1
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Li L, Wang H. Embracing beauty through leftward movements: An ERP study on metaphorical association between hand actions and aesthetic judgments. Neurosci Lett 2024; 822:137627. [PMID: 38191087 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the metaphorical association between aesthetic judgments of faces and horizontal hand movements as well as their cognitive neural mechanisms using a joint categorical response task. In the "aesthetic-action" metaphorical representation situation, participants were asked to classify beautiful/ugly faces by moving the mouse to the left or the right. The results showed that the joint categorization condition "judge beautiful-move mouse left, judge ugly-move mouse right" had a shorter reaction time than the "judge beautiful-move mouse right, judge ugly-move mouse left" condition, which was accompanied by larger amplitudes of the early component N170, EPN, and the late component P300. Combining the behavioral and event-related potentials (ERPs) results, the present study demonstrated a metaphorical association between horizontal hand actions and aesthetic judgments. It suggested that horizontal hand actions can affect the speed of aesthetic judgments by influencing processing fluency, emotional arousal level, categorization motivation, and attentional resources. These findings provide new perspectives to better understand the cognitive process of aesthetic judgments and provide a basis for applying embodied cognition and metaphor theory to the field of aesthetic psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghe Li
- Department of Psychology, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Hanlin Wang
- Department of Psychology, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
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2
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Wang H, Lian Y, Wang A, Chen E, Liu C. Face motion form at learning influences the time course of face spatial frequency processing during test. Biol Psychol 2023; 183:108691. [PMID: 37748703 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Studies that use static faces suggest that facial processing follows a coarse-to-fine sequence; i.e., holistic precedes featural processing, due to low and high spatial frequencies (LSF, HSF) transmitting holistic/global and featural/local information respectively. Although recent studies have focused on the role of facial movement in holistic facial processing, it is unclear whether moving faces have the same processing mechanism as static ones, especially in the time course of processing. The current study uses the event-related potential technique to investigate this issue by manipulating the facial format at study and face spatial frequency during the test. ERP results showed that the P1 amplitude was increased by LSF faces relative to HSF ones, using both moving and static study faces, with the former larger than the latter. The N170 amplitude was more sensitive to HSF than LSF faces when only static study faces were used, while the P2 amplitude was more sensitive to LSF faces regardless of the facial study format. The above results were not modulated by the race of the faces. These results favor the view that regardless of face race, moving study faces promote holistic processing during the earliest stage of face recognition. Furthermore, holistic processing is observed to be the same for both static and moving study faces at a later stage associated with more in-depth processing. It is evident that facial motion should be factored into further studies of face recognition, given the distinctions between holistic and featural processing for moving and static study faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Wang
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
| | - Yujing Lian
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Anqing Wang
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Enguang Chen
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Chengdong Liu
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
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3
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Schindler S, Bruchmann M, Straube T. Beyond facial expressions: A systematic review on effects of emotional relevance of faces on the N170. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105399. [PMID: 37734698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The N170 is the most prominent electrophysiological signature of face processing. While facial expressions reliably modulate the N170, there is considerable variance in N170 modulations by other sources of emotional relevance. Therefore, we systematically review and discuss this research area using different methods to manipulate the emotional relevance of inherently neutral faces. These methods were categorized into (1) existing pre-experimental affective person knowledge (e.g., negative attitudes towards outgroup faces), (2) experimentally instructed affective person knowledge (e.g., negative person information), (3) contingency-based affective learning (e.g., fear-conditioning), or (4) the immediate affective context (e.g., emotional information directly preceding the face presentation). For all categories except the immediate affective context category, the majority of studies reported significantly increased N170 amplitudes depending on the emotional relevance of faces. Furthermore, the potentiated N170 was observed across different attention conditions, supporting the role of the emotional relevance of faces on the early prioritized processing of configural facial information, regardless of low-level differences. However, we identified several open research questions and suggest venues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schindler
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Germany; Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Bruchmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Germany; Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Thomas Straube
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Germany; Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Germany
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4
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Rösler IK, Amodio DM. Neural Basis of Prejudice and Prejudice Reduction. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:1200-1208. [PMID: 36402739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Social prejudices, based on race, ethnicity, gender, or other identities, pervade how we perceive, think about, and act toward others. Research on the neural basis of prejudice seeks to illuminate its effects by investigating the neurocognitive processes through which prejudice is formed, represented in the mind, expressed in behavior, and potentially reduced. In this article, we review current knowledge about the social neuroscience of prejudice regarding its influence on rapid social perception, representation in memory, emotional expression and relation to empathy, and regulation, and we discuss implications of this work for prejudice reduction interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga K Rösler
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York.
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5
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Levy J, Influs M, Masalha S, Goldstein A, Feldman R. Dialogue intervention for youth amidst intractable conflict attenuates neural prejudice response and promotes adults' peacemaking. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac236. [PMID: 36712372 PMCID: PMC9802066 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Humans' dependence on group living has led to the formation of tenacious, often nonconscious negative perceptions of other social groups, a phenomenon termed "intergroup bias" that sustains one of the world's most imminent problem: intergroup conflicts. Adolescents' participation in intergroup conflicts has been continuously on the rise, rendering the need to devise interventions that can mitigate some of their deleterious effects on youth an urgent societal priority. Framed within the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and targeting youth, we implemented a dialogue-enhancing intervention for adolescents (16 to 18 years) reared amidst intractable conflict that builds on social synchrony and the neurobiology of affiliation. Implementing a randomized controlled trial design, before and after the 8-week intervention adolescents underwent magnetoencephalography to assess a neural marker of implicit prejudice and interviewed on their attitudes toward the conflict. Adolescents who received the intervention showed attenuation of the neural prejudice response, as indexed by sustained occipital alpha that was significantly reduced at post-intervention and adopted attitudes of peacemaking. Change in the neural prejudice response predicted attitudes of compromise and support in peacebuilding 7 years later, when young adults can already engage in active civil duties and responsibilities. These results underscore adolescence as a window of opportunity for enhancing inter-group dialogue and demonstrate the long-term associations between the neural evaluation of prejudice and self-reported measures of proclivity for compromise and peace in the context of an intractable century-long conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Levy
- Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, 8 Ha'universita Street, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Moran Influs
- Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, 8 Ha'universita Street, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
| | | | - Abraham Goldstein
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center and Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Ruth Feldman
- Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, 8 Ha'universita Street, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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6
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Baez S, Trujillo N, Hurtado E, Ortiz-Ayala A, Calvache MR, Quishpe RC, Ibanez A. The Dynamics of Implicit Intergroup Biases of Victims and Ex-combatants in Post-conflict Scenarios. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP9295-NP9319. [PMID: 33336601 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520983258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Strong group identities arise in intergroup conflict scenarios and perpetuate sectarian violence even in post-conflict scenarios. In particular, out-group negative implicit associations are predictors of decreased intergroup forgiveness, as well as increased distrust and aggression against the out-group. Thus, the presence of implicit intergroup (i.e., ex-combatants and victims) biases seems to be a relevant factor in post-conflict scenarios. Here, we aimed to explore whether negative biases toward the out-group are boosted by (a) previous exposure to conflict violence or (b) identification with an armed violent group. One hundred and twenty-eight participants, 65 ex-combatants from Colombian guerrillas and 63 victims of the armed conflict, were assessed with a modified version of the implicit association test (IAT). Our results revealed that the victim group showed a significant negative bias against ex-combatants. However, no bias toward the out-group (i.e., victims) or in-group favoritism was observed in the ex-combatant group. Similarly, we found that IAT scores were not associated with sociodemographical variables (i.e., sex, years of education, or type of dwelling), the levels of combat exposure, victimization armed-conflict-related experiences, or child abuse antecedents. Our results showed an unexpected lack of in-group bias in ex-combatants, potentially triggered by the effect of current demobilization and reintegration processes. Thus, negative associations with the out-group will persist in the framework of societal condemnation of the out-group. In contrast, these negative biases will tend to be abolished when entering in conflict with larger societal reintegration processes. The results reinforce the idea that reintegration may benefit from interventions at the societal level, including all actors of the conflict. In addition, our findings highlight the importance of implementing victim interventions aimed at reducing stigma and revengeful actions in spaces of collective disarmament.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Trujillo
- GISAME, Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | - Agustin Ibanez
- Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), CA, United States
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7
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Anzures G, Mildort M, Fennell E, Bell C, Soethe E. Race and early face-sensitive event-related potentials in children and adults. J Exp Child Psychol 2022; 214:105287. [PMID: 34507182 PMCID: PMC8691419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies examining children's face perception have revealed developmental changes in early and face-sensitive event-related potential (ERP) components. Children also tend to show racial biases in their face perception and evaluation of others. The current study examined how early face-sensitive ERPs are influenced by face race in children and adults. A second objective examined face recognition proficiency and implicit racial bias in relation to ERP responses to own- and other-race faces. Electroencephalographic responses were recorded while Caucasian children and adults viewed Caucasian and East Asian faces. Participants also completed recognition tasks and an IAT with Caucasian and East Asian faces. Other-race faces elicited larger P100 amplitudes than own-race faces. Furthermore, adults with better other-race recognition proficiency showed larger P100 amplitude responses to other-race faces compared with adults with worse other-race recognition proficiency. In addition, larger implicit biases favoring own-race individuals were associated with larger P100 to N170 peak-to-peak amplitudes for other-race faces in adults. In contrast, larger implicit biases favoring own-race individuals were associated with smaller P100 to N170 peak-to-peak amplitudes for both own- and other-race faces in 8- to 10-year-olds. There was also an age-related decrease in P100 to N170 peak-to-peak amplitudes for own-race faces among 5- to 10-year-olds with better own-race recognition proficiency. The age-related decrease in N170 latency for other-race faces was also more pronounced in 5- to 10-year-olds with better other-race recognition proficiency. Thus, recognition proficiency and implicit racial bias are associated with early ERP responses in adults and children, but in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizelle Anzures
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA,FAU Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA,Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
| | - Melissa Mildort
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
| | - Eli Fennell
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
| | - Cassandra Bell
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
| | - Elizabeth Soethe
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
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8
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Levy J, Goldstein A, Influs M, Masalha S, Feldman R. Neural Rhythmic Underpinnings of Intergroup Bias: Implications for Peace-Building Attitudes and Dialogue. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 17:408-420. [PMID: 34519338 PMCID: PMC8972238 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intergroup bias is a ubiquitous socio-cognitive phenomenon that, while sustaining human dependence on group living, often leads to prejudice, inequity, and violence; yet, its neural underpinnings remain unclear. Framed within the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and targeting youth, this study utilized magnetoencephalography to describe intrinsic neural oscillatory processes that represent the intergroup bias and may link with engagement in peacemaking in order to shed further light on the neural mechanisms underpinning intergroup conflict. Across the oscillatory spectrum, from very low to very high frequency bands, the only rhythm found to underlie the intergroup bias was the alpha rhythm. Alpha was continuously activated across the task and integrated a rapid perceptual component in occipital cortex with a top-down cognitive-control component in medial cingulate cortex. These components were distinctly associated with real-life intergroup dialog style and expressed attitudes that promote active engagement in peacemaking. Our findings suggest that the cortical alpha rhythm plays a crucial role in sustaining intergroup bias and address its impact on concrete intergroup experiences. Results highlight the need to provide opportunities for active peace-building dialog to youth reared amidst intractable conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Levy
- Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya 46150, Israel.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Abraham Goldstein
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center and Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Moran Influs
- Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya 46150, Israel
| | | | - Ruth Feldman
- Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya 46150, Israel.,Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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9
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Anzures G, Mildort M. Do perceptual expertise and implicit racial bias predict early face-sensitive ERP responses? Brain Cogn 2020; 147:105671. [PMID: 33360041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies examining the visual perception of face race have revealed mixed findings regarding the presence or direction of effects on early face-sensitive event-related potential (ERP) components. Few studies have examined how early ERP components are influenced by individual differences in bottom-up and top-down processes involved in face perception, and how such factors might interact to influence early face-sensitive ERP components has yet to be investigated. Thus, the current study examined whether P100, N170, and P200 responses can be predicted by individual differences in own- and other-race face recognition, implicit racial bias, and their interaction. Race effects were observed in the P100, N170, and P200 responses. Other-race face recognition, implicit racial biases, and their interaction explained a significant amount of unique variability in N170 responses when viewing other-race faces. Responses to own-race faces were minimally influenced with only implicit racial bias predicting a significant amount of unique variability in N170 latency when viewing own-race faces. Face recognition, implicit racial bias, or their interaction did not predict P100 responses. The current findings suggest that face recognition abilities and its interaction with implicit racial bias modulate the early stages of other-race face processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizelle Anzures
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA; FAU Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA; Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
| | - Melissa Mildort
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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10
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From structure to concepts: The two stages of facial expression recognition. Neuropsychologia 2020; 150:107700. [PMID: 33279519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Facial expressions are the dominant way of human emotional and social communications. However, it remains unclear that how can perceivers extract emotion from the face. In the present study, we adopted a repetition-priming paradigm in combine with event-related potentials (ERP) to examine neurocognitive processing stages of facial expression perception. Results showed that emotional words were recognized faster than emotional faces, when both of which were primed by emotional faces, indicating the involvement of concepts processes in facial expression recognition. ERP results showed that all emotional faces could evoke responses of N170, while there was no significant difference between positive and negative emotional faces, suggesting that geometrical configurations of faces rather than emotional concepts of faces are processed at the stage of N170. In contrast, both emotional words and faces showed larger P2 in response to anger than happiness, which suggests that emotional concepts are extracted from faces at the stage of P2. To examine the underlying dynamic causal connectivity between facial structure and emotional conception, we conducted information flow analysis, which showed significant decreases of information flow from the fusiform gyrus to dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/dorsal medial prefrontal cortex and increases of information flow from the fusiform gyrus to posterior insula. These results revealed neural mechanisms underlying processes from physical structure to emotional concepts. Our findings suggest that facial expression recognition consists of two stages from geometrical structure of faces to emotional concepts of facial expressions, which provides evidence for facial expression processing and has important implications in the diagnosis and treatment of emotion recognition related disorders.
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11
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Rodríguez-Gómez P, Romero-Ferreiro V, Pozo MA, Hinojosa JA, Moreno EM. Facing stereotypes: ERP responses to male and female faces after gender-stereotyped statements. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:928-940. [PMID: 32901810 PMCID: PMC7647374 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite gender is a salient feature in face recognition, the question of whether stereotyping modulates face processing remains unexplored. Event-related potentials from 40 participants (20 female) was recorded as male and female faces matched or mismatched previous gender-stereotyped statements and were compared with those elicited by faces preceded by gender-unbiased statements. We conducted linear mixed-effects models to account for possible random effects from both participants and the strength of the gender bias. The amplitude of the N170 to faces was larger following stereotyped relative to gender-unbiased statements in both male and female participants, although the effect was larger for males. This result reveals that stereotyping exerts an early effect in face processing and that the impact is higher in men. In later time windows, male faces after female-stereotyped statements elicited large late positivity potential (LPP) responses in both men and women, indicating that the violation of male stereotypes induces a post-perceptual reevaluation of a salient or conflicting event. Besides, the largest LPP amplitude in women was elicited when they encountered a female face after a female-stereotyped statement. The later result is discussed from the perspective of recent claims on the evolution of women self-identification with traditionally held female roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rodríguez-Gómez
- Human Brain Mapping Unit, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Romero-Ferreiro
- Human Brain Mapping Unit, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center in Mental Health Network CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Miguel A Pozo
- Human Brain Mapping Unit, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Hinojosa
- Human Brain Mapping Unit, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
- Languages and Education Department, Universidad de Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva M Moreno
- Human Brain Mapping Unit, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center in Mental Health Network CIBERSAM, Spain
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12
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Abstract
The social neuroscience approach to prejudice investigates the psychology of intergroup bias by integrating models and methods of neuroscience with the social psychology of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. Here, we review major contemporary lines of inquiry, including current accounts of group-based categorization; formation and updating of prejudice and stereotypes; effects of prejudice on perception, emotion, and decision making; and the self-regulation of prejudice. In each section, we discuss key social neuroscience findings, consider interpretational challenges and connections with the behavioral literature, and highlight how they advance psychological theories of prejudice. We conclude by discussing the next-generation questions that will continue to guide the social neuroscience approach toward addressing major societal issues of prejudice and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; .,Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mina Cikara
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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13
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García AM, Hesse E, Birba A, Adolfi F, Mikulan E, Caro MM, Petroni A, Bekinschtein TA, Del Carmen García M, Silva W, Ciraolo C, Vaucheret E, Sedeño L, Ibáñez A. Time to Face Language: Embodied Mechanisms Underpin the Inception of Face-Related Meanings in the Human Brain. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:6051-6068. [PMID: 32577713 PMCID: PMC7673477 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In construing meaning, the brain recruits multimodal (conceptual) systems and embodied (modality-specific) mechanisms. Yet, no consensus exists on how crucial the latter are for the inception of semantic distinctions. To address this issue, we combined electroencephalographic (EEG) and intracranial EEG (iEEG) to examine when nouns denoting facial body parts (FBPs) and nonFBPs are discriminated in face-processing and multimodal networks. First, FBP words increased N170 amplitude (a hallmark of early facial processing). Second, they triggered fast (~100 ms) activity boosts within the face-processing network, alongside later (~275 ms) effects in multimodal circuits. Third, iEEG recordings from face-processing hubs allowed decoding ~80% of items before 200 ms, while classification based on multimodal-network activity only surpassed ~70% after 250 ms. Finally, EEG and iEEG connectivity between both networks proved greater in early (0–200 ms) than later (200–400 ms) windows. Collectively, our findings indicate that, at least for some lexico-semantic categories, meaning is construed through fast reenactments of modality-specific experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo M García
- Universidad de San Andrés, B1644BID Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Faculty of Education, National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), MM5502GKA Mendoza, Argentina.,Departamento de Lingüística y Literatura, Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170020 Santiago, Chile.,Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, CA 94158 San Francisco, USA
| | - Eugenia Hesse
- Universidad de San Andrés, B1644BID Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Birba
- Universidad de San Andrés, B1644BID Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Adolfi
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Mikulan
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Miguel Martorell Caro
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Petroni
- Instituto de Ingeniería Biomédica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1063ACV Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial Aplicada, Departamento de Computación, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, ICC-CONICET, C1063ACV Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - María Del Carmen García
- Programa de Cirugía de Epilepsia, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, C1181ACH, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter Silva
- Programa de Cirugía de Epilepsia, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, C1181ACH, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Ciraolo
- Programa de Cirugía de Epilepsia, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, C1181ACH, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Vaucheret
- Programa de Cirugía de Epilepsia, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, C1181ACH, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Sedeño
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Universidad de San Andrés, B1644BID Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, CA 94158 San Francisco, USA.,Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, 8320000, Santiago, Chile.,Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, 080003, Barranquilla, Colombia
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14
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The early stage of processing emotional faces in patients with major depressive disorder: an event-related potential study. Neuroreport 2020; 31:551-556. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Fino E, Menegatti M, Avenanti A, Rubini M. Unfolding political attitudes through the face: facial expressions when reading emotion language of left- and right-wing political leaders. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15689. [PMID: 31666575 PMCID: PMC6821753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous emotionally congruent facial responses (ECFR) to others’ emotional expressions can occur by simply observing others’ faces (i.e., smiling) or by reading emotion related words (i.e., to smile). The goal of the present study was to examine whether language describing political leaders’ emotions affects voters by inducing emotionally congruent facial reactions as a function of readers’ and politicians’ shared political orientation. Participants read sentences describing politicians’ emotional expressions, while their facial muscle activation was measured by means of electromyography (EMG). Results showed that reading sentences describing left and right-wing politicians “smiling” or “frowning” elicits ECFR for ingroup but not outgroup members. Remarkably, ECFR were sensitive to attitudes toward individual leaders beyond the ingroup vs. outgroup political divide. Through integrating behavioral and physiological methods we were able to consistently tap on a ‘favored political leader effect’ thus capturing political attitudes towards an individual politician at a given moment of time, at multiple levels (explicit responses and automatic ECFR) and across political party membership lines. Our findings highlight the role of verbal behavior of politicians in affecting voters’ facial expressions with important implications for social judgment and behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edita Fino
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. .,Department of Department of Sociology, Psychology and Education, University Marin Barleti, Tirana, Albania.
| | - Michela Menegatti
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Avenanti
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Católica del Maule, 3460000, Talca, Chile
| | - Monica Rubini
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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16
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Liu TL, Wang PW, Yang YHC, Hsiao RC, Su YY, Shyi GCW, Yen CF. Deficits in facial emotion recognition and implicit attitudes toward emotion among adolescents with high functioning autism spectrum disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2019; 90:7-13. [PMID: 30639894 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impaired social interaction is one of the core characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study was conducted to compare the facial emotion recognition (FER) abilities and emotional interference of adolescents with and without high-functioning ASD by performing the FER Task (FERT) using the faces of Taiwanese people and the Implicit Association Test (IAT), respectively. METHODS This study recruited 71 adolescents with high-functioning ASD who aged at 11 to 18 years old as the ASD group and 63 adolescents without ASD from the Taiwanese community as the non-ASD group. We investigated FER abilities by conducting the FERT on six types of emotional expression with a three-level intensity rating, and we performed the IAT for evaluating the strength of a person's automatic association with mental representations of emotions in memory. RESULTS Compared with the non-ASD group, the ASD group performed significantly worse on facial emotion differentiation and the ranking and rating of emotional intensity in the FERT. The ASD group had higher IAT scores than the non-ASD group. CONCLUSION The results suggest that adolescents with high-functioning ASD have subtle deficits in facial emotion processing and emotional interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ling Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Wei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Connie Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ray C Hsiao
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Yi-Yin Su
- Research Assistant, Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Gary Chon-Wen Shyi
- Department of Psychology and Center for Research in Cognitive Sciences, National Chung-Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Fang Yen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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17
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Baez S, Santamaría-García H, Ibáñez A. Disarming Ex-Combatants' Minds: Toward Situated Reintegration Process in Post-conflict Colombia. Front Psychol 2019; 10:73. [PMID: 30761041 PMCID: PMC6361777 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective violence in the context of armed conflict impacts the economy, health systems, and social stability of affected countries. This is considered a complex phenomenon with interwoven biological, psychological, social, cultural, and political factors. However, most of the research on this topic still lacks suitable established integrative approaches to assess multilevel perspectives. Social, cognitive and affective mental processes (SCAMP) are critical factors that should be considered in multilevel approaches. In this article, we critically discuss some of the classically isolated approaches used in violence research, the absence of successful interventions for ex-combatants reintegration, and the specific neglect of SCAMP in these interventions. We present the case of post-conflict Colombia as a unique opportunity to study the different roots of collective violence, and we call for a more robust and situated approach to understanding of and intervention in this multifaceted phenomenon. In addition, we suggest a two-stage approach for addressing ex-combatants’ reintegration programs, which considers the situated nature of post-conflict scenarios and the urgent need for evidence-based interventions. This approach focuses on the comprehensive scientific assessment of specific factors involved in violence exposure and the subsequent design of successful interventions. The implementation of this approach will contribute to the effective reintegration of individuals who have been exposed to extreme violence for more than 50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Baez
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernando Santamaría-García
- Centro de Memoria y Cognición, Intellectus-Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia.,Physiology and Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience, INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.,Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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18
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Sarraf-Razavi M, Tehrani-Doost M, Ghassemi F, Nazari MA, Ziatabar Ahmadi Z. Early Posterior Negativity as Facial Emotion Recognition Index in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Basic Clin Neurosci 2018; 9:439-447. [PMID: 30719258 PMCID: PMC6359687 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.6.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Studies indicate that children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have deficits in social and emotional functions. It can be hypothesized that these children have some deficits in early stages of facial emotion discrimination. Based on this hypothesis, the present study investigated neural correlates of early visual processing during emotional face recognition in this group compared with typically developing children using the Event-Related Potentials (ERPs). Methods Nineteen boys between the ages of 7 and 11 years diagnosed with ADHD (Combined type) based on DSM-IV-TR classification were compared with 19 typically developing children matched on age and gender. The participants performed an emotional face recognition task while their brain activities were recorded using the event-related potentials procedure. Results A significant reduction in the Early Posterior Negativity (EPN) for happy and angry faces has been revealed in ADHD children compared to normal ones (P<0.05). Conclusion The present study supports the notion that individuals with ADHD have some impairments in early stage of emotion processing which can leading to their misinterpretation of emotion in faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyeh Sarraf-Razavi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Tehrani-Doost
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Ghassemi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Nazari
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Ziatabar Ahmadi
- Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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19
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Delorme A, Pierce A, Michel L, Radin D. Intuitive Assessment of Mortality Based on Facial Characteristics: Behavioral, Electrocortical, and Machine Learning Analyses. Explore (NY) 2018; 14:262-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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20
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Ibáñez A, García AM, Esteves S, Yoris A, Muñoz E, Reynaldo L, Pietto ML, Adolfi F, Manes F. Social neuroscience: undoing the schism between neurology and psychiatry. Soc Neurosci 2018; 13:1-39. [PMID: 27707008 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1245214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple disorders once jointly conceived as "nervous diseases" became segregated by the distinct institutional traditions forged in neurology and psychiatry. As a result, each field specialized in the study and treatment of a subset of such conditions. Here we propose new avenues for interdisciplinary interaction through a triangulation of both fields with social neuroscience. To this end, we review evidence from five relevant domains (facial emotion recognition, empathy, theory of mind, moral cognition, and social context assessment), highlighting their common disturbances across neurological and psychiatric conditions and discussing their multiple pathophysiological mechanisms. Our proposal is anchored in multidimensional evidence, including behavioral, neurocognitive, and genetic findings. From a clinical perspective, this work paves the way for dimensional and transdiagnostic approaches, new pharmacological treatments, and educational innovations rooted in a combined neuropsychiatric training. Research-wise, it fosters new models of the social brain and a novel platform to explore the interplay of cognitive and social functions. Finally, we identify new challenges for this synergistic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Ibáñez
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- b National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- c Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology , Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez , Santiago de Chile , Chile
- d Universidad Autónoma del Caribe , Barranquilla , Colombia
- e Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders , Australian Research Council (ACR) , Sydney , Australia
| | - Adolfo M García
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- b National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- f Faculty of Elementary and Special Education (FEEyE) , National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo) , Mendoza , Argentina
| | - Sol Esteves
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Adrián Yoris
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- b National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Edinson Muñoz
- g Departamento de Lingüística y Literatura, Facultad de Humanidades , Universidad de Santiago de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Lucila Reynaldo
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | | | - Federico Adolfi
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Facundo Manes
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- b National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- e Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders , Australian Research Council (ACR) , Sydney , Australia
- i Department of Experimental Psychology , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
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21
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Trujillo S, Trujillo N, Lopez JD, Gomez D, Valencia S, Rendon J, Pineda DA, Parra MA. Social Cognitive Training Improves Emotional Processing and Reduces Aggressive Attitudes in Ex-combatants. Front Psychol 2017; 8:510. [PMID: 28428767 PMCID: PMC5382221 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotional processing (EP) is a complex cognitive function necessary to successfully adjust to social environments where we need to interpret and respond to cues that convey threat or reward signals. Ex-combatants have consistently shown atypical EP as well as poor social interactions. Available reintegration programs aim to facilitate the re-adaptation of ex-combatants to their communities. However, they do not incorporate actions to improve EP and to enhance cognitive-emotional regulation. The present study was aimed at evaluating the usefulness of an intervention focused on Social Cognitive Training (SCT), which was designed to equip ex-combatants enrolled in the Social Reintegration Route with EP and social cognition skills. A group of 31 ex-combatants (mean age of 37.2, 29 men) from Colombian illegal armed groups were recruited into this study. Of these, 16 were invited to take part in a SCT and the other continued with the conventional reintegration intervention. Both groups underwent 12 training sessions in a period 12–14 weeks. They were assessed with a comprehensive protocol which included Psychosocial, Behavioral, and Emotion Processing instruments. The scores on these instruments prior to and after the intervention were compared within and between groups. Both groups were matched at baseline. Ex-combatants receiving the SCT experienced significant improvements in EP and a reduction in aggressive attitudes, effects not observed in those continuing the conventional reintegration intervention. This is the first study that achieves such outcomes in such a population using SCT intervention. We discuss the implications of such results toward better social reintegration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Trujillo
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Mental, Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellín, Colombia.,Doctoral Program in Psychology, Department of Psychology, Universidad de GranadaGranada, España.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of GranadaGranada, Spain
| | - Natalia Trujillo
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Mental, Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellín, Colombia.,Grupo de Neurociencias, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellin, Colombia
| | - Jose D Lopez
- SISTEMIC, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellín, Colombia
| | - Diana Gomez
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Mental, Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellín, Colombia
| | - Stella Valencia
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Mental, Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellín, Colombia
| | - Jorge Rendon
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, Netherlands
| | - David A Pineda
- Grupo de Neuropsicología y Conducta, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellin, Colombia
| | - Mario A Parra
- School of Social Sciences, Psychology, Heriot-Watt UniversityEdinburgh, UK.,Cerebro, Cognición y Procesos Sociales, Psicologia, Universidad Autónoma del CaribeBarranquilla, Colombia
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22
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Proverbio AM, La Mastra F, Zani A. How Negative Social Bias Affects Memory for Faces: An Electrical Neuroimaging Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162671. [PMID: 27655327 PMCID: PMC5031436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During social interactions, we make inferences about people’s personal characteristics based on their appearance. These inferences form a potential prejudice that can positively or negatively bias our interaction with them. Not much is known about the effects of negative bias on face perception and the ability to recognize people faces. This ability was investigated by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) from 128 sites in 16 volunteers. In the first session (encoding), they viewed 200 faces associated with a short fictional story that described anecdotal positive or negative characteristics about each person. In the second session (recognition), they underwent an old/new memory test, in which they had to distinguish 100 new faces from the previously shown faces. ERP data relative to the encoding phase showed a larger anterior negativity in response to negatively (vs. positively) biased faces, indicating an additional processing of faces with unpleasant social traits. In the recognition task, ERPs recorded in response to new faces elicited a larger FN400 than to old faces, and to positive than negative faces. Additionally, old faces elicited a larger Old-New parietal response than new faces, in the form of an enlarged late positive (LPC) component. An inverse solution SwLORETA (450–550 ms) indicated that remembering old faces was associated with the activation of right superior frontal gyrus (SFG), left medial temporal gyrus, and right fusiform gyrus. Only negatively connoted faces strongly activated the limbic and parahippocampal areas and the left SFG. A dissociation was found between familiarity (modulated by negative bias) and recollection (distinguishing old from new faces).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Mado Proverbio
- NeuroMi - Milan Center for Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Francesca La Mastra
- NeuroMi - Milan Center for Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Zani
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, IBFM-CNR, Milan, Italy
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23
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Delorme A, Pierce A, Michel L, Radin D. Prediction of Mortality Based on Facial Characteristics. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:173. [PMID: 27242466 PMCID: PMC4869106 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that characteristics of the face contain a wealth of information about health, age and chronic clinical conditions. Such studies involve objective measurement of facial features correlated with historical health information. But some individuals also claim to be adept at gauging mortality based on a glance at a person’s photograph. To test this claim, we invited 12 such individuals to see if they could determine if a person was alive or dead based solely on a brief examination of facial photographs. All photos used in the experiment were transformed into a uniform gray scale and then counterbalanced across eight categories: gender, age, gaze direction, glasses, head position, smile, hair color, and image resolution. Participants examined 404 photographs displayed on a computer monitor, one photo at a time, each shown for a maximum of 8 s. Half of the individuals in the photos were deceased, and half were alive at the time the experiment was conducted. Participants were asked to press a button if they thought the person in a photo was living or deceased. Overall mean accuracy on this task was 53.8%, where 50% was expected by chance (p < 0.004, two-tail). Statistically significant accuracy was independently obtained in 5 of the 12 participants. We also collected 32-channel electrophysiological recordings and observed a robust difference between images of deceased individuals correctly vs. incorrectly classified in the early event related potential (ERP) at 100 ms post-stimulus onset. Our results support claims of individuals who report that some as-yet unknown features of the face predict mortality. The results are also compatible with claims about clairvoyance warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Delorme
- University of California San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA; Institute of Noetic SciencesPetaluma, CA, USA
| | - Alan Pierce
- Institute of Noetic Sciences Petaluma, CA, USA
| | | | - Dean Radin
- Institute of Noetic Sciences Petaluma, CA, USA
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24
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Clocking the social mind by identifying mental processes in the IAT with electrical neuroimaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2786-91. [PMID: 26903643 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1515828113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Why do people take longer to associate the word "love" with outgroup words (incongruent condition) than with ingroup words (congruent condition)? Despite the widespread use of the implicit association test (IAT), it has remained unclear whether this IAT effect is due to additional mental processes in the incongruent condition, or due to longer duration of the same processes. Here, we addressed this previously insoluble issue by assessing the spatiotemporal evolution of brain electrical activity in 83 participants. From stimulus presentation until response production, we identified seven processes. Crucially, all seven processes occurred in the same temporal sequence in both conditions, but participants needed more time to perform one early occurring process (perceptual processing) and one late occurring process (implementing cognitive control to select the motor response) in the incongruent compared with the congruent condition. We also found that the latter process contributed to individual differences in implicit bias. These results advance understanding of the neural mechanics of response time differences in the IAT: They speak against theories that explain the IAT effect as due to additional processes in the incongruent condition and speak in favor of theories that assume a longer duration of specific processes in the incongruent condition. More broadly, our data analysis approach illustrates the potential of electrical neuroimaging to illuminate the temporal organization of mental processes involved in social cognition.
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25
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Schindler S, Wolff W. Cerebral Correlates of Automatic Associations Towards Performance Enhancing Substances. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1923. [PMID: 26733914 PMCID: PMC4686700 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct assessment of explicit attitudes toward performance enhancing substances, for example Neuroenhancement or doping in sports, can be affected by social desirability biases and cheating attempts. According to Dual Process Theories of cognition, indirect measures like the Implicit Association Test (IAT) measure automatic associations toward a topic (as opposed to explicit attitudes measured by self-report measures). Such automatic associations are thought to occur rapidly and to evade voluntary control. However, whether or not such indirect tests actually reflect automatic associations is difficult to validate. Electroencephalography (EEG) has a superior time resolution which can differentiate between highly automatic compared to more elaborate processing stages. We therefore used EEG to examine on which processing stages cortical differences between negative or positive attitudes to doping occur, and whether or not these differences can be related to BIAT scores. We tested 42 university students (31 females, 24.43 ± 3.17 years old), who were requested to complete a brief doping IAT (BIAT) on attitudes toward doping. Cerebral activity during doping BIAT completion was assessed using high-density EEG. Behaviorally, participants D-scores exhibited negative attitudes toward doping, represented by faster reaction times in the doping + dislike pairing task. Event-related potentials (ERPs) revealed earliest effects between 200 and 300 ms. Here, a relatively larger occipital positivity was found for the doping + dislike pairing task. Further, in the LPP time range between 400 and 600 ms a larger late positive potential was found for the doping + dislike pairing task over central regions. These LPP amplitude differences were successfully predicting participants' BIAT D-scores. Results indicate that event-related potentials differentiate between positive and negative doping attitudes at stages of mid-latency. However, it seems that IAT scores can be predicted only by the later occurring LPP. Our study is the first to investigate the cerebral correlates that contribute to test scores obtained in the indirect testing of automatic associations toward doping. The implications of our results for the broader NE concept are discussed in light of the conceptual similarity of doping and NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schindler
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
- Center of Excellence Cognitive Interaction Technology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Wanja Wolff
- Division of Sport and Exercise Psychology, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
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26
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Healy GF, Boran L, Smeaton AF. Neural Patterns of the Implicit Association Test. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:605. [PMID: 26635570 PMCID: PMC4656831 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a reaction time based categorization task that measures the differential associative strength between bipolar targets and evaluative attribute concepts as an approach to indexing implicit beliefs or biases. An open question exists as to what exactly the IAT measures, and here EEG (Electroencephalography) has been used to investigate the time course of ERPs (Event-related Potential) indices and implicated brain regions in the IAT. IAT-EEG research identifies a number of early (250-450 ms) negative ERPs indexing early-(pre-response) processing stages of the IAT. ERP activity in this time range is known to index processes related to cognitive control and semantic processing. A central focus of these efforts has been to use IAT-ERPs to delineate the implicit and explicit factors contributing to measured IAT effects. Increasing evidence indicates that cognitive control (and related top-down modulation of attention/perceptual processing) may be components in the effective measurement of IAT effects, as factors such as physical setting or task instruction can change an IAT measurement. In this study we further implicate the role of proactive cognitive control and top-down modulation of attention/perceptual processing in the IAT-EEG. We find statistically significant relationships between D-score (a reaction-time based measure of the IAT-effect) and early ERP-time windows, indicating where more rapid word categorizations driving the IAT effect are present, they are at least partly explainable by neural activity not significantly correlated with the IAT measurement itself. Using LORETA, we identify a number of brain regions driving these ERP-IAT relationships notably involving left-temporal, insular, cingulate, medial frontal and parietal cortex in time regions corresponding to the N2- and P3-related activity. The identified brain regions involved with reduced reaction times on congruent blocks coincide with those of previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham F Healy
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, School of Computing, Dublin City University Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Boran
- School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan F Smeaton
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, School of Computing, Dublin City University Dublin, Ireland
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Wu L, Gu R, Cai H, Zhang J. Electrophysiological evidence for executive control and efficient categorization involved in implicit self-evaluation. Soc Neurosci 2015; 11:153-63. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2015.1044673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Schindler S, Wolff W, Kissler JM, Brand R. Cerebral correlates of faking: evidence from a brief implicit association test on doping attitudes. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:139. [PMID: 26074798 PMCID: PMC4448510 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct assessment of attitudes toward socially sensitive topics can be affected by deception attempts. Reaction-time based indirect measures, such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT), are less susceptible to such biases. Neuroscientific evidence shows that deception can evoke characteristic ERP differences. However, the cerebral processes involved in faking an IAT are still unknown. We randomly assigned 20 university students (15 females, 24.65 ± 3.50 years of age) to a counterbalanced repeated-measurements design, requesting them to complete a Brief-IAT (BIAT) on attitudes toward doping without deception instruction, and with the instruction to fake positive and negative doping attitudes. Cerebral activity during BIAT completion was assessed using high-density EEG. Event-related potentials during faking revealed enhanced frontal and reduced occipital negativity, starting around 150 ms after stimulus presentation. Further, a decrease in the P300 and LPP components was observed. Source analyses showed enhanced activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus between 150 and 200 ms during faking, thought to reflect the suppression of automatic responses. Further, more activity was found for faking in the bilateral middle occipital gyri and the bilateral temporoparietal junction. Results indicate that faking reaction-time based tests alter brain processes from early stages of processing and reveal the cortical sources of the effects. Analyzing the EEG helps to uncover response patterns in indirect attitude tests and broadens our understanding of the neural processes involved in such faking. This knowledge might be useful for uncovering faking in socially sensitive contexts, where attitudes are likely to be concealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schindler
- Affective Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of BielefeldBielefeld, Germany
- Center of Excellence Cognitive Interaction Technology, University of BielefeldBielefeld, Germany
| | - Wanja Wolff
- Division of Sport and Exercise Psychology, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
| | - Johanna M. Kissler
- Affective Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of BielefeldBielefeld, Germany
- Center of Excellence Cognitive Interaction Technology, University of BielefeldBielefeld, Germany
| | - Ralf Brand
- Division of Sport and Exercise Psychology, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
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29
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Empathy and contextual social cognition. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 14:407-25. [PMID: 23955101 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-013-0205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Empathy is a highly flexible and adaptive process that allows for the interplay of prosocial behavior in many different social contexts. Empathy appears to be a very situated cognitive process, embedded with specific contextual cues that trigger different automatic and controlled responses. In this review, we summarize relevant evidence regarding social context modulation of empathy for pain. Several contextual factors, such as stimulus reality and personal experience, affectively link with other factors, emotional cues, threat information, group membership, and attitudes toward others to influence the affective, sensorimotor, and cognitive processing of empathy. Thus, we propose that the frontoinsular-temporal network, the so-called social context network model (SCNM), is recruited during the contextual processing of empathy. This network would (1) update the contextual cues and use them to construct fast predictions (frontal regions), (2) coordinate the internal (body) and external milieus (insula), and (3) consolidate the context-target associative learning of empathic processes (temporal sites). Furthermore, we propose these context-dependent effects of empathy in the framework of the frontoinsular-temporal network and examine the behavioral and neural evidence of three neuropsychiatric conditions (Asperger syndrome, schizophrenia, and the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia), which simultaneously present with empathy and contextual integration impairments. We suggest potential advantages of a situated approach to empathy in the assessment of these neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as their relationship with the SCNM.
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Gonzalez-Gadea ML, Herrera E, Parra M, Gomez Mendez P, Baez S, Manes F, Ibanez A. Emotion recognition and cognitive empathy deficits in adolescent offenders revealed by context-sensitive tasks. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:850. [PMID: 25374529 PMCID: PMC4204464 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion recognition and empathy abilities require the integration of contextual information in real-life scenarios. Previous reports have explored these domains in adolescent offenders (AOs) but have not used tasks that replicate everyday situations. In this study we included ecological measures with different levels of contextual dependence to evaluate emotion recognition and empathy in AOs relative to non-offenders, controlling for the effect of demographic variables. We also explored the influence of fluid intelligence (FI) and executive functions (EFs) in the prediction of relevant deficits in these domains. Our results showed that AOs exhibit deficits in context-sensitive measures of emotion recognition and cognitive empathy. Difficulties in these tasks were neither explained by demographic variables nor predicted by FI or EFs. However, performance on measures that included simpler stimuli or could be solved by explicit knowledge was either only partially affected by demographic variables or preserved in AOs. These findings indicate that AOs show contextual social-cognition impairments which are relatively independent of basic cognitive functioning and demographic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luz Gonzalez-Gadea
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology Buenos Aires, Argentina ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduar Herrera
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology Buenos Aires, Argentina ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Universidad Autonoma del Caribe Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Mario Parra
- UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile ; Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology Department, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK ; Scottish Dementia Clinical Research Network Perth, UK ; Neuropsy and Biomedical Unit, Health School, University Surcolombiana Neiva, Colombia
| | | | - Sandra Baez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology Buenos Aires, Argentina ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile
| | - Facundo Manes
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology Buenos Aires, Argentina ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile ; Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Agustin Ibanez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology Buenos Aires, Argentina ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile ; Universidad Autonoma del Caribe Barranquilla, Colombia ; Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council Sydney, NSW, Australia
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31
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Chen J, Ma W, Zhang Y, Wu X, Wei D, Liu G, Deng Z, Yang L, Zhang Z. Distinct facial processing related negative cognitive bias in first-episode and recurrent major depression: evidence from the N170 ERP component. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109176. [PMID: 25314024 PMCID: PMC4196777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND States of depression are associated with increased sensitivity to negative events. For this novel study, we have assessed the relationship between the number of depressive episodes and the dysfunctional processing of emotional facial expressions. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used a visual emotional oddball paradigm to manipulate the processing of emotional information while event-related brain potentials were recorded in 45 patients with first episode major depression (F-MD), 40 patients with recurrent major depression (R-MD), and 46 healthy controls (HC). Compared with the HC group, F-MD patients had lower N170 amplitudes when identifying happy, neutral, and sad faces; R-MD patients had lower N170 amplitudes when identifying happy and neutral faces, but higher N170 amplitudes when identifying sad faces. F-MD patients had longer N170 latencies when identifying happy, neutral, and sad faces relative to the HC group, and R-MD patients had longer N170 latencies when identifying happy and neutral faces, but shorter N170 latencies when identifying sad faces compared with F-MD patients. Interestingly, a negative relationship was observed between N170 amplitude and the depressive severity score for identification of happy faces in R-MD patients while N170 amplitude was positively correlated with the depressive severity score for identification of sad faces in F-MD and R-MD patients. Additionally, the deficits of N170 amplitude for sad faces positively correlated with the number of depressive episodes in R-MD patients. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These results provide new evidence that having more recurrent depressive episodes and serious depressive states are likely to aggravate the already abnormal processing of emotional facial expressions in patients with depression. Moreover, it further suggests that the impaired processing as indexed by N170 amplitude for positive face identification may be a potentially useful biomarker for predicting propagation of depression while N170 amplitude for negative face identification could be a potential biomarker for depression recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu Chen
- Neurologic Department of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute and Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wentao Ma
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Baoji, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Baoji, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xingqu Wu
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Baoji, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dunhong Wei
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Baoji, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guangxiong Liu
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Baoji, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zihe Deng
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Baoji, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Laiqi Yang
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Baoji, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Neurologic Department of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute and Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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32
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Kawamoto T, Nittono H, Ura M. Social exclusion induces early-stage perceptual and behavioral changes in response to social cues. Soc Neurosci 2014; 9:174-85. [PMID: 24499456 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2014.883325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Social exclusion is so aversive that it causes broad cognitive and behavioral changes to regulate the individual's belonging status. The present study examined whether such changes also occur at early neural or automatic behavioral levels in response to social cues. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and facial electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded during a task in which participants viewed smiling, disgusted, and neutral faces after experiencing social exclusion or inclusion. Social exclusion was manipulated using a simple ball-tossing game (Cyberball), and need threat was assessed after the game. We found that zygomaticus major muscle activity, which reflects facial mimicry, was larger in response to smiling faces after exclusion than after inclusion. In addition, P1 amplitude, which reflects visual attention, was larger for disgusted faces than for neutral faces following social exclusion. N170 amplitude, which reflects structural encoding of the face, was correlated with heightened need threat. These findings demonstrate that social exclusion induces immediate and rapid changes in attention, perception, and automatic behavior. These findings reflect the rapid and primary regulation of belonging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Kawamoto
- a Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences , Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521 , Japan
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33
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Escobar MJ, Rivera-Rei A, Decety J, Huepe D, Cardona JF, Canales-Johnson A, Sigman M, Mikulan E, Helgiu E, Baez S, Manes F, Lopez V, Ibañez A. Attachment patterns trigger differential neural signature of emotional processing in adolescents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70247. [PMID: 23940552 PMCID: PMC3733979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research suggests that individuals with different attachment patterns process social information differently, especially in terms of facial emotion recognition. However, few studies have explored social information processes in adolescents. This study examined the behavioral and ERP correlates of emotional processing in adolescents with different attachment orientations (insecure attachment group and secure attachment group; IAG and SAG, respectively). This study also explored the association of these correlates to individual neuropsychological profiles. Methodology/Principal Findings We used a modified version of the dual valence task (DVT), in which participants classify stimuli (faces and words) according to emotional valence (positive or negative). Results showed that the IAG performed significantly worse than SAG on tests of executive function (EF attention, processing speed, visuospatial abilities and cognitive flexibility). In the behavioral DVT, the IAG presented lower performance and accuracy. The IAG also exhibited slower RTs for stimuli with negative valence. Compared to the SAG, the IAG showed a negative bias for faces; a larger P1 and attenuated N170 component over the right hemisphere was observed. A negative bias was also observed in the IAG for word stimuli, which was demonstrated by comparing the N170 amplitude of the IAG with the valence of the SAG. Finally, the amplitude of the N170 elicited by the facial stimuli correlated with EF in both groups (and negative valence with EF in the IAG). Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that individuals with different attachment patterns process key emotional information and corresponding EF differently. This is evidenced by an early modulation of ERP components’ amplitudes, which are correlated with behavioral and neuropsychological effects. In brief, attachments patterns appear to impact multiple domains, such as emotional processing and EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alvaro Rivera-Rei
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LaNCyS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University, Santiago, RM, Chile
| | - Jean Decety
- Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David Huepe
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LaNCyS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University, Santiago, RM, Chile
| | - Juan Felipe Cardona
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), INECO (Institute of Cognitive Neurology) and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Andres Canales-Johnson
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LaNCyS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University, Santiago, RM, Chile
- Medical Research Council (MRC), Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mariano Sigman
- Departamento de Física, FCEN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IFIBA, CONICET, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
- Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Mikulan
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), INECO (Institute of Cognitive Neurology) and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Elena Helgiu
- College of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sandra Baez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), INECO (Institute of Cognitive Neurology) and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Facundo Manes
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), INECO (Institute of Cognitive Neurology) and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Vladimir Lopez
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, RM, Chile
| | - Agustín Ibañez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), INECO (Institute of Cognitive Neurology) and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LaNCyS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University, Santiago, RM, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Ibáñez A, Aguado J, Baez S, Huepe D, Lopez V, Ortega R, Sigman M, Mikulan E, Lischinsky A, Torrente F, Cetkovich M, Torralva T, Bekinschtein T, Manes F. From neural signatures of emotional modulation to social cognition: individual differences in healthy volunteers and psychiatric participants. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:939-50. [PMID: 23685775 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that early emotional signals provide relevant information for social cognition tasks. The goal of this study was to test the association between (a) cortical markers of face emotional processing and (b) social-cognitive measures, and also to build a model which can predict this association (a and b) in healthy volunteers as well as in different groups of psychiatric patients. Thus, we investigated the early cortical processing of emotional stimuli (N170, using a face and word valence task) and their relationship with the social-cognitive profiles (SCPs, indexed by measures of theory of mind, fluid intelligence, speed processing and executive functions). Group comparisons and individual differences were assessed among schizophrenia (SCZ) patients and their relatives, individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), individuals with euthymic bipolar disorder (BD) and healthy participants (educational level, handedness, age and gender matched). Our results provide evidence of emotional N170 impairments in the affected groups (SCZ and relatives, ADHD and BD) as well as subtle group differences. Importantly, cortical processing of emotional stimuli predicted the SCP, as evidenced by a structural equation model analysis. This is the first study to report an association model of brain markers of emotional processing and SCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LANCYS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (NUFIN), Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Parc Sanitari Joan de Deu-SSM, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi, Barcelona, Spain, Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, y Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Programa de Doctorado en Psicología, Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Departamento de Física, FCEN, UBA and IFIBA, Conicet, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Alte. Juan Saenz Valiente 1010, Buenos Aires C1428BIJ, Argentina, and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UKLaboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LANCYS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (NUFIN), Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Parc Sanitari Joan de Deu-SSM, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi, Barcelona, Spain, Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, y Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, C
| | - Jaume Aguado
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LANCYS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (NUFIN), Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Parc Sanitari Joan de Deu-SSM, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi, Barcelona, Spain, Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, y Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Programa de Doctorado en Psicología, Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Departamento de Física, FCEN, UBA and IFIBA, Conicet, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Alte. Juan Saenz Valiente 1010, Buenos Aires C1428BIJ, Argentina, and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sandra Baez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LANCYS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (NUFIN), Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Parc Sanitari Joan de Deu-SSM, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi, Barcelona, Spain, Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, y Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Programa de Doctorado en Psicología, Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Departamento de Física, FCEN, UBA and IFIBA, Conicet, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Alte. Juan Saenz Valiente 1010, Buenos Aires C1428BIJ, Argentina, and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Huepe
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LANCYS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (NUFIN), Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Parc Sanitari Joan de Deu-SSM, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi, Barcelona, Spain, Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, y Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Programa de Doctorado en Psicología, Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Departamento de Física, FCEN, UBA and IFIBA, Conicet, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Alte. Juan Saenz Valiente 1010, Buenos Aires C1428BIJ, Argentina, and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vladimir Lopez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LANCYS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (NUFIN), Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Parc Sanitari Joan de Deu-SSM, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi, Barcelona, Spain, Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, y Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Programa de Doctorado en Psicología, Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Departamento de Física, FCEN, UBA and IFIBA, Conicet, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Alte. Juan Saenz Valiente 1010, Buenos Aires C1428BIJ, Argentina, and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rodrigo Ortega
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LANCYS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (NUFIN), Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Parc Sanitari Joan de Deu-SSM, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi, Barcelona, Spain, Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, y Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Programa de Doctorado en Psicología, Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Departamento de Física, FCEN, UBA and IFIBA, Conicet, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Alte. Juan Saenz Valiente 1010, Buenos Aires C1428BIJ, Argentina, and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UKLaboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LANCYS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (NUFIN), Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Parc Sanitari Joan de Deu-SSM, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi, Barcelona, Spain, Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, y Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, C
| | - Mariano Sigman
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LANCYS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (NUFIN), Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Parc Sanitari Joan de Deu-SSM, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi, Barcelona, Spain, Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, y Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Programa de Doctorado en Psicología, Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Departamento de Física, FCEN, UBA and IFIBA, Conicet, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Alte. Juan Saenz Valiente 1010, Buenos Aires C1428BIJ, Argentina, and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UKLaboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LANCYS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (NUFIN), Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Parc Sanitari Joan de Deu-SSM, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi, Barcelona, Spain, Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, y Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, C
| | - Ezequiel Mikulan
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LANCYS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (NUFIN), Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Parc Sanitari Joan de Deu-SSM, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi, Barcelona, Spain, Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, y Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Programa de Doctorado en Psicología, Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Departamento de Física, FCEN, UBA and IFIBA, Conicet, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Alte. Juan Saenz Valiente 1010, Buenos Aires C1428BIJ, Argentina, and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alicia Lischinsky
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LANCYS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (NUFIN), Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Parc Sanitari Joan de Deu-SSM, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi, Barcelona, Spain, Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, y Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Programa de Doctorado en Psicología, Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Departamento de Física, FCEN, UBA and IFIBA, Conicet, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Alte. Juan Saenz Valiente 1010, Buenos Aires C1428BIJ, Argentina, and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fernando Torrente
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LANCYS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (NUFIN), Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Parc Sanitari Joan de Deu-SSM, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi, Barcelona, Spain, Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, y Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Programa de Doctorado en Psicología, Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Departamento de Física, FCEN, UBA and IFIBA, Conicet, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Alte. Juan Saenz Valiente 1010, Buenos Aires C1428BIJ, Argentina, and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcelo Cetkovich
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LANCYS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (NUFIN), Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Parc Sanitari Joan de Deu-SSM, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi, Barcelona, Spain, Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, y Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Programa de Doctorado en Psicología, Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Departamento de Física, FCEN, UBA and IFIBA, Conicet, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Alte. Juan Saenz Valiente 1010, Buenos Aires C1428BIJ, Argentina, and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Teresa Torralva
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LANCYS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (NUFIN), Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Parc Sanitari Joan de Deu-SSM, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi, Barcelona, Spain, Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, y Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Programa de Doctorado en Psicología, Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Departamento de Física, FCEN, UBA and IFIBA, Conicet, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Alte. Juan Saenz Valiente 1010, Buenos Aires C1428BIJ, Argentina, and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tristan Bekinschtein
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LANCYS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (NUFIN), Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Parc Sanitari Joan de Deu-SSM, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi, Barcelona, Spain, Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, y Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Programa de Doctorado en Psicología, Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Departamento de Física, FCEN, UBA and IFIBA, Conicet, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Alte. Juan Saenz Valiente 1010, Buenos Aires C1428BIJ, Argentina, and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Facundo Manes
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LANCYS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (NUFIN), Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Parc Sanitari Joan de Deu-SSM, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Sant Boi, Barcelona, Spain, Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, y Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Programa de Doctorado en Psicología, Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Departamento de Física, FCEN, UBA and IFIBA, Conicet, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Alte. Juan Saenz Valiente 1010, Buenos Aires C1428BIJ, Argentina, and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
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Lavin C, Melis C, Mikulan E, Gelormini C, Huepe D, Ibañez A. The anterior cingulate cortex: an integrative hub for human socially-driven interactions. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:64. [PMID: 23658536 PMCID: PMC3647221 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Lavin
- Center of Argumentation and Reasoning Studies, Universidad Diego Portales Santiago, Chile ; Laboratory of cognitive and social neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales Santiago, Chile ; Facultad de Economía y Empresa, Centro de Neuroeconomía, Universidad Diego Portales Santiago, Chile
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Tracking the implicit self using event-related potentials. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 13:885-99. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-013-0169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Insular networks for emotional processing and social cognition: Comparison of two case reports with either cortical or subcortical involvement. Cortex 2013; 49:1420-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tortosa MI, Lupiáñez J, Ruz M. Race, emotion and trust: An ERP study. Brain Res 2013; 1494:44-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Baez S, Rattazzi A, Gonzalez-Gadea ML, Torralva T, Vigliecca NS, Decety J, Manes F, Ibanez A. Integrating intention and context: assessing social cognition in adults with Asperger syndrome. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:302. [PMID: 23162450 PMCID: PMC3492863 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in social cognition are an evident clinical feature of the Asperger syndrome (AS). Although many daily life problems of adults with AS are related to social cognition impairments, few studies have conducted comprehensive research in this area. The current study examined multiple domains of social cognition in adults with AS assessing the executive functions (EF) and exploring the intra and inter-individual variability. Fifteen adult's diagnosed with AS and 15 matched healthy controls completed a battery of social cognition tasks. This battery included measures of emotion recognition, theory of mind (ToM), empathy, moral judgment, social norms knowledge, and self-monitoring behavior in social settings. We controlled for the effect of EF and explored the individual variability. The results indicated that adults with AS had a fundamental deficit in several domains of social cognition. We also found high variability in the social cognition tasks. In these tasks, AS participants obtained mostly subnormal performance. EF did not seem to play a major role in the social cognition impairments. Our results suggest that adults with AS present a pattern of social cognition deficits characterized by the decreased ability to implicitly encode and integrate contextual information in order to access to the social meaning. Nevertheless, when social information is explicitly presented or the situation can be navigated with abstract rules, performance is improved. Our findings have implications for the diagnosis and treatment of individuals with AS as well as for the neurocognitive models of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Baez
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro UniversityBuenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research CouncilBuenos Aires, Argentina
- Pontifical Catholic University of ArgentinaBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alexia Rattazzi
- Argentinean Program for Children, Adolescents and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders (PANAACEA)Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María L. Gonzalez-Gadea
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro UniversityBuenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research CouncilBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Teresa Torralva
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro UniversityBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora Silvana Vigliecca
- National Scientific and Technical Research CouncilBuenos Aires, Argentina
- Research Centre of the Faculty of Philosophy and Humanities, National University of CórdobaCórdoba, Argentina
| | - Jean Decety
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, and Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, University of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
| | - Facundo Manes
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro UniversityBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustin Ibanez
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro UniversityBuenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research CouncilBuenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Universidad Diego PortalesSantiago, Chile
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Ibanez A, Melloni M, Huepe D, Helgiu E, Rivera-Rei A, Canales-Johnson A, Baker P, Moya A. What event-related potentials (ERPs) bring to social neuroscience? Soc Neurosci 2012; 7:632-49. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2012.691078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ibanez A, Urquina H, Petroni A, Baez S, Lopez V, do Nascimento M, Herrera E, Guex R, Hurtado E, Blenkmann A, Beltrachini L, Gelormini C, Sigman M, Lischinsky A, Torralva T, Torrente F, Cetkovich M, Manes F. Neural processing of emotional facial and semantic expressions in euthymic bipolar disorder (BD) and its association with theory of mind (ToM). PLoS One 2012; 7:e46877. [PMID: 23056505 PMCID: PMC3466207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with bipolar disorder (BD) have cognitive impairments that affect face processing and social cognition. However, it remains unknown whether these deficits in euthymic BD have impaired brain markers of emotional processing. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We recruited twenty six participants, 13 controls subjects with an equal number of euthymic BD participants. We used an event-related potential (ERP) assessment of a dual valence task (DVT), in which faces (angry and happy), words (pleasant and unpleasant), and face-word simultaneous combinations are presented to test the effects of the stimulus type (face vs word) and valence (positive vs. negative). All participants received clinical, neuropsychological and social cognition evaluations. ERP analysis revealed that both groups showed N170 modulation of stimulus type effects (face > word). BD patients exhibited reduced and enhanced N170 to facial and semantic valence, respectively. The neural source estimation of N170 was a posterior section of the fusiform gyrus (FG), including the face fusiform area (FFA). Neural generators of N170 for faces (FG and FFA) were reduced in BD. In these patients, N170 modulation was associated with social cognition (theory of mind). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This is the first report of euthymic BD exhibiting abnormal N170 emotional discrimination associated with theory of mind impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Ibanez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ibañez A, Manes F. Contextual social cognition and the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 2012; 78:1354-62. [PMID: 22529204 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182518375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The significance of social situations is commonly context-embedded. Although the role of context has been extensively studied in basic sensory processing or simple stimulus-response settings, its relevance for social cognition is unknown. We propose the social context network model (SCNM), a fronto-insular-temporal network responsible for processing social contextual effects. The SCNM may 1) update the context and use it to make predictions, 2) coordinate internal and external milieus, and 3) consolidate context-target associative learning. We suggest the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) as a specific disorder in which the reported deficits in social cognition (e.g., facial recognition, empathy, decision-making, figurative language, theory of mind) can be described as context impairments due to deficits in the SCNM. Disruption of orbitofrontal-amygdala circuit, as well as the frontal, temporal, and insular atrophy in bVFTD, suggests a relationship between context-sensitive social cognition and SCNM. In considering context as an intrinsic part of social cognition, we highlight the need for a situated cognition approach in social cognition research as opposed to an abstract, universal, and decontextualized approach. The assessment of context-dependent social cognition paradigms, the SCNM, and their possible application to neuropsychiatric disorders may provide new insight into bvFTD and other related frontal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Ibañez
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Institute of Neurosciences, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ibáñez A, Cardona JF, Dos Santos YV, Blenkmann A, Aravena P, Roca M, Hurtado E, Nerguizian M, Amoruso L, Gómez-Arévalo G, Chade A, Dubrovsky A, Gershanik O, Kochen S, Glenberg A, Manes F, Bekinschtein T. Motor-language coupling: direct evidence from early Parkinson's disease and intracranial cortical recordings. Cortex 2012; 49:968-84. [PMID: 22482695 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Language and action systems are functionally coupled in the brain as demonstrated by converging evidence using Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and lesion studies. In particular, this coupling has been demonstrated using the action-sentence compatibility effect (ACE) in which motor activity and language interact. The ACE task requires participants to listen to sentences that described actions typically performed with an open hand (e.g., clapping), a closed hand (e.g., hammering), or without any hand action (neutral); and to press a large button with either an open hand position or closed hand position immediately upon comprehending each sentence. The ACE is defined as a longer reaction time (RT) in the action-sentence incompatible conditions than in the compatible conditions. Here we investigated direct motor-language coupling in two novel and uniquely informative ways. First, we measured the behavioural ACE in patients with motor impairment (early Parkinson's disease - EPD), and second, in epileptic patients with direct electrocorticography (ECoG) recordings. In experiment 1, EPD participants with preserved general cognitive repertoire, showed a much diminished ACE relative to non-EPD volunteers. Moreover, a correlation between ACE performance and action-verb processing (kissing and dancing test - KDT) was observed. Direct cortical recordings (ECoG) in motor and language areas (experiment 2) demonstrated simultaneous bidirectional effects: motor preparation affected language processing (N400 at left inferior frontal gyrus and middle/superior temporal gyrus), and language processing affected activity in movement-related areas (motor potential at premotor and M1). Our findings show that the ACE paradigm requires ongoing integration of preserved motor and language coupling (abolished in EPD) and engages motor-temporal cortices in a bidirectional way. In addition, both experiments suggest the presence of a motor-language network which is not restricted to somatotopically defined brain areas. These results open new pathways in the fields of motor diseases, theoretical approaches to language understanding, and models of action-perception coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO); Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ibáñez A, Riveros R, Hurtado E, Gleichgerrcht E, Urquina H, Herrera E, Amoruso L, Reyes MM, Manes F. The face and its emotion: right N170 deficits in structural processing and early emotional discrimination in schizophrenic patients and relatives. Psychiatry Res 2012; 195:18-26. [PMID: 21824666 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported facial emotion recognition impairments in schizophrenic patients, as well as abnormalities in the N170 component of the event-related potential. Current research on schizophrenia highlights the importance of complexly-inherited brain-based deficits. In order to examine the N170 markers of face structural and emotional processing, DSM-IV diagnosed schizophrenia probands (n=13), unaffected first-degree relatives from multiplex families (n=13), and control subjects (n=13) matched by age, gender and educational level, performed a categorization task which involved words and faces with positive and negative valence. The N170 component, while present in relatives and control subjects, was reduced in patients, not only for faces, but also for face-word differences, suggesting a deficit in structural processing of stimuli. Control subjects showed N170 modulation according to the valence of facial stimuli. However, this discrimination effect was found to be reduced both in patients and relatives. This is the first report showing N170 valence deficits in relatives. Our results suggest a generalized deficit affecting the structural encoding of faces in patients, as well as the emotion discrimination both in patients and relatives. Finally, these findings lend support to the notion that cortical markers of facial discrimination can be validly considered as vulnerability markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Ibáñez
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Petroni A, Canales-Johnson A, Urquina H, Guex R, Hurtado E, Blenkmann A, von Ellenrieder N, Manes F, Sigman M, Ibañez A. The cortical processing of facial emotional expression is associated with social cognition skills and executive functioning: A preliminary study. Neurosci Lett 2011; 505:41-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Subliminal presentation of other faces (but not own face) primes behavioral and evoked cortical processing of empathy for pain. Brain Res 2011; 1398:72-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Facial and semantic emotional interference: a pilot study on the behavioral and cortical responses to the Dual Valence Association Task. Behav Brain Funct 2011; 7:8. [PMID: 21489277 PMCID: PMC3087672 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-7-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Integration of compatible or incompatible emotional valence and semantic information is an essential aspect of complex social interactions. A modified version of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) called Dual Valence Association Task (DVAT) was designed in order to measure conflict resolution processing from compatibility/incompatibly of semantic and facial valence. The DVAT involves two emotional valence evaluative tasks which elicits two forms of emotional compatible/incompatible associations (facial and semantic). Methods Behavioural measures and Event Related Potentials were recorded while participants performed the DVAT. Results Behavioural data showed a robust effect that distinguished compatible/incompatible tasks. The effects of valence and contextual association (between facial and semantic stimuli) showed early discrimination in N170 of faces. The LPP component was modulated by the compatibility of the DVAT. Conclusions Results suggest that DVAT is a robust paradigm for studying the emotional interference effect in the processing of simultaneous information from semantic and facial stimuli.
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Theories and Theorizers: A Contextual Approach to Theories of Cognition. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2011; 45:223-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s12124-011-9156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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