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Brondani M, Ribeiro RT, Pinheiro CV, Hoffmann CIH, Marcuzzo MB, Mohsen AW, Wajner M, Seminotti B, Vockley J, Leipnitz G. Metformin restores mitochondrial bioenergetics and redox homeostasis through modulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in patient derived cultured fibroblasts and an animal model of molybdenum cofactor deficiency. Biomed Pharmacother 2025; 187:118123. [PMID: 40327990 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2025] [Accepted: 04/30/2025] [Indexed: 05/08/2025] Open
Abstract
Molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MoCD) is an inborn error of sulfur metabolism caused by inactivating variants in the genes encoding enzymes of the molybdenum cofactor biosynthetic pathway. Patients present with accumulation of sulfite in the brain with secondary mitochondrial bioenergetics and severe neurological manifestations. To investigate the pathophysiology of this disorder, we evaluated mitochondrial and redox homeostasis in fibroblasts derived from a patient with MoCD type A (MOCS1 deficiency) and in an animal model based on the intracerebroventricular administration of sulfite in Wistar rats. Since treatment for MoCD is largely ineffective, we also investigated the effects of metformin, an antidiabetic drug with neuroprotective potential. Reduced basal, maximal, and ATP-linked respiration and reserve respiratory capacity were verified in MOCS1 deficient fibroblasts. The protein content of MFN1/2, OPA1, DRP1, and NRF1 was also reduced, whereas p-DRP1 (Ser 637) was increased. Superoxide levels were elevated in these cells. Metformin treatment reversed these changes. Further, the p-AMPK/T-AMPK protein ratio and the expression of PRKAA1, PPARGC1A, SIRT1, DNM1L, and mitofusin 1 were increased by metformin in the deficient cells. Sulfite administration into rat brain disturbed the antioxidant defenses, and tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transfer chain function in the striatum, cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Metformin prevented this bioenergetic dysfunction. Our findings show that metformin elicits positive effects in the brain of sulfite-treated rats and in the MOCS1 deficient cell line by modulating mitochondrial biogenesis and fission, identifying potential therapeutic intervention opportunities in MoCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgana Brondani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street-Attached, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-264, Brazil
| | - Rafael T Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street-Attached, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-264, Brazil
| | - Camila V Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Christofer I H Hoffmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street-Attached, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-264, Brazil
| | - Manuela B Marcuzzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street-Attached, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-264, Brazil
| | - Al-Walid Mohsen
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street-Attached, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-264, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bianca Seminotti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street-Attached, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-264, Brazil
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street-Attached, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-264, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-264, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street-Attached, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-264, Brazil.
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Tartau CG, Boboc IKS, Mititelu-Tartau L, Bogdan M, Buca BR, Pavel LL, Amalinei C. Exploring the Protective Effects of Traditional Antidiabetic Medications and Novel Antihyperglycemic Agents in Diabetic Rodent Models. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2025; 18:670. [PMID: 40430489 PMCID: PMC12114790 DOI: 10.3390/ph18050670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2025] [Revised: 04/28/2025] [Accepted: 04/30/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disorder that affects multiple organs, leading to severe complications in the pancreas, kidneys, liver, and heart. Prolonged hyperglycemia, along with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, plays a crucial role in accelerating tissue damage, significantly increasing the risk of diabetic complications such as nephropathy, hepatopathy, and cardiovascular disease. This review evaluates the protective effects of various antidiabetic treatments on organ tissues affected by T2D, based on findings from experimental animal models. Metformin, a first-line antidiabetic agent, has been widely recognized for its ability to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby mitigating diabetes-induced organ damage. Its protective role extends beyond glucose regulation, offering benefits such as improved mitochondrial function and reduced fibrosis in affected tissues. In addition to traditional therapies, new classes of antidiabetic drugs, including sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists not only improve glycemic control but also exhibit nephroprotective and cardioprotective properties by reducing glomerular hyperfiltration, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Similarly, GLP-1 receptor agonists have been associated with reduced hepatic steatosis and enhanced cardiovascular function. Preclinical studies suggest that tirzepatide, a dual GLP-1/gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor agonist may offer superior metabolic benefits compared to conventional GLP-1 agonists by improving β-cell function, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and reducing fatty liver progression. Despite promising preclinical results, differences between animal models and human physiology pose a challenge. Further clinical research is needed to confirm these effects and refine treatment strategies. Future T2D management aims to go beyond glycemic control, emphasizing organ protection and long-term disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin Gabriel Tartau
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.G.T.); (C.A.)
| | - Ianis Kevyn Stefan Boboc
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Liliana Mititelu-Tartau
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (L.M.-T.); (B.R.B.)
| | - Maria Bogdan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Beatrice Rozalina Buca
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (L.M.-T.); (B.R.B.)
| | - Liliana Lacramioara Pavel
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University, 800010 Galati, Romania;
| | - Cornelia Amalinei
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.G.T.); (C.A.)
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Bagheri R, Daneshi SS, Bina S, Haghshenas M, Khoshnoud MJ, Asadi-Yousefabad SL, Khodaei F, Rashedinia M. Metformin Mitigates the Impact of Arsenic Exposure on the Maternal and Offspring Reproductive System of Female Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2025:10.1007/s12011-025-04577-2. [PMID: 40119994 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-025-04577-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2025] [Accepted: 03/08/2025] [Indexed: 03/25/2025]
Abstract
Exposure to arsenic causes health problems and is associated with adverse effects on fertility and development. Humans are facing increasing exposure to arsenic from multiple sources, such as drinking water, food products, and industrial processes. The mechanisms behind arsenic-induced reproductive toxicity and its impact on fertility and the development of future generations are investigated by the protective role of metformin (200 mg/kg) against arsenic-induced (20 ppm As2O3) ovarian damage in both maternal and offspring generations. Results showed arsenic exposure caused significant weight loss, increased mortality, reduced serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels, and heightened oxidative stress, indicated by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced ovarian antioxidant activity. Gene expression changes related to apoptosis and inflammation, such as BAX, Bcl-2, Bcl-2, caspase-3, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 (IL-1), were also noted, along with a decrease in HO-1 expression. Arsenic exposure led to a reduction in ovarian follicles and an increase in atretic follicles and uterine thickness. However, metformin significantly reduced ROS and MDA levels, enhanced antioxidant capacity, and protected ovarian tissue by upregulating heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and Bcl-2, modulating apoptotic and inflammatory genes, and preserving AMH levels. The possible protective role of metformin against arsenic-induced toxicity and its detrimental effects aims to improve therapeutic approaches to alleviate the harmful consequences of environmental pollutants, especially arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Bagheri
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Sajad Daneshi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Bina
- Department of Biology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Haghshenas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Khoshnoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Forouzan Khodaei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Rashedinia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Del Valle JS, Van Helden RW, Moustakas I, Wei F, Asseler JD, Metzemaekers J, Pilgram GSK, Mummery CL, van der Westerlaken LAJ, van Mello NM, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM. Ex vivo removal of pro-fibrotic collagen and rescue of metabolic function in human ovarian fibrosis. iScience 2025; 28:112020. [PMID: 40104066 PMCID: PMC11914289 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.112020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 10/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 03/20/2025] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis, with the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix, leads to organ dysfunction. The ovary shows signs of fibrosis from an early age, creating a permissive environment for ovarian cancer. A robust culture-platform to study human ovarian fibrosis would enable screens for antifibrotic drugs to prevent or even reverse this process. Based on previous results showing that androgen therapy can induce ovarian fibrosis, we characterized the fibrotic state of ovaries from transmasculine donors of reproductive age. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drugs, such as Pirfenidone, Metformin, and Mitoquinone, could reduce and revert the excess collagen content of the ovarian cortical tissue during culture. We demonstrated that Metformin exerts an antioxidant role and prevents a glycolytic metabolic shift in non-immune ovarian stromal cells in the human ovary, while promoting early folliculogenesis during culture. These results may contribute to develop strategies to manage pro-tumorigenic fibrotic ovarian stroma in advanced age and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta S Del Valle
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben W Van Helden
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Ioannis Moustakas
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
- Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Fu Wei
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Joyce D Asseler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Centre of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Metzemaekers
- Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Gonneke S K Pilgram
- Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | | | - Norah M van Mello
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Centre of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Susana M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FAST), Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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5
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Wang X, Liang X, Huang S, Wei M, Xu Y, Chen X, Miao Y, Zong R, Lin X, Li S, Liu Z, Chen Q. Metformin inhibits pathological retinal neovascularization but promotes retinal fibrosis in experimental neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Front Pharmacol 2025; 16:1547492. [PMID: 40183100 PMCID: PMC11966061 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1547492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/05/2025] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to investigate the effects and mechanism of action of metformin on retinal neovascularization and fibrosis in a mouse model of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Methods Very low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Vldlr -/-) mice, a mouse model of nAMD, were used in this study. Vldlr -/- mice were administered metformin on postnatal day (P) 20 for 20 days (early stage of pathological change) or at 5.5 months of age for 45 days (late stage of pathological change). Retinal leakage was examined by fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA). Retinal neovascularization was assessed by lectin staining. Retinal fibrosis was assessed by Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and Masson's trichrome staining. Results Retinal vascular leakage and neovascularization were significantly reduced in Vldlr -/- mice treated with metformin compared to those treated with the vehicle at P40. The protein levels of inflammatory factors and phospho(p)-STAT3 were decreased, and P38 and ERK signaling were suppressed in the retinas of metformin-treated Vldlr -/- mice relative to those in the control group at P40. Fibrotic markers were upregulated in the retinas of Vldlr -/- mice treated with metformin compared to those treated with the vehicle at 7 months. Levels of the inflammatory factors and p-STAT3 were increased, and PI3K/AKT, P38, and ERK signaling were upregulated in the retinas of metformin-treated Vldlr -/- mice compared to those in the control group at 7 months. Conclusion Metformin inhibits pathological retinal neovascularization but promotes fibrosis in experimental nAMD. These results provide evidence and highlight important considerations for the clinical use of metformin in different stages of nAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Liang
- Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shiya Huang
- Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Mingyan Wei
- Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yanliang Miao
- Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Rongrong Zong
- Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shiying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Ursavas S, Kuyucu Y, Yenilmez ED, Tuli A, Tekayev M, Mete UO. The evaluation of the effects of metformin on the rat testes at a light and electron microscopic level. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2025; 753:151507. [PMID: 39983548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.151507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2025] [Accepted: 02/17/2025] [Indexed: 02/23/2025]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the histological and ultrastructural changes in the testes induced by metformin. Eighteen adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: a control group, a low-dose metformin group, and a high-dose metformin group. Following thirty days of metformin administration, blood samples, and testes tissues were collected and subjected to biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural analyses. In the groups treated with metformin, degenerative changes were observed, including irregular seminiferous tubules, disruption of epithelial integrity, a decrease in spermatogenic cells, and dilated intercellular spaces. These changes were evident in both the light and electron microscopic evaluations, and the severity varied depending on the metformin dosage. The findings showed that the diameter of the seminiferous epithelium and epithelium height decreased significantly in the high-dose group. Also, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone levels altered significantly, with increased levels of all hormones observed in the high-dose metformin-administered group than in the control group. For the markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status respectively there were no significant differences observed in the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) between the groups, however, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity significantly decreased in the high-dose metformin-administered group compared to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Ursavas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey; Department of Histology and Embryology, Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, 34668, Turkey.
| | - Yurdun Kuyucu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ebru Dundar Yenilmez
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Tuli
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Muhammetnur Tekayev
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, 34668, Turkey
| | - Ufuk O Mete
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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To M, Arimoto Y, Honda N, Furusho N, Kinouchi T, Takeshita Y, Haruki K, To Y. Elevated oxidative stress and steroid insensitivity in patients with asthma and high body fat percentage. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2025:S1081-1206(25)00126-7. [PMID: 40097096 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2025.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2025] [Revised: 03/12/2025] [Accepted: 03/12/2025] [Indexed: 03/19/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a risk factor for poor asthma control. Previous research suggests that patients with asthma and obesity have reduced responsiveness to corticosteroids. Recent studies indicate that body fat percentage may be more strongly associated with obesity-related diseases compared with body mass index. However, the relationship between body fat percentage and asthma, particularly regarding steroid sensitivity, remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between body fat percentage and steroid sensitivity in patients with asthma and elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying this association. METHODS Adult patients with asthma were enrolled and categorized into patients with high body fat percentage (HBF) and control groups. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from the blood samples. These cells were cultured with dexamethasone followed by stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-α to assess the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of dexamethasone (IC50-Dex). Serum adipocytokines and oxidative stress markers were also measured. The effects of metformin on steroid sensitivity and oxidative stress in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were evaluated ex vivo. RESULTS The HBF group exhibited significantly higher IC50-Dex values than the control group. In the HBF group, IC50-Dex correlated with the number of acute exacerbations per year and serum oxidative stress marker levels. Treatment with metformin significantly reduced both IC50-Dex and oxidative stress marker levels in the HBF group. CONCLUSION Oxidative stress associated with increased body fat may contribute to impaired steroid sensitivity in patients with asthma. Metformin may improve steroid sensitivity by reducing oxidative stress, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako To
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fraternity Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshihito Arimoto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Natsue Honda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naho Furusho
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toru Kinouchi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Takeshita
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kosuke Haruki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuo To
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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8
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Kuk MU, Lee YH, Kim D, Lee KS, Park JH, Yoon JH, Lee YJ, So B, Kim M, Kwon HW, Byun Y, Lee KY, Park JT. Sauchinone Ameliorates Senescence Through Reducing Mitochondrial ROS Production. Antioxidants (Basel) 2025; 14:259. [PMID: 40227233 PMCID: PMC11939387 DOI: 10.3390/antiox14030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2025] [Accepted: 02/20/2025] [Indexed: 04/15/2025] Open
Abstract
One of the major causes of senescence is oxidative stress caused by ROS, which is mainly generated from dysfunctional mitochondria. Strategies to limit mitochondrial ROS production are considered important for reversing senescence, but effective approaches to reduce them have not yet been developed. In this study, we screened the secondary metabolites that plants produce under oxidative stress and discovered sauchinone as a potential candidate. Sauchinone induced mitochondrial function recovery, enabling efficient electron transport within the electron transport chain (ETC). This led to a decrease in ROS production, a byproduct of inefficient electron transport. The reduction in ROS by sauchinone rejuvenated senescence-associated phenotypes. To understand the underlying mechanism by which sauchinone rejuvenates senescence, we carried out RNA sequencing and found VAMP8 as a key gene. VAMP8 was downregulated by sauchinone. Knockdown of VAMP8 decreased mitochondrial ROS levels and subsequently rejuvenated mitochondrial function, which was similar to the effect of sauchinone. Taken together, these studies revealed a novel mechanism by which sauchinone reduces mitochondrial ROS production by regulating mitochondrial function and VAMP8 expression. Our results open a new avenue for aging research to control senescence by regulating mitochondrial ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Uk Kuk
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (M.U.K.); (Y.H.L.); (D.K.); (J.H.P.); (J.H.Y.); (Y.J.L.); (B.S.); (M.K.); (H.W.K.)
| | - Yun Haeng Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (M.U.K.); (Y.H.L.); (D.K.); (J.H.P.); (J.H.Y.); (Y.J.L.); (B.S.); (M.K.); (H.W.K.)
| | - Duyeol Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (M.U.K.); (Y.H.L.); (D.K.); (J.H.P.); (J.H.Y.); (Y.J.L.); (B.S.); (M.K.); (H.W.K.)
| | - Kyeong Seon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (K.S.L.); (Y.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Major Program in Innovative Pharmaceutical Sciences, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Ho Park
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (M.U.K.); (Y.H.L.); (D.K.); (J.H.P.); (J.H.Y.); (Y.J.L.); (B.S.); (M.K.); (H.W.K.)
| | - Jee Hee Yoon
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (M.U.K.); (Y.H.L.); (D.K.); (J.H.P.); (J.H.Y.); (Y.J.L.); (B.S.); (M.K.); (H.W.K.)
| | - Yoo Jin Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (M.U.K.); (Y.H.L.); (D.K.); (J.H.P.); (J.H.Y.); (Y.J.L.); (B.S.); (M.K.); (H.W.K.)
| | - Byeonghyeon So
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (M.U.K.); (Y.H.L.); (D.K.); (J.H.P.); (J.H.Y.); (Y.J.L.); (B.S.); (M.K.); (H.W.K.)
| | - Minseon Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (M.U.K.); (Y.H.L.); (D.K.); (J.H.P.); (J.H.Y.); (Y.J.L.); (B.S.); (M.K.); (H.W.K.)
| | - Hyung Wook Kwon
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (M.U.K.); (Y.H.L.); (D.K.); (J.H.P.); (J.H.Y.); (Y.J.L.); (B.S.); (M.K.); (H.W.K.)
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (K.S.L.); (Y.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Major Program in Innovative Pharmaceutical Sciences, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Yong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (K.S.L.); (Y.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Major Program in Innovative Pharmaceutical Sciences, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Tae Park
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (M.U.K.); (Y.H.L.); (D.K.); (J.H.P.); (J.H.Y.); (Y.J.L.); (B.S.); (M.K.); (H.W.K.)
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
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9
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Chele D, Sirbu CA, Mitrica M, Toma M, Vasiliu O, Sirbu AM, Authier FJ, Mischianu D, Munteanu AE. Metformin's Effects on Cognitive Function from a Biovariance Perspective: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:1783. [PMID: 40004246 PMCID: PMC11855408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26041783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2025] [Accepted: 02/17/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
This study examines the effects of metformin on brain functions focusing on the variability of the results reported in the literature. While some studies suggest that metformin may have neuroprotective effects in diabetic patients, others report an insignificant impact of metformin on cognitive function, or even a negative effect. We propose that this inconsistency may be due to intrinsic cellular-level variability among individuals, which we term "biovariance". Biovariance persists even in demographically homogeneous samples due to complex and stochastic biological processes. Additionally, the complex metabolic actions of metformin, including its influence on neuroenergetics and neuronal survival, may produce different effects depending on individual metabolic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrie Chele
- Department of Neurology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Carmen-Adella Sirbu
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila” Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (M.M.); (O.V.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marian Mitrica
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila” Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (M.M.); (O.V.)
| | - Mihai Toma
- Department of Medical-Surgical and Prophylactical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Titu Maiorescu’ University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania; (M.T.); (A.E.M.)
| | - Octavian Vasiliu
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila” Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (M.M.); (O.V.)
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Dr. Carol Davila’ Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca-Maria Sirbu
- National Institute of Medical Expertise and Recovery of Work Capacity, Panduri 22, 050659 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Francois Jerome Authier
- Neuromuscular Reference Center, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, 94000 Créteil, France
- INSERM U955-Team Relaix, Faculty of Health, Paris Est-Creteil University, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Dan Mischianu
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
- Department No. 3, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila” Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alice Elena Munteanu
- Department of Medical-Surgical and Prophylactical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Titu Maiorescu’ University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania; (M.T.); (A.E.M.)
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10
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Yip JMX, Chiang GSH, Lee ICJ, Lehming-Teo R, Dai K, Dongol L, Wang LYT, Teo D, Seah GT, Lehming N. Mitochondria and the Repurposing of Diabetes Drugs for Off-Label Health Benefits. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:364. [PMID: 39796218 PMCID: PMC11719901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26010364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2024] [Revised: 12/23/2024] [Accepted: 12/31/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2025] Open
Abstract
This review describes our current understanding of the role of the mitochondria in the repurposing of the anti-diabetes drugs metformin, gliclazide, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and SGLT2 inhibitors for additional clinical benefits regarding unhealthy aging, long COVID, mental neurogenerative disorders, and obesity. Metformin, the most prominent of these diabetes drugs, has been called the "Drug of Miracles and Wonders," as clinical trials have found it to be beneficial for human patients suffering from these maladies. To promote viral replication in all infected human cells, SARS-CoV-2 stimulates the infected liver cells to produce glucose and to export it into the blood stream, which can cause diabetes in long COVID patients, and metformin, which reduces the levels of glucose in the blood, was shown to cut the incidence rate of long COVID in half for all patients recovering from SARS-CoV-2. Metformin leads to the phosphorylation of the AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK, which accelerates the import of glucose into cells via the glucose transporter GLUT4 and switches the cells to the starvation mode, counteracting the virus. Diabetes drugs also stimulate the unfolded protein response and thus mitophagy, which is beneficial for healthy aging and mental health. Diabetes drugs were also found to mimic exercise and help to reduce body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Mei Xin Yip
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore (R.L.-T.)
| | - Grace Shu Hui Chiang
- Well Programme, Alexandra Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 159964, Singapore; (G.S.H.C.)
| | - Ian Chong Jin Lee
- NUS High School of Mathematics and Science, Singapore 129957, Singapore
| | - Rachel Lehming-Teo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore (R.L.-T.)
| | - Kexin Dai
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore (R.L.-T.)
| | - Lokeysh Dongol
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore (R.L.-T.)
| | - Laureen Yi-Ting Wang
- Well Programme, Alexandra Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 159964, Singapore; (G.S.H.C.)
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 159964, Singapore
| | - Denise Teo
- Chi Longevity, Camden Medical Centre #10-04, 1 Orchard Blvd, Singapore 248649, Singapore
| | - Geok Teng Seah
- Clifford Dispensary, 77 Robinson Rd #06-02, Singapore 068896, Singapore
| | - Norbert Lehming
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore (R.L.-T.)
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11
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Halabitska I, Petakh P, Lushchak O, Kamyshna I, Oksenych V, Kamyshnyi O. Metformin in Antiviral Therapy: Evidence and Perspectives. Viruses 2024; 16:1938. [PMID: 39772244 PMCID: PMC11680154 DOI: 10.3390/v16121938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2024] [Revised: 12/16/2024] [Accepted: 12/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/03/2025] Open
Abstract
Metformin, a widely used antidiabetic medication, has emerged as a promising broad-spectrum antiviral agent due to its ability to modulate cellular pathways essential for viral replication. By activating AMPK, metformin depletes cellular energy reserves that viruses rely on, effectively limiting the replication of pathogens such as influenza, HIV, SARS-CoV-2, HBV, and HCV. Its role in inhibiting the mTOR pathway, crucial for viral protein synthesis and reactivation, is particularly significant in managing infections caused by HIV, CMV, and EBV. Furthermore, metformin reduces oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are critical for replicating arboviruses such as Zika and dengue. The drug also regulates immune responses, cellular differentiation, and inflammation, disrupting the life cycle of HPV and potentially other viruses. These diverse mechanisms suppress viral replication, enhance immune system functionality, and contribute to better clinical outcomes. This multifaceted approach highlights metformin's potential as an adjunctive therapy in treating a wide range of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Halabitska
- Department of Therapy and Family Medicine, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Voli Square, 1, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Pavlo Petakh
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, 88017 Uzhhorod, Ukraine
| | - Oleh Lushchak
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Iryna Kamyshna
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine;
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Kamyshnyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
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12
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Adjoumani JJY, Abasubong KP, Zhang L, Liu WB, Li XF, Desouky HE. Metformin attenuates high-carbohydrate diet-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction in Megalobrama amblycephala. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:2237-2253. [PMID: 39073620 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01386-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary metformin supplementation on the redox balance, inflammation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and function in blunt snout bream fed a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet. Fish (45.12 ± 0.36 g) were randomly offered four diets, including a control diet (33% carbohydrate), an HC diet (45% carbohydrate), and the HC diet supplemented with 0.06% (HCM1) and 0.12% (HCM2) metformin respectively for 12 weeks. Compared with the control, feeding the HC diet significantly increased the hepatosomatic index (HSI), the mesenteric fat index, liver and muscle glycogen contents, liver and adipose tissue lipid contents, plasma glucose and glycation end products (AGES) levels and aspartate transaminase activity, plasma and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, hepatic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) contents, mitochondrial cytochrome c content, mitochondrial complex IV activity and ATP 6 transcription, but decreased plasma catalase (CAT) activity, muscle superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, hepatic antioxidant enzymes activities, and the transcriptions of transforming growth factor β (tgfβ) and interleukin 10 (il10). Compared with the HC group, metformin treatment (especially the HCM2 group) significantly elevated tissue glycogen contents, muscle SOD activity, plasma and liver antioxidant enzymes activities, the transcriptions of tgfβ and il10, the sodium/potassium ATPase activity, the contents of mitochondrial protein and AMP, the level of p-AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), and the p-AMPK/t-AMPK ratio, but lowered the HSI, tissue lipid contents, plasma levels of glucose, AGES and glycated serum protein, plasma, and liver MDA contents, the transcriptions of il1β, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 and ATP 6, the contents of ATP and cytochrome c, the ATP/AMP ratio, and the activities of complexes I and IV. In conclusion, metformin could attenuate the HC diet-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction in blunt snout bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Jacques Yao Adjoumani
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Kenneth Prudence Abasubong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hesham Eed Desouky
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22713, Beheria, Egypt
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13
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Häusler D, Weber MS. Towards Treating Multiple Sclerosis Progression. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1474. [PMID: 39598386 PMCID: PMC11597358 DOI: 10.3390/ph17111474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2024] [Revised: 10/28/2024] [Accepted: 10/29/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). In most patients, the disease starts with an acute onset followed by a remission phase, subsequent relapses and a later transition to steady chronic progression. In a minority of patients, this progressive phase develops from the beginning. MS relapses are characterized predominantly by the de novo formation of an inflammatory CNS lesion and the infiltration of immune cells, whereas the pathological features of MS progression include slowly expanding lesions, global brain atrophy and an inflammatory response predominantly mediated by macrophages/microglia. Importantly, this CNS-intrinsic pathophysiology appears to initiate early during the relapsing-remitting disease phase, while it turns into the key clinical MS feature in later stages. Currently approved disease-modifying treatments for MS are effective in modulating peripheral immunity by dampening immune cell activity or preventing the migration of immune cells into the CNS, resulting in the prevention of relapses; however, they show limited success in halting MS progression. In this manuscript, we first describe the pathological mechanisms of MS and summarize the approved therapeutics for MS progression. We also review the treatment options for progressive MS (PMS) that are currently under investigation. Finally, we discuss potential targets for novel treatment strategies in PMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Häusler
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre, 37075 Goettingen, Germany;
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Martin S. Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre, 37075 Goettingen, Germany;
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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14
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Zhang J, Shimozaki K, Hattori S, Pastukh V, Maloney D, Hogan MV, Wang JHC. Metformin lotion promotes scarless skin tissue formation through AMPK activation, TGF-β1 inhibition, and reduced myofibroblast numbers. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0311147. [PMID: 39331598 PMCID: PMC11433050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0311147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Scar tissue formation following skin wound healing is a challenging public health problem. Skin regeneration and preventing the formation of scar tissue by currently available commercial products are largely ineffective. This study aimed to test the efficacy of a novel topical metformin lotion (ML) in inhibiting scar tissue formation during skin wound healing in rats and to determine the mechanisms of action involved. A 6% ML was prepared in our laboratory. A skin wound healing model in rats was used. The wounded rats were divided into two groups and treated daily for 10 days as follows: Group 1 received a daily application of 50 mg of control lotion, or 0% ML (totaling 100 mg of lotion per rat), and Group 2 received a daily application of 50 mg of 6% ML (totaling 100 mg of 6% ML per rat). Blood samples from the heart of each rat were analyzed for inflammatory markers, HMGB1 and IL-1β, using ELISA, and immunological and histological analyses were performed on skin tissue sections. ML decreased levels of inflammatory markers HMGB1 and IL-1β in the serum of rats and inhibited the release of HMGB1 from cell nuclei into the skin tissue matrix. Additionally, ML demonstrated anti-fibrotic properties by enhancing AMPK activity, decreasing the expression of TGF-β1, reducing the number of myofibroblasts, decreasing the production of collagen III, and increasing the expression of collagen I. ML promotes the regeneration of high-quality skin during wound healing by reducing scar tissue formation. This effect is mediated through the activation of AMPK, inhibition of TGF-β1, and a decrease in the number of myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Zhang
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Kengo Shimozaki
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Soichi Hattori
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Vasyl Pastukh
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Derek Maloney
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - MaCalus V. Hogan
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - James H-C. Wang
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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15
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Roohi TF, Krishna KL, Shakeel F. Synergistic modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway, oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis by β-amyrin and metformin in mitigating hyperglycemia-induced renal damage using adult zebrafish model. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 25:66. [PMID: 39334288 PMCID: PMC11430224 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-024-00797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) can be prevented with early therapeutic intervention in diabetic patients. Recent investigations suggest that β-amyrin, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, could offer significant benefits with its potential antihyperglycemic and nephroprotective effects. We investigated the protective effects of β-amyrin alone and combined it with metformin, the cornerstone therapy for diabetes, using a hyperglycemic adult Zebrafish (ZF) model. The ZF were subjected to hyperglycemia by immersing them in 111 mM glucose solutions. Treatment efficacy was assessed by measuring serum glucose and insulin levels and antioxidant, ER stress, apoptosis, and proinflammatory markers. ZF kidneys were also studied for immunohistochemistry and histopathology. Results revealed that the combined treatment of β-amyrin and metformin resulted in a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in blood glucose levels to 104.54 ± 1.63 mg/dL, in comparison to 388.75 ± 4.32 mg/dL in the untreated diseased control group. The reduction in hyperglycemia was more pronounced than treatment with either compound alone. Moreover, treatment with the combination restored renal function in diseased ZF, leading to significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) serum urea (SU: 19.57 ± 1.61 mg/dL) and serum creatinine (SC: 0.56 ± 0.02 mg/dL) values compared to treatment with β-amyrin (SU:27.02 ± 0.96 mg/dL; SC: 0.7 ± 0.01 mg/dL) or metformin (SU: 24.53 ± 1.29 mg/dL; SC: 0.6 ± 0.02 mg/dL) alone. The treatment also reduced oxidative stress markers, apoptosis and ER stress markers, and proinflammatory cytokines. Histopathological analysis showed improved renal architecture with significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) renal tubular injury scores with the combination than with individual treatment. This study provides novel insights into the combined therapeutic effects of β-amyrin and metformin in mitigating hyperglycemia-induced renal damage through key molecular pathways, highlighting a potentially effective therapeutic strategy for diabetic nephropathy. The findings hold promising translational relevance for developing combination therapies aimed at improving clinical outcomes in diabetic nephropathy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsheel Fatima Roohi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, 570015, India
| | - K L Krishna
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, 570015, India.
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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