1
|
Villanueva-Guerrero O, Lozano D, Roso-Moliner A, Nobari H, Lago-Fuentes C, Mainer-Pardos E. Effects of different strength and velocity training programs on physical performance in youth futsal players. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30747. [PMID: 38784537 PMCID: PMC11112280 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Futsal is a high intensity team sport with intermittent actions of short duration, so it is necessary to include different training strategies to improve explosive actions. There is a gap in the scientific literature regarding training programs that improve the performance of young futsal players. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different strength and velocity training programs on lower body physical performance in youth futsal players. Forty-two youth futsal players were divided into control group (CG, n = 14) and a strength intervention group (SG, n = 14), which included a weekly session for 8 weeks of eccentric strength training, plyometrics and core strengthening, and a velocity intervention group (VG, n = 14), which included a weekly session during 8 weeks of training with linear speed exercises and with change of direction, accelerations with resistance bands and core strengthening. SG significantly improved horizontal jump (HJ) (p:0.02), V-CUT (p:0.91) and change of direction deficit (CODD) (p:0.01). VG showed significant improvements in HJ (p:0.01), in 25 m sprint (p:0.01), in total repeated sprint ability time (p:0.01), in V-CUT (p:0.01) and in CODD (p:0.01). SG showed significant intergroup differences (p:0.01) in COD variables with respect to CG and VG. In conclusion, SG and VG showed significant improvements in lower body performance variables in youth futsal players. In addition, the SG has substantial changes in COD compared to the other two groups, so it has a greater effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Villanueva-Guerrero
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autovía A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Demetrio Lozano
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autovía A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Roso-Moliner
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autovía A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Carlos Lago-Fuentes
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Elena Mainer-Pardos
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autovía A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Haug WB, Pain MTG. Using a simple model to systematically examine the influence of force-velocity profile and power on vertical jump performance with different constraints. Sports Biomech 2024:1-28. [PMID: 38739038 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2024.2351615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Power, and recently force-velocity (F-V) profiling, are well-researched and oft cited critical components for sports performance but both are still debated; some would say misused. A neat, applied formulation of power and linear F-V in the literature is practically useful but there is a dearth of fundamental explanations of how power and F-V interact with human and environmental constraints. To systematically explore the interactions of a linear F-V profile, peak power, gravity, mass, range of motion (ROM), and initial activation conditions, a forward dynamics point mass model of vertical jumping was parameterised from an athlete. With no constraints and for a given peak power, F-V favouring higher velocity performed better, but were impacted more under real-world conditions of gravity and finite ROM meaning the better F-V was dependent on constraints. Increasing peak power invariably increased jump height but improvement was dependent on the initial F-V and if it was altered by changing maximal force or velocity. When mass was changed along with power and F-V there was a non-linear interaction and jump improvement could be almost as large for a F-V change as an increase in power. An ideal F-V profile cannot be identified without knowledge of mass and ROM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William B Haug
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Matthew T G Pain
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oliver-López A, García-Valverde A, Sabido R. Standardized vs. Relative Intensity in CrossFit. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:301-308. [PMID: 38109900 DOI: 10.1055/a-2204-2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
CrossFit is characterized by being a standardized training program that improves physical performance through the provision of several stimuli regardless of the participant's strength level. This study aimed to compare the acute response in total repetitions as a measurement of performance, jump ability, physiological demand (heart rate and blood lactate), and perceived effort considering the participants' strength level with individualized intensity in CrossFit. Thirty-five participants were assessed and asked to participate on two separate days in a standardized and relative 'As Many Repetitions As Possible' (AMRAP) CrossFit circuit. Both AMRAPs comprised strength, gymnastic and aerobic exercises, although only strength was individualized according to the participant's level. Before the statistical analysis, participants were allocated to higher- or lower-strength groups following the one-repetition maximum-bodyweight ratio in the push press exercise. Results support the existence of a strong relationship between strength level and total repetitions in both AMRAPs. In addition, differences in total repetitions and rate of perceived exertion between strength groups are discarded when AMRAP intensity is individualized while physiological demand and jump ability are maintained. Thus, the higher-strength participants may benefit from similar responses with a lower number of repetitions. Therefore, CrossFit trainers should be encouraged to prescribe strength tasks based on the percentage of 1RM for every training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafael Sabido
- Sport Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de la Cruz VM, Carranza VR, González Ravé JM. Road to Paris 2024: force-velocity profile in different speed climbers' abilities. Biol Sport 2024; 41:131-137. [PMID: 38524813 PMCID: PMC10955744 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.131824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Speed climbing will be a new discipline in Paris 2024. The physical requirements of speed climbing are different from the other climbing modalities due to the short event time requiring higher level of strength and power. These parameters have been measured through the Force-Velocity (F-V) profile in different climbing disciplines. However, there are no known results evaluating different speed climbing abilities to establish whether F-V relationship is a determining factor between performance levels. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the upper and lower limbs F-V profile in different speed climbing abilities considering sex. Twenty-six speed climbers were divided into two groups based on their level of performance: international level (men n = 7 and women n = 2) and national level (men n = 8 and women n = 7). Participants performed pull-ups and squat incremental tests and F-V profile variables [Maximum theorical values of force (F0), velocity (V0) and power (Pmax)], one-repetition maximum value (1RM) and %1RM where peak power was expressed were collected using a linear encoder. There were significant differences in F0, relative force, %1RM where peak power was expressed, and 1RM in pull-ups (p < 0.05) between groups. However, there were not significant differences between groups in squat variables. No significant sex differences were found in any variable. There were moderate-strong correlations between running time and 1RM (pull-ups and squat), F0 and FV-slope (pull-ups) (p < 0.05) analyzed in the whole group. In conclusion, F0 and 1RM in pull-ups were significantly higher in international climbers. Therefore, national climbers should focus their training on improving force by training with heavy loads. Additionally, squat F-V profile variables do not seem to be as important as in the pull-up for performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Muñoz de la Cruz
- Sports Training Lab: Sports Performance Research Group (GIRD) University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Víctor Rodrigo Carranza
- Sports Training Lab: Sports Performance Research Group (GIRD) University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - José María González Ravé
- Sports Training Lab: Sports Performance Research Group (GIRD) University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Riscart-López J, Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, Mora-Vela R, Caro-Ávalos J, Sánchez-González L, Sánchez-Moreno M, León-Prados JA, Pareja-Blanco F. Effects of 4 Different Velocity-Based Resistance-Training Programming Models on Physical Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:271-279. [PMID: 38167650 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effects of 4 programming models (linear [LP], undulating [UP], reverse [RP], and constant [CP]) on physical performance. METHODS Forty-eight moderately strength-trained men were randomly assigned to LP, UP, RP, and CP groups according to their 1-repetition maximum (1RM) in the full-squat exercise (SQ) and followed an 8-week training intervention using the SQ and monitoring movement velocity for every repetition. All groups trained with similar mean relative intensity (65% 1RM), number of repetitions (240), sets (3), and interset recovery (4 min) throughout the training program. Pretraining and posttraining measurements included, in the SQ, 1RM load, the average velocity attained for all absolute loads common to pretests and posttests (AV), and the average velocity for loads that were moved faster (AV > 1) and slower (AV < 1) than 1 m·s-1 at pretraining tests. Moreover, countermovement jump height and 20-m running sprint time were measured. RESULTS A significant time effect was found for all variables analyzed (P < .05), except for 20-m running sprint time. Significant group × time interactions were observed for 1RM, AV > 1, and AV (P < .05). After training, all groups attained significant strength gains on 1RM, AV, AV > 1, and AV < 1 (P < .001-.01). LP and RP groups improved their countermovement jump height (P < .01), but no significant changes were observed for UP and CP. No significant improvements were achieved in 20-m running sprint time for any groups. CONCLUSIONS These different programming models are all suitable for improving physical performance. LP and RP induce similar or greater gains in physical performance than UP and CP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Riscart-López
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Juan Sánchez-Valdepeñas
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Raúl Mora-Vela
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Caro-Ávalos
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Lidia Sánchez-González
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Moreno
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio León-Prados
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Glaude-Roy J, Pharand P, Brunelle JF, Lemoyne J. Exploring associations between sprinting mechanical capabilities, anaerobic capacity, and repeated-sprint ability of adolescent ice hockey players. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1258497. [PMID: 38225977 PMCID: PMC10788422 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1258497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sprinting ability and anaerobic capacities are the determinant variables of the performance of ice hockey players. Recent research in sprinting showed the existence of distinct force-velocity (F-V) profiles, but the link between these profiles and anaerobic capacities remains unclear. This study explores the associations between F-V variables and anaerobic capacities among cohorts of highly trained adolescent ice hockey players. Methods Data from 36 men (age, 15.1 ± 0.2 years) and 34 women (age, 16.5 ± 0.7 years) were collected during off-season camps. All athletes completed a 30-m sprint test, a Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT), and a repeated-sprint anaerobic (RSA) test. F-V variables were calculated from the 30-m sprint test. Partial Pearson correlation coefficients for pooled data and Pearson correlation coefficients for individual male and female datasets were calculated. Results Among the F-V variables, maximal theoretical velocity and power were moderately to largely associated with WAnT and RSA performance (|r| = 0.30-0.70). Maximal theoretical force was moderately associated with the RSA (r = -0.32 to -0.33). Discussion The results indicate the importance for highly trained adolescent players to be able to apply force at high velocities to maximize anaerobic capacities. Important differences between male and female players suggest training priorities may differ according to sex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Glaude-Roy
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Pharand
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Hockey, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Brunelle
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Hockey, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Service de l'Activité Physique et Sportive, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Lemoyne
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Hockey, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barrera-Domínguez FJ, Almagro BJ, Sáez de Villarreal E, Molina-López J. Effect of individualised strength and plyometric training on the physical performance of basketball players. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:2379-2388. [PMID: 37470434 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2238690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to examine the effects of eight weeks of individualised force-velocity imbalance (F-Vimb) training on physical performance in basketball players and to analyse the differences in physical performance between two periods of time (four to eight weeks) with this training. Thirty male players (age, 22.8 ± 5.68 years; height, 1.87 ± 0.07 m; body mass, 86.3 ± 11.1 kg) were divided into an intervention group (INT, n = 15), who performed an individualised training based on individual F-Vimb; and a control group (CON, n = 15), who underwent a non-individualised training programme; both groups performed two days/week of intervention and the same pre-season basketball training. At baseline, at four weeks, and at eight weeks of intervention, an assessment was performed including countermovement-jumps, unilateral drop jumps, triple hop test, force-velocity profile, sprint and change of direction (COD). At four weeks, the INT showed improvements in sprint and vertical jumping actions (≥3.76%, ES ≥0.44, p ≤ 0.02). At eight weeks, the INT continued to improve vertical jumping actions (p < 0.05) and showed improvements in horizontal jumping (6.80%, ES = 0.45, p < 0.01) and COD (≥2.99%, ES ≥0.96, p < 0.01). A significant reduction in F-Vimb was observed for INT (ES = 0.77, p = 0.01). In contrast, none of these changes were observed in CON. Thus, an individualised F-Vimb training intervention improved physical performance after eight weeks, with changes in sprint and vertical jump after first four weeks. Basketball coaches should optimise the force-velocity profile and improve the performance in sport-related actions as jumping and changing direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bartolomé J Almagro
- Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sport Sciences, COIDESO, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Molina-López
- Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sport Sciences, COIDESO, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zukowski M, Herzog W, Jordan MJ. Single Leg Lateral and Horizontal Loaded Jump Testing: Reliability and Correlation With Long Track Sprint Speed Skating Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2251-2259. [PMID: 37235211 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Zukowski, MH, Jordan, MJ, and Herzog, W. Single leg lateral and horizontal loaded jump testing: reliability and correlation with long track sprint speed skating performance. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2251-2259, 2023-This study examined the intraday reliability of 2 novel unilateral loaded jump protocols designed for long track speed skaters. Highly trained ( n = 26), national level athletes performed single leg jumps with a horizontal robotic resistance across 3 external load conditions (10 N, 7.5% of body mass and 15% of body mass) using their dominant limb. Jumps were performed in both the horizontal (Jump Horz ) and lateral (Jump Lat ) direction to replicate the body position and line of force application observed during the running and gliding phases of on-ice acceleration. Subjects completed 2 consecutive trials of the same jump protocol to examine the intraday reliability of the peak velocity achieved for each loading condition. Peak velocity across each jump type and loading condition had good reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient >0.8, coefficient of variation <5%). Significant positive relationships ( r = 0.5-0.8, p < 0.05; n = 22) were observed between all jump conditions and on-ice sprint race split times obtained including 100, 400, and 500 m. Our results indicate that unilateral loaded jump tests are reliable in speed skating athletes and may help practitioners diagnose and monitor lower-limb maximal muscle power capacity in a sport-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Zukowski
- Canadian Sport Institute Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
- Integrative Neuromuscular Sport Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Matthew J Jordan
- Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
- Integrative Neuromuscular Sport Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kotani Y, Lake J, Guppy SN, Poon W, Nosaka K, Haff GG. Agreement in Squat Jump Force-Time Characteristics Between Smith Machine and Free-Weight Squat Jump Force-Time Characteristics. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1955-1962. [PMID: 37252782 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kotani, Y, Lake, J, Guppy, SN, Poon, W, Nosaka, K, and Haff, GG. Agreement in squat jump force-time characteristics between Smith machine and free-weight squat jump force-time characteristics. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): 1955-1962, 2023-The purpose of this study was to determine whether squat jump (SJ) force-velocity (FV) and load-velocity (LV) profiles created using free-weights agree with profiles created with a Smith machine. Fifteen resistance-trained male subjects (age = 26.4 ± 2.5 years; height = 1.75 ± 0.09 m; body mass = 82.6 ± 13.4 kg) participated in this study. All subjects completed 2 familiarization and 2 experimental sessions using both the Smith machine and free-weight SJs each separated by 48 hours. During the experimental trials, progressively loaded SJs were performed in a quasi-randomized block order with loads between 21 kg and 100% of the subject's body mass. Agreement between exercise mode was determined with a weighted least products regression analysis. No fixed or proportional bias was noted between exercise modes when using peak velocity (PV) and mean velocity (MV) to create an FV profile. There was no fixed and proportional bias present for the LV profile when the profile was created with PV. When the LV profile was calculated from MV, fixed and proportional bias were present, indicating that MVs were significantly different between exercise modes. In addition, the free-weight FV and LV profiles exhibited poor to good relative and good to poor absolute reliability. Furthermore, when created using the Smith machine, both profiles exhibited poor to moderate relative and absolute reliability. Based on these data, caution should be used when interpreting LV and FV profiles created with these 2 methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kotani
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Jason Lake
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom; and
| | - Stuart N Guppy
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Wayne Poon
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Koźlenia D, Domaradzki J. Effects of post-activation protocols based on slow tempo bodyweight squat and isometric activity on vertical jump height enhancement in trained males: a randomized controlled trial. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15753. [PMID: 37601251 PMCID: PMC10437033 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to establish the effectiveness of slow tempo bodyweight squat combined with an isometric squat (ST-ISO), and an isometric squat alone (ISO), as a post-activation performance enhancement protocol (PAPE) for jump height improvement. The study sample consisted of 41 trained men aged 18-24. The ST-ISO group (n = 17) performed three five-second sets of the maximal voluntary back squat while pushing on an immovable bar and two sets of five repetitions of a slow-tempo (5-0-5-0) body squat immediately after isometry with a 2-m rest interval. The ISO (n = 14) group only performed isometric squats, and the control group (CG; n = 10) performed a 5-min treadmill run at 6 km/h. The countermovement jump (CMJ) height results were analyzed from the baseline and then at 3, 5, 7, and 9 min after the PAPE protocols. The statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RM-ANOVA revealed differences in the group-minute interaction (F = 2.70; p = 0.0083; η2 = 0.1243), and post-hoc tests demonstrated a significant decrease in CMJ after 5 min in the ISO group (p < 0.0446). The performance of the ST-ISO group markedly decreased in the 3rd and 7th min after PAPE (p = 0.0137; p = 0.0424, respectively), though it improved significantly in the final minute (p < 0.0030). Chi-squared analysis revealed that the ST-ISO group peaked more frequently in the 9th min (X2 = 17.97; p = 0.0214). However, CMJ height improvement did not differ between the PAPE protocols, thus it was close to statistical significance (t = -1.82; p = 0.07; ES = 0.7). The ST-ISO protocol provided jump enhancement, though the deterioration observed in the first minutes after the protocols suggest the rest period after activity requires attention, and the methods need to be individualized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Koźlenia
- Unit of Biostructure, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Domaradzki
- Unit of Biostructure, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Daumas L, Zory R, Garcia A, Jaafar A, Ientile L, Michel E, Sacco G, Chorin F. Effects of individualized lower limb isokinetic strengthening in clinical rehabilitation of older post-stroke patients: A retrospective study. J Rehabil Med 2023; 55:jrm7803. [PMID: 37548388 PMCID: PMC10424099 DOI: 10.2340/jrm.v55.7803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Muscle weakness in the lower limbs is a motor consequence of stroke that causes functional impairment. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an individualized isokinetic strengthening programme, using the moment-velocity profile, on functional recovery during post-stroke rehabilitation of older patients. A further objective was to describe the effects of the individualized isokinetic strengthening on muscular parameters. DESIGN Retrospective study. PATIENTS Older post-stroke patients. METHODS Using the Barthel Index, functional abilities in basic daily tasks were assessed and retrospectively analysed for 88 patients in a post-stroke rehabilitation unit. Of these, 44 patients received conventional rehabilitation (conventional group) and 44 received individualized isokinetic strengthening in addition to conventional rehabilitation (isokinetic group). A 2-Group (isokinetic, conventional) × 2-Time (before, after intervention) repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted. For muscular parameters, Student t-tests and Wilcoxon tests were performed. RESULTS The Barthel Index score increased more in the isokinetic group (61.59 ± 26.34 to 88.18 ± 12.16) than in the conventional group (61.70 ± 26.5 to 76.93 ± 18.12). A significant Time × Group interaction was found (F(1,86) = 5.95, p = 0.02). In the isokinetic group all muscular parameters improved. CONCLUSION This retrospective clinical study suggests that lower limb isokinetic strengthening, individualized using the moment-velocity profile, is clinically efficient for functional recovery during post-stroke rehabilitation of older patients. Intragroup effects of isokinetic strengthening also suggest benefits for muscular parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyne Daumas
- University Côte d'Azur, Laboratory Human Motricity Expertise Sport and Health, France; University Côte d'Azur, Cognition Behaviour Technology, France.
| | - Raphaël Zory
- University Côte d'Azur, Laboratory Human Motricity Expertise Sport and Health, France; University Institute of France
| | - Axelle Garcia
- University Côte d'Azur, University Hospital Center of Nice, France, Nice
| | - Amyn Jaafar
- University Côte d'Azur, University Hospital Center of Nice, France, Nice
| | - Luisa Ientile
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France
| | - Emeline Michel
- University Côte d'Azur, Laboratory Human Motricity Expertise Sport and Health, France; University Côte d'Azur, University Hospital Center of Nice, France, Nice
| | - Guillaume Sacco
- University Côte d'Azur, Cognition Behaviour Technology, France; University Côte d'Azur, University Hospital Center of Nice, France, Nice; UPRES EA 4638, University of Angers, France
| | - Frédéric Chorin
- University Côte d'Azur, Laboratory Human Motricity Expertise Sport and Health, France; University Côte d'Azur, University Hospital Center of Nice, France, Nice
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rivière JR, Morin JB, Bowen M, Cross MR, Messonnier LA, Samozino P. Exploring the Low Force-High Velocity Domain of the Force-Velocity Relationship in Acyclic Lower-Limb Extensions. Sports Med Open 2023; 9:55. [PMID: 37439876 PMCID: PMC10344854 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare linear and curvilinear models describing the force-velocity relationship obtained in lower-limb acyclic extensions, considering experimental data on an unprecedented range of velocity conditions. METHODS Nine athletes performed lower-limb extensions on a leg-press ergometer, designed to provide a very broad range of force and velocity conditions. Previously inaccessible low inertial and resistive conditions were achieved by performing extensions horizontally and with assistance. Force and velocity were continuously measured over the push-off in six resistive conditions to assess individual force-velocity relationships. Goodness of fit of linear and curvilinear models (second-order polynomial function, Fenn and Marsh's, and Hill's equations) on force and velocity data were compared via the Akaike Information Criterion. RESULTS Expressed relative to the theoretical maximal force and velocity obtained from the linear model, force and velocity data ranged from 26.6 ± 6.6 to 96.0 ± 3.6% (16-99%) and from 8.3 ± 1.9 to 76.6 ± 7.0% (5-86%), respectively. Curvilinear and linear models showed very high fit (adjusted r2 = 0.951-0.999; SEE = 17-159N). Despite curvilinear models better fitting the data, there was a ~ 99-100% chance the linear model best described the data. CONCLUSION A combination between goodness of fit, degrees of freedom and common sense (e.g., rational physiologically values) indicated linear modelling is preferable for describing the force-velocity relationship during acyclic lower-limb extensions, compared to curvilinear models. Notably, linearity appears maintained in conditions approaching theoretical maximal velocity. Using horizontal and assisted lower-limb extension to more broadly explore resistive/assistive conditions could improve reliability and accuracy of the force-velocity relationship and associated parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Romain Rivière
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, EA 7424, 73000, Chambéry, France.
| | - Jean-Benoît Morin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maximilien Bowen
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, EA 7424, 73000, Chambéry, France
| | - Matt R Cross
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laurent A Messonnier
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, EA 7424, 73000, Chambéry, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, EA 7424, 73000, Chambéry, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nieto-Acevedo R, Romero-Moraleda B, Montalvo-Pérez A, Valdés-Álvarez A, García-Sánchez C, Mon-López D. Should We Use the Men Load-Velocity Profile for Women in Deadlift and Hip Thrust? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:4888. [PMID: 36981796 PMCID: PMC10048953 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Injuries are common in team sports and can impact both team and individual performance. In particular, hamstring strain injuries are some of the most common injuries. Furthermore, hamstring injury ratios, in number of injuries and total absence days, have doubled in the last 21 seasons in professional soccer. Weakness in hip extensor strength has been identified as a risk factor in elite-level sprinters. In addition, strength imbalances of the hamstring muscle group seem to be a common cause of hamstring strain injuries. In this regard, velocity-based training has been proposed to analyze deficits in the force-velocity profile. Previous studies have shown differences between men and women, since there are biomechanical and neuromuscular differences in the lower limbs between sexes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the load-velocity profile between males and females during two of the most important hip extension exercises: the hip thrust and the deadlift. Sixteen men and sixteen women were measured in an incremental loading test following standard procedures for the hip thrust and deadlift exercises. Pearson's correlation (r) was used to measure the strength of the correlation between movement velocity and load (%1RM). The differences in the load-velocity relationship between the men and the women were assessed using a 2 (sex) × 15 (load) repeated-measures ANOVA. The main findings revealed that: (I) the load-velocity relationship was always strong and linear in both exercises (R2 range: 0.88-0.94), (II) men showed higher velocities for light loads (30-50%1RM; effect size: 0.9-0.96) than women for the deadlift, but no significant differences were found for the hip thrust. Based on the results of this study, the load-velocity equations seem to be sex-specific. Therefore, we suggest that using sex-specific equations to analyze deficits in the force-velocity profile would be more effective to control intensity in the deadlift exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Nieto-Acevedo
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C. de Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Romero-Moraleda
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Agustín Valdés-Álvarez
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Sánchez
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C. de Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Mon-López
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C. de Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lavín-Pérez AM, Collado-Mateo D, Hinojo González C, de Juan Ferré A, Ruisánchez Villar C, Mayo X, Jiménez A. High-intensity exercise prescription guided by heart rate variability in breast cancer patients: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:28. [PMID: 36890601 PMCID: PMC9993392 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is a chronic disease with a large growth in its treatments, prognosis, improvements, side effects and rehabilitation therapies research. These advances have also highlighted the need to use physical exercise as a countermeasure to reduce the cardiotoxicity of pharmacological treatments, increase patients' strength and quality of life and improve body composition, physical condition and mental health. However, new investigations show the need for a closed exercise individualisation to produce higher physiological, physical and psychological benefits in remote exercise programs. To this end, the present study will use, in a novel way in this population, heart rate variability (HRV) as a measure for prescribing high-intensity training. Thus, the primary objective of this randomised clinical trial is to analyse the effects of a high-intensity exercise program daily guided by HRV, a preplanned moderate to high-intensity exercise intervention and a usual care group, in breast cancer patients after chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments. METHODS For this purpose, a 16-week intervention will be carried out with 90 breast cancer patients distributed in 3 groups (a control group, a moderate to high-intensity preplanned exercise group and a high-intensity exercise group guided by HRV). Both physical exercise interventions will be developed remotely and supervised including strength and cardiovascular exercises. Physiological variables, such as cardiotoxicity, biomarkers, lipid profile, glucose, heart rate and blood pressure; physical measures like cardiorespiratory capacity, strength, flexibility, agility, balance and body composition; and psychosocial variables, as health-related quality of life, fatigue, functionality, self-esteem, movement fear, physical exercise level, anxiety and depression will be measure before, after the intervention and 3 and 6 months follow up. DISCUSSION Personalized high-intensity exercise could be a promising exercise intervention in contrast to moderate-intensity or usual care in breast cancer patients to reach higher clinical, physical and mental effects. In addition, the novelty of controlling HRV measures daily may reflect exercise effects and patients' adaptation in the preplanned exercise group and a new opportunity to adjust intensity. Moreover, findings may support the effectiveness and security of physical exercise remotely supervised, although with high-intensity exercise, to reach cardiotoxicity improvements and increase physical and psychosocial variables after breast cancer treatments. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov nº NCT05040867 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT05040867 ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain.,GO fitLAB, Ingesport, Madrid, Spain.,Program of Epidemiology and Public Health (Interuniversity), PhD International School of the Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Hinojo González
- Onchology Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL)., Santander, Spain
| | - Ana de Juan Ferré
- Onchology Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL)., Santander, Spain
| | - Cristina Ruisánchez Villar
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL)., Santander, Spain
| | - Xián Mayo
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Jiménez
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain.,GO fitLAB, Ingesport, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lester M, Peeling P, Girard O, Murphy A, Armstrong C, Reid M. From The Ground Up: Expert Perceptions of Lower Limb Activity Monitoring in Tennis. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:133-141. [PMID: 36876180 PMCID: PMC9982527 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding on-court movement in tennis allows for enhanced preparation strategies to improve player readiness and performance. Here, we explore expert physical preparation coaches' perceptions of elite training strategies for preparation and performance in tennis, with special reference to lower limb activity. Thirteen world renowned tennis strength and conditioning coaches were interviewed in a semi-structured method that explored four key topic areas of physical preparation for tennis: i) the physical demands; ii) load monitoring practice; iii) the direction of ground reaction forces application during match-play; and iv) the application of strength and conditioning for tennis. Three higher-order themes emerged from these discussions: i) off-court training for tennis should be specific to the demands of the sport, ii) the mechanical understanding of tennis lags our physiological approach, and iii) our understanding of the lower limb's contribution to tennis performance is limited. These findings provide valuable insights into the importance of improving our knowledge relevant to the mechanical demands of tennis movement, whilst highlighting important practical considerations from leading tennis conditioning experts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lester
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Tennis Australia, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Western Australian Institute of Sport, Perth, Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Cameron Armstrong
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Tennis Australia, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Machar Reid
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Tennis Australia, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Barker L, Siedlik J, Magrini M, Uesato S, Wang H, Sjovold A, Ewing G, Harry JR. Eccentric Force Velocity Profiling: Motor Control Strategy Considerations and Relationships to Strength and Jump Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:574-580. [PMID: 35852373 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Barker, L, Siedlik, J, Magrini, M, Uesato, S, Wang, H, Sjovold, A, Ewing, G, and Harry, JR. . Eccentric force velocity profiling: motor control strategy considerations and relationships to strength and jump performance. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 574-580, 2023-Currently, no studies exist on the eccentric force-velocity profile (eFVP) during drop landings from increasing drop heights, which may reveal an athlete's braking capacity and control strategies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the eFVP during bilateral drop landings from increasing drop heights. A secondary purpose was to explore and determine relevant relationships between the eFVP and common metrics like relative strength and jumping performance. Overall, 19 recreationally trained athletes from the university completed a 1-reptition maximum back squat, countermovement jumps, squat jumps, drop jumps, and drop landings from 0.3 to 1.52-m box heights in 0.15-m increments. Average force and velocity from the peak drop landing trial was used to generate an eFVP. The mean linear eFVP was -6.65x + 14.73, and the mean second order polynomial eFVP was -1.37x 2 - 25.84x + 0.17. The second-order polynomial fit the data better with large effect ( dunb = 1.05, p < 0.05). No significant correlations between the eFVP coefficients and the strength and jumping measurements were observed. Future research could investigate how training can influence the eFVP. Eccentric force production during landing may be a unique quality that requires specific development strategies, such has fast or slow eccentric training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leland Barker
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - Jacob Siedlik
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - Mitchel Magrini
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - Sarai Uesato
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - Harvey Wang
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - Alex Sjovold
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - Garrett Ewing
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - John R Harry
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hicks DS, Drummond C, Williams KJ, van den Tillaar R. Force-Velocity Profiling in Club-Based Field Hockey Players: Analyzing the Relationships between Mechanical Characteristics, Sex, and Positional Demands. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:142-155. [PMID: 36876183 PMCID: PMC9982534 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate differences between sex and positional demands in club-based field hockey players by analyzing vertical force-velocity characteristics. Thirty-three club-based field hockey athletes (16 males - age: 24.8 ± 7.3yrs, body mass: 76.8 ± 8.2kg, height: 1.79 ± 0.05m; 17 females - age: 22.3 ± 4.2yrs, body mass: 65.2 ± 7.6kg, height: 1.66 ± 0.05m) were classified into two key positional groups (attacker or defender) based on dominant field position during gameplay. Force-velocity (F-v) profiles were established by performing countermovement jumps (CMJ) using a three-point loading protocol ranging from body mass (i.e., zero external mass, 0%) to loads corresponding to 25% and 50% of their own body mass. Across all loads, between-trial reliability of F-v and CMJ variables was determined by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and coefficient of variation (CV) and deemed to be acceptable (ICC: 0.87-0.95, CV% 2.8-8.2). Analysis by sex identified male athletes had significantly greater differences in all F-v variables (12.81-40.58%, p ≤ 0.001, ES = 1.10-3.19), a more enhanced F-v profile (i.e., greater theoretical maximal force, velocity, and power values), plus overall stronger correlations between relative maximal power (PMAX) and jump height (r = 0.67, p ≤ 0.06) when compared to female athletes (-0.71≤ r ≥ 0.60, p = 0.08). Male attackers demonstrated a more 'velocity-oriented' F-v profile compared to defenders due to significant mean differences in theoretical maximal velocity (v0) (6.64%, p ≤ 0.05, ES: 1.11), however differences in absolute and relative theoretical force (F0) (15.43%, p ≤ 0.01, ES = 1.39) led to female attackers displaying a more 'force-oriented' profile in comparison to defenders. The observed mechanical differences identify the underpinning characteristics of position specific expression of PMAX should be reflected in training programmes. Therefore, our findings suggest F-v profiling is acceptable to differentiate between sex and positional demands in club-based field hockey players. Furthermore, it is recommended field hockey players explore a range of loads and exercises across the F-v continuum through on-field and gym-based field hockey strength and conditioning practices to account for sex and positional mechanical differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan S Hicks
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Claire Drummond
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Kym J Williams
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lindberg K, Bjørnsen T, Vårvik FT, Paulsen G, Joensen M, Kristoffersen M, Sveen O, Gundersen H, Slettaløkken G, Brankovic R, Solberg P. The effects of being told you are in the intervention group on training results: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1972. [PMID: 36737472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the placebo effects when comparing training interventions. Consequently, we investigated whether subjects being told they are in the intervention group get better training results compared to subjects being told they are in a control group. Forty athletes (male: n = 31, female: n = 9) completed a 10-week training intervention (age: 22 ± 4 years, height: 183 ± 10 cm, and body mass: 84 ± 15 kg). After randomization, the participants were either told that the training program they got was individualized based on their force-velocity profile (Placebo), or that they were in the control group (Control). However, both groups were doing the same workouts. Measurements included countermovement jump (CMJ), 20-m sprint, one-repetition maximum (1RM) back-squat, a leg-press test, ultrasonography of muscle-thickness (m. rectus femoris), and a questionnaire (Stanford Expectations of Treatment Scale) (Younger et al. in Clin Trials 9(6):767-776, 2012). Placebo increased 1RM squat more than Control (5.7 ± 6.4% vs 0.9 ± 6.9%, [0.26 vs 0.02 Effect Size], Bayes Factor: 5.1 [BF10], p = 0.025). Placebo had slightly higher adherence compared to control (82 ± 18% vs 72 ± 13%, BF10: 2.0, p = 0.08). Importantly, the difference in the 1RM squat was significant after controlling for adherence (p = 0.013). No significant differences were observed in the other measurements. The results suggest that the placebo effect may be meaningful in sports and exercise training interventions. It is possible that ineffective training interventions will go unquestioned in the absence of placebo-controlled trials.
Collapse
|
19
|
Fernandes JFT, Arede J, Clarke H, Garcia-Ramos A, Perez-Castilla A, Norris JP, Wilkins CA, Dingley AF. Kinetic and Kinematic Assessment of the Band-Assisted Countermovement Jump. J Strength Cond Res 2023:00124278-990000000-00210. [PMID: 36735295 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fernandes, JFT, Arede, J, Clarke, H, Garcia-Ramos, A, Perez-Castilla, A, Norris, JP, Wilkins, CA, and Dingley, AF. Kinetic and kinematic assessment of the band-assisted countermovement jump. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-This study sought to elucidate kinetic and kinematic differences between unloaded and band-assisted countermovement jumps (CMJs). In a randomized order, 20 healthy subjects (mass 84.5 ± 18.6 kg) completed 3 repetitions of CMJs across 3 conditions: unloaded (at body mass), low, and moderate band (8.4 ± 1.9 and 13.3 ± 3.3 kg body weight reduction, respectively). For all repetitions, a force platform and linear position transducer were used to record and calculate kinetic and kinematic data. Body weight was significantly different between the unloaded, low, and moderate band conditions (p < 0.05). Peak velocity, absolute peak, and mean force and movement duration displayed a trend that was mostly related to the condition (i.e., unloaded > low > moderate) (p < 0.05). The opposing trend (i.e., moderate > low > unloaded) was generally observed for relative peak and mean force, reactive strength index modified, and flight time (p < 0.05). No differences were observed for mean velocity, movement duration, and absolute and relative landing forces (p > 0.05). The use of band assistance during CMJs can alter force, time, and velocity variables. Practitioners should be aware of the potential positive and negative effects of band assistance during CMJs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John F T Fernandes
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Arede
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal.,Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal.,School of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Campus de Villaviciosa de Odón, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Hannah Clarke
- Higher Education Sport, Hartpury University, Hartpury, United Kingdom
| | - Amador Garcia-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alejandro Perez-Castilla
- Department of Education, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Jonty P Norris
- Strength and Conditioning, Sunderland Association Football Club, Sunderland, United Kingdom; and
| | - Celeste A Wilkins
- Higher Education Sport, Hartpury University, Hartpury, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia F Dingley
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Heather O, Lander P, Rayner R. Practice to pitch: The relationship between force-velocity profiles and match-day performance of semi-professional rugby union players. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1066767. [PMID: 37065808 PMCID: PMC10097986 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1066767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This exploratory study aimed to assess the relationship between athlete neuromuscular performance and rugby performance indicators. Specifically, the study looked at the force-velocity profiles (FVPs) derived from four common resistance exercises and their relationship with rugby performance indicators (RPIs). Methods The study recruited twenty-two semi-professional male rugby players (body mass 102.5 ± 12.6 kg, height 1.85 ± 0.74 m, age 24.4 ± 3.4 years) consisting of ten backs and twelve forwards. Prior to the first game of a Covid-impacted nine-match season, participants performed four common resistance exercises (barbell box squat, jammer push-press, sled pull, and sled push) at incremental loads to establish force-velocity profiles. During the season, rugby performance indicators (post-contact metres, tries, turnovers conceded, tackles, try assists, metres ran, defenders beaten, and tackle breaks) were collated from two trusted sources by a performance analyst. Correlational analyses were used to determine the relationship between the results of FVPs and RPIs. Results The study found a statistically significant, moderate, positive correlation between tackle-breaks and sled push V 0 (r = .35, p = .048). Significant, large, positive correlations were also found between tackles and jammer push-press V 0 (r = .53, p = .049) and tackle-breaks and sled pull F 0 (r = .53, p = .03). There was a significant, negative relationship between sled pull V 0 and tackle-breaks (r = -.49, p = .04). However, the largest, significant correlation reported was between metres ran and sled pull F 0 (r = .66, p = .03). Conclusion The study suggests that a relationship may exist between FVPs of particular exercises and RPIs, but further research is required to confirm this. Specifically, the results suggest that horizontal resistance training may be best to enhance RPIs (tackle-breaks, tackles, and metres ran). The study also found that maximal power was not related to any rugby performance indicator, which suggests that a specified prescription of either force or velocity dominant exercises to enhance RPIs may be warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ormond Heather
- School of Health and Sport Science, Eastern Institute of Technology, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Lander
- School of Health and Sport Science, Eastern Institute of Technology, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand
| | - Russell Rayner
- School of Health and Sport Science, Eastern Institute of Technology, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand
- School of Allied Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia
- Correspondence: Russell Rayner
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fessl I, Dirnberger J, Kröll J, Wiesinger HP. Isokinetic Leg-Press Power-Force-Velocity Profiles Are Reliable in Male and Female Elite Athletes but Not Interchangeable With Vertical Jump Profiles. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1614-1620. [PMID: 36028222 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the test-retest reliability of isokinetic leg-press power-force-velocity profile (P-F-v) parameters in male and female elite athletes. In addition, we determined the concurrent validity of leg-press against squat-jump (SJ) P-F-v parameters in task-experienced athletes. METHODS For test-retest reliability, 22 female and 23 male elite athletes (22.3 [4.1] y) with different sporting backgrounds conducted 3 isokinetic leg-press test sessions over 3 consecutive weeks. The testing consisted of bilateral leg extensions at isokinetic velocities of 0.1, 0.3, 0.7, and 1.2 m·s-1. For concurrent validity, 13 ski jumpers (20.3 [3.3] y) were recruited to perform the isokinetic leg-press and SJ P-F-v profile tests using 5 predefined loading conditions of 0%, +20%, +40%, +60%, and +80% of body mass. RESULTS Relative and absolute reliability were acceptable for female (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥.87 and coefficient of variation ≤6.5%) and male (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥.89 and coefficient of variation ≤5.7%) elite athletes. In contrast, concurrent validity was insufficient, with correlations ranging from -.26 to .69 between isokinetic and SJ P-F-v parameters. CONCLUSION Irrespective of sex, isokinetic leg-press P-F-v profiles provide reliable parameters. However, leg-press P-F-v profiles do not serve as a valid substitute for SJ P-F-v profiles. P-F-v parameter magnitudes are likely dependent on the constraints of the tested movement and testing device.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Fessl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg,Austria
- Olympic Training Center Salzburg, Hallein-Rif,Austria
| | - Johannes Dirnberger
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg,Austria
- Olympic Training Center Salzburg, Hallein-Rif,Austria
| | - Josef Kröll
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg,Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Wiesinger
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg,Austria
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nishioka T, Okada J. Associations of maximum and reactive strength indicators with force-velocity profiles obtained from squat jump and countermovement jump. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276681. [PMID: 36269787 PMCID: PMC9586393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the properties associated with the vertical force–velocity (F–v) profiles is important for maximizing jump performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations of maximum and reactive strength indicators with the F–v profiles obtained from squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ). On the first day, 20 resistance-trained men underwent measurements for half squat (HSQ) one-repetition maximum (1RM). On the second day, jump performances were measured to calculate the drop jump (DJ) reactive strength index (RSI) and the parameters of F–v profiles (theoretical maximum force [F0], velocity [V0], power [Pmax], and slope of the linear F–v relationship [SFv]) obtained from SJ and CMJ. The DJ RSI was not significantly correlated with any parameter of the vertical F–v profiles, whereas the relative HSQ 1RM was significantly correlated with the SJ F0 (r = 0.508, p = 0.022), CMJ F0 (r = 0.499, p = 0.025), SJ SFv (r = −0.457, p = 0.043), and CMJ Pmax (r = 0.493, p = 0.027). These results suggest that maximum strength is a more important indicator than reactive strength in improving vertical F–v profiles. Furthermore, the importance of maximum strength may vary depending on whether the practitioner wants to maximize the performance of SJ or CMJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nishioka
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Junichi Okada
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Aidar FJ, Brito CJ, de Matos DG, de Oliveira LAS, de Souza RF, de Almeida-Neto PF, de Araújo Tinoco Cabral BG, Neiva HP, Neto FR, Reis VM, Marinho DA, Marques MC, Clemente FM, Nobari H. Force-velocity relationship in Paralympic powerlifting: two or multiple-point methods to determine a maximum repetition. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:159. [PMID: 36002849 PMCID: PMC9400284 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Due to the absence of evidence in the literature on Paralympic Powerlifting the present study investigated various methods to assess bench press maximum repetition and the way each method influences the measurement of minimum velocity limit (MVT), load at zero velocity (LD0), and force–velocity (FV).
Objective To evaluate the precision of the multi-point method using proximal loads (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% of one repetition maximum; 1RM) compared to the four-point method (50, 60, 70, and 80% of 1RM) and the two-point method using distant loads (40 and 80% and 50 and 80% of 1RM) in in the MVT, LD0, and FV, in bench press performed by Paralympic Powerlifters (PP).
Methods To accomplish this, 15 male elite PP athletes participated in the study (age: 27.7 ± 5.7 years; BM: 74.0 ± 19.5 kg). All participants performed an adapted bench press test (free weight) with 6 loads (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% 1RM), 4 loads (50, 60, 70, and 80% 1RM), and 2 loads (40–80% and 50–80% 1RM). The 1RM predictions were made by MVT, LD0, and FV.
Results The main results indicated that the multiple (4 and 6) pointsmethod provides good results in the MVT (R2 = 0.482), the LD0 (R2 = 0.614), and the FV (R2 = 0.508). The two-point method (50–80%) showed a higher mean in MVT [1268.2 ± 502.0 N; ICC95% 0.76 (0.31–0.92)], in LD0 [1504.1 ± 597.3 N; 0.63 (0.17–0.86)], and in FV [1479.2 ± 636.0 N; 0.60 (0.10–0.86)].
Conclusion The multiple-point method (4 and 6 points) and the two-point method (40–80%) using the MVT, LD0, and FV all showed a good ability to predict bench press 1RM in PP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe J Aidar
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão, 49100-000, Brazil.,Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão, 49100-000, Brazil.,Graduate Program of Physiological Science, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão, 49100-000, Brazil.,Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Ciro José Brito
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, 36036-330, Brazil
| | - Dihogo Gama de Matos
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão, 49100-000, Brazil.,Cardiorespiratory and Physiology of Exercise Research Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Levy Anthony S de Oliveira
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Rapahel Fabrício de Souza
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão, 49100-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Henrique P Neiva
- Department of Sport Sciences, Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Frederico Ribeiro Neto
- Paralympic Sports Program, SARAH Rehabilitation Hospital Network, Brasilia, 71535-005, Brazil
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-Os-Montes E Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário C Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto E Lazer, Rua Escola Industrial E Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Delegação da Covilhã, Instituto de Telecomunicações, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran. .,Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068, Braşov, Romania. .,Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de La Universidad, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kramer M, Thomas EJ, Pretorius C. Application of the Force-velocity-power Concept to the 3-Min all-out Running Test. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:1196-1205. [PMID: 35952680 DOI: 10.1055/a-1873-1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Force-velocity-power (FVP) profiling offers insights related to key factors that may enhance or hinder sprinting performances. Whether the same FVP principles could be applied to the sprinting portion of the 3-minute all-out test for running (3MT) has not been previously investigated. Twenty moderately trained participants volunteered for the study (age: 24.75 ± 3.58 yrs; height: 1.69±0.11 m; mass: 73.74±12.26 kg). After familiarization of all testing procedures, participants completed: (i) a 40-m all-out sprint test, and (ii) a 3MT. Theoretical maximal force and power, but not velocity, were significantly higher for the 40-m sprint test. Most FVP variables from the two tests were weakly to moderately correlated, with the exception of maximal velocity. Finally, maximal velocity and relative peak power were predictive of D', explaining approximately 51% of the variance in D'. Although similar maximal velocities are attained during both the 40-m sprint and the 3MT, the underlying mechanisms are markedly different. The FVP parameters obtained from either test are likely not interchangeable but do provide valuable insights regarding the potential mechanisms by which D' may be improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kramer
- Physical Activity, Sport, and Recreation, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Emma Jayne Thomas
- Human Movement Sciences, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Alcazar J, Pareja-Blanco F, Rodriguez-Lopez C, Gutierrez-Reguero H, Sanchez-Valdepeñas J, Cornejo-Daza PJ, Ara I, Alegre LM. A novel equation that incorporates the linear and hyperbolic nature of the force-velocity relationship in lower and upper limb exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2305-2313. [PMID: 35864344 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to provide a force-velocity (F-V) equation that combines a linear and a hyperbolic region, and to compare its derived results to those obtained from linear equations. A total of 10 cross-training athletes and 14 recreationally resistance-trained young men were assessed in the unilateral leg press (LP) and bilateral bench press (BP) exercises, respectively. F-V data were recorded using a force plate and a linear encoder. Estimated maximum isometric force (F0), maximum muscle power (Pmax), and maximum unloaded velocity (V0) were calculated using a hybrid (linear and hyperbolic) equation and three different linear equations: one derived from the hybrid equation (linearhyb), one applied to data from 0 to 100% of F0 (linear0-100), and one applied to data from 45 to 100% of F0 (linear45-100). The hybrid equation presented the best fit to the recorded data (R2 = 0.996 and 0.998). Compared to the results derived from the hybrid equation in the LP, significant differences were observed in F0 derived from linear0-100; V0 derived from linearhyb, linear0-100 and linear45-100; and Pmax derived from linearhyb and linear45-100 (all p < 0.05). For the BP, compared to the hybrid equation, significant differences were found in F0 derived from linear0-100; and V0 and Pmax derived from linearhyb, linear0-100 and linear45-100 (all p < 0.05). An F-V equation combining a linear and a hyperbolic region showed to fit adequately recorded F-V data from ~ 20 to 100% of F0, and overcame the limitations shown by linear equations while providing relevant results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Physical Performance and Athletic Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hector Gutierrez-Reguero
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Sanchez-Valdepeñas
- Physical Performance and Athletic Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Pedro J Cornejo-Daza
- Physical Performance and Athletic Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain. .,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ben-David C, Ostraich B, Riemer R. Passive Knee Exoskeleton Increases Vertical Jump Height. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2022; 30:1796-1805. [PMID: 35776830 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2022.3187056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Most exoskeletons are designed to reduce the metabolic costs of performing aerobic tasks such as walking, running, and hopping. This study presents an exoskeleton that boosts vertical jumping-a fast, short movement during which the muscles are exerted at peak capacity. It was hypothesized that a passive exoskeleton would increase vertical jump height without requiring external energy input. The device comprises springs that work in parallel with the muscles of the quadriceps femoris. The springs store mechanical energy during knee flexion (the negative work phase) and release that energy during the subsequent knee extension (the positive work phase), augmenting the muscles. Ten healthy participants were evaluated in two experimental sessions. In the first session, the participants jumped without receiving instructions on how to use the exoskeleton, and the results showed no difference in jump height when jumping with the exoskeleton or jumping without it. In the second session, the participants were instructed to achieve deeper initial squat heights at the start of the jump. This resulted in a 6.4% increase in average jump height compared to jumping without the exoskeleton (each participant performed five jumps for each the two conditions). This is the first time that a passive exoskeleton has been shown to improve the height of a vertical jump from a dead stop.
Collapse
|
27
|
Almeida F, Bonitch-Góngora J, Feriche B, Schoenfeld BJ, Fuente BDL, Padial P. Altitude differentially alters the force-velocity relationship after 3 weeks of power-oriented resistance training in elite judokas. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35689400 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2089055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a 3-week power-oriented resistance training programme performed at moderate altitude on the lower-limb maximal theoretical power and force-velocity (F-V) imbalance of elite judokas. Twenty-two elite male judokas were randomly assigned to either a hypobaric hypoxia or normoxia group. Mechanical outputs from an incremental loaded countermovement jump test were assessed at sea level, before and after training, and 1 week later. Results indicated an increase in the maximal theoretical force and a reduction in the F-V imbalance both at moderate altitude and sea level. Altitude training induced additional benefits when compared to sea level for F-V imbalance (8.4%; CI: 0.3, 17.3%), maximal theoretical power (2.09 W·kg-1; CI: 0.13, 4.52 W·kg-1) and force (1.32 N·kg-1; CI: -0.12, 2.96 N·kg-1), jump height (3.24 cm; CI: 2.02, 4.80 cm) and optimal maximal theoretical force (1.61 N·kg-1; CI: 0.06, 3.60 N·kg-1) and velocity (0.08 m·s-1; CI: 0.00, 0.17 m·s-1) after the training period. The hypoxia group achieved their best results immediately after the training period, while the normoxia group achieved them one week later. These results suggest that a power-oriented resistance training programme carried out at moderate altitude accelerates and improves the gains in lower-limb muscle power, while minimizing lower-limb imbalances. Therefore, it seems appropriate to compete immediately after the return to sea level and/or use altitude training as a tool to improve muscle power levels of athletes without tapering goals, especially in highly trained power athletes, since their window of adaptation for further power enhancement is smaller.Highlights A 3-week power-oriented resistance training programme improved lower-limb mechanical outputs of elite judokas both at moderate altitude and sea level; training at moderate altitude increases and accelerates these improvements, reducing athletes' imbalances.It may be optimal for judokas to compete immediately after the return to sea level and/or use altitude training as a tool to improve muscle power levels of athletes without tapering goals, especially in highly trained power athletes, since their window of adaptation for further power enhancement is attenuated.Athletes should ensure they possess adequate strength levels before employing a power-oriented training programme to potentiate further improvements in muscle power.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Almeida
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Bonitch-Góngora
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Blanca de la Fuente
- High Performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ramirez-Campillo R, Moran J, Oliver JL, Pedley JS, Lloyd RS, Granacher U. Programming Plyometric-Jump Training in Soccer: A Review. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10060094. [PMID: 35736834 PMCID: PMC9230747 DOI: 10.3390/sports10060094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to describe and summarize the scientific literature on programming parameters related to jump or plyometric training in male and female soccer players of different ages and fitness levels. A literature search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus using keywords related to the main topic of this study (e.g., “ballistic” and “plyometric”). According to the PICOS framework, the population for the review was restricted to soccer players, involved in jump or plyometric training. Among 7556 identified studies, 90 were eligible for inclusion. Only 12 studies were found for females. Most studies (n = 52) were conducted with youth male players. Moreover, only 35 studies determined the effectiveness of a given jump training programming factor. Based on the limited available research, it seems that a dose of 7 weeks (1−2 sessions per week), with ~80 jumps (specific of combined types) per session, using near-maximal or maximal intensity, with adequate recovery between repetitions (<15 s), sets (≥30 s) and sessions (≥24−48 h), using progressive overload and taper strategies, using appropriate surfaces (e.g., grass), and applied in a well-rested state, when combined with other training methods, would increase the outcome of effective and safe plyometric-jump training interventions aimed at improving soccer players physical fitness. In conclusion, jump training is an effective and easy-to-administer training approach for youth, adult, male and female soccer players. However, optimal programming for plyometric-jump training in soccer is yet to be determined in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile;
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK;
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (J.S.P.); (R.S.L.)
| | - Jason S. Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (J.S.P.); (R.S.L.)
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (J.S.P.); (R.S.L.)
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lindberg K, Lohne-Seiler H, Fosstveit SH, Sibayan EE, Fjeller JS, Løvold S, Kolnes T, Vårvik FT, Berntsen S, Paulsen G, Seynnes O, Bjørnsen T. Effectiveness of individualized training based on force-velocity profiling on physical function in older men. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1013-1025. [PMID: 35305276 PMCID: PMC9313882 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an individualized power training program based on force–velocity (FV) profiling on physical function, muscle morphology, and neuromuscular adaptations in older men. Forty‐nine healthy men (68 ± 5 years) completed a 10‐week training period to enhance muscular power. They were randomized to either a generic power training group (GPT) or an individualized power training group (IPT). Unlike generic training, individualized training was based on low‐ or high‐resistance exercises, from an initial force–velocity profile. Lower‐limb FV profile was measured in a pneumatic leg‐press, and physical function was assessed as timed up‐and‐go time (TUG), sit‐to‐stand power, grip strength, and stair‐climbing time (loaded [20kg] and unloaded). Vastus lateralis morphology was measured with ultrasonography. Rate of force development (RFD) and rate of myoelectric activity (RMA) were measured during an isometric knee extension. The GPT group improved loaded stair‐climbing time (6.3 ± 3.8 vs. 2.3% ± 7.3%, p = 0.04) more than IPT. Both groups improved stair‐climbing time, sit to stand, and leg press power, grip strength, muscle thickness, pennation angle, fascicle length, and RMA from baseline (p < 0.05). Only GPT increased loaded stair‐climbing time and RFD (p < 0.05). An individualized power training program based on FV profiling did not improve physical function to a greater degree than generic power training. A generic power training approach combining both heavy and low loads might be advantageous through eliciting both force‐ and velocity‐related neuromuscular adaptions with a concomitant increase in muscular power and physical function in older men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kolbjørn Lindberg
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Hilde Lohne-Seiler
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sindre H Fosstveit
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Erlend E Sibayan
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Joachim S Fjeller
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sondre Løvold
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Tommy Kolnes
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Fredrik T Vårvik
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivier Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Macchi R, Santuz A, Hays A, Vercruyssen F, Arampatzis A, Bar-Hen A, Nicol C. Sex influence on muscle synergies in a ballistic force-velocity test during the delayed recovery phase after a graded endurance run. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09573. [PMID: 35756118 PMCID: PMC9213706 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute and delayed phases of the functional recovery pattern after running exercise have been studied mainly in men. However, it seems that women are less fatigable and/or recover faster than men, at least when tested in isometric condition. After a 20 km graded running race, the influence of sex on the delayed phase of recovery at 2-4 days was studied using a horizontal ballistic force-velocity test. Nine female and height male recreational runners performed maximal concentric push-offs at four load levels a week before the race (PRE), 2 and 4 days (D2 and D4) later. Ground reaction forces and surface electromyographic (EMG) activity from 8 major lower limb muscles were recorded. For each session, the mechanical force-velocity-power profile (i.e. theoretical maximal values of force ( F ¯ 0), velocity ( V ¯ 0), and power ( P ¯ max)) was computed. Mean EMG activity of each recorded muscle and muscle synergies (three for both men and women) were extracted. Independently of the testing sessions, men and women differed regarding the solicitation of the bi-articular thigh muscles (medial hamstring muscles and rectus femoris). At mid-push-off, female made use of more evenly distributed lower limb muscle activities than men. No fatigue effect was found for both sexes when looking at the mean ground reaction forces. However, the force-velocity profile varied by sex throughout the recovery: only men showed a decrease of both V ¯ 0 (p < 0.05) and P ¯ max (p < 0.01) at D2 compared to PRE. Vastus medialis activity was reduced for both men and women up to D4, but only male synergies were impacted at D2: the center of activity of the first and second synergies was reached later. This study suggests that women could recover earlier in a dynamic multi-joint task and that sex-specific organization of muscle synergies may have contributed to their different recovery times after such a race.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Macchi
- ISM, CNRS & Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Alessandro Santuz
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arnaud Hays
- ISM, CNRS & Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Avner Bar-Hen
- CEDRIC, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pérez-Castilla A, Samozino P, Jukic I, Iglesias-Soler E, García-Ramos A. The linear regression model provides the force-velocity relationship parameters with the highest reliability. Sports Biomech 2022:1-20. [PMID: 35377269 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2058992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An a-posteriori multicentre reliability study was conducted to compare the between-session reliability of the force-velocity relationship parameters (force-intercept [F0], velocity-intercept [v0], and maximum power [Pmax]) between different regression models during the bench press (BP) and bench press throw (BPT) exercises. Data from four and three studies were considered for the BP (n = 102) and BPT (n = 81) exercises, respectively. The force-velocity relationships were determined using five regression models: linear multiple-point, linear two-point, quadratic polynomial, hyperbolic, and exponential. All regression models provided F0 and Pmax with acceptable reliability (cut-off CV ≤ 9.45%; cut-off ICC ≥ 0.79) with the exceptions of F0 for the quadratic polynomial and hyperbolic models (BPT) and Pmax for the exponential model (BP and BPT). Only the linear multiple- and linear two-point models provided v0 with acceptable absolute reliability (cut-off CV ≤ 7.72%). Regardless of the exercise, the reliability of the three parameters was generally higher for the linear multiple- and two-point models compared to the other models (CVratio ≥ 1.22), and no significant differences were observed between multiple- and linear two-point models (CVratio ≤ 1.11). Linear regression models are recommended to maximise the reliability of the force-velocity relationship parameters during the BP and BPT exercises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University Savoie Mont BlancInter-university, Chambery, France
| | - Ivan Jukic
- School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eliseo Iglesias-Soler
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of a Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cesanelli L, Ammar A, Arede J, Calleja-González J, Leite N. Performance indicators and functional adaptive windows in competitive cyclists: effect of one-year strength and conditioning training programme. Biol Sport 2022; 39:329-40. [PMID: 35309528 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2022.105334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes and relationships between cycling performance indicators following a one-year strength and conditioning training have not been totally clarified. The aims of this study are to investigate (i) the effect of a combined one-year strength and conditioning training programme on performance indicators and the possible relationships between these indicators, and (ii) the existence of possible endurance-functional-adaptive windows (EFAWs) linked to changes in muscular strength and body composition markers. Functional and lactate threshold power (FTP and LTP), maximal strength (1RM) and body composition (body mass index [BMI], body cell mass [BCM] and phase angle [PA]) were measured at the beginning and the end of a one-year strength and conditioning training programme of thirty cyclists. Correlations, differences, and predictive analysis were performed among parameters. Significant differences were found between pre- and post-conditioning programme results for FTP, LTP, 1RM (p < 0.0001) and BCM (p = 0.038). When expressed as power output (W), FTP and LTP were significantly correlated with 1RM (r = 0.36, p = 0.005 and r = 0.37, p = 0.004, respectively), body mass (r = 0.30 and p = 0.02), BCM (r = 0.68, p < 0.001) and PA (r = 0.42 and 0.39, respectively and p < 0.001). When expressed as W·kg-¹, these power thresholds were strongly correlated with body mass (r = -0.56 and -0.61, respectively) and BMI (r = -0.57 and -0.61 respectively) with p < 0.001. Predictive polynomial regressions revealed possible endurance and strength adaptation zones. The present findings indicated beneficial impacts of one-year strength and conditioning training on cycling performance indicators, confirmed the correlation between performance indicators, and suggested the existence of different EFAWs. Strategies aiming to improve performance should consider cyclist characteristics and performance goals to achieve EFAWs and thereby enhance cycling performance.
Collapse
|
33
|
Merrigan JJ, Rentz LE, Hornsby WG, Wagle JP, Stone JD, Smith HT, Galster SM, Joseph M, Hagen JA. Comparisons of Countermovement Jump Force-Time Characteristics Among National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I American Football Athletes: Use of Principal Component Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:411-419. [PMID: 34798642 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Merrigan, JJ, Rentz, LE, Hornsby, WG, Wagle, JP, Stone, JD, Smith, HT, Galster, SM, Joseph, M, and Hagen, JA. Comparisons of countermovement jump force-time characteristics among NCAA Division I American football athletes: use of principal component analysis. J Strength Cond Res 36(2): 411-419, 2022-This study aimed to reduce the dimensionality of countermovement jump (CMJ) force-time characteristics and evaluate differences among positional groups (skills, hybrid, linemen, and specialists) within National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) division I American football. Eighty-two football athletes performed 2 maximal effort, no arm-swing, CMJs on force plates. The average absolute and relative (e.g., power/body mass) metrics were analyzed using analysis of variance and principal component analysis procedures (p < 0.05). Linemen had the heaviest body mass and produced greater absolute forces than hybrid and skills but had lower propulsive abilities demonstrated by longer propulsive phase durations and greater eccentric to concentric mean force ratios. Skills and hybrid produced the most relative concentric and eccentric forces and power, as well as modified reactive strength indexes (RSIMOD). Skills (46.7 ± 4.6 cm) achieved the highest jump height compared with hybrid (42.8 ± 5.5 cm), specialists (38.7 ± 4.0 cm), and linemen (34.1 ± 5.3 cm). Four principal components explained 89.5% of the variance in force-time metrics. Dimensions were described as the (a) explosive transferability to concentric power (RSIMOD, concentric power, and eccentric to concentric forces) (b) powerful eccentric loading (eccentric power and velocity), (c) countermovement strategy (depth and duration), and (d) jump height and power. The many positional differences in CMJ force-time characteristics may inform strength and conditioning program designs tailored to each position and identify important explanatory metrics to routinely monitor by position. The overwhelming number of force-time metrics to select from may be reduced using principal component analysis methods, although practitioners should still consider the various metric's applicability and reliability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Merrigan
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Lauren E Rentz
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - William Guy Hornsby
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | | | - Jason D Stone
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.,College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Holden T Smith
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Scott M Galster
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael Joseph
- Athletic Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Joshua A Hagen
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ávila-Carvalho L, Conceição F, Escobar-Álvarez JA, Gondra B, Leite I, Rama L. The Effect of 16 Weeks of Lower-Limb Strength Training in Jumping Performance of Ballet Dancers. Front Physiol 2022; 12:774327. [PMID: 35095553 PMCID: PMC8790119 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.774327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Jumping ability is considered a determinant of performance success. It is identified as one of the predictors and talent identification in many sports and dance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 16 weeks of lower-limb strength training on the jumping performance of ballet dancers. A total of 24 participants from the same dance school were randomly selected in the control group [CG; n = 10; aged 13.00 (1.49) years; 43.09 (9.48) kg and 1.53 (0.11) m] and the intervention group [IG; n = 14; aged 12.43 (1.45) years; 38.21 (4.38) kg and 1.51 (0.07) m], evaluated before and after the applied strength training program mainly using the body weight of each participant. Jump performance was assessed using MyJump2, a scientifically validated mobile phone app. Intergroup and intragroup comparisons were assessed, and the magnitude of change was calculated using the effect size (ES). While CG significantly decreased the relative power over time (p < 0.001, ES = −0.29: small), results from the intragroup comparisons suggest that IG significantly increased the countermovement jump (CMJ) height (p < 0.001, ES = 1.21: large), the relative force (p < 0.001, ES = 0.86: moderate), maximal velocity (p < 0.001, ES = 1.15: moderate), and relative power (p < 0.001, ES = 1.37: large). We concluded that a 16-week strength training program of lower limbs is an effective way to improve CMJ height in young dancers. Supplementary strength training appears to be the determinant for the improvement of the jumping performance of ballet dancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lurdes Ávila-Carvalho
- Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sport, Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Lurdes Ávila-Carvalho,
| | - Filipe Conceição
- Faculty of Sport, Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LABIOMEP, Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juan A. Escobar-Álvarez
- Faculty of Sport, Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Ayr, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Gondra
- Faculty of Sport, Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isaura Leite
- Faculty of Sport, Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Rama
- Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fessl I, Wiesinger H, Kröll J. Power–Force–Velocity Profiling as a Function of Used Loads and Task Experience. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate cohort-specific reliability and concurrent validity of 3 different vertical power–force–velocity (P–F–v) profiles to determine force, velocity, maximal power, and the slope of the force–velocity relationship using squat jumps. Methods: Fifteen male sport students and 15 elite ski jumping athletes (male = 11; female = 4) conducted 2 block-randomized test–retest sessions with 5-point-method or 2-point-method loading conditions. A third P–F–v profile was established by excluding the data point most declining the coefficient of determination (r2) of the 5-point method. Results: Acceptable absolute and relative reliability were found across methods in ski jumping athletes (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] ≥ .79, coefficient of variation [CV] ≤ 6.2%). However, force values were significantly lower in the retest (≤2.1%, d ≤ 0.75). In contrast, no systematic differences (P ≥ .461), but unacceptable absolute and relative reliability, were found in sport students (ICC ≥ .63, CV ≤ 14.8%). The P–F–v parameters of the different collecting and evaluating approaches yielded high to excellent correlations (ski jumping athletes: r ≥ .64; sport students: r ≥ .61), but maximal power (≤4.6%) and velocity (<6.2%,) values of sport students revealed significant differences. Conclusion: The similarity of P–F–v testing and basic ski jumping training daily exercises seems to be more significant to obtain reliable force–velocity parameters than the methodological approach. Accordingly, P–F–v profiles seem to be reliable with the proposed methods only in highly task-experienced athletes but not in less task-experienced cohorts like sport students.
Collapse
|
36
|
Samozino P, Rivière JR, Jimenez-reyes P, Cross MR, Morin J. Is the Concept, Method, or Measurement to Blame for Testing Error? An Illustration Using the Force-Velocity-Power Profile. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
When poor reliability of “output” variables is reported, it can be difficult to discern whether blame lies with the measurement (ie, the inputs) or the overarching concept. This commentary addresses this issue, using the force-velocity-power (FvP) profile in jumping to illustrate the interplay between concept, method, and measurement reliability. While FvP testing has risen in popularity and accessibility, some studies have challenged the reliability and subsequent utility of the concept itself without clearly considering the potential for imprecise procedures to impact reliability measures. To this end, simulations based on virtual athletes confirmed that push-off distance and jump-height variability should be <4% to 5% to guarantee well-fitted force–velocity relationships and acceptable typical error (<10%) in FvP outputs, which was in line with previous experimental findings. Thus, while arguably acceptable in isolation, the 5% to 10% variability in push-off distance or jump height reported in the critiquing studies suggests that their methods were not reliable enough (lack of familiarization, inaccurate procedures, or submaximal efforts) to infer underpinning force-production capacities. Instead of challenging only the concept of FvP relationship testing, an alternative conclusion should have considered the context in which the results were observed: If procedures’ and/or tasks’ execution is too variable, FvP outputs will be unreliable. As for some other neuromuscular or physiological testing, the FvP relationship, which magnifies measurement errors, is unreliable when the input measurements or testing procedures are inaccurate independently from the method or concept used. Field “simple” methods require the same methodological rigor as “lab” methods to obtain reliable output data.
Collapse
|
37
|
Pleša J, Kozinc Ž, Šarabon N. The Association Between Force-Velocity Relationship in Countermovement Jump and Sprint With Approach Jump, Linear Acceleration and Change of Direction Ability in Volleyball Players. Front Physiol 2021; 12:763711. [PMID: 34867467 PMCID: PMC8637321 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.763711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The force-velocity (FV) relationship allows the identification of the mechanical capabilities of musculoskeletal system to produce force, power and velocity. The aim of this study was to assess the associations of the mechanical variables derived from the FV relationship with approach jump, linear sprint and change of direction (CoD) ability in young male volleyball players. Thirty-seven participants performed countermovement jumps with incremental loads from bodyweight to 50–100 kg (depending on the individual capabilities), 25-m sprint with split times being recorded for the purpose of FV relationship calculation, two CoD tests (505 test and modified T-test) and approach jump. Results in this study show that approach jump performance seems to be influenced by maximal power output (r = 0.53) and horizontal force production (r = 0.51) in sprinting, as well as force capacity in jumping (r = 0.45). Only the FV variables obtained from sprinting alone contributed to explaining linear sprinting and CoD ability (r = 0.35–0.93). An interesting finding is that sprinting FV variables have similar and some even stronger correlation with approach jump performance than jumping FV variables, which needs to be considered for volleyball training optimization. Based on the results of this study it seems that parameters that refer to horizontal movement capacity are important for volleyball athletic performance. Further interventional studies are needed to check how to implement specific FV-profile-based training programs to improve specific mechanical capabilities that determine volleyball athletic performance and influence the specific physical performance of volleyball players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Pleša
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Kozinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia.,Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia.,Department of Human Health, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia.,Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kozinc Ž, Pleša J, Šarabon N. Questionable Utility of the Eccentric Utilization Ratio in Relation to the Performance of Volleyball Players. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph182211754. [PMID: 34831507 PMCID: PMC8623165 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The difference between squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ), termed eccentric utilization ratio (EUR), is frequently suggested as an outcome that can be used in athletic training design. Unlike performance in SJ and CMJ, which is associated with sports performance, the association between EUR and sports performance is almost unexplored. This study aimed to investigate whether EUR is associated with performance in approach jump, linear sprint and change of direction (CoD) tasks in volleyball players. Forty-five male volleyball players performed SJ, CMJ, 25 m linear sprint, approach jump and two CoD tasks (505 test and modified T-test). EUR was calculated based on jump height, peak power, peak force and average power. SJ and CMJ variables showed moderate to high correlation with approach jump performance (r = 0.42–0.70), small correlation with modified T-test (r = 0.33–0.40) and small to moderate correlation with sprint time (r = 0.35–0.49). EUR showed only small associations with performance variables (r = 0.31–0.34). In all linear regression models with performance outcomes as dependent variables, the CMJ height was always the only statistically significant predictor. Our results support the recent arguments that the EUR offers limited insight into the neuromuscular capabilities of athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Kozinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia; (Ž.K.); (J.P.)
- Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Muzejski trg 2, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Pleša
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia; (Ž.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia; (Ž.K.); (J.P.)
- Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Tehnološki Park 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Baena-Raya A, García-Mateo P, García-Ramos A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Soriano-Maldonado A. Delineating the potential of the vertical and horizontal force-velocity profile for optimizing sport performance: A systematic review. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:331-344. [PMID: 34727836 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1993641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this systematic review were to synthetize the current evidence about (i) the force-velocity (FV) profile parameters (maximal values of force [F0], velocity (V0), and power [Pmax]) obtained from the Samozino's method in different sports; (ii) the association of the FV profile parameters with sport performance outcomes; and (iii) the effects of specific training programmes on the FV profile parameters. PubMed, SportDiscus, Web of Science, and Medline databases were searched for articles published between October 2008 (conception of the Samozino's method) and October 2020. Twenty-one studies (10 descriptive, 6 correlational, and 5 longitudinal) met the inclusion criteria. The main findings revealed greater F0, Pmax, and V0 values and better jump/sprint performance for high-level athletes compared to their low-level counterparts. The vertical Pmax showed the highest correlation with jump height. The horizontal F0, Pmax, and V0 were nearly perfectly correlated with 5/10-m, 10/20-m and 30/40-m sprint times, respectively. Training programmes using heavy- or light-loads specifically enhanced F0 and V0, respectively. These results suggest that the FV profile parameters discriminate between athletes of different sport disciplines and levels of practice, present significant correlations with a number of sport performance outcomes, and can be modified after short-term training programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Sport Research Group (Cts-1024), Cernep Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Mateo
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Sport Research Group (Cts-1024), Cernep Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Faculty of Education, Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning Universidad Católica De La Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Sport Research Group (Cts-1024), Cernep Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Sport Research Group (Cts-1024), Cernep Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pérez-Castilla A, Jukic I, García-Ramos A. Validation of a novel method to assess maximal neuromuscular capacities through the load-velocity relationship. J Biomech 2021; 127:110684. [PMID: 34416531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to elucidate whether the assessment of the load-velocity relationship during the bench press throw exercise can be used as an indicator of the maximal capacity of upper-body muscles to produce force at low and high velocities as well as doing work at a maximal rate. Twenty-four resistance-trained men (bench press one-repetition maximum [1RM] relative to body mass = 1.14 ± 0.17) performed two incremental loading tests from 14 kg until the 1RM during the bench press throw exercise 7 days apart. Individual load-velocity relationships were modelled from the mean velocity values collected under all loading conditions and three variables were calculated from the individual load-velocity relationships: load-axis intercept (L0), velocity-axis intercept (v0), and area under the line (Aline = L0·v0/2). The bench press 1RM strength, peak velocity achieved against 14 kg (PV14kg), and the maximum power determined as the apex of the power-velocity relationship (Pmax) were also determined as traditional measures of maximal neuromuscular capacities. The three load-velocity relationship variables showed a very high reliability (CV ≤ 2.36%; ICC ≥ 0.86). Regarding the concurrent validity of the load-velocity relationship variables, nearly perfect correlations were observed between L0 and 1RM strength (r = 0.98) and between Aline and Pmax (r = 0.96), while lower correlations were observed between v0 and PV14kg (r = 0.59). These results highlight that the three maximal mechanical capacities of upper-body muscles can be quickly estimated through the assessment of the load-velocity relationship during the bench press throw exercise.
Collapse
|
41
|
Nicholson B, Dinsdale A, Jones B, Till K. The Training of Medium- to Long-Distance Sprint Performance in Football Code Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2021; 52:257-286. [PMID: 34499339 PMCID: PMC8803780 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Within the football codes, medium-distance (i.e., > 20 m and ≤ 40 m) and long-distance (i.e., > 40 m) sprint performance and maximum velocity sprinting are important capacities for success. Despite this, no research has identified the most effective training methods for enhancing medium- to long-distance sprint outcomes. Objectives This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to (1) analyse the ability of different methods to enhance medium- to long-distance sprint performance outcomes (0–30 m, 0 to > 30 m, and the maximum sprinting velocity phase [Vmax]) within football code athletes and (2) identify how moderator variables (i.e., football code, sex, age, playing standard, phase of season) affected the training response. Methods We conducted a systematic search of electronic databases and performed a random-effects meta-analysis (within-group changes and pairwise between-group differences) to establish standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals and 95% prediction intervals. This identified the magnitude and direction of the individual training effects of intervention subgroups (sport only; primary, secondary, tertiary, and combined training methods) on medium- to long-distance sprint performance while considering moderator variables. Results In total, 60 studies met the inclusion criteria (26 with a sport-only control group), totalling 111 intervention groups and 1500 athletes. The within-group changes design reported significant performance improvements (small–moderate) between pre- and post-training for the combined, secondary (0–30 and 0 to > 30 m), and tertiary training methods (0–30 m). A significant moderate improvement was found in the Vmax phase performance only for tertiary training methods, with no significant effect found for sport only or primary training methods. The pairwise between-group differences design (experimental vs. control) reported favourable performance improvements (large SMD) for the combined (0 to > 30 m), primary (Vmax phase), secondary (0–30 m), and tertiary methods (all outcomes) when compared with the sport-only control groups. Subgroup analysis showed that the significant differences between the meta-analysis designs consistently demonstrated a larger effect in the pairwise between-group differences than the within-group change. No individual training mode was found to be the most effective. Subgroup analysis identified that football code, age, and phase of season moderated the overall magnitude of training effects. Conclusions This review provides the first systematic review and meta-analysis of all sprint performance development methods exclusively in football code athletes. Secondary, tertiary, and combined training methods appeared to improve medium-long sprint performance of football code athletes. Tertiary training methods should be implemented to enhance Vmax phase performance. Nether sport-only nor primary training methods appeared to enhance medium to long sprint performance. Performance changes may be attributed to either adaptations specific to the acceleration or Vmax phases, or both, but not exclusively Vmax. Regardless of the population characteristics, sprint performance can be enhanced by increasing either the magnitude or the orientation of force an athlete can generate in the sprinting action, or both. Trial Registration OSF registration https://osf.io/kshqn/. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40279-021-01552-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Nicholson
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.
| | - Alex Dinsdale
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lindberg K, Solberg P, Rønnestad BR, Frank MT, Larsen T, Abusdal G, Berntsen S, Paulsen G, Sveen O, Seynnes O, Bjørnsen T. Should we individualize training based on force-velocity profiling to improve physical performance in athletes? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:2198-2210. [PMID: 34473848 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of an individualized training program based on force-velocity (FV) profiling on jumping, sprinting, strength, and power in athletes. Forty national level team sport athletes (20 ± 4years, 83 ± 13 kg) from ice-hockey, handball, and soccer completed a 10-week training intervention. A theoretical optimal squat jump (SJ)-FV-profile was calculated from SJ with five different loads (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg). Based on their initial FV-profile, athletes were randomized to train toward, away, or irrespective (balanced training) of their initial theoretical optimal FV-profile. The training content was matched between groups in terms of set x repetitions but varied in relative loading to target the different aspects of the FV-profile. The athletes performed 10 and 30 m sprints, SJ and countermovement jump (CMJ), 1 repetition maximum (1RM) squat, and a leg-press power test before and after the intervention. There were no significant group differences for any of the performance measures. Trivial to small changes in 1RM squat (2.9%, 4.6%, and 6.5%), 10 m sprint time (1.0%, -0.9%, and -1.7%), 30 m sprint time (0.9%, -0.6%, and -0.4%), CMJ height (4.3%, 3.1%, and 5.7%), SJ height (4.8%, 3.7%, and 5.7%), and leg-press power (6.7%, 4.2%, and 2.9%) were observed in the groups training toward, away, or irrespective of their initial theoretical optimal FV-profile, respectively. Changes toward the optimal SJ-FV-profile were negatively correlated with changes in SJ height (r = -0.49, p < 0.001). Changes in SJ-power were positively related to changes in SJ-height (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) and CMJ-height (r = 0.32, p = 0.044), but unrelated to changes in 10 m (r = -0.02, p = 0.921) and 30 m sprint time (r = -0.01, p = 0.974). The results from this study do not support the efficacy of individualized training based on SJ-FV profiling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kolbjørn Lindberg
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.,Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Bent R Rønnestad
- Department of Health and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Inland Norway, University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Martin Thorsen Frank
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Tommy Larsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Gøran Abusdal
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Sveen
- Østfold University College, Halden, Norway
| | - Olivier Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.,Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Merrigan JJ, Stone JD, Martin JR, Hornsby WG, Galster SM, Hagen JA. Applying Force Plate Technology to Inform Human Performance Programming in Tactical Populations. Applied Sciences 2021; 11:6538. [DOI: 10.3390/app11146538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Force plate assessments, such as countermovement jumps and isometric mid-thigh pulls, examine performances (e.g., jump height, force, power) and movement strategies (e.g., asymmetries, durations), and are best suited to characterize and monitor physical capabilities, not predict injuries. To begin applying force plate technologies, users must first; (1) develop a data management plan to visualize and capture data over time; (2) select appropriate force plates for their scenario; (3) design appropriate testing protocols to ensure valid and reliable data. Force plate assessments may be added to existing testing, serve as separate testing batteries for annual profile testing to compare individuals and understand initial physical capabilities, or for more frequent testing (i.e., monthly or weekly) to monitor training-related adaptations or neuromuscular fatigue. Although these assessments inform evidence-based program designs, human performance practitioners must understand the considerations for conducting appropriate force plate testing, as well as proper visualizations and management of force plate data. Thus, the aim of this review is to provide evidence-based practices for utilizing force plates in tactical populations (e.g., military, firefighters, police). This includes best practices to implement testing for performance profiling, training adaptations, and monitoring neuromuscular fatigue and force asymmetries. Of note, due to the large amount of force-time metrics to choose from, this article provides general examples of important metrics to monitor and training recommendations based on changes to these force-time metrics, followed by specific examples in three case studies.
Collapse
|
44
|
Ramirez-Campillo R, Garcia-Pinillos F, Chaabene H, Moran J, Behm DG, Granacher U. Effects of Plyometric Jump Training on Electromyographic Activity and Its Relationship to Strength and Jump Performance in Healthy Trained and Untrained Populations: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2053-2065. [PMID: 34027912 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ramirez-Campillo, R, Garcia-Pinillos, F, Chaabene, H, Moran, J, Behm, DG, and Granacher, U. Effects of plyometric jump training on electromyographic activity and its relationship to strength and jump performance in healthy trained and untrained populations: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 2053-2065, 2021-This systematic review analyzed the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on muscle activation assessed with surface electromyography during the performance of strength and jumping tasks in healthy populations across the lifespan. A systematic literature search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and SCOPUS. Only randomized controlled studies were eligible to be included in this study. Our search identified 17 studies comprising 23 experimental groups and 266 subjects aged 13-73 years, which were eligible for inclusion. The included studies achieved a median Physiotherapy Evidence Database score of 6. No injuries were reported among the included studies. Significant PJT-related improvements were reported in 7 of 10 studies and in 6 of 10 studies for measures of muscle activation during the performance of strength and jumping tasks, respectively. Moreover, a secondary correlational analysis showed significant positive relationships (r = 0.86; p = 0.012; r2 = 0.74) between changes in muscle activation and changes in jump performance. However, from the total number (n = 287) of muscle activation response variables analyzed for strength and jumping tasks, ∼80% (n = 226) were reported as nonsignificant when compared with a control condition. In conclusion, PJT may improve muscle activation during the performance of strength and jumping tasks. However, conflicting results were observed probably arising from (a) studies that incorporated a large number of outcomes with reduced sensitivity to PJT, (b) methodological limitations associated to muscle activation measurement during strength and jumping tasks, and (c) limitations associated with PJT prescription. Future studies in this field should strive to solve these methodological shortcomings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Santiagoo, Chile
- Exercise Physiology Research Center,. Science Faculty,. Major university,. Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Garcia-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Sports Science, High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nicholson B, Dinsdale A, Jones B, Till K. Sprint and Jump Mechanical Profiles in Academy Rugby League Players: Positional Differences and the Associations between Profiles and Sprint Performance. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:93. [PMID: 34201958 DOI: 10.3390/sports9070093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study evaluated the sprint and jump mechanical profiles of male academy rugby league players, the differences between positions, and the associations between mechanical profiles and sprint performance. Twenty academy rugby league players performed 40-m sprints and squat jumps at increasing loads (0-80 kg) to determine individual mechanical (force-velocity-power) and performance variables. The mechanical variables (absolute and relative theoretical maximal force-velocity-power, force-velocity linear relationship, and mechanical efficiency) were determined from the mechanical profiles. Forwards had significantly (p < 0.05) greater vertical and horizontal force, momentum but jumped lower (unloaded) and were slower than backs. No athlete presented an optimal jump profile. No associations were found between jump and sprint mechanical variables. Absolute theoretical maximal vertical force significantly (p < 0.05) correlated (r = 0.71-0.77) with sprint momentum. Moderate (r = -0.47) to near-perfect (r = 1.00) significant associations (p < 0.05) were found between sprint mechanical and performance variables. The largest associations shifted from maximum relative horizontal force-power generation and application to maximum velocity capabilities and force application at high velocities as distance increased. The jump and sprint mechanical profiles appear to provide distinctive and highly variable information about academy rugby league players' sprint and jump capacities. Associations between mechanical variables and sprint performance suggest horizontal and vertical profiles differ and should be trained accordingly.
Collapse
|
46
|
Kozinc Ž, Žitnik J, Smajla D, Šarabon N. The difference between squat jump and countermovement jump in 770 male and female participants from different sports. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:985-993. [PMID: 34075858 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1936654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, a larger difference between countermovement (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) was seen as beneficial, as it reflects the ability to utilize the stretch-shortening cycle. However, strong arguments have been made that this might not always be the case, as larger differences between the jumps could also suggest higher muscle-tendon slack, or poor capability to take this slack up quickly. The purpose of this study was to explore SJ and CMJ, as well as the CMJ to SJ difference (CMJSJDiff) in 9 groups of young athletes. In total, 712 athletes from various disciplines (mean age range: 15.7-36.3 years) and 58 physical education students (mean age: 19.6 years) participated in the study. The major finding of this study was that the groups that showed better SJ and CMJ performance did not show the larger CMJSJDiff. For instance, SJ and CMJ heights were highest in short-distance runners and lowest in long-distance runners, while the largest and smallest CMJSJDiff was shown in physical education students and speed skaters, respectively. Male athletes had a higher CMJSJDiff than female athletes, but the difference was very small. While a larger CMJSJDiff has been traditionally associated viewed as positive, our results could indicate both superior ability to utilize the stretch-shortening cycle, as well as poor ability of rapid force development and excessive muscle slack. Further studies are needed to directly investigate the associations between CMJSJDiff and indicators of athletic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Kozinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia.,University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Jure Žitnik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia.,Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Darjan Smajla
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia.,Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia.,University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Koper, Slovenia.,Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia.,S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Watkins CM, Storey A, McGuigan MR, Downes P, Gill ND. Horizontal Force-Velocity-Power Profiling of Rugby Players: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Competition-Level and Position-Specific Movement Demands. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1576-1585. [PMID: 33927113 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Watkins, CM, Storey, A, McGuigan, MR, Downes, P, and Gill, ND. Horizontal force-velocity-power profiling of rugby players: A cross-sectional analysis of competition-level and position-specific movement demands. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1576-1585, 2021-Speed and acceleration are crucial to competitive success in all levels of rugby union. However, positional demands affect an athlete's expression of force and velocity during the match. This study investigated maximal sprint performance and horizontal force-velocity (FV) profiles in 176 rugby union players participating in amateur club, professional, and international competitions. Rugby players were divided into 5 positional groups: tight-5 forwards (n = 63), loose forwards (n = 35), inside backs (n = 29), midbacks (n = 22), and outside (n = 27) backs. Sprint performance was averaged across 2 trials of a maximal 30-m sprint, separated by a 3-minute rest. The results demonstrated differences in sprint performance and FV profile characteristics across competitions and positional groups. Specifically, both international and professional players possessed significantly faster split times and superior FV profiles than club players (p < 0.01; effect size [ES]: 0.22-1.42). International players were significantly faster across 0-10 m than professional players (p = 0.03; ES: 0.44-0.47), whereas professional players had faster 10-20 m times (p = 0.03; ES: 0.37-0.41) and a more force-dominant profile (p < 0.01; ES: 0.71-1.00). Across positions, split times decreased and maximal velocity characteristics increased in proportion with increasing positional number, with outside backs being the fastest (ES: 0.38-2.22). On the other hand, both forwards groups had more force-dominant profiles and average sprint momentum across all distances than all backs positions. Interestingly, loose forwards had a more forceful profile and slower 10-, 20-, and 30-m split times but similar maximal velocity characteristics to inside backs, highlighting unique positional demands and physical attributes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Watkins
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland Rugby Union, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Adam Storey
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael R McGuigan
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia ; and
| | | | - Nicholas D Gill
- Faculty of Health, Sport, and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Alcazar J, Cornejo-Daza PJ, Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, Alegre LM, Pareja-Blanco F. Dose-Response Relationship Between Velocity Loss During Resistance Training and Changes in the Squat Force-Velocity Relationship. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021;:1-10. [PMID: 34044366 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to compare the adaptations provoked by various velocity loss (VL) thresholds used in resistance training on the squat force-velocity (F-V) relationship. METHODS Sixty-four resistance-trained young men were randomly assigned to one of four 8-week resistance training programs (all 70%-85% 1-repetition maximum) using different VL thresholds (VL0 = 0%, VL10 = 10%, VL20 = 20%, and VL40 = 40%) in the squat exercise. The F-V relationship was assessed under unloaded and loaded conditions in squat. Linear and hyperbolic (Hill) F-V equations were used to calculate force at zero velocity (F0), velocity at zero force (V0), maximum muscle power (Pmax), and force produced at mean velocities ranging from 0.0 to 2.0 m·s-1. Changes in parameters derived from the F-V relationship were compared among groups using linear mixed models. RESULTS Linear equations showed increases in F0 (120.7 N [89.4 to 152.1]) and Pmax (76.2 W [45.3 to 107.2]) and no changes in V0 (-0.02 m·s-1 [-0.11 to 0.06]) regardless of VL. Hyperbolic equations depicted increases in F0 (120.7 N [89.4 to 152.1]), V0 (1.13 m·s-1 [0.78 to 1.48]), and Pmax (198.5 W [160.5 to 236.6]) with changes in V0 being greater in VL0 and VL10 versus VL40 (both P < .001). All groups similarly improved force at 0.0 to 2.0 m·s-1 (all P < .001), although in general, effect sizes were greater in VL10 and VL20 versus VL0 and VL40 at velocities ≤0.5 m·s-1. CONCLUSIONS All groups improved linear and hyperbolic F0 and Pmax and hyperbolic V0 (except VL40). The dose-response relationship exhibited an inverted U-shape pattern at velocities ≤0.5 m·s-1 with VL10 and VL20 showing the greatest standardized changes.
Collapse
|
49
|
Meignié A, Duclos M, Carling C, Orhant E, Provost P, Toussaint JF, Antero J. The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Elite Athlete Performance: A Critical and Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:654585. [PMID: 34093223 PMCID: PMC8170151 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.654585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In elite athletes, training individualization is widely recommended to optimize competitive performance. Previous studies have evidenced the impact of hormonal fluctuations on different performance parameters among female athletes. While consideration of menstrual cycle (MC) phases as a parameter in training individualization strategies is necessary, systematic evidence identifying such impacts in elite athletes should be evaluated. Objective: Systematically review publications that have investigated the link between MC phases and performance in elite female athletes. The overarching aim is to identify whether a consensus across studies exists enabling evidence-based recommendations for training individualization depending on menstrual cycle phases. Methods: This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Three major scientific publication databases were searched from inception until November 3, 2020. Studies included focused on the influence of physiological or psychological parameters throughout at least one phase of the menstrual cycle of elite athletes. Results: A total of 780 search results were yielded and 26 references from a past bibliography were added manually. About 662 papers were reviewed of which 218 studies were assessed for eligibility. Of these, only seven (1%) precisely investigated the influence of a performance or physical parameter during at least one menstrual cycle phase. These seven studies included a total of 314 elite female participants (20.58 ± 1.91 years). Three used interviews, questionnaires or prospective analyses of reports. Four conducted several performance tests or included physical measures although only two performed tests during training or before/during competition. Among the seven studies, five performed hormonal testing through sampling of blood, saliva, or urine. The remaining relied on athletes' menstruation diaries. The current evidence suggests a variable association between menstrual cycle and a few performance-related outcomes, such as endurance or power resistance, ligament stiffness, decision making skills, psychology, or competitiveness. Conclusion: Different sports performance-related parameters are affected during the menstrual cycle among elite athletes, but the parameters themselves and the magnitude and the direction of the effects are inconclusive. Additional longitudinal and prospective studies to systematically monitor on-field performance parameters are urgently required in order to enable recommendations and training individualization in female elite athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Meignié
- Institute for Research in Medicine and Epidemiology of Sports (IRMES, EA7329), INSEP, Paris, France
| | - Martine Duclos
- Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-François Toussaint
- Institute for Research in Medicine and Epidemiology of Sports (IRMES, EA7329), INSEP, Paris, France
- CIMS, AP-HP, Hôtel-Dieu, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Juliana Antero
- Institute for Research in Medicine and Epidemiology of Sports (IRMES, EA7329), INSEP, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ramirez-Campillo R, Andrade DC, García-Pinillos F, Negra Y, Boullosa D, Moran J. Effects of jump training on physical fitness and athletic performance in endurance runners: A meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2030-2050. [PMID: 33956587 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1916261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of jump training (JT) on measures of physical fitness and athletic performances in endurance runners. Controlled studies which involved healthy endurance runners, of any age and sex, were considered. A random-effects model was used to calculate effect sizes (ES; Hedge's g). Means and standard deviations of outcomes were converted to ES with alongside 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Twenty-one moderate-to-high quality studies were included in the meta-analysis, and these included 511 participants. The main analyses revealed a significant moderate improvement in time-trial performance (i.e. distances between 2.0 and 5.0 km; ES = 0.88), without enhancements in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), velocity at VO2max, velocity at submaximal lactate levels, heart rate at submaximal velocities, stride rate at submaximal velocities, stiffness, total body mass or maximal strength performance. However, significant small-to-moderate improvements were noted for jump performance, rate of force development, sprint performance, reactive strength, and running economy (ES = 0.36-0.73; p < 0.001 to 0.031; I2 = 0.0% to 49.3%). JT is effective in improving physical fitness and athletic performance in endurance runners. Improvements in time-trial performance after JT may be mediated through improvements in force generating capabilities and running economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Human Performance Laboratory. Department of Physical Activity Sciences. Universidad de Los Lagos. Osorno, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Mayor. Santiago, Chile
| | - David C Andrade
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Mayor. Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Medicina y Fisiología de Altura, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) «Sport Performance, Health & Society», Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba", Tunisia
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|