1
|
Gu X, Gao P, Shen Y, Lu L. Intact fruit intake is nonlinear inversely associated with visceral adipose tissue area in U.S. adults: a cross-sectional study. Nutr Res 2024; 129:28-37. [PMID: 39181064 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Excess visceral adipose tissue (VAT) plays a crucial role in leading to obesity-related diseases. However, the association between fruit intake (excluding fruit juice) and VAT is not well-known. We aim to further explore this association in a large population. We hypothesized that higher intact fruit intake would be inversely associated with VAT. A total of 9582 adult participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the Food Patterns Equivalents Database 2011-2018 were included. Weighted linear regression models were utilized to evaluate the association between intact fruit intake (from two 24-hour dietary recalls) and VAT area (measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). Subgroup analysis was conducted to test the robustness of the results. Restricted cubic spline analysis was performed to find the nonlinear association. The median of intact fruit intake was 0.32 cup-equivalent (eq)/d, and the mean of VAT was 104.87 ± 1.23 cm2. Intact fruit intake (increased by 1 cup-eq/d) demonstrated an inverse association with VAT area across three adjusted models, with β(95% confidence interval) values of -7(-8.49, -5.51), -6(-7.50, -4.51), and -3.02(-4.11, -1.94) in model 1, model 2, and model 3, respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed no interactions were found among age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, and physical activity subgroups. Restricted cubic spline revealed the inverse association was more significant when intact fruit intake was less than 1.7 cups-eq/d. These findings suggest that increasing intact fruit consumption could be an effective public health strategy to mitigate VAT accumulation and associated health risks, advancing our understanding of dietary impacts on adiposity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Leiqun Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Woodman A, Coffey M, Cooper-Ryan AM, Jaoua N. The relationship between lifestyle habits and obesity among students in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia: using the Arab Teens Lifestyle (ATLS) questionnaire. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2267. [PMID: 39169283 PMCID: PMC11337773 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Arab Teens Lifestyle (ATLS) questionnaire was an initiative to assess the lifestyle habits influencing obesity rates in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, including physical activity (PA) patterns, sedentary and eating behaviours. Since its implementation, the ATLS questionnaire has been used in several studies among different age groups and populations. This instrument has not previously been administered among the university students of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, where the obesity rates are the highest in the country. This research was the first that aimed to identify lifestyle habits influencing the rates of obesity among 18-25-year-old university students in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) using the ATLS questionnaire. METHODS Quantitative cross-sectional research among n = 426 students of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia using the ATLS questionnaire. RESULTS Out of n = 426 participants, n = 200 (47%) were categorised (using body mass index) as normal weight; n = 113 (26.5%) were overweight, and n = 73 (17.1%) were obese. The findings showed that most of the nutritional, PA, and sedentary behavioural factors (e.g., screen time) in the questionnaire were not associated with obesity status amongst the participants. In the obese group, more of the males that consumed fruits, French fries, cakes, sweets and doughnuts more than three times per week were likely to be obese, which was not the case for females. CONCLUSION The reported lifestyles of the students could potentially lead to long-term negative health effects, which is of concern given the rising rates of overweight, obesity, and obesity-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among the Kingdom's adult and ageing population. Further studies are recommended to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of Saudi students in the Eastern Province in relation to PA, sedentary behaviours, and dietary habits, along with their views on how these can be improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Woodman
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.
| | - Margaret Coffey
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Anna-Mary Cooper-Ryan
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Nizar Jaoua
- Department of Human and Digital Interface, Woosong University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gonzales GN, Barrion ASA, Lanorio MCL. Knowledge and Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables of Selected Public and Private Senior High School Students in Imus City, Cavite. ACTA MEDICA PHILIPPINA 2024; 58:69-79. [PMID: 38966150 PMCID: PMC11219520 DOI: 10.47895/amp.vi0.6487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Background The 2019 Expanded National Nutrition Survey results showed that the contribution of fruits and vegetables (FV) in the one-day food intake of adolescents only accounted for 2.6% and 5.9%, respectively. Numerous literatures also stated that insufficient intake of FV is associated with the development of most non-communicable diseases. Objectives This study was undertaken to compare the knowledge and consumption of FV between selected respondents from public and private SHS in Imus City. Methods The study used a descriptive research design, and convenience sampling was done to gather respondents. A self-administered questionnaire was developed and the level of knowledge on FV was classified into low, fair, and good. In the evaluation of FV amount consumption, the Daily Nutrition Guide Pyramid for Teens was used. The data were reported in mean, mode, and percentages. Results More public SHS (49%) obtained a good level of knowledge on nutrient contents of FV, and consumed fruits (61%) more than the recommended daily serving. While more private SHS (96%) had a good level of knowledge of its health benefits but consumed vegetables (67%) less than the recommended daily serving. Their most consumed vegetables were dahon ng sili and garlic. The most consumed fruits were Indian mango and pear. Squash (47%) was the most liked vegetable by both groups. The majority of public SHS identified banana (37%) as their most liked fruit while it was mango (22%) for the majority of private SHS. Public SHS respondents were also recorded to have a lower average estimated family expenditure on FV. Conclusion The study concluded that both public and private SHS do not consume adequate amounts of FV despite their good level of knowledge of its nutrients and health benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georrgia N. Gonzales
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food, College of Human Ecology, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Aimee Sheree A. Barrion
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food, College of Human Ecology, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Ma. Cristina L. Lanorio
- Science Education Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Bicutan, Taguig City, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Woelber JP, Gebhardt D, Hujoel PP. Free sugars and gingival inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol 2023; 50:1188-1201. [PMID: 37246336 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM Consumption of free sugars has been associated with chronic non-communicable diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of free-sugar consumption on gingival inflammation using a systematic review and meta-analysis based on the PICO question 'What impact does the restriction of free sugars have on the inflammation of gingival tissue?' MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature review and analyses were based on the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Controlled clinical studies reporting on free-sugar interventions and gingival inflammation were included. Risk of bias was performed with ROBINS-I and ROB-2, and effect sizes were estimated with robust variance meta-regressions. RESULTS Of the 1777 primarily identified studies, 1768 were excluded, and 9 studies with 209 participants with gingival inflammation measures were included. Six of these studies reported on the dental plaque scores of 113 participants. Restriction of free sugars, when compared with no such restriction, was associated with statistically significantly improved gingival health scores (standard mean difference [SMD] = -0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.43 to -0.42, p < .004; I2 [heterogeneity] = 46.8) and a trend towards lower dental plaque scores (SMD = -0.61; 95% CI: -1.28 to 0.05, p < .07; I2 = 41.3). The observed improvement of gingival inflammation scores with restricted consumption of free sugar was robust against various statistical imputations. No meta-regression models were feasible because of the limited number of studies. The median publication year was 1982. Risk-of-bias analysis showed a moderate risk in all studies. CONCLUSION Restriction of free sugar was shown to be associated with reduced gingival inflammation. The systematic review was registered at PROSPERO (CRD 42020157914).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Woelber
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - D Gebhardt
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - P P Hujoel
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Collado-Soler R, Alférez-Pastor M, Torres FL, Trigueros R, Aguilar-Parra JM, Navarro N. A Systematic Review of Healthy Nutrition Intervention Programs in Kindergarten and Primary Education. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030541. [PMID: 36771248 PMCID: PMC9921877 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity and overweight rates are increasing in an exponential way. This type of diet-related health problem has consequences, not only at present but also for children's future lives. For these reasons, it is very important to find a solution, which could be nutrition intervention programs. The main objective of this article is to investigate the effectiveness of nutrition intervention programs in children aged 3-12 around the world. We used SCOPUS, Web of Science, and PubMed databases to carry out this systematic review and we followed the PRISMA statement. Two authors conducted literature searches independently, finding a total of 138 articles. Finally, after a thorough screening, a total of 19 articles were selected for detailed analysis. The results show that, in general, nutrition intervention programs are effective in improving knowledge and behaviors about healthy habits, and, consequently, that the body mass index value is reduced. However, it is true that we found differences between the incomes of families and geographical areas. In conclusion, we encourage school centers to consider including these types of programs in their educational program and bring awareness of the importance of families too.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Collado-Soler
- Hum-878 Research Team, Health Research Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Marina Alférez-Pastor
- Hum-878 Research Team, Health Research Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco L. Torres
- Hum-878 Research Team, Health Research Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Rubén Trigueros
- Department of Language and Education, University of Antonio de Nebrija, 28015 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.T.); (J.M.A.-P.)
| | - Jose M. Aguilar-Parra
- Hum-878 Research Team, Health Research Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.T.); (J.M.A.-P.)
| | - Noelia Navarro
- Hum-878 Research Team, Health Research Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Association between Obesity and Intake of Different Food Groups among Japanese with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus—Japan Diabetes Clinical Data Management Study (JDDM68). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153034. [PMID: 35893888 PMCID: PMC9331232 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We investigated the association between various food groups and obesity in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: 2070 patients with type 2 diabetes who attended 26 diabetes clinics throughout Japan were analyzed and were divided into obese and non-obese groups. Intakes of food groups determined by a food frequency questionnaire were compared. Odds ratios for obesity for quartiles of individual food groups were calculated using a logistic regression model. Results: Non-obese patients consumed a larger variety of food groups than obese patients, with the diets of non-obese individuals closer to the traditional Japanese diet characterized by fish, seaweed, and soybeans/soy products. Among 21 food groups, low vegetable intake and high sweets intake were the most strongly associated with obesity in both men and women. Low intake of both fruits and vegetables and the combination of high intake of sweets and low intake of fruits were associated with obesity. Conclusions: Food groups and their combinations that were strongly associated with obesity in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes were identified. Our findings also suggested an inverse association between the traditional Japanese diet and obesity.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rojas Huayta VM, Galvez-Davila R, Calvo-Torres O, Cardozo Alarcón V, Aparco JP, Silva Fhon JR, Estrada-Acero B, Jaimes-Velásquez C, Céspedes-Panduro B, Espinoza-Bernardo S, Dolores-Maldonado G, Ramírez Ramírez R, Gallo Ruelas M, Arteaga-Romero I, Higa AM. COVID-19, body weight and the neighbourhood: food system dimensions and consumption associated with changes in body weight of Peruvian adults during first wave lockdowns. BMJ Nutr Prev Health 2022; 5:87-97. [PMID: 35814729 PMCID: PMC9108435 DOI: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to assess changes in the dimensions of the food system and consumption associated with body weight variations during the first month's lockdown in Peruvian adults in Metropolitan Lima. METHODS A cross-sectional study conducted during the first months of lockdowns in Peru. 694 adults completed a web-based survey about changes experienced in the process of acquiring food during lockdown, changes in their intake and self-perceived body weight. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the factors associated with changes in body weight. RESULTS Weight gain was perceived in 38% of the participants and 22.8% perceived weight loss. 39.2% did not perceive changes in their weight. Risk factors for body weight gain were increased alcohol consumption (OR=4.510, 95% CI 1.764 to 11.531) and decreased fruit consumption (OR=2.129, 95% CI 1.290 to 3.515), while decreasing cereal intake (OR=0.498, 95% CI 0.269 to 0.922) and choosing nutritious food as a driver for purchase (OR=0.512, 95% CI 0.320 to 0.821) were found to be protective against gaining weight. Decreasing food intake during the pandemic (OR=2.188, 95% CI 1.348 to 3.550) and having to miss important foods (OR=2.354, 95% CI 1.393 to 3.978), were associated with weight loss. CONCLUSIONS During confinement, weight gain was mostly associated with food consumption and personal food system factors. Meanwhile, weight loss was associated with external food system factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Magdalena Rojas Huayta
- Nucleo de Investigación en Alimentación y Nutrición Pública - NIANP, Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Rocio Galvez-Davila
- Nucleo de Investigación en Alimentación y Nutrición Pública - NIANP, Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Oscar Calvo-Torres
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Privada Del Norte - Sede Lima Norte, Lima, Perú
| | - Vanessa Cardozo Alarcón
- Nucleo de Investigación en Alimentación y Nutrición Pública - NIANP, Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Juan Pablo Aparco
- Nucleo de Investigación en Alimentación y Nutrición Pública - NIANP, Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Jack Roberto Silva Fhon
- Departamento de Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bill Estrada-Acero
- Nucleo de Investigación en Alimentación y Nutrición Pública - NIANP, Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Jaimes-Velásquez
- Departamento de Estadística, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Bernardo Céspedes-Panduro
- Departamento de Estadística, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Sissy Espinoza-Bernardo
- Nucleo de Investigación en Alimentación y Nutrición Pública - NIANP, Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Gandy Dolores-Maldonado
- Nucleo de Investigación en Alimentación y Nutrición Pública - NIANP, Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Rofilia Ramírez Ramírez
- Subgerencia de Análisis y Estudios de la Gerencia de Gestión de la información, EsSALUD, Lima, Lima, Peru
| | - Mariano Gallo Ruelas
- Escuela de Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Irene Arteaga-Romero
- Nucleo de Investigación en Alimentación y Nutrición Pública - NIANP, Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Ana Maria Higa
- Nucleo de Investigación en Alimentación y Nutrición Pública - NIANP, Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Changes in Food and Nutrient Intake and Diet Quality on a Low-Fat Vegan Diet Are Associated with Changes in Body Weight, Body Composition, and Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Acad Nutr Diet 2022; 122:1922-1939.e0. [PMID: 35452873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consuming different food groups and nutrients can have differential effects on body weight, body composition, and insulin sensitivity. OBJECTIVE The aim was to identify how food group, nutrient intake, and diet quality change relative to usual-diet controls after 16 weeks on a low-fat vegan diet and what associations those changes have with changes in body weight, body composition, and measures of metabolic health. DESIGN Secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial conducted between October 2016 and December 2018 in four replications. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Participants included in this analysis were 219 healthy, community-based adults in the Washington, DC, area, with a body mass index (BMI) between 28 and 40 kg/m2, who were randomly assigned to follow either a low-fat vegan diet or make no diet changes. INTERVENTION A low-fat, vegan diet deriving approximately 10% of energy from fat, with weekly classes including dietary instruction, group discussion, and education on the health effects of plant-based nutrition. Control group participants continued their usual diets. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in food group intake, macro- and micronutrient intake, and dietary quality as measured by Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010), analyzed from 3-day diet records, and associations with changes in body weight, body composition, and insulin sensitivity were assessed. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED A repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) model that included the factors group, subject, and time, was used to test the between-group differences throughout the 16-week study. Interaction between group and time (Gxt) was calculated for each variable. Within each diet group, paired comparison t-tests were calculated to identify significant changes from baseline to 16 weeks. Spearman correlations were calculated for the relationship between changes in food group intake, nutrient intake, AHEI-2010 score, and changes in body weight, body composition, and insulin sensitivity. The relative contribution of food groups and nutrients to weight loss was evaluated using linear regression. RESULTS Fruit, vegetable, legume, meat alternative, and whole grain intake significantly increased in the vegan group. Intake of meat, fish and poultry; dairy products; eggs; nuts and seeds; and added fats decreased. Decreased weight was most associated with increased intake of legumes (r=-0.38; p<.0001) and decreased intake of total meat, fish, and poultry (r=+0.43; p<.0001). Those consuming a low-fat vegan diet also increased their intake of carbohydrates, fiber, and several micronutrients and decreased fat intake. Reduced fat intake was associated with reduced body weight (r=+0.15; p=0.02) and, after adjustment for changes in BMI and energy intake, with reduced fat mass (r=+0.14; p=0.04). The intervention group's AHEI-2010 increased by 6.0 points on average in contrast to no significant change in the control group (treatment effect +7.2 [95% CI +3.7 to +10.7]; p<0.001). Increase in AHEI-2010 correlated with reduction in body weight (r=0.14; p=0.04), fat mass (r=-0.14; p=0.03), and insulin resistance as measured by HOMA-IR (r=-0.17; p=0.02), after adjustment for changes in energy intake. CONCLUSIONS When compared with participants' usual diets, intake of plant foods increased, and consumption of animal foods, nuts and seeds, and added fats decreased on a low-fat vegan diet. Increased legume intake was the best single food group predictor of weight loss. Diet quality as measured by AHEI-2010 improved on the low-fat vegan diet, which was associated with improvements in weight and metabolic outcomes. These data suggest that increasing low-fat plant foods and minimizing high-fat and animal foods is associated with decreased body weight and fat loss, and that a low-fat vegan diet can improve measures of diet quality and metabolic health.
Collapse
|
9
|
Øvrebø B, Stea TH, Bergh IH, Bere E, Surén P, Magnus P, Juliusson PB, Wills AK. A nationwide school fruit and vegetable policy and childhood and adolescent overweight: A quasi-natural experimental study. PLoS Med 2022; 19:e1003881. [PMID: 35041660 PMCID: PMC8765663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND School free fruit and vegetable (FFV) policies are used to promote healthy dietary habits and tackle obesity; however, our understanding of their effects on weight outcomes is limited. We assess the effect of a nationwide FFV policy on childhood and adolescent weight status and explore heterogeneity by sex and socioeconomic position. METHODS AND FINDINGS This study used a quasi-natural experimental design. Between 2007 and 2014, Norwegian combined schools (grades 1-10, age 6 to 16 years) were obligated to provide FFVs while elementary schools (grades 1-7) were not. We used 4 nationwide studies (n = 11,215 children) from the Norwegian Growth Cohort with longitudinal or cross-sectional anthropometric data up to age 8.5 and 13 years to capture variation in FFV exposure. Outcomes were body mass index standard deviation score (BMISDS), overweight and obesity (OW/OB), waist circumference (WC), and weight to height ratio (WtHR) at age 8.5 years, and BMISDS and OW/OB at age 13 years. Analyses included longitudinal models of the pre- and post-exposure trajectories to estimate the policy effect. The participation rate in each cohort was >80%, and in most analyses <4% were excluded due to missing data. Estimates were adjusted for region, population density, and parental education. In pooled models additionally adjusted for pre-exposure BMISDS, there was little evidence of any benefit or unintended consequence from 1-2.5 years of exposure to the FFV policy on BMISDS, OW/OB, WC, or WtHR in either sex. For example, boys exposed to the FFV policy had a 0.05 higher BMISDS (95% CI: -0.04, 0.14), a 1.20-fold higher odds of OW/OB (95% CI: 0.86, 1.66) and a 0.3 cm bigger WC (95% CI: -0.3, 0.8); while exposed girls had a 0.04 higher BMISDS (95% CI: -0.04, 0.13), a 1.03 fold higher odds of OW/OB (95% CI: 0.75, 1.39), and a 0-cm difference in WC (95% CI: -0.6, 0.6). There was evidence of heterogeneity in the policy effect estimates at 8.5 years across cohorts and socioeconomic position; however, these results were inconsistent with other comparisons. Analysis at age 13 years, after 4 years of policy exposure, also showed little evidence of an effect on BMISDS or OW/OB. The main limitations of this study are the potential for residual confounding and exposure misclassification, despite efforts to minimize their impact on conclusions. CONCLUSIONS In this study we observed little evidence that the Norwegian nationwide FFV policy had any notable beneficial effect or unintended consequence on weight status among Norwegian children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bente Øvrebø
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Department of Health and Inequalities, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Evaluation of Public Health Measures, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Tonje H. Stea
- Department of Health and Nursing Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Department of Child and Adolescence Mental Health, Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Ingunn H. Bergh
- Department of Health and Inequalities, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elling Bere
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Department of Health and Inequalities, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Evaluation of Public Health Measures, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Surén
- Department of Child Health and Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Magnus
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Petur B. Juliusson
- Department of Health Registry Research and Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Children and Youth Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andrew K. Wills
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
MOURA SCSRD, VIALTA A. Review: use of fruits and vegetables in processed foods: consumption trends and technological impacts. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.66421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
González-Torres S, González-Silva N, Pérez-Reyes Á, Anaya-Esparza LM, Sánchez-Enríquez S, Vargas-Becerra PN, Villagrán Z, García-García MR. Food Consumption and Metabolic Risks in Young University Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010449. [PMID: 35010709 PMCID: PMC8744619 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between components of the diet, metabolic risks, and the serum concentrations of adiponectin and interleukin-6 (IL-6). With prior informed consent, an analytical cross-sectional study was carried out with 72 students in their first year of university. The subjects had a mean age of 19.2 ± 1.0 years and body mass index of 23.38 ± 4.2, and they were mainly women (80.6%). Sociodemographic, anthropometric, and dietary data and metabolic risk factors were evaluated, and biochemical parameters and adipocytokines were also considered. The data were analyzed using means, ranges, and correlations, as well as principal components. In general, the protein, fat, and sodium intake were higher than the international dietary recommendations, and deficiencies in vitamins B5 and E, potassium, phosphorus, selenium, and zinc were observed. The most frequently observed metabolic risks were insulin resistance and hypoalphalipoproteinemia. IL-6 was positively correlated with lipid and protein intake. Adiponectin showed a positive correlation with high-density lipoprotein and a negative correlation with insulin, weight, and waist, while the adiponectin pattern was similar to that of vitamins E and A, which decreased with increasing intake of calories, macronutrients, and sodium. In general, a hypercaloric diet that was high in protein, fat, and sodium and deficient in vitamins, mainly fat-soluble, was associated with a lower concentration of adiponectin and a higher concentration of IL-6, which favor the presence of metabolic risks, including insulin resistance. Intervention studies are required to evaluate the dietary intake of metabolic markers in young people without comorbidities, which will lay the foundation for implementing prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sughey González-Torres
- Division de Ciencias Biomedicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Tepatitlan de Morelos 47620, Mexico; (S.G.-T.); (Á.P.-R.); (S.S.-E.); (P.N.V.-B.)
| | - Napoleón González-Silva
- Division de Ciencias Agropecuarias e Ingenierias, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Tepatitlan de Morelos 47620, Mexico; (N.G.-S.); (L.M.A.-E.)
| | - Ángel Pérez-Reyes
- Division de Ciencias Biomedicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Tepatitlan de Morelos 47620, Mexico; (S.G.-T.); (Á.P.-R.); (S.S.-E.); (P.N.V.-B.)
| | - Luis Miguel Anaya-Esparza
- Division de Ciencias Agropecuarias e Ingenierias, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Tepatitlan de Morelos 47620, Mexico; (N.G.-S.); (L.M.A.-E.)
| | - Sergio Sánchez-Enríquez
- Division de Ciencias Biomedicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Tepatitlan de Morelos 47620, Mexico; (S.G.-T.); (Á.P.-R.); (S.S.-E.); (P.N.V.-B.)
| | - Patricia N. Vargas-Becerra
- Division de Ciencias Biomedicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Tepatitlan de Morelos 47620, Mexico; (S.G.-T.); (Á.P.-R.); (S.S.-E.); (P.N.V.-B.)
| | - Zuamí Villagrán
- Division de Ciencias Biomedicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Tepatitlan de Morelos 47620, Mexico; (S.G.-T.); (Á.P.-R.); (S.S.-E.); (P.N.V.-B.)
- Correspondence: (Z.V.); (M.R.G.-G.)
| | - Maritza R. García-García
- Programa Internacional de Medicina, Unidad Academica de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Lomas del Valle, Zapopan 45129, Mexico
- Correspondence: (Z.V.); (M.R.G.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bondonno NP, Davey RJ, Murray K, Radavelli-Bagatini S, Bondonno CP, Blekkenhorst LC, Sim M, Magliano DJ, Daly RM, Shaw JE, Lewis JR, Hodgson JM. Associations Between Fruit Intake and Risk of Diabetes in the AusDiab Cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e4097-e4108. [PMID: 34076673 PMCID: PMC8475213 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fruit, but not fruit juice, intake is inversely associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, questions remain about the mechanisms by which fruits may confer protection. OBJECTIVE The aims of this work were to examine associations between intake of fruit types and 1) measures of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and 2) diabetes at follow-up. METHODS Among participants of the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study, fruit and fruit juice intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Associations between fruit and fruit juice intake and 1) fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour postload plasma glucose, updated homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance of β-cell function (HOMA2-%β), HOMA2 of insulin sensitivity (HOMA2-%S), and fasting insulin levels at baseline and 2) the presence of diabetes at follow-up (5 and 12 years) were assessed using restricted cubic splines in logistic and linear regression models. RESULTS This population of 7675 Australians (45% males) had a mean ± SD age of 54 ± 12 years at baseline. Total fruit intake was inversely associated with serum insulin and HOMA2-%β, and positively associated with HOMA2-%S at baseline. Compared to participants with the lowest intakes (quartile 1), participants with moderate total fruit intakes (quartile 3) had 36% lower odds of having diabetes at 5 years (odds ratio, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.44-0.92), after adjusting for dietary and lifestyle confounders. Associations with 12-year outcomes were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION A healthy diet including whole fruits, but not fruit juice, may play a role in mitigating T2DM risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola P Bondonno
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia 6027, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
- Correspondence: Nicola P. Bondonno, PhD, Edith Cowan University, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Level 4, Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation, Rear 50 Murray St, Perth Western Australia, WA 6000 Australia.
| | - Raymond J Davey
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Kevin Murray
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Simone Radavelli-Bagatini
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Catherine P Bondonno
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia 6027, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| | - Lauren C Blekkenhorst
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia 6027, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| | - Marc Sim
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia 6027, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| | - Dianna J Magliano
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (HDI), Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Robin M Daly
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Jonathan E Shaw
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (HDI), Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia 6027, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Hodgson
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia 6027, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Baldwin JN, Ashton LM, Forder PM, Haslam RL, Hure AJ, Loxton DJ, Patterson AJ, Collins CE. Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Variety over Time Is Associated with Lower 15-Year Healthcare Costs: Results from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:2829. [PMID: 34444989 PMCID: PMC8398554 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthcare costs are lower for adults who consume more vegetables; however, the association between healthcare costs and fruit and vegetable varieties is unclear. Our aim was to investigate the association between (i) baseline fruit and vegetable (F&V) varieties, and (ii) changes in F&V varieties over time with 15-year healthcare costs in an Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. The data for Survey 3 (n = 8833 women, aged 50-55 years) and Survey 7 (n = 6955, aged 62-67 years) of the 1946-1951 cohort were used. The F&V variety was assessed using the Fruit and Vegetable Variety (FAVVA) index calculated from the Cancer Council of Victoria's Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies food frequency questionnaire. The baseline FAVVA and change in FAVVA were analysed as continuous predictors of Medicare claims/costs by using multiple regression analyses. Healthy weight women made, on average, 4.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7-6.8) fewer claims for every 10-point-higher FAVVA. Healthy weight women with higher fruit varieties incurred fewer charges; however, this was reversed for women overweight/obese. Across the sample, for every 10-point increase in FAVVA over time, women made 4.3 (95% CI 1.9-6.8) fewer claims and incurred $309.1 (95% CI $129.3-488.8) less in charges over 15 years. A higher F&V variety is associated with a small reduction in healthcare claims for healthy weight women only. An increasing F&V variety over time is associated with lower healthcare costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N. Baldwin
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.N.B.); (L.M.A.); (R.L.H.); (A.J.P.)
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Lee M. Ashton
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.N.B.); (L.M.A.); (R.L.H.); (A.J.P.)
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Peta M. Forder
- Priority Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (P.M.F.); (A.J.H.); (D.J.L.)
| | - Rebecca L. Haslam
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.N.B.); (L.M.A.); (R.L.H.); (A.J.P.)
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Alexis J. Hure
- Priority Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (P.M.F.); (A.J.H.); (D.J.L.)
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Deborah J. Loxton
- Priority Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (P.M.F.); (A.J.H.); (D.J.L.)
| | - Amanda J. Patterson
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.N.B.); (L.M.A.); (R.L.H.); (A.J.P.)
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Clare E. Collins
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.N.B.); (L.M.A.); (R.L.H.); (A.J.P.)
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fenton S, Burrows TL, Collins CE, Rayward AT, Murawski B, Duncan MJ. Efficacy of a Multi-Component m-Health Diet, Physical Activity, and Sleep Intervention on Dietary Intake in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072468. [PMID: 34371975 PMCID: PMC8308779 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This three-arm randomised controlled trial evaluated whether (1) a multi-component weight loss intervention targeting diet, physical activity (PA), and sleep was effective at improving dietary intake over six months and 12 months, compared with a control, and (2) the enhanced diet, PA, and sleep intervention was more effective at improving dietary intake than the traditional diet and PA intervention. A total of 116 adults (70% female, 44.5 years, BMI 31.7 kg/m2) were randomised to either traditional diet and PA intervention; enhanced diet, PA, and sleep intervention; or wait-list control. To examine between-group differences, intervention groups were pooled and compared with the control. Then, the two intervention groups were compared. At six months, the pooled intervention group consumed 1011 fewer kilojoules/day (95% CI −1922, −101), less sodium (−313.2 mg/day; 95% CI −591.3, −35.0), and higher %EI from fruit (+2.1%EI; 95% CI 0.1, 4.1) than the controls. There were no differences in intake between the enhanced and traditional groups at six months. At 12 months, the pooled intervention and control groups reported no significant differences. However, compared to the traditional group, the enhanced reported higher %EI from nutrient-dense foods (+7.4%EI; 95% CI 1.3, 13.5) and protein (+2.4%EI; 95% CI 0.1, 4.6), and reduced %EI from fried/takeaway foods (−3.6%EI; 95% CI −6.5, −0.7), baked sweet products (−2.0%EI; 95% CI −3.6, −0.4), and packaged snacks (−1.1%EI; 95% CI −2.2, −0.3). This weight loss intervention reduced total energy and sodium intakes as well as increased fruit intake in adults at six months. The enhanced intervention group reported improved dietary intake relative to the traditional group at 12 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Fenton
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (S.F.); (T.L.B.); (C.E.C.); (A.T.R.); (B.M.)
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Tracy L. Burrows
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (S.F.); (T.L.B.); (C.E.C.); (A.T.R.); (B.M.)
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Clare E. Collins
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (S.F.); (T.L.B.); (C.E.C.); (A.T.R.); (B.M.)
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Anna T. Rayward
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (S.F.); (T.L.B.); (C.E.C.); (A.T.R.); (B.M.)
- School of Education, College of Human and Social Futures, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Beatrice Murawski
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (S.F.); (T.L.B.); (C.E.C.); (A.T.R.); (B.M.)
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Mitch J. Duncan
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (S.F.); (T.L.B.); (C.E.C.); (A.T.R.); (B.M.)
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee J, Allen J. Gender Differences in Healthy and Unhealthy Food Consumption and Its Relationship with Depression in Young Adulthood. Community Ment Health J 2021; 57:898-909. [PMID: 32602082 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-020-00672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the relationship between the consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods and depression among young adults and the moderating effect of gender on these relationships. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 for Children and Young Adults (NLSY79 CY) was used. A total of 2983 young adults were selected for the final sample. Logistic Regression Analysis and Ordinary Linear Regression were conducted to examine the research questions. Young men were overall more likely than young women to engage in negative eating habits. The consumption of healthy foods, which included fruits and vegetables, had a significant inverse relationship with depression. An interaction effect was found, indicating that gender moderated the relationship between fruit consumption and depression among young adults. Young males need to be taught more about the importance of good eating habits. Eating more fruits and vegetables (healthy foods) is more important than avoiding fast food or soft drinks (unhealthy foods) for young adults' mental health. The gender differences in the effect of fruit consumption implies that increased fruit consumption may be critical to reduce young females' depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Lee
- Department of Social Welfare, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jennifer Allen
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
López-Sobaler AM, Aparicio A, López Díaz-Ufano ML, Ortega RM, Álvarez-Bueno C. Effect of dairy intake with or without energy restriction on body composition of adults: overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev 2021; 78:901-913. [PMID: 32249301 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Some studies suggest that consumption of dairy products can aid in weight loss, while others suggest a negative effect or no effect. OBJECTIVE An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses was conducted to examine the effect of dairy product consumption on changes in body composition. DATA SOURCES PRISMA guidelines were followed to ensure transparent reporting of evidence. The MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Database of Systematic Reviews, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to April 2018. STUDY SELECTION Six systematic reviews and 47 associated meta-analyses (which included the results of 58 different randomized controlled trials) published in English or Spanish and reporting data on dairy intake and changes in weight, fat mass, lean mass, or waist circumference were included. DATA EXTRACTION Two authors independently extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias using the AMSTAR2 tool. RESULTS Dairy consumption interventions without dietary energy restriction had no significant effects on weight, fat mass, lean mass, or waist circumference. Interventions in energy-restricted settings had significant effects on fat mass and body weight. CONCLUSIONS Increasing total dairy intake without energy restriction in adults does not affect body composition. In the context of an energy-restricted diet, however, increased dairy intake results in lower fat mass and body weight but has no conclusive effects on waist circumference or lean mass. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration number CRD42018094672.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M López-Sobaler
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Aparicio
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rosa M Ortega
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Álvarez-Bueno
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chaves OC, Velasquez-Melendez G, Costa DADS, Andrade RGD, Caiaffa WT. [Cooccurrence of obesogenic risk factors in Brazilian adolescents: the role of sociodemographic characteristics and parental presence]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2021; 37:e00013120. [PMID: 33852658 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00013120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of cooccurrence of obesogenic risk factors in Brazilian adolescents and associated sociodemographic and family characteristics. This is a cross-sectional study of data from the Brazilian National School Health Survey, 2009 (n = 53,274). The outcome variable (cooccurrence of obesogenic risk factors) varied from zero to five and was obtained as the sum of the risk behaviors: daily consumption of soft drinks; daily consumption of candy; insufficient consumption of fruits; insufficient consumption of vegetables; and insufficient physical activity. The explanatory variables were sex, age, skin color, region of Brazil, household goods and services score, maternal schooling, type of school, family composition, parental monitoring, and main meals shared with parents or guardians. A Venn diagram was used for exploratory analysis, plus ordinal logistic regression with partial proportional odds model for multivariate analysis. The results showed higher odds of simultaneous occurrence of the factors in adolescent girls, in teens with less parental supervision, and teens who shared fewer meals with their parents or guardians. Meanwhile, adolescents living in more developed regions of the country and those whose mothers had more schooling showed lower odds of cooccurrence of obesogenic risk factors. Actions that encourage greater family involvement and supervision in dietary behavior can have a positive impact on the prevention of obesity in Brazilian adolescents, especially in less developed regions and in homes where the mothers have less schooling.
Collapse
|
18
|
Jang C, Wada S, Yang S, Gosis B, Zeng X, Zhang Z, Shen Y, Lee G, Arany Z, Rabinowitz JD. The small intestine shields the liver from fructose-induced steatosis. Nat Metab 2020; 2:586-593. [PMID: 32694791 PMCID: PMC8020332 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Per capita fructose consumption has increased 100-fold over the last century1. Epidemiological studies suggest that excessive fructose consumption, and especially consumption of sweet drinks, is associated with hyperlipidaemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity and diabetes2-7. Fructose metabolism begins with its phosphorylation by the enzyme ketohexokinase (KHK), which exists in two alternatively spliced forms8. The more active isozyme, KHK-C, is expressed most strongly in the liver, but also substantially in the small intestine9,10 where it drives dietary fructose absorption and conversion into other metabolites before fructose reaches the liver11-13. It is unclear whether intestinal fructose metabolism prevents or contributes to fructose-induced lipogenesis and liver pathology. Here we show that intestinal fructose catabolism mitigates fructose-induced hepatic lipogenesis. In mice, intestine-specific KHK-C deletion increases dietary fructose transit to the liver and gut microbiota and sensitizes mice to fructose's hyperlipidaemic effects and hepatic steatosis. In contrast, intestine-specific KHK-C overexpression promotes intestinal fructose clearance and decreases fructose-induced lipogenesis. Thus, intestinal fructose clearance capacity controls the rate at which fructose can be safely ingested. Consistent with this, we show that the same amount of fructose is more strongly lipogenic when drunk than eaten, or when administered as a single gavage, as opposed to multiple doses spread over 45 min. Collectively, these data demonstrate that fructose induces lipogenesis when its dietary intake rate exceeds the intestinal clearance capacity. In the modern context of ready food availability, the resulting fructose spillover drives metabolic syndrome. Slower fructose intake, tailored to intestinal capacity, can mitigate these consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Shogo Wada
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven Yang
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bridget Gosis
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xianfeng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Zhaoyue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yihui Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Gina Lee
- Meyer Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dreher ML, Ford NA. A Comprehensive Critical Assessment of Increased Fruit and Vegetable Intake on Weight Loss in Women. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071919. [PMID: 32610460 PMCID: PMC7399879 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
No previous reviews or meta-analyses have specifically assessed the effects of increased fruit and vegetable (FV) intake on weight loss with a primary focus on women. Several studies show differences between men and women in how increased FV intake affects their weight loss and maintenance, risk of becoming overweight or obese, and the influence of eating speed and frequency on weight control. This analysis provides a comprehensive and visual assessment of the effects of increasing FV intake and long-term weight change from observational studies and weight loss from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in women. Consistent evidence from prospective studies and RCTs shows that increased intake of FV is a chief contributor to weight loss in women. This effect is enhanced with concurrent dietary restriction of high energy density (ED) or high-fat foods. Yet, the type of FV differentially impacts weight loss in women. Whole FV intake may influence weight through a variety of mechanisms including a reduction in eating rate, providing a satisfying, very-low to low energy density, low glycemic load or low-fat content. Also, FV are the primary source of dietary fiber, which can provide additional support for weight loss in women when consumed at adequate levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Dreher
- Nutrition Science Solutions, LLC, 900 S Rainbow Ranch Rd, Wimberley, TX 78676, USA;
| | - Nikki A. Ford
- Avocado Nutrition Center, 25212 Marguerite Pkwy Ste. 250, Mission Viejo, CA 92692, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-949-341-3250
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Association between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Physical Fitness with Body Composition Parameters in 1717 European Adolescents: The AdolesHealth Study. Nutrients 2019; 12:nu12010077. [PMID: 31892139 PMCID: PMC7019378 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, low levels of physical fitness, and unhealthy eating patterns are responsible for part of the health problems of adolescents today. The current study aimed at examining the association between the adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), through each answer to the items of the Adherence to the MD Questionnaire (KIDMED), and physical fitness with body composition parameters (body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat, and waist circumference) in 1717 European adolescents (N = 900 boys, N = 817 girls). Data of body composition, physical fitness results, and the answers to KIDMED were analyzed by the Student’s t-test. Additionally, the effect size (ES) was calculated and a Chi-square test analyzed the proportion of participants with and without over waist circumference, overfat, and overweight in each KIDMED question. The relative risk of suffering over waist circumference, overfat and overweight in relation to the responses was calculated by Odd-Ratio. Adherence to the MD did not influence the condition of over waist circumference, overfat and overweight, although certain dietary habits were identified as risk factors for their development. Over waist circumference, overfat, and overweight boys and girls presented higher levels of body mass, waist circumference, body fat percentage, and BMI (p < 0.001; ES = 1.73–3.38), as well as lower levels of all the parameters of the physical fitness analyzed (p < 0.001; ES = 0.45–1.08), except the handgrip test. A direct relationship between fitness and over waist circumference, overfat, and overweight was found.
Collapse
|