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Yarahmadi A, Afkhami H. Potential relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and autoimmune disorders: A narrative review. Microb Pathog 2025; 205:107572. [PMID: 40220801 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2025] [Accepted: 04/09/2025] [Indexed: 04/14/2025]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral-shaped, gram-negative, flagellated bacteria that causes gastritis symptoms. This bacterium, particularly in individuals with a genetic predisposition, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases (AD) through complex mechanisms involving the interaction of cellular and humoral immune responses. This review article tells you about the link between H. pylori infection and several types of AD, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjögren syndrome (SjS), psoriasis, and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the current literature to elucidate the potential role of H. pylori as a triggering factor for these disorders. Our findings suggest a significant correlation between H. pylori infection and the onset or exacerbation of specific ADs. This relationship is common mechanisms, including molecular mimicry, chronic inflammation, epitope spreading, and cytokine dysregulation. While H. pylori is implicated in AD, other factors such as genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and other microbial agents also play crucial roles. Other pathogens, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Chlamydia pneumoniae have been linked to ADs. These shared pathways highlight the potential role of H. pylori as a unifying factor in the pathogenesis of diverse ADs. Further research is necessary to fully understand the interactions between H. pylori and the immune system in the context of autoimmunity. This review aims to provide a detailed overview of the knowledge on this topic, highlighting the need for additional studies to clarify these complex relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Yarahmadi
- Department of Biology, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hamed Afkhami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Amen RA, Hassan YM, Essmat RA, Ahmed RH, Azab MM, Shehata NR, Elgazzar MM, El-Sayed WM. Harnessing the Microbiome: CRISPR-Based Gene Editing and Antimicrobial Peptides in Combating Antibiotic Resistance and Cancer. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2025:10.1007/s12602-025-10573-8. [PMID: 40377870 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-025-10573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2025] [Indexed: 05/18/2025]
Abstract
The growing crisis of antibiotic resistance and the increasing incidence of cancer have prompted the exploration of innovative approaches, such as gene editing and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The human microbiome is integral to various aspects of health, disease, and therapeutic development, influencing metabolic pathways, immune function, and pathogen resistance. Recent advances in gene editing technologies, particularly CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats), have opened new avenues for leveraging the microbiome to address complex medical challenges, including combating multidrug-resistant pathogens and cancer. The microbiome plays a crucial role in combating antibiotic resistance by modulating microbial communities, influencing pathogen survival and susceptibility to treatments. This review explores the microbiome's dynamic role in metabolic regulation, its contribution to cancer management, and how AMPs help maintain homeostasis and exhibit emerging anticancer properties, supported by both preclinical findings and clinical evidence. Additionally, CRISPR-based microbiome engineering offers potential to enhance host-microbiome interactions, optimizing therapeutic outcomes. The integration of microbiome metagenomics and proteomics has led to the discovery of novel AMPs with targeted anticancer effects. Innovative strategies, such as engineered probiotics and CRISPR-based microbiome engineering, present exciting prospects for next-generation therapies. Despite these advances, the translation of microbiome-based therapies into clinical settings remains challenging due to ethical, regulatory, and ecological hurdles. This review underscores the transformative potential of microbiome-based interventions, emphasizing the role of personalized medicine in maximizing therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, we also address critical research gaps, limitations, and future directions, including optimizing AMP stability, delivery, and bioavailability, as well as overcoming the regulatory and ethical challenges in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa A Amen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yaser M Hassan
- Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Rawan A Essmat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Information and Technology, Cairo, 11728, Egypt
| | - Rana H Ahmed
- Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Marwan M Azab
- Molecular Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia R Shehata
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, 12596, Egypt
| | | | - Wael M El-Sayed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
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3
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Mavaei M, Farokhi S, Yousefi MH, Fakouri A, Shadab A, Abdolmohammadi MH, Fallahian F, Afkhami H. Exploring two tumor treatment strategies: effectiveness of ribosome inactivating proteins and mesenchymal stem cells/MSC derived extracellular vesicles in cancer treatment. Front Oncol 2025; 15:1533065. [PMID: 40444089 PMCID: PMC12120475 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1533065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2025] [Indexed: 06/02/2025] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease that often requires multifaceted treatment strategies to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes. Given the limitations of single-agent therapies, particularly in the face of intricate biological signaling networks and treatment resistance, there is a growing need for combinatory approaches. This article presents a novel hypothesis: the simultaneous use of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cancer treatment. RIPs, with their potent cytotoxic properties, can target tumor cells effectively, while MSCs, known for their tumor-homing abilities and regenerative potential, can serve as delivery vehicles, potentially enhancing the targeting precision and reducing the systemic toxicity of RIPs. This hypothesis explores the synergistic potential of combining these two therapeutic modalities, leveraging the advantages of both techniques to create a more effective cancer treatment strategy. By combining RIPs' ability to inhibit protein synthesis with MSCs or MSC-derived EVs' capability to modulate the tumor microenvironment and deliver therapeutic agents. This approach offers a promising avenue for overcoming cancer's inherent complexity. However, challenges remain, such as optimizing dosing protocols, addressing safety concerns, and ensuring efficient drug delivery. Future research and clinical trials are necessary to validate this combination as a viable cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryamosadat Mavaei
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Simin Farokhi
- Student Research Committee, USERN Office, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Yousefi
- Student Research Committee, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Arshia Fakouri
- Student Research Committee, USERN Office, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Alireza Shadab
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Deputy of Health, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Faranak Fallahian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Hamed Afkhami
- Student Research Committee, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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Kiran NS, Chatterjee A, Yashaswini C, Deshmukh R, Alsaidan OA, Bhattacharya S, Prajapati BG. The gastrointestinal mycobiome in inflammation and cancer: unraveling fungal dysbiosis, pathogenesis, and therapeutic potential. Med Oncol 2025; 42:195. [PMID: 40323477 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-025-02761-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2025] [Accepted: 04/28/2025] [Indexed: 06/01/2025]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mycobiome, comprising diverse fungal species, plays a significant role in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis. Recent studies have demonstrated that dysbiosis of the gut mycobiome, characterized by an overrepresentation of pathogenic fungi such as Candida albicans and Aspergillus, correlates with increased inflammation and cancer risk. For instance, C. albicans has been shown to induce colonic inflammation through the activation of pattern recognition receptors and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, exacerbating IBD symptoms and potentially facilitating tumorigenesis. Additionally, metagenomic analyses have revealed distinct fungal signatures in colorectal cancer tissues compared to adjacent healthy tissues, highlighting the potential of fungi as biomarkers for disease progression. Mechanistically, gut fungi contribute to disease through biofilm formation, mycotoxin secretion (e.g., aflatoxins, candidalysin), pro-inflammatory cytokine induction (e.g., IL-1β, IL-17), and disruption of epithelial barriers-creating a tumor-promoting and inflammation-prone environment. Furthermore, the interplay between fungi and the bacterial microbiome can amplify inflammatory responses, contributing to chronic inflammation and cancer development. Fungal interactions with bacterial communities also play a synergistic role in shaping mucosal immune responses and enhancing disease severity in both cancer and IBD contexts. As research continues to elucidate these complex fungal-host and fungal-bacterial interactions, targeting the gut mycobiome may offer novel therapeutic avenues for managing IBD and gastrointestinal cancers, emphasizing the need for integrated, mechanistically informed approaches to microbiome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakanta Sarvashiva Kiran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Ankita Chatterjee
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandrashekar Yashaswini
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohitas Deshmukh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Omar Awad Alsaidan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, 72341, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-Be University, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Bhupendra G Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shree S K Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, 384012, Gujarat, India.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand.
- Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India.
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Kim K, Lee M, Shin Y, Lee Y, Kim TJ. Optimizing Cancer Treatment Through Gut Microbiome Modulation. Cancers (Basel) 2025; 17:1252. [PMID: 40227841 PMCID: PMC11988035 DOI: 10.3390/cancers17071252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2025] [Revised: 03/30/2025] [Accepted: 04/05/2025] [Indexed: 04/15/2025] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in modulating cancer therapies, including immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Emerging evidence demonstrates its influence on treatment efficacy, immune response, and resistance mechanisms. Specific microbial taxa enhance immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy, while dysbiosis can contribute to adverse outcomes. Chemotherapy effectiveness is also influenced by microbiome composition, with engineered probiotics and prebiotics offering promising strategies to enhance drug delivery and reduce toxicity. Moreover, microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, and engineered microbial systems have shown potential to improve therapeutic responses. These findings underscore the importance of personalized microbiome-based approaches in optimizing cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuri Kim
- College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-ro 2-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea;
| | - Mingyu Lee
- College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (M.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yoojin Shin
- College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (M.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yoonji Lee
- College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (M.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Tae-Jung Kim
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 10, 63-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07345, Republic of Korea
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Abolhasani FS, Vaghefinanekaran N, Yarahmadi A, Akrami S, Mirmahdavi S, Yousefi MH, Afkhami H, Shafiei M. Outer membrane vesicles in gram-negative bacteria and its correlation with pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2025; 16:1541636. [PMID: 40236702 PMCID: PMC11996793 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1541636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2025] [Indexed: 04/17/2025] Open
Abstract
There is a widespread distribution of gram-negative bacteria worldwide, which are responsible for the deaths of numerous patients each year. The illnesses they cause can be localized and systemic, and these bacteria possess several key virulence factors that contribute to their pathogenicity. In recent years, several distinct mechanisms of pathogenesis have evolved that remain largely unknown to scientists and medical experts. Among these, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are undoubtedly one of the most significant factors influencing virulence. OMVs contain various bacterial compounds and can have diverse effects on host organisms and the immune system, potentially exacerbating disease and inflammation while evading immune responses. This review comprehensively examines the role of OMVs in bacterial pathogenesis, their interaction with host cells, and their potential biomedical applications. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing OMV biogenesis and function could pave the way for novel antimicrobial strategies and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadat Abolhasani
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Aref Yarahmadi
- Department of Biology, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Sousan Akrami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Mirmahdavi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Yousefi
- Student Research Committee, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Hamed Afkhami
- Student Research Committee, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morvarid Shafiei
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Yarahmadi A, Najafiyan H, Yousefi MH, Khosravi E, Shabani E, Afkhami H, Aghaei SS. Beyond antibiotics: exploring multifaceted approaches to combat bacterial resistance in the modern era: a comprehensive review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2025; 15:1493915. [PMID: 40176987 PMCID: PMC11962305 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1493915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2025] [Indexed: 04/05/2025] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics represent one of the most significant medical breakthroughs of the twentieth century, playing a critical role in combating bacterial infections. However, the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance has become a major global health crisis, significantly complicating treatment protocols. This paper provides a narrative review of the current state of antibiotic resistance, synthesizing findings from primary research and comprehensive review articles to examine the various mechanisms bacteria employ to counteract antibiotics. One of the primary sources of antibiotic resistance is the improper use of antibiotics in the livestock industry. The emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms from human activities and industrial livestock production has presented significant environmental and public health concerns. Today, resistant nosocomial infections occur following long-term hospitalization of patients, causing the death of many people, so there is an urgent need for alternative treatments. In response to this crisis, non-antibiotic therapeutic strategies have been proposed, including bacteriophages, probiotics, postbiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), nanoparticles (NPs), antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), antibodies, traditional medicines, and the toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. While these approaches offer innovative solutions for addressing bacterial infections and preserving the efficacy of antimicrobial therapies, challenges such as safety, cost-effectiveness, regulatory hurdles, and large-scale implementation remain. This review examines the potential and limitations of these strategies, offering a balanced perspective on their role in managing bacterial infections and mitigating the broader impact of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Yarahmadi
- Department of Biology, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hamide Najafiyan
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Yousefi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Elham Khosravi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Shabani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Afkhami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Soheil Aghaei
- Department of Microbiology, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Qom Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
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Yarahmadi A, Afkhami H, Javadi A, Kashfi M. Understanding the complex function of gut microbiota: its impact on the pathogenesis of obesity and beyond: a comprehensive review. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2024; 16:308. [PMID: 39710683 PMCID: PMC11664868 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-024-01561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2024] [Accepted: 12/15/2024] [Indexed: 12/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial condition influenced by genetic, environmental, and microbiome-related factors. The gut microbiome plays a vital role in maintaining intestinal health, increasing mucus creation, helping the intestinal epithelium mend, and regulating short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. These tasks are vital for managing metabolism and maintaining energy balance. Dysbiosis-an imbalance in the microbiome-leads to increased appetite and the rise of metabolic disorders, both fuel obesity and its issues. Furthermore, childhood obesity connects with unique shifts in gut microbiota makeup. For instance, there is a surge in pro-inflammatory bacteria compared to children who are not obese. Considering the intricate nature and variety of the gut microbiota, additional investigations are necessary to clarify its exact involvement in the beginnings and advancement of obesity and related metabolic dilemmas. Currently, therapeutic methods like probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), dietary interventions like Mediterranean and ketogenic diets, and physical activity show potential in adjusting the gut microbiome to fight obesity and aid weight loss. Furthermore, the review underscores the integration of microbial metabolites with pharmacological agents such as orlistat and semaglutide in restoring microbial homeostasis. However, more clinical tests are essential to refine the doses, frequency, and lasting effectiveness of these treatments. This narrative overview compiles the existing knowledge on the multifaceted role of gut microbiota in obesity and much more, showcasing possible treatment strategies for addressing these health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Yarahmadi
- Department of Biology, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hamed Afkhami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Javadi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Qom Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Kashfi
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
- Fellowship in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Afkhami H, Yarahmadi A, Bostani S, Yarian N, Haddad MS, Lesani SS, Aghaei SS, Zolfaghari MR. Converging frontiers in cancer treatment: the role of nanomaterials, mesenchymal stem cells, and microbial agents-challenges and limitations. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:818. [PMID: 39707033 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 11/14/2024] [Indexed: 12/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, people widely recognize cancer as one of the most lethal diseases due to its high mortality rates and lack of effective treatment options. Ongoing research into cancer therapies remains a critical area of inquiry, holding significant social relevance. Currently used treatment, such as chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery, often suffers from other problems like damaging side effects, inaccuracy, and the lack of ability to clear tumors. Conventional cancer therapies are usually imprecise and ineffective and usually develop resistance to treatments and cancer recurs. Cancer patients need fresh and innovative treatment that can reduce side effects while maximizing effectiveness. In recent decades several breakthroughs in these, and other areas of medical research, have paved the way for new avenues of fighting cancer including more focused and more effective alternatives. This study reviews exciting possibilities for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), nanomaterials, and microbial agents in the modern realm of cancer treatment. Nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated surprisingly high potential. They improve drug delivery systems (DDS) significantly, enhance imaging techniques remarkably, and target cancer cells selectively while protecting healthy tissues. MSCs play a double role in tissue repair and are a vehicle for novel cancer treatments such as gene treatments or NPs loaded with therapeutic agents. Additionally, therapies utilizing microbial agents, particularly those involving bacteria, offer an inventive approach to cancer treatment. This review investigates the potential of nanomaterials, MSCs, and microbial agents in addressing the shortcomings of conventional cancer therapies. We will also discuss the challenges and limitations of using these therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Afkhami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aref Yarahmadi
- Department of Biology, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Shoroq Bostani
- Department of Microbiology, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - Nahid Yarian
- Department of Microbiology, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | | | - Shima Sadat Lesani
- Department of Microbiology, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Han W, Han M, Liu X, Dai J, Dong Y, Sun T, Xu J. Intratumoral and fecal microbiota reveals microbial markers associated with gastric carcinogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1397466. [PMID: 39355268 PMCID: PMC11442432 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1397466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between dysbiosis of the gastrointestinal microbiota and gastric cancer (GC) has been extensively studied. However, microbiota alterations in GC patients vary widely across studies, and reproducible diagnostic biomarkers for early GC are still lacking in multiple populations. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the gastrointestinal microbial communities involved in gastric carcinogenesis through a meta-analysis of multiple published and open datasets. Methods We analyzed 16S rRNA sequencing data from 1,642 gastric biopsy samples and 394 stool samples across 11 independent studies. VSEARCH, QIIME and R packages such as vegan, phyloseq, cooccur, and random forest were used for data processing and analysis. PICRUSt software was employed to predict functions. Results The α-diversity results indicated significant differences in the intratumoral microbiota of cancer patients compared to non-cancer patients, while no significant differences were observed in the fecal microbiota. Network analysis showed that the positive correlation with GC-enriched bacteria increased, and the positive correlation with GC-depleted bacteria decreased compared to healthy individuals. Functional analyses indicated that pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism were significantly enriched in GC, while biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids was diminished. Additionally, we investigated non-Helicobacter pylori (HP) commensals, which are crucial in both HP-negative and HP-positive GC. Random forest models, constructed using specific taxa associated with GC identified from the LEfSe analysis, revealed that the combination of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus included alone could effectively discriminate between GC patients and healthy individuals in fecal samples (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.7949). This finding was also validated in an independent cohort (AUC = 0.7712). Conclusions This study examined the intratumoral and fecal microbiota of GC patients from a dual microecological perspective and identified Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium and Phascolarctobacterium as intratumoral and intestinal-specific co-differential bacteria. Furthermore, it confirmed the validity of the combination of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus as GC-specific microbial markers across multiple populations, which may aid in the early non-invasive diagnosis of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Wang
- Department of Breast Medicine 1, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Breast Medicine 1, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenjie Han
- Department of Breast Medicine 1, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengzhen Han
- Department of Breast Medicine 1, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Kanghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China
| | - Jianying Dai
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuesheng Dong
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Breast Medicine 1, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Oncology Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Breast Cancer Research, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Department of Breast Medicine, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Junnan Xu
- Department of Breast Medicine 1, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Breast Medicine, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
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Bricca L, Porcari S, Savarino E, Rugge M. Microbiota in gastrointestinal malignancies. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2024; 72:101953. [PMID: 39645287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2024.101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 10/05/2024] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 12/09/2024]
Abstract
This manuscript provides an overview of the microbiota profile associated with precancerous lesions in the esophagus, stomach, and large bowel. The critical review of the available data reveals significant variability in the methods used for microbiota profiling. This variability may affect the reliable identification of specific biological links between histologically profiled neoplastic diseases and the microbiota population. Overall, this critical review reveals significant links between microbiota communities and the different lesions within the spectrum of the oncogenetic cascade in various epidemiological contexts and anatomical districts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Bricca
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Gastroenterological Science (DiSCOG), Gastroenterology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Serena Porcari
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - IRCCS Policlinico A. Gemelli, Roma, Italy
| | - Edoardo Savarino
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Gastroenterological Science (DiSCOG), Gastroenterology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimo Rugge
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Samasca G, Burz C, Pintea I, Muntean A, Deleanu D, Lupan I, Bintintan V. A New Medical Evaluation for Gastric Cancer Patients to Increase the Success Rate of Immunotherapy: A 2024 Update. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1121. [PMID: 39338286 PMCID: PMC11435362 DOI: 10.3390/ph17091121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Researchers have performed numerous studies on immunotherapy because of the high death rate associated with gastric cancer (GC). GC immunotherapy research has made tremendous progress, and we wanted to provide an update on this topic. On the basis of this update, we suggest performing a new medical evaluation before initiating immunotherapy in patients with GC to increase the success rate of immunotherapies. We propose that before patients start GC immunotherapy, they should be evaluated and given a score of one to two points for the following factors: immunopathological features, molecular and genomic features, potential consequences for bacterial pathogens, potential immunotherapeutic resistance and hyperprogressive illness, and the potential to use biomarkers to gauge their prognosis and immunotherapy responses to optimize immunotherapy following surgery. The proposed scoring system could also help in the diagnosis of GC. With all the advances in genetics, immunology, and microbiology, the diagnosis of GC could be improved, not changed. Currently, patients diagnosed with GC undergo surgical resection as the only permanent solution. Patients who meet the maximum score from the presented proposal could be eligible immediately after diagnosis for immunotherapy. Therefore, immunotherapy could be a first-line option for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Samasca
- Department of Immunology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (I.P.); (A.M.); (D.D.)
| | - Claudia Burz
- Department of Immunology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (I.P.); (A.M.); (D.D.)
- Institute of Oncology, “Prof. Ion Chiricuta”, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Irena Pintea
- Department of Immunology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (I.P.); (A.M.); (D.D.)
| | - Adriana Muntean
- Department of Immunology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (I.P.); (A.M.); (D.D.)
| | - Diana Deleanu
- Department of Immunology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.B.); (I.P.); (A.M.); (D.D.)
| | - Iulia Lupan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Vasile Bintintan
- Department of Surgery 1, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Yarahmadi A, Heidari S, Sepahvand P, Afkhami H, Kheradjoo H. Microplastics and environmental effects: investigating the effects of microplastics on aquatic habitats and their impact on human health. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1411389. [PMID: 38912266 PMCID: PMC11191580 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1411389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are particles with a diameter of <5 mm. The disposal of plastic waste into the environment poses a significant and pressing issue concern globally. Growing worry has been expressed in recent years over the impact of MPs on both human health and the entire natural ecosystem. MPs impact the feeding and digestive capabilities of marine organisms, as well as hinder the development of plant roots and leaves. Numerous studies have shown that the majority of individuals consume substantial quantities of MPs either through their dietary intake or by inhaling them. MPs have been identified in various human biological samples, such as lungs, stool, placenta, sputum, breast milk, liver, and blood. MPs can cause various illnesses in humans, depending on how they enter the body. Healthy and sustainable ecosystems depend on the proper functioning of microbiota, however, MPs disrupt the balance of microbiota. Also, due to their high surface area compared to their volume and chemical characteristics, MPs act as pollutant absorbers in different environments. Multiple policies and initiatives exist at both the domestic and global levels to mitigate pollution caused by MPs. Various techniques are currently employed to remove MPs, such as biodegradation, filtration systems, incineration, landfill disposal, and recycling, among others. In this review, we will discuss the sources and types of MPs, the presence of MPs in different environments and food, the impact of MPs on human health and microbiota, mechanisms of pollutant adsorption on MPs, and the methods of removing MPs with algae and microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Yarahmadi
- Department of Biology, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Parisa Sepahvand
- Department of Biology, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hamed Afkhami
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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