examine the value of this peptide mediated oligonucleotide delivery system for PD, we delivered an siRNA targeting the α-syn (siα-syn) in a transgenic mouse model of PD. We found that ApoB11 was effective (comparable to C2-9r) at mediating the delivery of siα-syn into the CNS, co-localized to neurons and glial cells and reduced levels of α-syn protein translation and accumulation. Delivery of ApoB11/siα-syn was accompanied by protection from degeneration of selected neuronal populations in the neocortex, limbic system and striato-nigral system and reduced neuro-inflammation. Taken together, these results suggest that systemic delivery of oligonucleotides targeting α-syn using ApoB11 might be an interesting alternative strategy worth considering for the experimental treatment of synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Spencer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ivy Trinh
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Mante
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jazmin Florio
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Omar M A El-Agnaf
- Neurological Disorders Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Changyoun Kim
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Division of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System San Diego, CA, USA.
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13
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Soares TR, Reis SD, Pinho BR, Duchen MR, Oliveira JMA. Targeting the proteostasis network in Huntington's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 49:92-103. [PMID: 30502498 PMCID: PMC6320389 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion mutation in the huntingtin protein. Expansions above 40 polyglutamine repeats are invariably fatal, following a symptomatic period characterised by choreiform movements, behavioural abnormalities, and cognitive decline. While mutant huntingtin (mHtt) is widely expressed from early life, most patients with HD present in mid-adulthood, highlighting the role of ageing in disease pathogenesis. mHtt undergoes proteolytic cleavage, misfolding, accumulation, and aggregation into inclusion bodies. The emerging model of HD pathogenesis proposes that the chronic production of misfolded mHtt overwhelms the chaperone machinery, diverting other misfolded clients to the proteasome and the autophagy pathways, ultimately leading to a global collapse of the proteostasis network. Multiple converging hypotheses also implicate ageing and its impact in the dysfunction of organelles as additional contributing factors to the collapse of proteostasis in HD. In particular, mitochondrial function is required to sustain the activity of ATP-dependent chaperones and proteolytic machinery. Recent studies elucidating mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum interactions and uncovering a dedicated proteostasis machinery in mitochondria, suggest that mitochondria play a more active role in the maintenance of cellular proteostasis than previously thought. The enhancement of cytosolic proteostasis pathways shows promise for HD treatment, protecting cells from the detrimental effects of mHtt accumulation. In this review, we consider how mHtt and its post translational modifications interfere with protein quality control pathways, and how the pharmacological and genetic modulation of components of the proteostasis network impact disease phenotypes in cellular and in vivo HD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia R Soares
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sara D Reis
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Brígida R Pinho
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; Consortium for Mitochondrial Research (CfMR), University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Jorge M A Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Consortium for Mitochondrial Research (CfMR), University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
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14
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Chen JY, Parekh M, Seliman H, Bakshinskaya D, Dai W, Kwan K, Chen KY, Liu AYC. Heat shock promotes inclusion body formation of mutant huntingtin (mHtt) and alleviates mHtt-induced transcription factor dysfunction. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:15581-15593. [PMID: 30143534 PMCID: PMC6177601 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PolyQ-expanded huntingtin (mHtt) variants form aggregates, termed inclusion bodies (IBs), in individuals with and models of Huntington's disease (HD). The role of IB versus diffusible mHtt in neurotoxicity remains unclear. Using a ponasterone (PA)-inducible cell model of HD, here we evaluated the effects of heat shock on the appearance and functional outcome of Htt103QExon1-EGFP expression. Quantitative image analysis indicated that 80-90% of this mHtt protein initially appears as "diffuse" signals in the cytosol, with IBs forming at high mHtt expression. A 2-h heat shock during the PA induction reduced the diffuse signal, but greatly increased mHtt IB formation in both cytosol and nucleus. Dose- and time-dependent mHtt expression suggested that nucleated polymerization drives IB formation. RNA-mediated knockdown of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and heat shock cognate 70 protein (HSC70) provided evidence for their involvement in promoting diffuse mHtt to form IBs. Reporter gene assays assessing the impacts of diffuse versus IB mHtt showed concordance of diffuse mHtt expression with the repression of heat shock factor 1, cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), and NF-κB activity. CREB repression was reversed by heat shock coinciding with mHtt IB formation. In an embryonic striatal neuron-derived HD model, the chemical chaperone sorbitol similarly promoted the structuring of diffuse mHtt into IBs and supported cell survival under stress. Our results provide evidence that mHtt IB formation is a chaperone-supported cellular coping mechanism that depletes diffusible mHtt conformers, alleviates transcription factor dysfunction, and promotes neuron survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Y Chen
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and
| | - Miloni Parekh
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and
| | - Hadear Seliman
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and
| | | | - Wei Dai
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and
| | - Kelvin Kwan
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and
| | - Kuang Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Alice Y C Liu
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and
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15
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Azadiradione Restores Protein Quality Control and Ameliorates the Disease Pathogenesis in a Mouse Model of Huntington’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6337-6346. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0853-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Warner JB, Ruff KM, Tan PS, Lemke EA, Pappu RV, Lashuel HA. Monomeric Huntingtin Exon 1 Has Similar Overall Structural Features for Wild-Type and Pathological Polyglutamine Lengths. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14456-14469. [PMID: 28937758 PMCID: PMC5677759 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease is caused by expansion of a polyglutamine (polyQ) domain within exon 1 of the huntingtin gene (Httex1). The prevailing hypothesis is that the monomeric Httex1 protein undergoes sharp conformational changes as the polyQ length exceeds a threshold of 36-37 residues. Here, we test this hypothesis by combining novel semi-synthesis strategies with state-of-the-art single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer measurements on biologically relevant, monomeric Httex1 proteins of five different polyQ lengths. Our results, integrated with atomistic simulations, negate the hypothesis of a sharp, polyQ length-dependent change in the structure of monomeric Httex1. Instead, they support a continuous global compaction with increasing polyQ length that derives from increased prominence of the globular polyQ domain. Importantly, we show that monomeric Httex1 adopts tadpole-like architectures for polyQ lengths below and above the pathological threshold. Our results suggest that higher order homotypic and/or heterotypic interactions within distinct sub-populations of neurons, which are inevitable at finite cellular concentrations, are likely to be the main source of sharp polyQ length dependencies of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B. Warner
- Laboratory
of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind
Institute, Station 19, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kiersten M. Ruff
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Piau Siong Tan
- Structural
and Computational Biology Unit, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edward A. Lemke
- Structural
and Computational Biology Unit, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rohit V. Pappu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Hilal A. Lashuel
- Laboratory
of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind
Institute, Station 19, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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A thiol probe for measuring unfolded protein load and proteostasis in cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:474. [PMID: 28883394 PMCID: PMC5589734 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When proteostasis becomes unbalanced, unfolded proteins can accumulate and aggregate. Here we report that the dye, tetraphenylethene maleimide (TPE-MI) can be used to measure cellular unfolded protein load. TPE-MI fluorescence is activated upon labelling free cysteine thiols, normally buried in the core of globular proteins that are exposed upon unfolding. Crucially TPE-MI does not become fluorescent when conjugated to soluble glutathione. We find that TPE-MI fluorescence is enhanced upon reaction with cellular proteomes under conditions promoting accumulation of unfolded proteins. TPE-MI reactivity can be used to track which proteins expose more cysteine residues under stress through proteomic analysis. We show that TPE-MI can report imbalances in proteostasis in induced pluripotent stem cell models of Huntington disease, as well as cells transfected with mutant Huntington exon 1 before the formation of visible aggregates. TPE-MI also detects protein damage following dihydroartemisinin treatment of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum. TPE-MI therefore holds promise as a tool to probe proteostasis mechanisms in disease. Proteostasis is maintained through a number of molecular mechanisms, some of which function to protect the folded state of proteins. Here the authors demonstrate the use of TPE-MI in a fluorigenic dye assay for the quantitation of unfolded proteins that can be used to assess proteostasis on a cellular or proteome scale.
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18
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Bersuker K, Brandeis M, Kopito RR. Protein misfolding specifies recruitment to cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. J Cell Biol 2017; 213:229-41. [PMID: 27114501 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201511024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion bodies (IBs) containing aggregated disease-associated proteins and polyubiquitin (poly-Ub) conjugates are universal histopathological features of neurodegenerative diseases. Ub has been proposed to target proteins to IBs for degradation via autophagy, but the mechanisms that govern recruitment of ubiquitylated proteins to IBs are not well understood. In this paper, we use conditionally destabilized reporters that undergo misfolding and ubiquitylation upon removal of a stabilizing ligand to examine the role of Ub conjugation in targeting proteins to IBs that are composed of an N-terminal fragment of mutant huntingtin, the causative protein of Huntington's disease. We show that reporters are excluded from IBs in the presence of the stabilizing ligand but are recruited to IBs after ligand washout. However, we find that Ub conjugation is not necessary to target reporters to IBs. We also report that forced Ub conjugation by the Ub fusion degradation pathway is not sufficient for recruitment to IBs. Finally, we find that reporters and Ub conjugates are stable at IBs. These data indicate that compromised folding states, rather than conjugation to Ub, can specify recruitment to IBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Bersuker
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Michael Brandeis
- Department of Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ron R Kopito
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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19
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Kolobkova Y, Vigont V, Shalygin A, Kaznacheyeva E. Huntington's Disease: Calcium Dyshomeostasis and Pathology Models. Acta Naturae 2017; 9:34-46. [PMID: 28740725 PMCID: PMC5508999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a severe inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, and mental impairment. At the molecular level, HD is caused by a mutation in the first exon of the gene encoding the huntingtin protein. The mutation results in an expanded polyglutamine tract at the N-terminus of the huntingtin protein, causing the neurodegenerative pathology. Calcium dyshomeostasis is believed to be one of the main causes of the disease, which underlies the great interest in the problem among experts in molecular physiology. Recent studies have focused on the development of animal and insect HD models, as well as patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (HD-iPSCs), to simulate the disease's progression. Despite a sesquicentennial history of HD studies, the issues of diagnosis and manifestation of the disease have remained topical. The present review addresses these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.A. Kolobkova
- Institute of cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky ave. 4.,Saint-Petersburg, 194064 , Russia
| | - V.A. Vigont
- Institute of cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky ave. 4.,Saint-Petersburg, 194064 , Russia
| | - A.V. Shalygin
- Institute of cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky ave. 4.,Saint-Petersburg, 194064 , Russia
| | - E.V. Kaznacheyeva
- Institute of cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky ave. 4.,Saint-Petersburg, 194064 , Russia
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20
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Ross CA, Kronenbuerger M, Duan W, Margolis RL. Mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in Huntington disease: applications to novel disease-modifying therapies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2017; 144:15-28. [PMID: 28947113 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801893-4.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The CAG repeat expansion mutation that causes Huntington Disease (HD) was discovered more than 20 years ago, yet no treatment has yet been developed to stop the relentless course of the disease. Nonetheless, substantial progress has been made in understanding HD pathogenesis. We review insights that have been gleaned from HD genetics, metabolism, and pathology; HD mouse and cell models; the structure, function and post-translational modification of normal and mutant huntingtin (htt) protein; gene expression profiles in HD cells and tissue; the neurotoxicy of mutant htt RNA; and the expression of an antisense transcript from the HD locus. We conclude that rationale therapeutics for HD is within sight, though many questions remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Ross
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Martin Kronenbuerger
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wenzhen Duan
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Translational Neurobiology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Russell L Margolis
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Translational Neurobiology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Laboratory of Genetic Neurobiology and Johns Hopkins Schizophrenia Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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21
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Huntingtin interacting protein HYPK is a negative regulator of heat shock response and is downregulated in models of Huntington's Disease. Exp Cell Res 2016; 343:107-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Jiang Y, Chadwick SR, Lajoie P. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: The cause and solution to Huntington's disease? Brain Res 2016; 1648:650-657. [PMID: 27040914 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded proteins is a hallmark of many human diseases, including several incurable neurological disorders, such as Huntington's disease (HD). In HD, expansion of a polyglutamine stretch within the first exon of the Huntingtin protein (Htt) leads to Htt misfolding, aberrant protein aggregation, and progressive appearance of disease symptoms. Several studies in various organisms (from yeast to humans) have identified the accumulation of misfolded secretory proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress) as a crucial determinant of cellular toxicity in HD. In this review, we highlight the recent research linking HD to ER stress. We also discuss how the modulation of signaling pathways responsible for coping with misfolded protein accumulation in the ER may constitute attractive methods to reduce toxicity and identify new therapeutic targets for treatment of HD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Sarah R Chadwick
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Patrick Lajoie
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5C1.
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23
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Liu L, Huang JS, Han C, Zhang GX, Xu XY, Shen Y, Li J, Jiang HY, Lin ZC, Xiong N, Wang T. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Huntington's Disease: Disease Modeling and the Potential for Cell-Based Therapy. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6698-6708. [PMID: 26659595 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by motor dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and behavioral abnormalities. It is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, resulting in progressive neuronal loss predominately in the striatum and cortex. Despite the discovery of the causative gene in 1993, the exact mechanisms underlying HD pathogenesis have yet to be elucidated. Treatments that slow or halt the disease process are currently unavailable. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies have transformed our ability to study disease in human neural cells. Here, we firstly review the progress made to model HD in vitro using patient-derived iPSCs, which reveal unique insights into illuminating molecular mechanisms and provide a novel human cell-based platform for drug discovery. We then highlight the promises and challenges for pluripotent stem cells that might be used as a therapeutic source for cell replacement therapy of the lost neurons in HD brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jin-Sha Huang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guo-Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hai-Yang Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, and Mailman Neuroscience Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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24
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Sase K, Kitaoka Y, Munemasa Y, Kojima K, Takagi H. Axonal protection by short-term hyperglycemia with involvement of autophagy in TNF-induced optic nerve degeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:425. [PMID: 26578885 PMCID: PMC4623211 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports showed that short-term hyperglycemia protects optic nerve axons in a rat experimental hypertensive glaucoma model. In this study, we investigated whether short-term hyperglycemia prevents tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced optic nerve degeneration in rats and examined the role of autophagy in this axon change process. In phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated rat eyes, no significant difference in axon number between the normoglycemic (NG) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic (HG) groups was seen at 2 weeks. Substantial degenerative changes in the axons were noted 2 weeks after intravitreal injection of TNF in the NG group. However, the HG group showed significant protective effects on axons against TNF-induced optic nerve degeneration compared with the NG group. This protective effect was significantly inhibited by 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor. Immunoblot analysis showed that the LC3-II level in the optic nerve was increased in the HG group compared with the NG group. Increased p62 protein levels in the optic nerve after TNF injection was observed in the NG group, and this increase was inhibited in the HG group. Electron microscopy showed that autophagosomes were increased in optic nerve axons in the HG group. Immunohistochemical study showed that LC3 was colocalized with nerve fibers in the retina and optic nerve in both the NG and HG groups. Short-term hyperglycemia protects axons against TNF-induced optic nerve degeneration. This axonal-protective effect may be associated with autophagy machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Sase
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kitaoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan ; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yasunari Munemasa
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kaori Kojima
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
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25
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Guedes-Dias P, Pinho BR, Soares TR, de Proença J, Duchen MR, Oliveira JMA. Mitochondrial dynamics and quality control in Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 90:51-7. [PMID: 26388396 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by polyglutamine expansion mutations in the huntingtin protein. Despite its ubiquitous distribution, expression of mutant huntingtin (mHtt) is particularly detrimental to medium spiny neurons within the striatum. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with HD pathogenesis. Here we review the current evidence for mHtt-induced abnormalities in mitochondrial dynamics and quality control, with a particular focus on brain and neuronal data pertaining to striatal vulnerability. We address mHtt effects on mitochondrial biogenesis, protein import, complex assembly, fission and fusion, mitochondrial transport, and on the degradation of damaged mitochondria via autophagy (mitophagy). For an integrated perspective on potentially converging pathogenic mechanisms, we also address impaired autophagosomal transport and abnormal mHtt proteostasis in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Guedes-Dias
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Brígida R Pinho
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia R Soares
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João de Proença
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jorge M A Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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26
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Ruiz-Riquelme A, Sánchez-Iglesias S, Rábano A, Guillén-Navarro E, Domingo-Jiménez R, Ramos A, Rosa I, Senra A, Nilsson P, García Á, Araújo-Vilar D, Requena JR. Larger aggregates of mutant seipin in Celia's Encephalopathy, a new protein misfolding neurodegenerative disease. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 83:44-53. [PMID: 26282322 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Celia's Encephalopathy (MIM #615924) is a recently discovered fatal neurodegenerative syndrome associated with a new BSCL2 mutation (c.985C>T) that results in an aberrant isoform of seipin (Celia seipin). This mutation is lethal in both homozygosity and compounded heterozygosity with a lipodystrophic BSCL2 mutation, resulting in a progressive encephalopathy with fatal outcomes at ages 6-8. Strikingly, heterozygous carriers are asymptomatic, conflicting with the gain of toxic function attributed to this mutation. Here we report new key insights about the molecular pathogenic mechanism of this new syndrome. Intranuclear inclusions containing mutant seipin were found in brain tissue from a homozygous patient suggesting a pathogenic mechanism similar to other neurodegenerative diseases featuring brain accumulation of aggregated, misfolded proteins. Sucrose gradient distribution showed that mutant seipin forms much larger aggregates as compared with wild type (wt) seipin, indicating an impaired oligomerization. On the other hand, the interaction between wt and Celia seipin confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation (CoIP) assays, together with the identification of mixed oligomers in sucrose gradient fractionation experiments can explain the lack of symptoms in heterozygous carriers. We propose that the increased aggregation and subsequent impaired oligomerization of Celia seipin leads to cell death. In heterozygous carriers, wt seipin might prevent the damage caused by mutant seipin through its sequestration into harmless mixed oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ruiz-Riquelme
- CIMUS Biomedical Research Institute, University of Santiago de Compostela-IDIS, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sofía Sánchez-Iglesias
- CIMUS Biomedical Research Institute, University of Santiago de Compostela-IDIS, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- Neuropathology Department and Tissue Bank, Fundación CIEN, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Encarna Guillén-Navarro
- Section of Medical Genetics Dysmorphology, Division of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain; UCAM-Catholic University of Murcia, CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Domingo-Jiménez
- Section of Neuropediatrics, Division of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain; CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Ramos
- CIMUS Biomedical Research Institute, University of Santiago de Compostela-IDIS, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isaac Rosa
- CIMUS Biomedical Research Institute, University of Santiago de Compostela-IDIS, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Senra
- CIMUS Biomedical Research Institute, University of Santiago de Compostela-IDIS, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE 171-21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ángel García
- CIMUS Biomedical Research Institute, University of Santiago de Compostela-IDIS, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - David Araújo-Vilar
- CIMUS Biomedical Research Institute, University of Santiago de Compostela-IDIS, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Jesús R Requena
- CIMUS Biomedical Research Institute, University of Santiago de Compostela-IDIS, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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27
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Abstract
Baseline physiological function of the mammalian heart is under the constant threat of environmental or intrinsic pathological insults. Cardiomyocyte proteins are thus subject to unremitting pressure to function optimally, and this depends on them assuming and maintaining proper conformation. This review explores the multiple defenses a cell may use for its proteins to assume and maintain correct protein folding and conformation. There are multiple quality control mechanisms to ensure that nascent polypeptides are properly folded and mature proteins maintain their functional conformation. When proteins do misfold, either in the face of normal or pathological stimuli or because of intrinsic mutations or post-translational modifications, they must either be refolded correctly or recycled. In the absence of these corrective processes, they may become toxic to the cell. Herein, we explore some of the underlying mechanisms that lead to proteotoxicity. The continued presence and chronic accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins can be disastrous in cardiomyocytes because these misfolded proteins can lead to aggregation or the formation of soluble peptides that are proteotoxic. This in turn leads to compromised protein quality control and precipitating a downward spiral of the cell's ability to maintain protein homeostasis. Some underlying mechanisms are discussed and the therapeutic potential of interfering with proteotoxicity in the heart is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M McLendon
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jeffrey Robbins
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH.
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28
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Ben Haim L, Carrillo-de Sauvage MA, Ceyzériat K, Escartin C. Elusive roles for reactive astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:278. [PMID: 26283915 PMCID: PMC4522610 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play crucial roles in the brain and are involved in the neuroinflammatory response. They become reactive in response to virtually all pathological situations in the brain such as axotomy, ischemia, infection, and neurodegenerative diseases (ND). Astrocyte reactivity was originally characterized by morphological changes (hypertrophy, remodeling of processes) and the overexpression of the intermediate filament glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). However, it is unclear how the normal supportive functions of astrocytes are altered by their reactive state. In ND, in which neuronal dysfunction and astrocyte reactivity take place over several years or decades, the issue is even more complex and highly debated, with several conflicting reports published recently. In this review, we discuss studies addressing the contribution of reactive astrocytes to ND. We describe the molecular triggers leading to astrocyte reactivity during ND, examine how some key astrocyte functions may be enhanced or altered during the disease process, and discuss how astrocyte reactivity may globally affect ND progression. Finally we will consider the anticipated developments in this important field. With this review, we aim to show that the detailed study of reactive astrocytes may open new perspectives for ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Ben Haim
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCen Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 9199 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Maria-Angeles Carrillo-de Sauvage
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCen Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 9199 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Kelly Ceyzériat
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCen Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 9199 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Carole Escartin
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCen Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 9199 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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29
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Vinther-Jensen T, Simonsen AH, Budtz-Jørgensen E, Hjermind LE, Nielsen JE. Ubiquitin: a potential cerebrospinal fluid progression marker in Huntington's disease. Eur J Neurol 2015; 22:1378-84. [PMID: 26073975 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Finding early and dynamic biomarkers in Huntington's disease is a key to understanding the early pathology of Huntington's disease and potentially to tracking disease progression. This would benefit the future evaluation of potential neuroprotective and disease-modifying therapies, as well as aid in identifying an optimal time point for initiating a potential therapeutic intervention. METHODS This explorative proteomics study evaluated cerebrospinal fluid from 94 Huntington's disease gene-expansion carriers (39 premanifest and 55 manifest) and 27 Huntington's disease gene-expansion negative individuals using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Differences in peak intensity from SELDI-TOF spectra were evaluated. RESULTS Levels of 10 peaks were statistically significantly different between manifest gene-expansion carriers and controls. One of them identified as ubiquitin was shown to be dependent on the Unified Huntington Disease Rating Scale Total Functional Capacity, a pseudo-measure of disease severity (P = 0.001), and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (0.04) in manifest and CAG-age product score (P = 0.019) in all gene-expansion carriers. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Multiple studies have shown that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in Huntington's disease pathogenesis and understanding of this involvement may have therapeutic potential in humans. This is the first study on cerebrospinal fluid to confirm the involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in Huntington's disease. Furthermore it is shown that ubiquitin increases with disease progression and CAG-age product score and therefore may have the potential as a Huntington's disease progression marker, also prior to motor onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vinther-Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Neurogenetics Clinic, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Section of Neurogenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A H Simonsen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Neurogenetics Clinic, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Budtz-Jørgensen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L E Hjermind
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Neurogenetics Clinic, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Section of Neurogenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J E Nielsen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Neurogenetics Clinic, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Section of Neurogenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Braun RJ. Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis in yeast cells expressing neurotoxic proteins. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:8. [PMID: 25814926 PMCID: PMC4357299 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Critically impaired protein degradation is discussed to contribute to neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's, and motor neuron diseases. Misfolded, aggregated, or surplus proteins are efficiently degraded via distinct protein degradation pathways, including the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy, and vesicular trafficking. These pathways are regulated by covalent modification of target proteins with the small protein ubiquitin and are evolutionary highly conserved from humans to yeast. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an established model for deciphering mechanisms of protein degradation, and for the elucidation of pathways underlying programmed cell death. The expression of human neurotoxic proteins triggers cell death in yeast, with neurotoxic protein-specific differences. Therefore, yeast cell death models are suitable for analyzing the role of protein degradation pathways in modulating cell death upon expression of disease-causing proteins. This review summarizes which protein degradation pathways are affected in these yeast models, and how they are involved in the execution of cell death. I will discuss to which extent this mimics the situation in other neurotoxic models, and how this may contribute to a better understanding of human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf J Braun
- Institut für Zellbiologie, Universität Bayreuth Bayreuth, Germany
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