1
|
Moreno-Londoño AP, Robles-Flores M. Functional Roles of CD133: More than Stemness Associated Factor Regulated by the Microenvironment. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:25-51. [PMID: 37922108 PMCID: PMC10799829 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10647-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
CD133 protein has been one of the most used surface markers to select and identify cancer cells with stem-like features. However, its expression is not restricted to tumoral cells; it is also expressed in differentiated cells and stem/progenitor cells in various normal tissues. CD133 participates in several cellular processes, in part orchestrating signal transduction of essential pathways that frequently are dysregulated in cancer, such as PI3K/Akt signaling and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. CD133 expression correlates with enhanced cell self-renewal, migration, invasion, and survival under stress conditions in cancer. Aside from the intrinsic cell mechanisms that regulate CD133 expression in each cellular type, extrinsic factors from the surrounding niche can also impact CD33 levels. The enhanced CD133 expression in cells can confer adaptive advantages by amplifying the activation of a specific signaling pathway in a context-dependent manner. In this review, we do not only describe the CD133 physiological functions known so far, but importantly, we analyze how the microenvironment changes impact the regulation of CD133 functions emphasizing its value as a marker of cell adaptability beyond a cancer-stem cell marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Patricia Moreno-Londoño
- Department of Biochemistry, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha Robles-Flores
- Department of Biochemistry, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fuentes-Flores A, Geronimo-Olvera C, Girardi K, Necuñir-Ibarra D, Patel SK, Bons J, Wright MC, Geschwind D, Hoke A, Gomez-Sanchez JA, Schilling B, Rebolledo DL, Campisi J, Court FA. Senescent Schwann cells induced by aging and chronic denervation impair axonal regeneration following peripheral nerve injury. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17907. [PMID: 37860842 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Following peripheral nerve injury, successful axonal growth and functional recovery require Schwann cell (SC) reprogramming into a reparative phenotype, a process dependent upon c-Jun transcription factor activation. Unfortunately, axonal regeneration is greatly impaired in aged organisms and following chronic denervation, which can lead to poor clinical outcomes. While diminished c-Jun expression in SCs has been associated with regenerative failure, it is unclear whether the inability to maintain a repair state is associated with the transition into an axonal growth inhibition phenotype. We here find that reparative SCs transition into a senescent phenotype, characterized by diminished c-Jun expression and secretion of inhibitory factors for axonal regeneration in aging and chronic denervation. In both conditions, the elimination of senescent SCs by systemic senolytic drug treatment or genetic targeting improved nerve regeneration and functional recovery, increased c-Jun expression and decreased nerve inflammation. This work provides the first characterization of senescent SCs and their influence on axonal regeneration in aging and chronic denervation, opening new avenues for enhancing regeneration and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Fuentes-Flores
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Geronimo-Olvera
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
| | - Karina Girardi
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
| | - David Necuñir-Ibarra
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Joanna Bons
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Megan C Wright
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Geschwind
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ahmet Hoke
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jose A Gomez-Sanchez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, UMH-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Daniela L Rebolledo
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Felipe A Court
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gunsch G, Paradie E, Townsend KL. Peripheral nervous system glia in support of metabolic tissue functions. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:622-639. [PMID: 37591710 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) relays information between organs and tissues and the brain and spine to maintain homeostasis, regulate tissue functions, and respond to interoceptive and exteroceptive signals. Glial cells perform support roles to maintain nerve function, plasticity, and survival. The glia of the central nervous system (CNS) are well characterized, but PNS glia (PNSG) populations, particularly tissue-specific subtypes, are underexplored. PNSG are found in large nerves (such as the sciatic), the ganglia, and the tissues themselves, and can crosstalk with a range of cell types in addition to neurons. PNSG are also subject to phenotypic changes in response to signals from their local tissue environment, including metabolic changes. These topics and the importance of PNSG in metabolically active tissues, such as adipose, muscle, heart, and lymphatic tissues, are outlined in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilian Gunsch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Emma Paradie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristy L Townsend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martínez-Mármol R, Muhaisen A, Cotrufo T, Roselló-Busquets C, Ros O, Hernaiz-Llorens M, Pérez-Branguli F, Andrés RM, Parcerisas A, Pascual M, Ulloa F, Soriano E. Syntaxin-1 is necessary for UNC5A-C/Netrin-1-dependent macropinocytosis and chemorepulsion. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1253954. [PMID: 37829513 PMCID: PMC10565356 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1253954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brain connectivity requires correct axonal guidance to drive axons to their appropriate targets. This process is orchestrated by guidance cues that exert attraction or repulsion to developing axons. However, the intricacies of the cellular machinery responsible for the correct response of growth cones are just being unveiled. Netrin-1 is a bifunctional molecule involved in axon pathfinding and cell migration that induces repulsion during postnatal cerebellar development. This process is mediated by UNC5 homolog receptors located on external granule layer (EGL) tracts. Methods Biochemical, imaging and cell biology techniques, as well as syntaxin-1A/B (Stx1A/B) knock-out mice were used in primary cultures and brain explants. Results and discussion Here, we demonstrate that this response is characterized by enhanced membrane internalization through macropinocytosis, but not clathrin-mediated endocytosis. We show that UNC5A, UNC5B, and UNC5C receptors form a protein complex with the t-SNARE syntaxin-1. By combining botulinum neurotoxins, an shRNA knock-down strategy and Stx1 knock-out mice, we demonstrate that this SNARE protein is required for Netrin1-induced macropinocytosis and chemorepulsion, suggesting that Stx1 is crucial in regulating Netrin-1-mediated axonal guidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Martínez-Mármol
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ashraf Muhaisen
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED-CIBER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiziana Cotrufo
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED-CIBER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Roselló-Busquets
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Ros
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Hernaiz-Llorens
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Pérez-Branguli
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- IZKF Junior Research Group and BMBF Research Group Neuroscience, IZKF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rosa Maria Andrés
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED-CIBER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Parcerisas
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Laboratory (TR2Lab), Institut de Recerca i Innovació en Ciències de la Vida i de la Salut a la Catalunya Central (IRIS-CC), Vic, Spain
- Biosciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, Technology and Engineerings, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Marta Pascual
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED-CIBER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fausto Ulloa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED-CIBER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED-CIBER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Oya S, Korogi K, Kohno T, Tsuiji H, Danylchuk DI, Klymchenko AS, Niko Y, Hattori M. The Plasma Membrane Polarity Is Higher in the Neuronal Growth Cone than in the Cell Body of Hippocampal and Cerebellar Granule Neurons. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:1820-1825. [PMID: 38044101 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The polarity of the biological membrane, or lipid order, regulates many cellular events. It is generally believed that the plasma membrane polarity is regulated according to cell type and function, sometimes even within a cell. Neurons have a variety of functionally specialized subregions, each of which bears distinct proteins and lipids, and the membrane polarity of the subregions may differ accordingly. However, no direct experimental evidence of it has been presented to date. In the present study, we used a cell-impermeable solvatochromic membrane probe NR12A to investigate the local polarity of the plasma membrane of neurons. Both in hippocampal and cerebellar granule neurons, growth cones have higher membrane polarity than the cell body. In addition, the overall variation in the polarity value of each pixel was greater in the growth cone than in cell bodies, suggesting that the lateral diffusion and/or dynamics of the growth cone membrane are greater than other parts of the neuron. These tendencies were much less notably observed in the lamellipodia of a non-neuronal cell. Our results suggest that the membrane polarity of neuronal growth cones is unique and this characteristic may be important for its structure and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Oya
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Katsunari Korogi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Hitomi Tsuiji
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Dmytro I Danylchuk
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg
| | - Yosuke Niko
- Research and Education Faculty, Multidisciplinary Science Cluster, Interdisciplinary Science Unit, Kochi University
| | - Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shishioh N, Kiryu-Seo S, Abe-Dohmae S, Yokoyama S, Kiyama H. Expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 is induced by nerve injury and its deficiency affects neurite tip morphology and elongation in cultured neurons. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 125:102164. [PMID: 36122678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Axonal regeneration requires changes in the lipid dynamics of the axon membrane for growth and extension. Here, we examined the expression of genes associated with lipid transport after nerve injury. The expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter-A1 (ABCA1), which participates in the transport of cholesterol from the plasma membrane, was markedly upregulated in motor and sensory neurons after nerve injury. Stimulation of PC12 cells with the nerve growth factor induced neurite extension and ABCA1 expression predominantly in regions proximal to the neurite tip. To clarify the functional role of ABCA1 in neurite elongation, we examined the morphology of neurons cultured from conditionally-injured dorsal root ganglia from ABCA1-deficient mice. We found a significant increase in neurite branch formation in these neurons. In addition, the neurite tips of ABCA1-deficient neurons appeared excessively ruffled, and the direction of neurite elongation was unsteady. In contrast, the neurite tips of wild-type neurons were not excessively ruffled, and the neurites elongated rapidly in a stable directionally-oriented manner. Together, these findings suggest that ABCA1 plays an important role in regulating the membrane lipid composition of injured neurons and in axonal regeneration following nerve injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobue Shishioh
- Department of Functional Anatomy & Neuroscience, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Sumiko Kiryu-Seo
- Department of Functional Anatomy & Neuroscience, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Sumiko Abe-Dohmae
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Shinji Yokoyama
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyama
- Department of Functional Anatomy & Neuroscience, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kwon MJ, Seo Y, Cho H, Kim HS, Oh YJ, Genişcan S, Kim M, Park HH, Joe EH, Kwon MH, Kang HC, Kim BG. Nanogel-mediated delivery of oncomodulin secreted from regeneration-associated macrophages promotes sensory axon regeneration in the spinal cord. Theranostics 2022; 12:5856-5876. [PMID: 35966584 PMCID: PMC9373827 DOI: 10.7150/thno.73386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Preconditioning nerve injury enhances axonal regeneration of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons in part by driving pro-regenerative perineuronal macrophage activation. How these macrophages influence the neuronal capacity of axon regeneration remains elusive. We report that oncomodulin (ONCM) is produced from the regeneration-associated macrophages and strongly influences regeneration of DRG sensory axons. We also attempted to promote sensory axon regeneration by nanogel-mediated delivery of ONCM to DRGs. Methods:In vitro neuron-macrophage interaction model and preconditioning sciatic nerve injury were used to verify the necessity of ONCM in preconditioning injury-induced neurite outgrowth. We developed a nanogel-mediated delivery system in which electrostatic encapsulation of ONCM by a reducible epsilon-poly(L-lysine)-nanogel (REPL-NG) enabled a controlled release of ONCM. Results: Sciatic nerve injury upregulated ONCM in DRG macrophages. ONCM in macrophages was necessary to produce pro-regenerative macrophages in the in vitro model of neuron-macrophage interaction and played an essential role in preconditioning-induced neurite outgrowth. ONCM increased neurite outgrowth in cultured DRG neurons by activating a distinct gene set, particularly neuropeptide-related genes. Increasing extracellularly secreted ONCM in DRGs sufficiently enhanced the capacity of neurite outgrowth. Intraganglionic injection of REPL-NG/ONCM complex allowed sustained ONCM activity in DRG tissue and achieved a remarkable long-range regeneration of dorsal column sensory axons beyond spinal cord lesion. Conclusion: NG-mediated ONCM delivery could be exploited as a therapeutic strategy for promoting sensory axon regeneration following spinal cord injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kwon
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,AI-Superconvergence KIURI Translational Research Center, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeojin Seo
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Soon Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Oh
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Simay Genişcan
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Hwan Park
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Gon Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,AI-Superconvergence KIURI Translational Research Center, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Review of Drug Therapy for Peripheral Facial Nerve Regeneration That Can Be Used in Actual Clinical Practice. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071678. [PMID: 35884983 PMCID: PMC9313135 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although facial nerve palsy is not a life-threatening disease, facial asymmetry affects interpersonal relationships, causes psychological stress, and devastates human life. The treatment and rehabilitation of facial paralysis has many socio-economic costs. Therefore, in cases of facial paralysis, it is necessary to identify the cause and provide the best treatment. However, until now, complete recovery has been difficult regardless of the treatment used in cases of complete paralysis of unknown cause and cutting injury of the facial nerve due to disease or accident. Therefore, this article aims to contribute to the future treatment of facial paralysis by reviewing studies on drugs that aid in nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve damage.
Collapse
|
9
|
Guidara W, Messedi M, Naifar M, Maalej M, Khrouf W, Grayaa S, Maalej M, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Lamari F, Ayadi F. Plasma oxysterols in drug-free patients with schizophrenia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 221:106123. [PMID: 35550868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from clinical, genetic, and medical studies has shown the neuronal developmental disorder aspect of schizophrenia (SZ). Whereas oxysterols are vital factors in neurodevelopment, it is still unknown whether they are involved in the pathophysiology of SZ. The current study aims to explore the profile of oxysterols in plasma, ratio to total cholesterol (Tchol) and the association with clinical factors in patients with SZ. Forty men diagnosed with SZ and forty healthy controls matched for age and sex were included in the study. The ratios of cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) and Cholestanol to Tchol increased in the schizophrenic group compared to controls. However, levels of 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC) were not significantly different between patients and controls. For the SZ patients, the plasma 24-OHC levels were positively correlated with the positive and negative syndrome total scores (PANSS) but negatively correlated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores (MOCA). Moreover, the ratio Cholestanol to Tchol was negatively correlated with MOCA scores and positively correlated with PANSS general. The binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the ratio Cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol/TChol could be considered as an independent risk factor for SZ. On the other hand, the receiver's operating characteristics analysis corresponding to potential biomarkers on SZ showed Areas Under the Curve (AUCs) of 82.1%; 69.7% and 77.6% for the ratio of Cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol/TChol, 27-OHC/TChol and Cholestanol/TChol respectively. The relevance of Cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol, 27-OHC and Cholestanol assays as biomarkers of this disease deserves further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wassim Guidara
- Research Laboratory "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Sfax Medicine School, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Meriam Messedi
- Research Laboratory "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Sfax Medicine School, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Manel Naifar
- Research Laboratory "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Sfax Medicine School, University of Sfax, Tunisia; Biochemistry Laboratory, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Manel Maalej
- Psychiatry C-department, Hédi Chaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Walid Khrouf
- Service de Biochimie Métabolique, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, DMU BioGeM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Sahar Grayaa
- Research Laboratory "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Sfax Medicine School, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Maalej
- Psychiatry C-department, Hédi Chaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Dominique Bonnefont-Rousselot
- Service de Biochimie Métabolique, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, DMU BioGeM, F-75013 Paris, France; Université de Paris, CNRS, Inserm, UTCBS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Foudil Lamari
- Service de Biochimie Métabolique, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, DMU BioGeM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Fatma Ayadi
- Research Laboratory "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Sfax Medicine School, University of Sfax, Tunisia; Biochemistry Laboratory, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou T, Lee A, Lo ACY, Kwok JSWJ. Diabetic Corneal Neuropathy: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:816062. [PMID: 35281903 PMCID: PMC8905431 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.816062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major global public health problem that can cause complications such as diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic nephropathy. Besides the reporting of reduction in corneal nerve density and decrease in corneal sensitivity in diabetic patients, there may be a subsequent result in delayed corneal wound healing and increased corneal infections. Despite being a potential cause of blindness, these corneal nerve changes have not gained enough attention. It has been proposed that corneal nerve changes may be an indicator for diabetic neuropathy, which can provide a window for early diagnosis and treatment. In this review, the authors aimed to give an overview of the relationship between corneal nerves and diabetic neuropathy as well as the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of corneal nerve fiber changes caused by DM for improved prediction and prevention of diabetic neuropathy. In addition, the authors summarized current and novel therapeutic methods for delayed corneal wound healing, nerve protection and regeneration in the diabetic cornea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Allie Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Amy Cheuk Yin Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jeremy Sze Wai John Kwok
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tang BL. Cholesterol synthesis inhibition or depletion in axon regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:271-276. [PMID: 34269187 PMCID: PMC8463970 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.317956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is biosynthesized by all animal cells. Beyond its metabolic role in steroidogenesis, it is enriched in the plasma membrane where it has key structural and regulatory functions. Cholesterol is thus presumably important for post-injury axon regrowth, and this notion is supported by studies showing that impairment of local cholesterol reutilization impeded regeneration. However, several studies have also shown that statins, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, are enhancers of axon regeneration, presumably acting through an attenuation of the mevalonate isoprenoid pathway and consequent reduction in protein prenylation. Several recent reports have now shown that cholesterol depletion, as well as inhibition of cholesterol synthesis per se, enhances axon regeneration. Here, I discussed these findings and propose some possible underlying mechanisms. The latter would include possible disruptions to axon growth inhibitor signaling by lipid raft-localized receptors, as well as other yet unclear neuronal survival signaling process enhanced by cholesterol lowering or depletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Varier P, Raju G, Madhusudanan P, Jerard C, Shankarappa SA. A Brief Review of In Vitro Models for Injury and Regeneration in the Peripheral Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:816. [PMID: 35055003 PMCID: PMC8775373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve axonal injury and associated cellular mechanisms leading to peripheral nerve damage are important topics of research necessary for reducing disability and enhancing quality of life. Model systems that mimic the biological changes that occur during human nerve injury are crucial for the identification of cellular responses, screening of novel therapeutic molecules, and design of neural regeneration strategies. In addition to in vivo and mathematical models, in vitro axonal injury models provide a simple, robust, and reductionist platform to partially understand nerve injury pathogenesis and regeneration. In recent years, there have been several advances related to in vitro techniques that focus on the utilization of custom-fabricated cell culture chambers, microfluidic chamber systems, and injury techniques such as laser ablation and axonal stretching. These developments seem to reflect a gradual and natural progression towards understanding molecular and signaling events at an individual axon and neuronal-soma level. In this review, we attempt to categorize and discuss various in vitro models of injury relevant to the peripheral nervous system and highlight their strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities. Such models will help to recreate the post-injury microenvironment and aid in the development of therapeutic strategies that can accelerate nerve repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sahadev A. Shankarappa
- Centre for Nanosciences & Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India; (P.V.); (G.R.); (P.M.); (C.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jose M, Sivanand A, Channakeshava C. Membrane Cholesterol Is a Critical Determinant for Hippocampal Neuronal Polarity. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:746211. [PMID: 34744625 PMCID: PMC8566733 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.746211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a normal cholesterol balance is crucial for the functioning of a healthy brain. Dysregulation in cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis in the brain have been correlated to various neurological disorders. The majority of previous studies in primary cultures focus on the role of cholesterol balance in neuronal development after polarity has been established. Here we have investigated how transient alteration of membrane lipids, specifically cholesterol, affects neuronal development and polarity in developing hippocampal neurons prior to polarity establishment, soon after initiation of neurite outgrowth. We observed that temporary cholesterol perturbation affects axonal and dendritic development differentially in an opposing manner. Transient membrane cholesterol deficiency increased neuronal population with a single neurite, simultaneously generating a second population of neurons with supernumerary axons. Brief replenishment of cholesterol immediately after cholesterol sequestering rescued neuronal development defects and restored polarity. The results showed a small window of cholesterol concentration to be complementing neurite outgrowth, polarity reestablishment, and in determining the normal neuronal morphology, emphasizing the critical role of precise membrane lipid balance in defining the neuronal architecture. Membrane cholesterol enhancement modified neurite outgrowth but did not significantly alter polarity. Cholesterol sequestering at later stages of development has shown to enhance neurite outgrowth, whereas distinct effects for neurite development and polarity were observed at early developmental stages, signifying the relevance of precise membrane cholesterol balance in altering neuronal physiology. Our results confirm cholesterol to be a key determinant for axo-dendritic specification and neuronal architecture and emphasize the possibility to reverse neuronal developmental defects caused by cholesterol deficiency by modulating membrane cholesterol during the early developmental stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mini Jose
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Aiswarya Sivanand
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
L-type Ca 2+ Channels at Low External Calcium Differentially Regulate Neurotransmitter Release in Proximal-Distal Compartments of the Frog Neuromuscular Junction. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2833-2847. [PMID: 34606017 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01152-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCCs) are key elements in electromechanical coupling in striated muscles and formation of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). However, the significance of LTCCs in regulation of neurotransmitter release is still far from understanding. Here, we found that LTCCs can increase evoked neurotransmitter release (especially asynchronous component) and spontaneous exocytosis in two functionally different compartment of the frog NMJ, namely distal and proximal parts. The effects of LTCC blockage on evoked and spontaneous release as well as timing of exocytotic events were prevented by inhibition of either protein kinase C (PKC) or P2Y receptors (P2Y-Rs). Hence, endogenous signaling via P2Y-R/PKC axis can sustain LTCC activity. Application of ATP, a co-neurotransmitter able to activate P2Y-Rs, suppressed both evoked and spontaneous exocytosis in distal and proximal parts. Surprisingly, inhibition of LTCCs (but not PKC) decreased the negative action of exogenous ATP on evoked (only in distal part) and spontaneous exocytosis. Lipid raft disruption suppressed (1) action of LTCC antagonist on neurotransmitter release selectively in distal region and (2) contribution of LTCCs in depressant effect of ATP on evoked and spontaneous release. Thus, LTCCs can enhance and desynchronize neurotransmitter release at basal conditions (without ATP addition), but contribute to ATP-mediated decrease in the exocytosis. The former action of LTCCs relies on P2Y-R/PKC axis, whereas the latter is triggered by exogenous ATP and PKC-independent. Furthermore, relevance of lipid rafts for LTCC function as well as LTCCs for ATP effects is different in distal and proximal part of the NMJ.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hyperlipidaemia is associated with the development of neuropathy. Indeed, a mechanistic link between altered lipid metabolism and peripheral nerve dysfunction has been demonstrated in a number of experimental and clinical studies. Furthermore, post hoc analyses of clinical trials of cholesterol and triglyceride-lowering pharmacotherapy have shown reduced rates of progression of diabetic neuropathy. Given, there are currently no FDA approved disease-modifying therapies for diabetic neuropathy, modulation of lipids may represent a key therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetic nerve damage. This review summarizes the current evidence base on the role of hyperlipidaemia and lipid lowering therapy on the development and progression of peripheral neuropathy. RECENT FINDINGS A body of literature supports a detrimental effect of dyslipidaemia on nerve fibres resulting in somatic and autonomic neuropathy. The case for an important modulating role of hypertriglyceridemia is stronger than for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in relation to peripheral neuropathy. This is reflected in the outcomes of clinical trials with the different therapeutic agents targeting hyperlipidaemia reporting beneficial or neutral effects with statins and fibrates. The potential concern with the association between proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor therapy and cognitive decline raised the possibility that extreme LDL-C lowering may result in neurodegeneration. However, studies in murine models and data from small observational studies indicate an association between increased circulating PCSK9 levels and small nerve fibre damage with a protective effect of PCSK9i therapy against small fibre neuropathy. Additionally, weight loss with bariatric surgery leads to an improvement in peripheral neuropathy and regeneration of small nerve fibres measured with corneal confocal microscopy in people with obesity with or without type 2 diabetes. These improvements correlate inversely with changes in triglyceride levels. SUMMARY Hyperlipidaemia, particularly hypertriglyceridemia, is associated with the development and progression of neuropathy. Lipid modifying agents may represent a potential therapeutic option for peripheral neuropathy. Post hoc analyses indicate that lipid-lowering therapies may halt the progression of neuropathy or even lead to regeneration of nerve fibres. Well designed randomized controlled trials are needed to establish if intensive targeted lipid lowering therapy as a part of holistic metabolic control leads to nerve fibre regeneration and improvement in neuropathy symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Iqbal
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Peter Mount Building, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Bilal Bashir
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Peter Mount Building, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Maryam Ferdousi
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Peter Mount Building, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Alise Kalteniece
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester
| | - Uazman Alam
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rayaz A Malik
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Handrean Soran
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Peter Mount Building, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Weill-Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
One Raft to Guide Them All, and in Axon Regeneration Inhibit Them. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22095009. [PMID: 34066896 PMCID: PMC8125918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system damage caused by traumatic injuries, iatrogenicity due to surgical interventions, stroke and neurodegenerative diseases is one of the most prevalent reasons for physical disability worldwide. During development, axons must elongate from the neuronal cell body to contact their precise target cell and establish functional connections. However, the capacity of the adult nervous system to restore its functionality after injury is limited. Given the inefficacy of the nervous system to heal and regenerate after damage, new therapies are under investigation to enhance axonal regeneration. Axon guidance cues and receptors, as well as the molecular machinery activated after nervous system damage, are organized into lipid raft microdomains, a term typically used to describe nanoscale membrane domains enriched in cholesterol and glycosphingolipids that act as signaling platforms for certain transmembrane proteins. Here, we systematically review the most recent findings that link the stability of lipid rafts and their composition with the capacity of axons to regenerate and rebuild functional neural circuits after damage.
Collapse
|
17
|
The Role of Lipids, Lipid Metabolism and Ectopic Lipid Accumulation in Axon Growth, Regeneration and Repair after CNS Injury and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051078. [PMID: 34062747 PMCID: PMC8147289 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Axons in the adult mammalian nervous system can extend over formidable distances, up to one meter or more in humans. During development, axonal and dendritic growth requires continuous addition of new membrane. Of the three major kinds of membrane lipids, phospholipids are the most abundant in all cell membranes, including neurons. Not only immature axons, but also severed axons in the adult require large amounts of lipids for axon regeneration to occur. Lipids also serve as energy storage, signaling molecules and they contribute to tissue physiology, as demonstrated by a variety of metabolic disorders in which harmful amounts of lipids accumulate in various tissues through the body. Detrimental changes in lipid metabolism and excess accumulation of lipids contribute to a lack of axon regeneration, poor neurological outcome and complications after a variety of central nervous system (CNS) trauma including brain and spinal cord injury. Recent evidence indicates that rewiring lipid metabolism can be manipulated for therapeutic gain, as it favors conditions for axon regeneration and CNS repair. Here, we review the role of lipids, lipid metabolism and ectopic lipid accumulation in axon growth, regeneration and CNS repair. In addition, we outline molecular and pharmacological strategies to fine-tune lipid composition and energy metabolism in neurons and non-neuronal cells that can be exploited to improve neurological recovery after CNS trauma and disease.
Collapse
|
18
|
Shahsavani N, Kataria H, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Mechanisms and repair strategies for white matter degeneration in CNS injury and diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166117. [PMID: 33667627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
White matter degeneration is an important pathophysiological event of the central nervous system that is collectively characterized by demyelination, oligodendrocyte loss, axonal degeneration and parenchymal changes that can result in sensory, motor, autonomic and cognitive impairments. White matter degeneration can occur due to a variety of causes including trauma, neurotoxic exposure, insufficient blood flow, neuroinflammation, and developmental and inherited neuropathies. Regardless of the etiology, the degeneration processes share similar pathologic features. In recent years, a plethora of cellular and molecular mechanisms have been identified for axon and oligodendrocyte degeneration including oxidative damage, calcium overload, neuroinflammatory events, activation of proteases, depletion of adenosine triphosphate and energy supply. Extensive efforts have been also made to develop neuroprotective and neuroregenerative approaches for white matter repair. However, less progress has been achieved in this area mainly due to the complexity and multifactorial nature of the degeneration processes. Here, we will provide a timely review on the current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of white matter degeneration and will also discuss recent pharmacological and cellular therapeutic approaches for white matter protection as well as axonal regeneration, oligodendrogenesis and remyelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Shahsavani
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hardeep Kataria
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ewan EE, Avraham O, Carlin D, Gonçalves TM, Zhao G, Cavalli V. Ascending dorsal column sensory neurons respond to spinal cord injury and downregulate genes related to lipid metabolism. Sci Rep 2021; 11:374. [PMID: 33431991 PMCID: PMC7801468 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration failure after spinal cord injury (SCI) results in part from the lack of a pro-regenerative response in injured neurons, but the response to SCI has not been examined specifically in injured sensory neurons. Using RNA sequencing of dorsal root ganglion, we determined that thoracic SCI elicits a transcriptional response distinct from sciatic nerve injury (SNI). Both SNI and SCI induced upregulation of ATF3 and Jun, yet this response failed to promote growth in sensory neurons after SCI. RNA sequencing of purified sensory neurons one and three days after injury revealed that unlike SNI, the SCI response is not sustained. Both SCI and SNI elicited the expression of ATF3 target genes, with very little overlap between conditions. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed ATF3 target genes revealed that fatty acid biosynthesis and terpenoid backbone synthesis were downregulated after SCI but not SNI. Pharmacologic inhibition of fatty acid synthase, the enzyme generating palmitic acid, decreased axon growth and regeneration in vitro. These results support the notion that decreased expression of lipid metabolism-related genes after SCI, including fatty acid synthase, may restrict axon regenerative capacity after SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Ewan
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
| | - Oshri Avraham
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
| | - Dan Carlin
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
| | - Tassia Mangetti Gonçalves
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
| | - Guoyan Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA. .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shabanzadeh AP, Charish J, Tassew NG, Farhani N, Feng J, Qin X, Sugita S, Mothe AJ, Wälchli T, Koeberle PD, Monnier PP. Cholesterol synthesis inhibition promotes axonal regeneration in the injured central nervous system. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 150:105259. [PMID: 33434618 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal regeneration in the injured central nervous system is hampered by multiple extracellular proteins. These proteins exert their inhibitory action through interactions with receptors that are located in cholesterol rich compartments of the membrane termed lipid rafts. Here we show that cholesterol-synthesis inhibition prevents the association of the Neogenin receptor with lipid rafts. Furthermore, we show that cholesterol-synthesis inhibition enhances axonal growth both on inhibitory -myelin and -RGMa substrates. Following optic nerve injury, lowering cholesterol synthesis with both drugs and siRNA-strategies allows for robust axonal regeneration and promotes neuronal survival. Cholesterol inhibition also enhanced photoreceptor survival in a model of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Our data reveal that Lovastatin leads to several opposing effects on regenerating axons: cholesterol synthesis inhibition promotes regeneration whereas altered prenylation impairs regeneration. We also show that the lactone prodrug form of lovastatin has differing effects on regeneration when compared to the ring-open hydroxy-acid form. Thus the association of cell surface receptors with lipid rafts contributes to axonal regeneration inhibition, and blocking cholesterol synthesis provides a potential therapeutic approach to promote neuronal regeneration and survival in the diseased Central Nervous System. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Statins have been intensively used to treat high levels of cholesterol in humans. However, the effect of cholesterol inhibition in both the healthy and the diseased brain remains controversial. In particular, it is unclear whether cholesterol inhibition with statins can promote regeneration and survival following injuries. Here we show that late stage cholesterol inhibition promotes robust axonal regeneration following optic nerve injury. We identified distinct mechanisms of action for activated vs non-activated Lovastatin that may account for discrepancies found in the literature. We show that late stage cholesterol synthesis inhibition alters Neogenin association with lipid rafts, thereby i) neutralizing the inhibitory function of its ligand and ii) offering a novel opportunity to promote CNS regeneration and survival following injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza P Shabanzadeh
- Krembil Research Institute, KDT 8-417, 60 Leonard St., Toronto M5T 2S8, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, Donald K. Johnson Research Institute, 60 Leonard St., Toronto M5T 2S8, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Charish
- Krembil Research Institute, KDT 8-417, 60 Leonard St., Toronto M5T 2S8, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nardos G Tassew
- Krembil Research Institute, KDT 8-417, 60 Leonard St., Toronto M5T 2S8, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, Donald K. Johnson Research Institute, 60 Leonard St., Toronto M5T 2S8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nahal Farhani
- Krembil Research Institute, KDT 8-417, 60 Leonard St., Toronto M5T 2S8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jinzhou Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xinjue Qin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shuzo Sugita
- Krembil Research Institute, KDT 8-417, 60 Leonard St., Toronto M5T 2S8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea J Mothe
- Krembil Research Institute, KDT 8-417, 60 Leonard St., Toronto M5T 2S8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Wälchli
- Krembil Research Institute, KDT 8-417, 60 Leonard St., Toronto M5T 2S8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paulo D Koeberle
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philippe P Monnier
- Krembil Research Institute, KDT 8-417, 60 Leonard St., Toronto M5T 2S8, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, Donald K. Johnson Research Institute, 60 Leonard St., Toronto M5T 2S8, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sun Z, Zhao L, Bo Q, Mao Z, He Y, Jiang T, Li Y, Wang C, Li R. Brain-Specific Oxysterols and Risk of Schizophrenia in Clinical High-Risk Subjects and Patients With Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:711734. [PMID: 34408685 PMCID: PMC8367079 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.711734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from clinical, genetic, and epidemiologic studies suggest that schizophrenia might be a neuronal development disorder. While oxysterols are important factors in neurodevelopment, it is unknown whether oxysterols might be involved in development of schizophrenia. The present study investigated the relationship between tissue-specifically originated oxysterols and risk of schizophrenia. A total of 216 individuals were recruited in this study, including 76 schizophrenia patients, 39 clinical high-risk (CHR) subjects, and 101 healthy controls (HC). We investigated the circulating levels of brain-specific oxysterol 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) and peripheral oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHC) in all participants and analyzed the potential links between the oxysterols and specific clinical symptoms in schizophrenic patients and CHR. Our data showed an elevation of 24OHC in both schizophrenia patients and CHR than that in HC, while a lower level of 27OHC in the schizophrenia group only. The ratio of 24OHC to 27OHC was only increased in the schizophrenic group compared with CHR and HC. For the schizophrenic patients, the circulating 24OHC levels are significantly associated with disease duration, positively correlated with the positive and negative syndrome total scores, while the 27OHC levels were inversely correlated with the positive symptom scores. Together, our data demonstrated the disruption of tissue-specifically originated cholesterol metabolism in schizophrenia and CHR, suggesting the circulating 24OHC or 24OHC/27OHC ratio might not only be a potential indicator for risk for schizophrenia but also be biomarkers for functional abnormalities in neuropathology of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuoli Sun
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qijing Bo
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Mao
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyue Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rena Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Growth cone repulsion to Netrin-1 depends on lipid raft microdomains enriched in UNC5 receptors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:2797-2820. [PMID: 33095273 PMCID: PMC8004515 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
During brain development, Uncoordinated locomotion 5 (UNC5) receptors control axonal extension through their sensing of the guidance molecule Netrin-1. The correct positioning of receptors into cholesterol-enriched membrane raft microdomains is crucial for the efficient transduction of the recognized signals. However, whether such microdomains are required for the appropriate axonal guidance mediated by UNC5 receptors remains unknown. Here, we combine the use of confocal microscopy, live-cell FRAP analysis and single-particle tracking PALM to characterize the distribution of UNC5 receptors into raft microdomains, revealing differences in their membrane mobility properties. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches in primary neuronal cultures and brain cerebellar explants we further demonstrate that disrupting raft microdomains inhibits the chemorepulsive response of growth cones and axons against Netrin-1. Together, our findings indicate that the distribution of all UNC5 receptors into cholesterol-enriched raft microdomains is heterogeneous and that the specific localization has functional consequences for the axonal chemorepulsion against Netrin-1.
Collapse
|
23
|
Avraham O, Deng PY, Jones S, Kuruvilla R, Semenkovich CF, Klyachko VA, Cavalli V. Satellite glial cells promote regenerative growth in sensory neurons. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4891. [PMID: 32994417 PMCID: PMC7524726 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral sensory neurons regenerate their axon after nerve injury to enable functional recovery. Intrinsic mechanisms operating in sensory neurons are known to regulate nerve repair, but whether satellite glial cells (SGC), which completely envelop the neuronal soma, contribute to nerve regeneration remains unexplored. Using a single cell RNAseq approach, we reveal that SGC are distinct from Schwann cells and share similarities with astrocytes. Nerve injury elicits changes in the expression of genes related to fatty acid synthesis and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARα) signaling. Conditional deletion of fatty acid synthase (Fasn) in SGC impairs axon regeneration. The PPARα agonist fenofibrate rescues the impaired axon regeneration in mice lacking Fasn in SGC. These results indicate that PPARα activity downstream of FASN in SGC contributes to promote axon regeneration in adult peripheral nerves and highlight that the sensory neuron and its surrounding glial coat form a functional unit that orchestrates nerve repair. The contribution of satellite glia to peripheral nerve regeneration is unclear. Here, the authors show that satellite glia are transcriptionally distinct from Schwann cells, share similarities with astrocytes, and, upon injury, they contribute to axon regeneration via Fasn-PPARα signalling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oshri Avraham
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Pan-Yue Deng
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sara Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rejji Kuruvilla
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Clay F Semenkovich
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Vitaly A Klyachko
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lee J, Shin JE, Lee B, Kim H, Jeon Y, Ahn SH, Chi SW, Cho Y. The stem cell marker Prom1 promotes axon regeneration by down-regulating cholesterol synthesis via Smad signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15955-15966. [PMID: 32554499 PMCID: PMC7355016 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920829117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration is regulated by a neuron-intrinsic transcriptional program that is suppressed during development but that can be reactivated following peripheral nerve injury. Here we identify Prom1, which encodes the stem cell marker prominin-1, as a regulator of the axon regeneration program. Prom1 expression is developmentally down-regulated, and the genetic deletion of Prom1 in mice inhibits axon regeneration in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cultures and in the sciatic nerve, revealing the neuronal role of Prom1 in injury-induced regeneration. Elevating prominin-1 levels in cultured DRG neurons or in mice via adeno-associated virus-mediated gene delivery enhances axon regeneration in vitro and in vivo, allowing outgrowth on an inhibitory substrate. Prom1 overexpression induces the consistent down-regulation of cholesterol metabolism-associated genes and a reduction in cellular cholesterol levels in a Smad pathway-dependent manner, which promotes axonal regrowth. We find that prominin-1 interacts with the type I TGF-β receptor ALK4, and that they synergistically induce phosphorylation of Smad2. These results suggest that Prom1 and cholesterol metabolism pathways are possible therapeutic targets for the promotion of neural recovery after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Shin
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Dong-A University College of Medicine, 49201 Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohm Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yewon Jeon
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Ahn
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wook Chi
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongcheol Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kiyoshi C, Tedeschi A. Axon growth and synaptic function: A balancing act for axonal regeneration and neuronal circuit formation in CNS trauma and disease. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 80:277-301. [PMID: 32902152 PMCID: PMC7754183 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Axons in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) fail to regenerate inside out due to intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal determinants. During CNS development, axon growth, synapse formation, and function are tightly regulated processes allowing immature neurons to effectively grow an axon, navigate toward target areas, form synaptic contacts and become part of information processing networks that control behavior in adulthood. Not only immature neurons are able to precisely control the expression of a plethora of genes necessary for axon extension and pathfinding, synapse formation and function, but also non-neuronal cells such as astrocytes and microglia actively participate in sculpting the nervous system through refinement, consolidation, and elimination of synaptic contacts. Recent evidence indicates that a balancing act between axon regeneration and synaptic function may be crucial for rebuilding functional neuronal circuits after CNS trauma and disease in adulthood. Here, we review the role of classical and new intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal determinants in the context of CNS development, injury, and disease. Moreover, we discuss strategies targeting neuronal and non-neuronal cell behaviors, either alone or in combination, to promote axon regeneration and neuronal circuit formation in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Kiyoshi
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrea Tedeschi
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Discovery Theme on Chronic Brain Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Roselló-Busquets C, Hernaiz-Llorens M, Soriano E, Martínez-Mármol R. Nystatin Regulates Axonal Extension and Regeneration by Modifying the Levels of Nitric Oxide. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:56. [PMID: 32317932 PMCID: PMC7146717 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nystatin is a pharmacological agent commonly used for the treatment of oral, mucosal and cutaneous fungal infections. Nystatin has also been extensively applied to study the cellular function of cholesterol-enriched structures because of its ability to bind and extract cholesterol from mammalian membranes. In neurons, cholesterol level is tightly regulated, being essential for synapse and dendrite formation, and axonal guidance. However, the action of Nystatin on axon regeneration has been poorly evaluated. Here, we examine the effect of Nystatin on primary cultures of hippocampal neurons, showing how acute dose (minutes) of Nystatin increases the area of growth cones, and chronic treatment (days) enhances axon length, axon branching, and axon regeneration post-axotomy. We describe two alternative signaling pathways responsible for the observed effects and activated at different concentrations of Nystatin. At elevated concentrations, Nystatin promotes growth cone expansion through phosphorylation of Akt; whereas, at low concentrations, Nystatin enhances axon length and regrowth by increasing nitric oxide levels. Together, our findings indicate new signaling pathways of Nystatin and propose this compound as a novel regulator of axon regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Roselló-Busquets
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Hernaiz-Llorens
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Martínez-Mármol
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jager SE, Pallesen LT, Richner M, Harley P, Hore Z, McMahon S, Denk F, Vaegter CB. Changes in the transcriptional fingerprint of satellite glial cells following peripheral nerve injury. Glia 2020; 68:1375-1395. [PMID: 32045043 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Satellite glial cells (SGCs) are homeostatic cells enveloping the somata of peripheral sensory and autonomic neurons. A wide variety of neuronal stressors trigger activation of SGCs, contributing to, for example, neuropathic pain through modulation of neuronal activity. However, compared to neurons and other glial cells of the nervous system, SGCs have received modest scientific attention and very little is known about SGC biology, possibly due to the experimental challenges associated with studying them in vivo and in vitro. Utilizing a recently developed method to obtain SGC RNA from dorsal root ganglia (DRG), we took a systematic approach to characterize the SGC transcriptional fingerprint by using next-generation sequencing and, for the first time, obtain an overview of the SGC injury response. Our RNA sequencing data are easily accessible in supporting information in Excel format. They reveal that SGCs are enriched in genes related to the immune system and cell-to-cell communication. Analysis of SGC transcriptional changes in a nerve injury-paradigm reveal a differential response at 3 days versus 14 days postinjury, suggesting dynamic modulation of SGC function over time. Significant downregulation of several genes linked to cholesterol synthesis was observed at both time points. In contrast, regulation of gene clusters linked to the immune system (MHC protein complex and leukocyte migration) was mainly observed after 14 days. Finally, we demonstrate that, after nerve injury, macrophages are in closer physical proximity to both small and large DRG neurons, and that previously reported injury-induced proliferation of SGCs may, in fact, be proliferating macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Jager
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Lone T Pallesen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mette Richner
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Harley
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Zoe Hore
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Stephen McMahon
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Franziska Denk
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Christian B Vaegter
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sala-Jarque J, Mesquida-Veny F, Badiola-Mateos M, Samitier J, Hervera A, del Río JA. Neuromuscular Activity Induces Paracrine Signaling and Triggers Axonal Regrowth after Injury in Microfluidic Lab-On-Chip Devices. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020302. [PMID: 32012727 PMCID: PMC7072511 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries, including motor neuron axonal injury, often lead to functional impairments. Current therapies are mostly limited to surgical intervention after lesion, yet these interventions have limited success in restoring functionality. Current activity-based therapies after axonal injuries are based on trial-error approaches in which the details of the underlying cellular and molecular processes are largely unknown. Here we show the effects of the modulation of both neuronal and muscular activity with optogenetic approaches to assess the regenerative capacity of cultured motor neuron (MN) after lesion in a compartmentalized microfluidic-assisted axotomy device. With increased neuronal activity, we observed an increase in the ratio of regrowing axons after injury in our peripheral-injury model. Moreover, increasing muscular activity induces the liberation of leukemia inhibitory factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in a paracrine fashion that in turn triggers axonal regrowth of lesioned MN in our 3D hydrogel cultures. The relevance of our findings as well as the novel approaches used in this study could be useful not only after axotomy events but also in diseases affecting MN survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sala-Jarque
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francina Mesquida-Veny
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maider Badiola-Mateos
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBERBBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBERBBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Hervera
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (J.A.d.R.)
| | - José Antonio del Río
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (J.A.d.R.)
| |
Collapse
|