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Nagy EK, Overby PF, Leyrer-Jackson JM, Carfagno VF, Acuña AM, Olive MF. Methamphetamine and the Synthetic Cathinone 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) Produce Persistent Effects on Prefrontal and Striatal Microglial Morphology and Neuroimmune Signaling Following Repeated Binge-like Intake in Male and Female Rats. Brain Sci 2024; 14:435. [PMID: 38790414 PMCID: PMC11118022 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulants alter cellular morphology and activate neuroimmune signaling in a number of brain regions, yet few prior studies have investigated their persistence beyond acute abstinence or following high levels of voluntary drug intake. In this study, we examined the effects of the repeated binge-like self-administration (96 h/week for 3 weeks) of methamphetamine (METH) and 21 days of abstinence in female and male rats on changes in cell density, morphology, and cytokine levels in two addiction-related brain regions-the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and dorsal striatum (DStr). We also examined the effects of similar patterns of intake of the cocaine-like synthetic cathinone derivative 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) or saline as a control. Robust levels of METH and MDPV intake (~500-1000 infusions per 96 h period) were observed in both sexes. We observed no changes in astrocyte or neuron density in either region, but decreases in dendritic spine densities were observed in PFC pyramidal and DStr medium spiny neurons. The microglial cell density was decreased in the PFC of METH self-administering animals, accompanied by evidence of microglial apoptosis. Changes in microglial morphology (e.g., decreased territorial volume and ramification and increased cell soma volume) were also observed, indicative of an inflammatory-like state. Multiplex analyses of PFC and DStr cytokine content revealed elevated levels of various interleukins and chemokines only in METH self-administering animals, with region- and sex-dependent effects. Our findings suggest that voluntary binge-like METH or MDPV intake induces similar cellular perturbations in the brain, but they are divergent neuroimmune responses that persist beyond the initial abstinence phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. Nagy
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology Area, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Paula F. Overby
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology Area, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jonna M. Leyrer-Jackson
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
| | - Vincent F. Carfagno
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Amanda M. Acuña
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology Area, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - M. Foster Olive
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology Area, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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2
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Beccari S, Mohamed E, Voong V, Hilz S, Lafontaine M, Shai A, Lim Y, Martinez J, Switzman B, Yu RL, Lupo JM, Chang EF, Hervey-Jumper SL, Berger MS, Costello JF, Phillips JJ. Quantitative Assessment of Preanalytic Variables on Clinical Evaluation of PI3/AKT/mTOR Signaling Activity in Diffuse Glioma. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100488. [PMID: 38588881 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Biomarker-driven therapeutic clinical trials require the implementation of standardized, evidence-based practices for sample collection. In diffuse glioma, phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)-kinase/AKT/mTOR (PI3/AKT/mTOR) signaling is an attractive therapeutic target for which window-of-opportunity clinical trials could facilitate the identification of promising new agents. Yet, the relevant preanalytic variables and optimal tumor sampling methods necessary to measure pathway activity are unknown. To address this, we used a murine model for isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wildtype glioblastoma (GBM) and human tumor tissue, including IDH-wildtype GBM and IDH-mutant diffuse glioma. First, we determined the impact of delayed time-to-formalin fixation, or cold ischemia time (CIT), on the quantitative assessment of cellular expression of 6 phosphoproteins that are readouts of PI3K/AK/mTOR activity (phosphorylated-proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa (p-PRAS40, T246), -mechanistic target of rapamycin (p-mTOR; S2448); -AKT (p-AKT, S473); -ribosomal protein S6 (p-RPS6, S240/244 and S235/236), and -eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (p-4EBP1, T37/46). With CITs ≥ 2 hours, typical of routine clinical handling, all had reduced or altered expression with p-RPS6 (S240/244) exhibiting relatively greater stability. A similar pattern was observed using patient tumor samples from the operating room with p-4EBP1 more sensitive to delayed fixation than p-RPS6 (S240/244). Many clinical trials utilize unstained slides for biomarker evaluation. Thus, we evaluated the impact of slide storage conditions on the detection of p-RPS6 (S240/244), p-4EBP1, and p-AKT. After 5 months, storage at -80°C was required to preserve the expression of p-4EBP1 and p-AKT, whereas p-RPS6 (240/244) expression was not stable regardless of storage temperature. Biomarker heterogeneity impacts optimal tumor sampling. Quantification of p-RPS6 (240/244) expression in multiple regionally distinct human tumor samples from 8 patients revealed significant intratumoral heterogeneity. Thus, the accurate assessment of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in diffuse glioma must overcome intratumoral heterogeneity and multiple preanalytic factors, including time-to-formalin fixation, slide storage conditions, and phosphoprotein of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Beccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Esraa Mohamed
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Viva Voong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Stephanie Hilz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Marisa Lafontaine
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Anny Shai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Yunita Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jerry Martinez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Benjamin Switzman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Ryon L Yu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Janine M Lupo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Edward F Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Shawn L Hervey-Jumper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Mitchel S Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Joseph F Costello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; Neuropathology Division, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California.
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3
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Sadek MA, Rabie MA, El Sayed NS, Sayed HM, Kandil EA. Neuroprotective effect of curcumin against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced cognitive and physical impairments in mice: an insight into the role of the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:1499-1518. [PMID: 38112964 PMCID: PMC11006778 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an incurable chronic neurodegenerative disease where autoimmunity, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation collaboration predispose myelin sheath destruction. Interestingly, curcumin, a natural polyphenol, showed a neuroprotective effect in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, including MS. Nevertheless, the influence of curcumin against MS-induced cognitive impairment is still vague. Hence, we induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice using spinal cord homogenate (SCH) and complete Freund's adjuvant, which eventually mimic MS. This study aimed not only to evaluate curcumin efficacy against EAE-induced cognitive and motor dysfunction, but also to explore a novel mechanism of action, by which curcumin exerts its beneficial effects in MS. Curcumin (200 mg/kg/day) efficacy was evaluated by behavioral tests, histopathological examination, and biochemical tests. Concisely, curcumin amended EAE-induced cognitive and motor impairments, as demonstrated by the behavioral tests and histopathological examination of the hippocampus. Interestingly, curcumin activated the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase/silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (AMPK/SIRT1) axis, which triggered cyclic AMP response element-binding protein/brain-derived neurotrophic factor/myelin basic protein (CREB/BDNF/MBP) pathway, hindering demyelination of the corpus callosum. Furthermore, AMPK/SIRT1 activation augmented nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a powerful antioxidant, amending EAE-induced oxidative stress. Additionally, curcumin abolished EAE-induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting Janus kinase 2 /signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) axis, by various pathways, including AMPK/SIRT1 activation. JAK2/STAT3 inhibition halts inflammatory cytokines synthesis. In conclusion, curcumin's neuroprotective effect in EAE is controlled, at least in part, by AMPK/SIRT1 activation, which ultimately minimizes EAE-induced neuronal demyelination, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mostafa A Rabie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nesrine S El Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Helmy M Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esraa A Kandil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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4
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Sharma AR, Batra G, Dhir N, Jain A, Modi T, Saini L, Thakur N, Mishra A, Singh RS, Singh A, Singla R, Prakash A, Goyal M, Bhatia A, Medhi B, Modi M. "Comparative evaluation of different chemical agents induced Autism Spectrum Disorder in experimental Wistar rats". Behav Brain Res 2024; 458:114728. [PMID: 37923221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with uncertain etiology and pathophysiology. Several studies revealed that the commonly used animal models like Valproic Acid (VPA) and Propionic Acid (PPA) do not precisely represent the disease as the human patient does. The current study was conducted on different chemically (VPA, PPA, Poly I:C, Dioxin (2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)) & Chlorpyrifos (CPF)) induced ASD-like animal models and validated the best suitable experimental animal model, which would closely resemble with clinical features of the ASD. This validated model might help to explore the pathophysiology of ASD. This study included rat pups prenatally exposed to VPA, PPA, Poly I:C, Dioxin & CPF within GD9 to GD15 doses. The model groups were validated through developmental and behavioral parameters, Gene Expressions, Oxidative Stress, and Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory cytokines levels. Developmental and neurobehavioral parameters showed significant changes in model groups compared to the control. In oxidative stress parameters and neuro-inflammatory cytokines levels, model groups exhibited high oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation compared to control groups. Gene expression profile of ASD-related genes showed significant downregulation in model groups compared to the control group. Moreover, the Poly I:C group showed more significant results than other model groups. The comparison of available ASD-like experimental animal models showed that the Poly I:C induced model represented the exact pathophysiology of ASD as the human patient does. Poly I:C was reported in the maternal immune system activation via the inflammatory cytokines pathway, altering embryonic development and causing ASD in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Raj Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gitika Batra
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neha Dhir
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashish Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Tanish Modi
- Clinical Trainee, Department of Neurology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Lokesh Saini
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Paediatric Neurology, Jodhpur, India
| | - Neetika Thakur
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhishek Mishra
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Department of Biomedical Sciences, USA
| | - Rahul Solomon Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rubal Singla
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Department of Biomedical Sciences, USA
| | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manoj Goyal
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manish Modi
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Costa CJS, Wadt D, Conti LC, Landi MFDA, Cintra L, de Oliveira FA, Mori CMC. Histological Alterations in the Internal Organs of Wistar Han Rats ( Rattus norvegicus) Euthanized by Five Different Methods. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2024; 63:81-88. [PMID: 38056883 PMCID: PMC10844740 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-23-000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Selecting a method of euthanasia is an important step in designing research studies that use animals; euthanasia methods must be humane, cause minimal pain and suffering to the animal, and preserve the tissue architecture of the organs of interest. In this study, we evaluated the histomorphology of the internal organs (lung, spleen, heart, kidney, liver, brain, and adrenal gland) of rats submitted to five different methods of euthanasia, with the goal of determining which protocol caused the least alteration of histomorphology. Twenty adult Wistar Han rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into 5 groups of 4 rats each (2 females and 2 males) and were euthanized by CO₂ or isoflurane inhalation, sodium thiopental or xylazine plus ketamine overdose, or decapitation. All euthanasia was performed in accordance with published guidelines and local legal require- ments. Necropsy was performed immediately after euthanasia. Specific internal organs were removed and placed in formalin and submitted for routine histologic processing. Histomorphological examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissues revealed circulatory alterations in multiple organs, predominantly congestion in multiple tissues, pulmonary hemorrhage, and hepatic degeneration. The euthanasia methods that induced the most severe alterations were exposure to CO₂ and anesthetic overdose with xylazine plus ketamine or sodium thiopental. Euthanasia by overexposure to isoflurane caused less damage, and the alterations were of minimal severity. Decapitation resulted in the lowest incidence of lesions in multiple organs but due its traumatic nature, it caused the highest incidence of pulmonary hemorrhage. In selecting a method of euthanasia, factors to consider are the species of animal, the purpose of the research, and the practical ability to perform the procedure to achieve maximal animal welfare without iatrogenic changes that could compromise the outcome and reproducibility of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cícero Júlio Silva Costa
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo Wadt
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Luiza Cesar Conti
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | | | - Luciana Cintra
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Madalena Cabrera Mori
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
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Canet G, Rocaboy E, Laliberté F, Boscher E, Guisle I, Diego-Diaz S, Fereydouni-Forouzandeh P, Whittington RA, Hébert SS, Pernet V, Planel E. Temperature-induced Artifacts in Tau Phosphorylation: Implications for Reliable Alzheimer's Disease Research. Exp Neurobiol 2023; 32:423-440. [PMID: 38196137 PMCID: PMC10789175 DOI: 10.5607/en23025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In preclinical research on Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies, tau phosphorylation analysis is routinely employed in both cellular and animal models. However, recognizing the sensitivity of tau phosphorylation to various extrinsic factors, notably temperature, is vital for experimental accuracy. Hypothermia can trigger tau hyperphosphorylation, while hyperthermia leads to its dephosphorylation. Nevertheless, the rapidity of tau phosphorylation in response to unintentional temperature variations remains unknown. In cell cultures, the most significant temperature change occurs when the cells are removed from the incubator before harvesting, and in animal models, during anesthesia prior to euthanasia. In this study, we investigate the kinetics of tau phosphorylation in N2a and SH-SY5Y neuronal cell lines, as well as in mice exposed to anesthesia. We observed changes in tau phosphorylation within the few seconds upon transferring cell cultures from their 37°C incubator to room temperature conditions. However, cells placed directly on ice post-incubation exhibited negligible phosphorylation changes. In vivo, isoflurane anesthesia rapidly resulted in tau hyperphosphorylation within the few seconds needed to lose the pedal withdrawal reflex in mice. These findings emphasize the critical importance of preventing temperature variation in researches focused on tau. To ensure accurate results, we recommend avoiding anesthesia before euthanasia and promptly placing cells on ice after removal from the incubator. By controlling temperature fluctuations, the reliability and validity of tau phosphorylation studies can be significantly enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Canet
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
- Neurosciences Axis, Research Center of the CHU de Québec - Laval University, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Emma Rocaboy
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Francis Laliberté
- Neurosciences Axis, Research Center of the CHU de Québec - Laval University, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Boscher
- Neurosciences Axis, Research Center of the CHU de Québec - Laval University, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Isabelle Guisle
- Neurosciences Axis, Research Center of the CHU de Québec - Laval University, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sofia Diego-Diaz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | | | - Robert A. Whittington
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sébastien S. Hébert
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
- Neurosciences Axis, Research Center of the CHU de Québec - Laval University, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Vincent Pernet
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Planel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
- Neurosciences Axis, Research Center of the CHU de Québec - Laval University, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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Chakkingal Bhaskaran B, Meyermans R, Gorssen W, Maes GE, Buyse J, Janssens S, Buys N. The forgotten variable? Does the euthanasia method and sample storage condition influence an organisms transcriptome - a gene expression analysis on multiple tissues in pigs. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:769. [PMID: 38093185 PMCID: PMC10720124 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptomic studies often require collection of fresh tissues post euthanasia. The chosen euthanasia method might have the potential to induce variations in gene expressions that are unlinked with the experimental design. The present study compared the suitability of 'nitrogen gas in foam' (ANOXIA) in comparison to a non-barbiturate anaesthetic, T-61® (T61), for euthanizing piglets used in transcriptome research. Further, the effect of common tissue storage conditions, RNAlater™ (RL) and snap freezing in liquid nitrogen (LN2), on gene expression profiles were also analysed. RESULTS On comparison of the 3'mRNA-Seq data generated from pituitary, hypothalamus, liver and lung tissues, no significant differential expression in the protein coding genes were detected between the euthanasia methods. This implies that the nitrogen anoxia method could be a suitable alternative for euthanasia of piglets used in transcriptomic research. However, small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) that constitute the eukaryotic spliceosomal machinery were found to be significantly higher (log2fold change ≥ 2.0, and adjusted p value ≤ 0.1) in pituitary samples collected using ANOXIA. Non-protein coding genes like snRNAs that play an important role in pre-mRNA splicing can subsequently modify gene expression. Storage in RL was found to be superior in preserving RNA compared to LN2 storage, as evidenced by the significantly higher RIN values in representative samples. However, storage in RL as opposed to LN2, also influenced differential gene expression in multiple tissues, perhaps as a result of its inability to inhibit biological activity during storage. Hence such external sources of variations should be carefully considered before arriving at research conclusions. CONCLUSIONS Source of biological variations like euthanasia method and storage condition can confound research findings. Even if we are unable to prevent the effect of these external factors, it will be useful to identify the impact of these variables on the parameter under observation and thereby prevent misinterpretation of our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chakkingal Bhaskaran
- Department of Biosystems, Centre for Animal Breeding and Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Box 2472, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
| | - R Meyermans
- Department of Biosystems, Centre for Animal Breeding and Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Box 2472, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - W Gorssen
- Department of Biosystems, Centre for Animal Breeding and Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Box 2472, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - G E Maes
- Centre for Human Genetics, Genomics Core, UZ-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Buyse
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Box 2472, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - S Janssens
- Department of Biosystems, Centre for Animal Breeding and Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Box 2472, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - N Buys
- Department of Biosystems, Centre for Animal Breeding and Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Box 2472, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
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8
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Park AY, Lee JO, Jang Y, Kim YJ, Lee JM, Kim SY, Kim BJ, Yoo KH. Exosomes derived from human dermal fibroblasts protect against UVB‑induced skin photoaging. Int J Mol Med 2023; 52:120. [PMID: 37888610 PMCID: PMC10635689 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are used as innovative treatment options for repairing skin defects, such as aging, atopic dermatitis and wounds. However, the effects of exosomes obtained from human foreskin fibroblasts BJ‑5ta (BJ‑5ta Exo) on ultraviolet B (UVB)‑mediated photoaging have not been previously reported, at least to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the anti‑photoaging effects of BJ‑5ta Exo on UVB radiation in human skin fibroblasts and SKH‑1 hairless mice. The results revealed that BJ‑5ta Exo decreased the production of reactive oxygen species and inhibited the decrease in the expression levels of superoxide dismutase 1 and 2, glutathione peroxidase and catalase following UVB exposure. In addition, BJ‑5ta Exo attenuated the decrease in nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 levels induced by UVB rays, indicating its scavenging activity against oxidative stress. Moreover, BJ‑5ta Exo inhibited the UVB‑induced increase in the levels of γH2AX, p53/21 and cleaved PARP, whereas it promoted DNA double‑strand break repair through radiation sensitive 52 and effectively activated the TGF‑β1/Smad pathway. BJ‑5ta Exo also protected against UVB‑induced senescence, as indicated by the downregulation in the levels of senescence‑associated β‑galactosidase and p16. In a mouse model of photoaging, BJ‑5ta Exo prevented the UVB‑induced increase in transepidermal water loss, wrinkle formation and MMP‑1 expression, while also suppressing the UVB‑mediated decrease in collagen type I and elastin levels in the dorsal skin. Overall, the findings of the present study suggest that BJ‑5ta Exo represent an effective anti‑photoaging agent, which can be used as a component in cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yeon Park
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ok Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Youna Jang
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Yoo
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University Gwang-Myeong Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Gwangmyeong-si, Gyeonggi-do 14353, Republic of Korea
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Domínguez-Oliva A, Olmos-Hernández A, Hernández-Ávalos I, Lecona-Butrón H, Mora-Medina P, Mota-Rojas D. Rat Grimace Scale as a Method to Evaluate Animal Welfare, Nociception, and Quality of the Euthanasia Method of Wistar Rats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3161. [PMID: 37893885 PMCID: PMC10603718 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Refinement of experimental procedures in animal research has the objective of preventing and minimizing pain/distress in animals, including the euthanasia period. This study aimed to evaluate pain associated with six methods of euthanasia in Wistar rats (injectable, inhalational, and physical), by applying the Rat Grimace Scale (RGS), comparing the scores, and determining the method with the highest score that might indicate pain for laboratory rodents. Sixty adult male and female Wistar rats were used and assigned to six treatments: pentobarbital, CO2, decapitation, isoflurane, ketamine + xylazine, and ketamine + CO2. Video recording to assess the RGS scores was performed in four events: basal: 24 h before the procedure; Ti1: three minutes before the procedure; Ti2: during the application of the euthanasia method; and Ti3: immediately after the application until LORR. The main findings of this study showed that, during Ti2, decapitation and ketamine + xylazine had the highest scores (0.6 ± 0.26 and 0.6 ± 0.16, respectively) (p < 0.0001), while at Ti3, CO2 (0.9 ± 0.18) and isoflurane (1.2 ± 0.20) recorded the highest scores (p < 0.0001). According to the present results, decapitation and ketamine + xylazine elicited short-term acute pain, possibly due to tissue damage caused by both methods (injection and guillotine). In contrast, isoflurane's RGS scores recorded during Ti3 might be associated with nociception/pain due to the pungency of the drug or to the pharmacological muscle relaxant effect of isoflurane. Further research is needed to establish a comprehensive study of pain during euthanasia, where RGS could be used minding the limitations that anesthetics might have on facial expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Master in Science Program “Maestría en Ciencias Agropecuarias”, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
- Neurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Biological Sciences Department, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico
| | - Hugo Lecona-Butrón
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico
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Gałgańska H, Jarmuszkiewicz W, Gałgański Ł. Carbon dioxide and MAPK signalling: towards therapy for inflammation. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:280. [PMID: 37817178 PMCID: PMC10566067 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, although necessary to fight infections, becomes a threat when it exceeds the capability of the immune system to control it. In addition, inflammation is a cause and/or symptom of many different disorders, including metabolic, neurodegenerative, autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases. Comorbidities and advanced age are typical predictors of more severe cases of seasonal viral infection, with COVID-19 a clear example. The primary importance of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the course of COVID-19 is evident in the mechanisms by which cells are infected with SARS-CoV-2; the cytokine storm that profoundly worsens a patient's condition; the pathogenesis of diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension, that contribute to a worsened prognosis; and post-COVID-19 complications, such as brain fog and thrombosis. An increasing number of reports have revealed that MAPKs are regulated by carbon dioxide (CO2); hence, we reviewed the literature to identify associations between CO2 and MAPKs and possible therapeutic benefits resulting from the elevation of CO2 levels. CO2 regulates key processes leading to and resulting from inflammation, and the therapeutic effects of CO2 (or bicarbonate, HCO3-) have been documented in all of the abovementioned comorbidities and complications of COVID-19 in which MAPKs play roles. The overlapping MAPK and CO2 signalling pathways in the contexts of allergy, apoptosis and cell survival, pulmonary oedema (alveolar fluid resorption), and mechanical ventilation-induced responses in lungs and related to mitochondria are also discussed. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Gałgańska
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wieslawa Jarmuszkiewicz
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Bioenergetics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Gałgański
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Bioenergetics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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11
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Otani K, Yoshiga M, Hirano M, Matsushita T, Noda K, Kurosaka D. Olfactory Bulbs in Arthritis Model Mouse Persistently Express Interleukin-6 before the Onset of Arthritis: Relationship to Food Intake. Neuroimmunomodulation 2023; 30:277-290. [PMID: 37769638 PMCID: PMC10627494 DOI: 10.1159/000534249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be comorbid with psychiatric symptoms. Brain abnormalities in RA patients and in arthritis models have been reported. However, it remains unclear when these abnormalities occur and where they are distributed. In this study, we analyzed spatiotemporal changes in gene expression in the brains of mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS Mice were divided into three groups: (i) CIA (all mice developed arthritis on day 35): complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and type II collagen at initial immunization, and incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and type II collagen at booster immunization; (ii) C(+/-) (50% mice developed arthritis on day 35): only IFA at booster immunization; and (iii) C(-/-) (no arthritis): only CFA at initial immunization and only IFA at booster immunization. Whole brains were collected at ten stages of arthritis and divided into six sections. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed using RNA extracted from the brain, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and glial markers was semi-quantified. Arthritis score, body weight, and food and water intakes were recorded and analyzed for correlations with brain gene expression. We also investigated the effect of interleukin-6 (IL-6) injection in the olfactory bulbs (OBs) on the food intake. RESULTS After booster immunization, a transient increase in Integrin subunit α-M and IL-1β was observed in multiple areas in CIA. IL-6 is persistently expressed in the OB before the onset of arthritis, which is correlated with body weight loss and decreased food intake. This change in the OB was observed in the C(+/-) but not in the C(-/-) groups. In the C(+/-) group, non-arthritic mice showed the same changes in the OB as the arthritic mice. This elevation in IL-6 levels persisted throughout the chronic phase until day 84. In addition, IL-6 injection into the OB reduced food intake. CONCLUSION Persistent elevation of IL-6 in the OB from the early stage of arthritis may be an important finding that might explain the neuropsychiatric pathophysiology of RA, including appetite loss, which is present in the early stages of the disease and manifests as a variety of symptoms over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Otani
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yoshiga
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Hirano
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Matsushita
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Noda
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daitaro Kurosaka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Domínguez-Oliva A, Hernández-Ávalos I, Olmos-Hernández A, Villegas-Juache J, Verduzco-Mendoza A, Mota-Rojas D. Thermal Response of Laboratory Rats ( Rattus norvegicus) during the Application of Six Methods of Euthanasia Assessed by Infrared Thermography. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2820. [PMID: 37760220 PMCID: PMC10526081 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Refinement is one of the principles aiming to promote welfare in research animals. The techniques used during an experimental protocol, including euthanasia selection, must prevent and minimize suffering. Although the current euthanasia methods applied to laboratory rodents are accepted, the controversial findings regarding the potential stress/distress they can cause is a field of research. The objective was to assess the thermal response of Wistar rats during various euthanasia methods using infrared thermography (IRT) to determine the method that prevents or diminishes the stress response and prolonged suffering. Pentobarbital (G1), CO2 (G2), decapitation (G3), isoflurane (G4), ketamine + xylazine (G5), and ketamine + CO2 (G6) were evaluated at five evaluation times with IRT to identify changes in the surface temperature of four anatomical regions: ocular (T°ocu), auricular (T°ear), interscapular (T°dor), and caudal (T°tai). Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in G2 and G4, registering temperature increases from the administration of the drug to the cessation of respiratory rate and heart rate. Particularly, isoflurane showed a marked thermal response in T°ocu, T°ear, T°dor, and T°tai, suggesting that, in general, inhalant euthanasia methods induce stress in rats and that isoflurane might potentially cause distress, an effect that must be considered when deciding humane euthanasia methods in laboratory rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Master in Science Program “Maestría en Ciencias Agropecuarias”, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
- Neurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Biological Sciences Department, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Juan Villegas-Juache
- Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico
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Sha S, Chaigneau T, Krantic S. Pre-symptomatic synaptic dysfunction and longitudinal decay of hippocampal synaptic function in APPPS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease is sex-independent. Brain Res Bull 2023; 198:36-49. [PMID: 37080395 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable, age-related and progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive impairments. Deficits in synaptic plasticity were reported in various models of AD-like pathology and are considered as an early contributing factor of cognitive impairment. However, the majority of previous studies were focused on overt, symptomatic stages of pathology and assessed long-term potentiation (LTP), whereas long-term depression (LTD) was much less investigated and the precise nature of its involvement remains poorly defined. To better understand the earliest synaptic dysfunctions along the pre-symptomatic stage of AD-like pathology, we performed a detailed analysis of underlying mechanisms and quantified basal synaptic activity, presynaptic release probability, and synaptic plasticity such as post-tetanic potentiation (PTP), as well as LTP and LTD. These parameters were studied in APPPS1 mouse model at two time points (early- and mid-) along the pre-symptomatic stage, which were compared with alterations monitored at two later time-points, i.e. the onset of cognitive deficits and the overt stage of full-blown pathology. Because sex is known to be an instrumental biological parameter in AD pathophysiology, all alterations were assessed in both males and females. Our data show that, as compared to wild-type (WT) littermates, initial neuronal hyperexcitability, seen at early pre-symptomatic stage shifts subsequently towards hypoexcitability at mid-pre-symptomatic stage and remains impaired at advanced stages. The pre-symptomatic changes also involve increased synaptic plasticity as assessed by paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), which returns to basal level at the onset of pathology and remains stable afterwards. Synaptic plasticity is impaired by mid-pre-symptomatic stage and manifests as lowered LTP and absence of LTD induction, the latter being reported here for the first time. Observed LTP and LTD impairments both persist in older APPPS1 mice. Remarkably, none of the observed differences was gender-dependent. Altogether, our data evidence that major impairments in basal synaptic efficacy and plasticity are detectable already during mid-pre-symptomatic stage of AD-like pathogenesis and likely involve hyperexcitability as the underlying mechanism. Our study also uncovers synaptic alterations that may become critical read-outs for testing the efficiency of novel, pre-symptomatic stage-targeted therapies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Sha
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Immune System and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Thomas Chaigneau
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Immune System and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Slavica Krantic
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Immune System and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.
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14
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A Comparative Study on the Effect of Euthanasia Methods and Sample Storage Conditions on RNA Yield and Quality in Porcine Tissues. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040698. [PMID: 36830485 PMCID: PMC9952302 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals used in research often have to be euthanised, especially when tissue sampling is essential. Recently, a euthanasia method, utilizing an inhalant anaesthetic 'nitrogen gas in foam' in an anoxia box (ANOXIATM), has gained considerable interest as it claimed to be more animal-friendly. However, it is not clear whether the use of this euthanasia method has an influence on RNA measurements. Moreover, there are no studies on the interaction effect of different euthanasia methods on the tissue sample storage conditions. The current study compared RNA measurements from two euthanasia methods (ANOXIATM vs. T-61® injection) and two storage conditions (RNAlater™ vs. snap freezing) in 12 male piglets. The nitrogen anoxia method had a significantly higher RNA yield (p < 0.01) compared to the T-61® method. However, no effect of the euthanasia methods on the A260/230 ratio and RIN value was observed. Tissues stored in RNAlater™ had significantly higher RIN values (p < 0.001) compared to snap frozen samples. The present study could not find a significant difference between the two euthanasia methods in piglets, with regard to RNA quality measurements. Hence, the nitrogen anoxia technique (ANOXIATM) might be considered as a suitable alternative to T-61® for euthanasia of piglets used in research.
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15
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Sadek MA, Kandil EA, El Sayed NS, Sayed HM, Rabie MA. Semaglutide, a novel glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist, amends experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced multiple sclerosis in mice: Involvement of the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109647. [PMID: 36584570 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disabling neurodegenerative disease that causes demyelination and axonal degeneration of the central nervous system. Current treatments are partially effective in managing MS relapses and have a negligible impact on treating MS cognitive deficits and cannot enhance neuronal remyelination, imposing a need for a new MS remedy. Semaglutide, a novel glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist, has recently displayed a neuroprotective effect on several neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting that it may have a protective effect in MS. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the influence of semaglutide on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-induced MS in mice. Here, EAE was induced in mice using spinal cord homogenate, which eventually altered the mice's cognitive and motor functions, similar to what is observed in MS. Interestingly, intraperitoneally administered semaglutide (25 nmol/kg/day) amended EAE-induced cognitive and motor deficits observed in novel object recognition, open field, rotarod, and grip strength tests. Moreover, histological examination revealed that semaglutide treatment attenuated hippocampal damage and corpus callosum demyelination caused by EAE. Additionally, biochemical testing revealed that semaglutide activates the PI3K/Akt axis, which eventually hampers GSK-3β activity. GSK-3β activity inhibition attenuates demyelination and triggers remyelination through CREB/BDNF; furthermore, it boosts Nrf2 and SOD levels, protecting the mice from EAE-induced oxidative stress. Additionally, GSK-3β inhibition minimizes neuroinflammation, as reflected by decreased NF-kβ and TNF-α levels. In conclusion, semaglutide has a neuroprotective effect in EAE-induced MS in mice, which is mediated by activating the ramified PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esraa A Kandil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nesrine S El Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Helmy M Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A Rabie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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16
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In vitro and in vivo assessment of the antioxidant potential of isoxazole derivatives. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18223. [PMID: 36309576 PMCID: PMC9617852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously developed fluorophenyl-isoxazole-carboxamides derivatives were re-synthesized and their scavenging activity against DPPH free radical and inhibitory activity against lipase and α-amylase enzymes were evaluated. The inhibition of the tested enzymes was weak while the most potent activities were observed in the DPPH assay. In particular, compounds 2a and 2c demonstrated high antioxidant potency with IC50 values of 0.45 ± 0.21 and 0.47 ± 0.33 µg/ml, respectively, when compared to Trolox, the positive control compound, which has an IC50 value of 3.10 ± 0.92 µg/ml. Based on the in vitro results, the most potent compound 2a was chosen for in vivo evaluation of antioxidant properties using 20 male mice injected intra-peritoneally and divided into four groups. The in vivo results revealed that total antioxidant capacity (TAC) obtained for mice treated with 2a was two folds greater than that of mice treated with the positive control Quercetin. Although further biological and preclinical investigations need to be performed to assess the therapeutic potential of 2a, the results of this study show promising antioxidant activities both in vitro and in vivo.
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17
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Bittencourt LO, Damasceno-Silva RD, Aragão WAB, Eiró-Quirino L, Oliveira ACA, Fernandes RM, Freire MAM, Cartágenes SC, Dionizio A, Buzalaf MAR, Cassoli JS, Cirovic A, Cirovic A, Maia CDSF, Lima RR. Global Proteomic Profile of Aluminum-Induced Hippocampal Impairments in Rats: Are Low Doses of Aluminum Really Safe? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012523. [PMID: 36293377 PMCID: PMC9603961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampus is the brain area where aluminum (Al) accumulates in abundance and is widely associated with learning and memory. In the present study, we evaluate behavioral, tissue, and proteomic changes in the hippocampus of Wistar rats caused by exposure to doses that mimic human consumption of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) in urban areas. For this, male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: Control (distilled water) and AlCl3 (8.3 mg/kg/day), both groups were exposed orally for 60 days. After the Al exposure protocol, cognitive functions were assessed by the Water maze test, followed by a collection for analysis of the global proteomic profile of the hippocampus by mass spectrometry. Aside from proteomic analysis, we performed a histological analysis of the hippocampus, to the determination of cell body density by cresyl violet staining in Cornu Ammonis fields (CA) 1 and 3, and hilus regions. Our results indicated that exposure to low doses of aluminum chloride triggered a decreased cognitive performance in learning and memory, being associated with the deregulation of proteins expression, mainly those related to the regulation of the cytoskeleton, cellular metabolism, mitochondrial activity, redox regulation, nervous system regulation, and synaptic signaling, reduced cell body density in CA1, CA3, and hilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Rakhel Dayanne Damasceno-Silva
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Walessa Alana Bragança Aragão
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Luciana Eiró-Quirino
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Alves Oliveira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Rafael Monteiro Fernandes
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio M. Freire
- Graduate Program in Health and Society, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoro 59610210, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Carvalho Cartágenes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Aline Dionizio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 05508060, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Silva Cassoli
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Ana Cirovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Cirovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Cristiane do Socorro Ferraz Maia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Blaine AT, Miao Y, Yuan J, Palant S, Liu RJ, Zhang ZY, van Rijn RM. Exploration of beta-arrestin isoform signaling pathways in delta opioid receptor agonist-induced convulsions. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:914651. [PMID: 36059958 PMCID: PMC9428791 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.914651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The δ-opioid receptor (δOR) has been considered as a therapeutic target in multiple neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders particularly as δOR agonists are deemed safer alternatives relative to the more abuse-liable µ-opioid receptor drugs. Clinical development of δOR agonists, however, has been challenging in part due to the seizure-inducing effects of certain δOR agonists. Especially agonists that resemble the δOR-selective agonist SNC80 have well-established convulsive activity. Close inspection suggests that many of those seizurogenic δOR agonists efficaciously recruit β-arrestin, yet surprisingly, SNC80 displays enhanced seizure activity in β-arrestin 1 knockout mice. This finding led us to hypothesize that perhaps β-arrestin 1 is protective against, whereas β-arrestin 2 is detrimental for δOR-agonist-induced seizures. To investigate our hypothesis, we characterized three different δOR agonists (SNC80, ADL5859, ARM390) in cellular assays and in vivo in wild-type and β-arrestin 1 and β-arrestin 2 knockout mice for seizure activity. We also investigated downstream kinases associated with β-arrestin-dependent signal transduction. We discovered that δOR agonist-induced seizure activity strongly and positively correlates with β-arrestin 2 efficacy for the agonist, but that indirect inhibition of ERK activation using the MEK inhibitor SL327 did not inhibit seizure potency and duration. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling with honokiol but not PQR530, attenuated SNC80 seizure duration in β-arrestin 1 knockout, but honokiol did not reduce SNC80-induced seizures in wild-type mice. Ultimately, our results indicate that β-arrestin 2 is correlated with δOR agonist-induced seizure intensity, but that global β-arrestin 1 knockout mice are a poor model system to investigate their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arryn T. Blaine
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Yiming Miao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jinling Yuan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Sophia Palant
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue University Cancer Center, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Richard. M. van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue University Cancer Center, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Richard. M. van Rijn,
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19
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Andriyanto A, Widi LN, Subangkit M, Tarigan E, Irarang Y, Nengsih RF, Manalu W. Potential use of Indonesian basil (Ocimum basilicum) maceration to increase estradiol and progesterone synthesis and secretion to improve prenatal growth of offspring using female albino rats as an animal model. Vet World 2022; 15:1197-1207. [PMID: 35765474 PMCID: PMC9210833 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1197-1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Basil is well known as a medicinal plant that contains high essential oils and antioxidant compounds that have the potential to improve ovarian development. Thus, basil may have the potential to improve the growth and development of the uterus and placenta for optimal prenatal growth of offspring. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Indonesian basil maceration on gonad development of mature female albino rats. Materials and Methods: Fifteen 8-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats, at the diestrus stage of the estrus cycle, were divided into three different treatment groups: Control group (mineral water), bas-low group (1% of basil maceration), and bas-high group (5% of basil maceration). Basil maceration was dissolved and administered in mineral drinking water, and the treatments were given for 20 days (4 estrus cycles). At the end of the treatment period, serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol, and progesterone (Pg) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The relative weight of the ovary and uterus; diameter and length of uterine cornual; vascularization of uterus; the diameter of uterine glands; the number of primary, secondary, and tertiary de Graaf follicles; the number of corpora luteum; as well as the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the ovary were determined. Results: There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the serum FSH level of rats treated with basil maceration drinking water doses of 1% and 5% compared to the control group. However, serum estradiol and Pg concentrations in the 1% and 5% basil maceration groups were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of the control group. Furthermore, 1% and 5% basil maceration significantly increased the uterus’s relative weight, diameter, and vascularization. Serum estradiol concentrations contributed to the elevated expression of VEGF compared to Pg. Conclusion: Administration of basil maceration for 20 days before mating could improve follicle growth and development, eventually increasing estradiol synthesis and secretion, thus improving the uterus’s preparation for implantation. This makes basil maceration an attractive candidate in clinical research to enhance the growth and development of the uterus and placenta, which will better support the optimum prenatal growth and development of embryos and fetuses, resulting in superior offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriyanto Andriyanto
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Leliana Nugrahaning Widi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Mawar Subangkit
- Department of Clinic, Reproduction, and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Elpita Tarigan
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Yusa Irarang
- Graduate School of Veterinary Biomedical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Rindy Fazni Nengsih
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Wasmen Manalu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
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20
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Farhadi A, Totonchi M, Nabavi SM, Baharvand H, Pakdaman H, Hajizadeh-Saffar E, Mousavi SA, Hadi F, Al-Sinawi H, Li Q, Zhang JS, Tahamtani Y, Shahpasand K. P38 Initiates Degeneration of midbrain GABAergic and Glutamatergic Neurons in Diabetes Models. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:3755-3778. [PMID: 35513862 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus may cause tau protein hyperphosphorylation and neurodegeneration, but the exact mechanism by which diabetic conditions induce tau pathology remains unclear. Tau protein hyperphosphorylation is considered a major pathological hallmark of neurodegeneration and can be triggered by diabetes. Various tau-directed kinases, including P38, can be activated upon diabetic stress and induce tau hyperphosphorylation. Despite extensive research efforts the exact tau specie(s) and kinases driving neurodegeneration in diabetes mellitus have not been clearly elucidated. We herein employed different techniques to determine the exact molecular mechanism of tau pathology triggered by diabetes in in vivo and in vitro models. We showed that diabetes-related stresses and glucose metabolism deficiency could induce cis P-tau (an early driver of the tau pathology) accumulation in the midbrain and corpus callosum of the diabetic mice models and cells treated with 2-deoxy-D-glucose, respectively. We found that the active phosphorylated level of P38 was increased in the treated cells and diabetic mice models. We observed that oxidative stress activated P38, which directly and indirectly drove tau pathology in the GABAergic and Glutamatergic neurons of the midbrain of the diabetic mice after 96 hours, which accumulated in the other neighboring brain areas after two months. Notably, P38 inhibition suppressed tau pathogenicity and risk-taking behaviors in the animal models after 96 hours. The data establish P38 as a central mediator of diabetes mellitus induced tau pathology. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into the consequences of this metabolic disorder on the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisan Farhadi
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Totonchi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Masood Nabavi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Pakdaman
- Brain Mapping Research Center, Department of Neurology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Hajizadeh-Saffar
- Department of Regenerative medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Mousavi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hadi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Al-Sinawi
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Quan Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yaser Tahamtani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koorosh Shahpasand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Asseri SM, Elsherbiny NM, El-Sherbiny M, Sherif IO, Alsamman AM, Maysarah NM, Elsherbini AM. Glycyrrhizic acid ameliorates submandibular gland oxidative stress, autophagy and vascular dysfunction in rat model of type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:725. [PMID: 35031620 PMCID: PMC8760281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04594-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The burden of diabetes mellitus (DM) and associated complications is increasing worldwide, affecting many organ functionalities including submandibular glands (SMG). The present study aims to investigate the potential ameliorative effect of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) on diabetes-induced SMG damage. Experimental evaluation of GA treatment was conducted on a rat model of type I diabetes. Animals were assigned to three groups; control, diabetic and GA treated diabetic groups. After 8 weeks, the SMG was processed for assessment of oxidative stress markers, autophagy related proteins; LC3, Beclin-1 and P62, vascular regulator ET-1, aquaporins (AQPs 1.4 and 5), SIRT1 protein expressions in addition to LC3 and AQP5 mRNA expressions. Also, parenchymal structures of the SMG were examined. GA alleviated the diabetes-induced SMG damage via restoring the SMG levels of oxidative stress markers and ET-1 almost near to the normal levels most probably via regulation of SIRT1, AQPs and accordingly LC-3, P62 and Beclin-1levels. GA could be a promising candidate for the treatment of diabetes-induced SMG damage via regulating oxidative stress, autophagy and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Mohamed Asseri
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehal M Elsherbiny
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, 11597, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, P.O. Box 71666, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Iman O Sherif
- Emergency Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Alsamman M Alsamman
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, PO Box 12619, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nadia M Maysarah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira M Elsherbini
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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22
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Tobar Leitão SA, Soares DDS, Carvas Junior N, Zimmer R, Ludwig NF, Andrades M. Study of anesthetics for euthanasia in rats and mice: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact upon biological outcomes (SAFE-RM). Life Sci 2021; 284:119916. [PMID: 34480936 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
AIM To summarize the knowledge on the effect of anesthetics employed right before euthanasia on biological outcomes. DATA SOURCE A systematic review of the literature to find studies with isoflurane, ketamine, halothane, pentobarbital, or thiopental just before euthanasia of laboratory rats or mice. STUDY SELECTION Controlled studies with quantitative data available. DATA EXTRACTION The search, data extraction, and risk of bias (RoB) were performed independently by two reviewers using a structured form. For each outcome, an effect size (ES) was calculated relative to the control group. Meta-analysis was performed using robust variance meta-regression for hierarchical data structures, with adjustment for small samples. DATA SYNTHESIS We included 20 studies with 407 biological outcomes (110 unique). RoB analysis indicated that 87.5% of the domains evaluated showed unclear risk, 2% high risk, and 10.5% low risk. The effect size for all anesthetics considered together was 0.99 (CI95% = 0.75-1.23; p < 0.0001). Sub-analyses indicate high effect sizes for pentobarbital (1.14; CI95% = 0.75-1.52; p < 0.0001), and isoflurane (1.01; CI95% = 0.58-1.44; p = 0.0005) but not for ketamine (1.49; CI95% = -7.95-10.9; p = 0.295). CONCLUSION We showed that anesthetics interfere differently with the majority of the outcomes assessed. However, our data did not support the use of one anesthetic over others or even the killing without anesthetics. We conclude that outcomes cannot be compared among studies without considering the killing method. This protocol was registered at Prospero (CRD42019119520). FUNDING There was no direct funding for this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Alonso Tobar Leitão
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 - sala 12113, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Douglas Dos Santos Soares
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 - sala 12113, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nelson Carvas Junior
- Department of Evidence-Based Health, UNIFESP, Rua Isabel Schmidt, 349, São Paulo 04743-030, Brazil
| | - Rafael Zimmer
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nataniel Floriano Ludwig
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Michael Andrades
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 - sala 12113, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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23
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Anesthesia can alter the levels of corticosterone and the phosphorylation of signaling molecules. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:363. [PMID: 34538274 PMCID: PMC8451088 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05763-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Neuroscience research using laboratory animals has increased over the years for a number of reasons. Some of these studies require the use of anesthetics for surgical procedures. However, the use of anesthetics promotes several physiological changes that may interfere with experimental results. Although the anesthetics and methods of delivery used to vary, one of the most common is ketamine associated with another compound such as xylazine. We aimed to evaluate the effect of ketamine and xylazine (KX) on corticosterone levels and on the degree of phosphorylation of p44/42 (ERK1/2), Src kinases and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CAMKII). We also compared the effects of KX on sleep deprivation, which is known to affect the hormonal profile including corticosterone. Results We found that the use of KX can increase corticosterone levels and alter the degree of phosphorylation of signaling proteins. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05763-w.
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24
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Ko MJ, Chiang T, Mukadam AA, Mulia GE, Gutridge AM, Lin A, Chester JA, van Rijn RM. β-Arrestin-dependent ERK signaling reduces anxiety-like and conditioned fear-related behaviors in mice. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/694/eaba0245. [PMID: 34344831 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aba0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are implicated in the regulation of fear and anxiety. GPCR signaling involves canonical G protein pathways but can also engage downstream kinases and effectors through scaffolding interactions mediated by β-arrestin. Here, we investigated whether β-arrestin signaling regulates anxiety-like and fear-related behavior in mice in response to activation of the GPCR δ-opioid receptor (δOR or DOR). Administration of β-arrestin-biased δOR agonists to male C57BL/6 mice revealed β-arrestin 2-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in the dorsal hippocampus and amygdala and β-arrestin 1-dependent activation of ERK1/2 in the nucleus accumbens. In mice, β-arrestin-biased agonist treatment was associated with reduced anxiety-like and fear-related behaviors, with some overlapping and isoform-specific input. In contrast, applying a G protein-biased δOR agonist decreased ERK1/2 activity in all three regions as well as the dorsal striatum and was associated with increased fear-related behavior without effects on baseline anxiety. Our results indicate a complex picture of δOR neuromodulation in which β-arrestin 1- and 2-dependent ERK signaling in specific brain subregions suppresses behaviors associated with anxiety and fear and opposes the effects of G protein-biased signaling. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of noncanonical β-arrestin-dependent GPCR signaling in the regulation of these interrelated emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Jung Ko
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Terrance Chiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Arbaaz A Mukadam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Grace E Mulia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Anna M Gutridge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Angel Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Julia A Chester
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Richard M van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. .,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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25
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Jung S, Kim Y, Kim M, Seo M, Kim S, Kim S, Lee S. Exercise Pills for Drug Addiction: Forced Moderate Endurance Exercise Inhibits Methamphetamine-Induced Hyperactivity through the Striatal Glutamatergic Signaling Pathway in Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158203. [PMID: 34360969 PMCID: PMC8348279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise reduces the extent, duration, and frequency of drug use in drug addicts during the drug initiation phase, as well as during prolonged addiction, withdrawal, and recurrence. However, information about exercise-induced neurobiological changes is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of forced moderate endurance exercise training on methamphetamine (METH)-induced behavior and the associated neurobiological changes. Male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to the administration of METH (1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) and/or forced moderate endurance exercise (treadmill running, 21 m/min, 60 min/day) for 2 weeks. Over the two weeks, endurance exercise training significantly reduced METH-induced hyperactivity. METH and/or exercise treatment increased striatal dopamine (DA) levels, decreased p(Thr308)-Akt expression, and increased p(Tyr216)-GSK-3β expression. However, the phosphorylation levels of Ser9-GSK-3β were significantly increased in the exercise group. METH administration significantly increased the expression of NMDAr1, CaMKK2, MAPKs, and PP1 in the striatum, and exercise treatment significantly decreased the expression of these molecules. Therefore, it is apparent that endurance exercise inhibited the METH-induced hyperactivity due to the decrease in GSK-3β activation by the regulation of the striatal glutamate signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sooyeun Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-580-6651; Fax: +82-53-580-5164
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26
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Alomar SY, Gheit REAE, Enan ET, El-Bayoumi KS, Shoaeir MZ, Elkazaz AY, Al Thagfan SS, Zaitone SA, El-Sayed RM. Novel Mechanism for Memantine in Attenuating Diabetic Neuropathic Pain in Mice via Downregulating the Spinal HMGB1/TRL4/NF-kB Inflammatory Axis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040307. [PMID: 33915770 PMCID: PMC8065430 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is a common diabetic complication that currently lacks an efficient therapy. The aim of the current work was to uncover the anti-allodynic and neuroprotective effects of memantine in a model of mouse diabetic neuropathy and its ameliorative effect on the high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1)/toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-k B (NF-kB) inflammatory axis. Diabetes was prompted by an alloxan injection (180 mg/kg) to albino mice. On the ninth week after diabetes induction, DNP was confirmed. Diabetic mice were randomly allocated to two groups (six mice each); a diabetes mellitus (DM) group and DM+memantine group (10 mg/kg, daily) for five weeks. DNP-related behaviors were assessed in terms of thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia by hot-plate and von Frey filaments. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to measure the spinal glutamate, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The spinal levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate type 1 receptor (NMDAR1), HMGB1, TLR4, and phosphorylated NF-kB were assessed using Western blotting. Histopathological investigation of the spinal cord and sciatic nerves, together with the spinal cord ultrastructure, was employed for assessment of the neuroprotective effect. Memantine alleviated pain indicators in diabetic mice and suppressed excessive NMDAR1 activation, glutamate, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release in the spinal cord. The current study validated the ability of memantine to combat the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-kB axis and modulate overactive glutamate spinal transmission, corroborating memantine as an appealing therapeutic target in DNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Y. Alomar
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (S.Y.A.); (S.A.Z.)
| | - Rehab E. Abo El Gheit
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Eman T. Enan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Khaled S. El-Bayoumi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed Z. Shoaeir
- Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Al-Azhar Asyut Faculty of Medicine for Men, Assiut 71524, Egypt;
| | - Amany Y. Elkazaz
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Port-Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
| | - Sultan S. Al Thagfan
- Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah 41311, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sawsan A. Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (S.Y.A.); (S.A.Z.)
| | - Rehab M. El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, El-Arish, North Sinai 45511, Egypt;
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27
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Di T, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Sha S, Zeng Y, Chen L. Dopaminergic afferents from midbrain to dorsolateral bed nucleus of stria terminalis inhibit release and expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone in paraventricular nucleus. J Neurochem 2020; 154:218-234. [PMID: 32096869 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons of the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) are known to regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis but have no direct projections to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. This study investigated whether VTA DAergic afferents modulate glutamatergic transmission-dependent GABAergic neurons in dorsolateral bed nucleus of stria terminalis (dlBNST) to affect the activity of the HPA-axis. Herein, we demonstrate that systemic administration of the neurotoxicant 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or the VTA-injection of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) in male mice (MPTP-mice and MPP+mice) caused a decline of tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH+) cells in VTA with a reduction in TH+fibers in the dlBNST. MPTP-mice and MPP+mice displayed a clear increase in serum levels of corticosterone (CORT) and adrenocorticotropic hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) expression, and CRH neuron activity in PVN. The presynaptic glutamate release, glutamatergic synaptic transmission and induction of long-term potentiation in dlBNST of MPTP-mice were suppressed, and these effects were rescued by a D1-like DAergic receptor (D1R) agonist and mimicked in control dlBNST by blockade of D1R. MPTP-mice exhibited low expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase and dysfunction of the excitatory-dependent GABAergic circuit in dlBNST, and these effects were recovered by the administration of D1R agonist. Furthermore, either dlBNST-injection of D1R agonist or PVN-injection of GABAA receptor (GABAA R) agonist could correct the increased secretion and expression of CRH in MPTP-mice. The results indicate that the DAergic afferents from VTA enhance excitatory-dependent activation of GABAergic neurons in dlBNST, which suppress the activity of the HPA-axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Di
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sha Sha
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanying Zeng
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Goulding SP, de Guglielmo G, Carrette LL, George O, Contet C. Systemic Administration of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor (S)-CR8 Selectively Reduces Escalated Ethanol Intake in Dependent Rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:2079-2089. [PMID: 31403700 PMCID: PMC6779498 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exposure to ethanol (EtOH) and other drugs of abuse can alter the expression and activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and its cofactor p35, but the functional implication of CDK5 signaling in the regulation of EtOH-related behaviors remains unknown. In the present study, we sought to determine whether CDK5 activity plays a role in the escalation of EtOH self-administration triggered by dependence. METHODS We tested the effect of systemically administered (S)-CR8, a nonselective CDK inhibitor, on operant responding for EtOH or saccharin, a highly palatable reinforcer, in adult male Wistar rats. Half of the rats were made EtOH-dependent via chronic intermittent EtOH inhalation (CIE). We then sought to identify a possible neuroanatomical locus for the behavioral effect of (S)-CR8 by quantifying protein levels of CDK5 and p35 in subregions of the extended amygdala and prefrontal cortex from EtOH-naïve, nondependent, and dependent rats at the expected time of EtOH self-administration. We also analyzed the phosphorylation of 4 CDK5 substrates and of the CDK substrate consensus motif. RESULTS (S)-CR8 dose-dependently reduced EtOH self-administration in dependent rats. It had no effect on water or saccharin self-administration, nor in nondependent rats. The abundance of CDK5 or p35 was not altered in any of the brain regions analyzed. In the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, CDK5 abundance was negatively correlated with intoxication levels during EtOH vapor exposure but there was no effect of dependence on the phosphorylation ratio of CDK5 substrates. In contrast, EtOH dependence increased the phosphorylation of low-molecular-weight CDK substrates in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). CONCLUSIONS The selective effect of (S)-CR8 on excessive EtOH intake has potential therapeutic value for the treatment of alcohol use disorders. Our data do not support the hypothesis that this effect would be mediated by the inhibition of up-regulated CDK5 activity in the extended amygdala nor prefrontal cortex. However, increased activity of CDKs other than CDK5 in the BLA may contribute to excessive EtOH consumption in alcohol dependence. Other (S)-CR8 targets may also be implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P. Goulding
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Giordano de Guglielmo
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lieselot L.G. Carrette
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Olivier George
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Candice Contet
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Ko MJ, van Rijn RM. Response: Commentary: Commonly Used Anesthesia/Euthanasia Methods for Brain Collection Differentially Impact MAPK Activity in Male and Female C57BL/6 Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:379. [PMID: 31474837 PMCID: PMC6702675 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mee Jung Ko
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Richard M van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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30
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Kohtala S, Rantamäki T. Commentary: Commonly Used Anesthesia/Euthanasia Methods for Brain Collection Differentially Impact MAPK Activity in Male and Female C57BL/6 Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:219. [PMID: 31191252 PMCID: PMC6546832 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kohtala
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi Rantamäki
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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