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Rodríguez-Zamora L, Benavente C, Petrer I, Padial P, Timón R, Arguelles J, Feriche B. Hypoxia matters: comparison of external and internal training load markers during an 8-week resistance training program in normoxia, normobaric hypoxia and hypobaric hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05442-1. [PMID: 38446192 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare external and internal training load markers during resistance training (RT) in normoxia (N), intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (HH), and intermittent normobaric hypoxia (NH). METHODS Thirty-three volunteers were assigned an 8-week RT program in either N (690 m, n = 10), HH (2320 m, n = 10), or NH (inspired fraction of oxygen = 15.9%; ~ 2320 m, n = 13). The RT program (3x/week) consisted of six exercises, with three sets of six to 12 repetitions at ~ 70% of one repetition maximum (1RM) with the first session of each week used for analysis. 1RM in back squat and bench press was used to evaluate muscle strength before and after the program. External load was assessed by the volume load relative to body mass (RVL, kg·kg-1). Internal load was assessed by the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR). RESULTS Smaller relative improvements were found for the back squat in the N group (11.5 ± 8.8%) when compared to the NH group (22.2 ± 8.2%, P = 0.01) and the HH group (22 ± 8.1%, P = 0.02). All groups showed similar RVL, HR responses and RPE across the program (P˃0.05). However, reduced HR recovery values, calculated as the difference between the highest HR value (HRpeak) and the resting heart rate after a two min rest, were seen in the N and NH groups across the program (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION It seems that 8 weeks of intermittent RT in hypoxic environments could maximize time-efficiency when aiming to improve strength levels in back squat without evoking higher levels of physiological stress. Performing RT at hypobaric hypoxia may improve the cardiorespiratory response, which in turn could speed recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Rodríguez-Zamora
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Division of Sport Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Petrer
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafa Timón
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Javier Arguelles
- High Performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Pérez-Regalado S, León J, Padial P, Benavente C, Puentes-Pardo JD, Almeida F, Feriche B. Effect of a resistance exercise at acute moderate altitude on muscle health biomarkers. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:49-57. [PMID: 37816992 PMCID: PMC10758362 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02868-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The intensification of the stress response during resistance training (RT) under hypoxia conditions could trigger unwanted effects that compromise muscle health and, therefore, the ability of the muscle to adapt to longer training periods. We examined the effect of acute moderate terrestrial hypoxia on metabolic, inflammation, antioxidant capacity and muscle atrophy biomarkers after a single RT session in a young male population. Twenty healthy volunteers allocated to the normoxia (N < 700 m asl) or moderate altitude (HH = 2320 m asl) group participated in this study. Before and throughout the 30 min following the RT session (3 × 10 reps, 90 s rest, 70% 1RM), venous blood samples were taken and analysed for circulating calcium, inorganic phosphate, cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and myostatin. Main results displayed a marked metabolic stress response after the RT in both conditions. A large to very large proportional increase in the adjusted to pre-exercise change of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers favoured HH (serum TNF-α [ES = 1.10; p = 0.024] and IL-10 [ES = 1.31; p = 0.009]). The exercise produced a similar moderate increment of myostatin in both groups, followed by a moderate non-significant reduction in HH throughout the recovery (ES = - 0.72; p = 0.21). The RT slightly increased the antioxidant response regardless of the environmental condition. These results revealed no clear impact of RT under acute hypoxia on the metabolic, TAC and muscle atrophy biomarkers. However, a coordinated pro/anti-inflammatory response balances the potentiated effect of RT on systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Pérez-Regalado
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18011, Granada, Spain
| | - Josefa León
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive System, San Cecilio Hospital, Ibs.GRANADA, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18011, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18011, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose D Puentes-Pardo
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive System, San Cecilio Hospital, Ibs.GRANADA, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Filipa Almeida
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18011, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18011, Granada, Spain.
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Márquez G, Colomer D, Benavente C, Morenilla L, Alix-Fages C, Padial P, Feriche B. Altitude-induced effects on neuromuscular, metabolic and perceptual responses before, during and after a high-intensity resistance training session. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2119-2129. [PMID: 37209140 PMCID: PMC10492878 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested if an acute ascending to 2320 m above sea level (asl) affects corticospinal excitability (CSE) and intracortical inhibition (SICI) measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) at rest, before, during and after a traditional hypertrophy-oriented resistance training (RT) session. We also explored whether blood lactate concentration (BLa), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), perceived muscular pain and total training volume differed when the RT session was performed at hypoxia (H) or normoxia (N). METHODS Twelve resistance-trained men performed eight sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of one repetition maximum of a bar biceps curl at N (SpO2 = 98.0 ± 0.9%) and H (at 2320 asl, SpO2 = 94.0 ± 1.9%) in random order. Before each session, a subjective well-being questionnaire, the resting motor threshold (rMT) and a single pulse recruitment curve were measured. Before, during and after the RT session, BLa, RPE, muscle pain, CSE and SICI were measured. RESULTS Before the RT session only the rMT differed between H (- 5.3%) and N (ES = 0.38). RPE, muscle pain and BLa increased through the RT session and were greater at H than N (12%, 54% and 15%, respectively) despite a similar training volume (1618 ± 468 kg vs. 1638 ± 509 kg). CSE was reduced during the RT session (~ 27%) but recovered ten minutes after, regardless of the environmental condition. SICI did not change after any RT session. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that acute exposure to moderate hypoxia slightly increased the excitability of the most excitable structures of the corticospinal tract but did not influence intracortical or corticospinal responses to a single RT session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Márquez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Avda. Ernesto Che Guevara, 121-Pazos-Liáns, 15179, Oleiros, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - David Colomer
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Avda. Ernesto Che Guevara, 121-Pazos-Liáns, 15179, Oleiros, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Morenilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Avda. Ernesto Che Guevara, 121-Pazos-Liáns, 15179, Oleiros, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Alix-Fages
- Applied Biomechanics and Sports Technology Research Group, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Benavente C, Schoenfeld BJ, Padial P, Feriche B. Author Correction: Efficacy of resistance training in hypoxia on muscle hypertrophy and strength development: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15619. [PMID: 37730803 PMCID: PMC10511687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, The Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Benavente C, Schoenfeld BJ, Padial P, Feriche B. Efficacy of resistance training in hypoxia on muscle hypertrophy and strength development: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3676. [PMID: 36871095 PMCID: PMC9985626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of resistance training under hypoxic conditions (RTH) on muscle hypertrophy and strength development. Searches of PubMed-Medline, Web of Science, Sport Discus and the Cochrane Library were conducted comparing the effect of RTH versus normoxia (RTN) on muscle hypertrophy (cross sectional area (CSA), lean mass and muscle thickness) and strength development [1-repetition maximum (1RM)]. An overall meta-analysis and subanalyses of training load (low, moderate or high), inter-set rest interval (short, moderate or long) and severity of hypoxia (moderate or high) were conducted to explore the effects on RTH outcomes. Seventeen studies met inclusion criteria. The overall analyses showed similar improvements in CSA (SMD [CIs] = 0.17 [- 0.07; 0.42]) and 1RM (SMD = 0.13 [0.0; 0.27]) between RTH and RTN. Subanalyses indicated a medium effect on CSA for longer inter-set rest intervals and a small effect for moderate hypoxia and moderate loads favoring RTH. Moreover, a moderate effect for longer inter-set rest intervals and a trivial effect for severe hypoxia and moderate loads favoring RTH was found on 1RM. Evidence suggests that RTH employed with moderate loads (60-80% 1RM) and longer inter-set rest intervals (≥ 120 s) enhances muscle hypertrophy and strength compared to normoxia. The use of moderate hypoxia (14.3-16% FiO2) seems to be somewhat beneficial to hypertrophy but not strength. Further research is required with greater standardization of protocols to draw stronger conclusions on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, The Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Almeida F, Bonitch-Góngora J, Feriche B, Schoenfeld BJ, Fuente BDL, Padial P. Altitude differentially alters the force-velocity relationship after 3 weeks of power-oriented resistance training in elite judokas. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35689400 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2089055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a 3-week power-oriented resistance training programme performed at moderate altitude on the lower-limb maximal theoretical power and force-velocity (F-V) imbalance of elite judokas. Twenty-two elite male judokas were randomly assigned to either a hypobaric hypoxia or normoxia group. Mechanical outputs from an incremental loaded countermovement jump test were assessed at sea level, before and after training, and 1 week later. Results indicated an increase in the maximal theoretical force and a reduction in the F-V imbalance both at moderate altitude and sea level. Altitude training induced additional benefits when compared to sea level for F-V imbalance (8.4%; CI: 0.3, 17.3%), maximal theoretical power (2.09 W·kg-1; CI: 0.13, 4.52 W·kg-1) and force (1.32 N·kg-1; CI: -0.12, 2.96 N·kg-1), jump height (3.24 cm; CI: 2.02, 4.80 cm) and optimal maximal theoretical force (1.61 N·kg-1; CI: 0.06, 3.60 N·kg-1) and velocity (0.08 m·s-1; CI: 0.00, 0.17 m·s-1) after the training period. The hypoxia group achieved their best results immediately after the training period, while the normoxia group achieved them one week later. These results suggest that a power-oriented resistance training programme carried out at moderate altitude accelerates and improves the gains in lower-limb muscle power, while minimizing lower-limb imbalances. Therefore, it seems appropriate to compete immediately after the return to sea level and/or use altitude training as a tool to improve muscle power levels of athletes without tapering goals, especially in highly trained power athletes, since their window of adaptation for further power enhancement is smaller.Highlights A 3-week power-oriented resistance training programme improved lower-limb mechanical outputs of elite judokas both at moderate altitude and sea level; training at moderate altitude increases and accelerates these improvements, reducing athletes' imbalances.It may be optimal for judokas to compete immediately after the return to sea level and/or use altitude training as a tool to improve muscle power levels of athletes without tapering goals, especially in highly trained power athletes, since their window of adaptation for further power enhancement is attenuated.Athletes should ensure they possess adequate strength levels before employing a power-oriented training programme to potentiate further improvements in muscle power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Almeida
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Bonitch-Góngora
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Blanca de la Fuente
- High Performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Benavente C, Feriche B, Olcina G, Schoenfeld BJ, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Almeida F, Martínez-Guardado I, Timon R, Padial P. Inter-set rest configuration effect on acute physiological and performance-related responses to a resistance training session in terrestrial vs simulated hypoxia. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13469. [PMID: 35607454 PMCID: PMC9123884 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic stress is considered a key factor in the activation of hypertrophy mechanisms which seems to be potentiated under hypoxic conditions.This study aimed to analyze the combined effect of the type of acute hypoxia (terrestrial vs simulated) and of the inter-set rest configuration (60 vs 120 s) during a hypertrophic resistance training (RT) session on physiological, perceptual and muscle performance markers. Methods Sixteen active men were randomized into two groups based on the type of hypoxia (hypobaric hypoxia, HH: 2,320 m asl; vs normobaric hypoxia, NH: FiO2 of 15.9%). Each participant completed in a randomly counterbalanced order the same RT session in four separated occasions: two under normoxia and two under the corresponding hypoxia condition at each prescribed inter-set rest period. Volume-load (load × set × repetition) was calculated for each training session. Muscle oxygenation (SmO2) of the vastus lateralis was quantified during the back squat exercise. Heart rate (HR) was monitored during training and over the ensuing 30-min post-exercise period. Maximal blood lactate concentration (maxLac) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were determined after the exercise and at the end of the recovery period. Results Volume-load achieved was similar in all environmental conditions and inter-set rest period length did not appreciably affect it. Shorter inter-set rest periods displayed moderate increases in maxLac, HR and RPE responses in all conditions. Compared to HH, NH showed a moderate reduction in the inter-set rest-HR (ES > 0.80), maxLac (ES > 1.01) and SmO2 (ES > 0.79) at both rest intervals. Conclusions Results suggest that the reduction in inter-set rest intervals from 120 s to 60 s provide a more potent perceptual, cardiovascular and metabolic stimulus in all environmental conditions, which could maximize hypertrophic adaptations in longer periods of training. The abrupt exposure to a reduced FiO2 at NH seems to reduce the inter-set recovery capacity during a traditional hypertrophy RT session, at least during a single acute exposition. These results cannot be extrapolated to longer training periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Filipa Almeida
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ismael Martínez-Guardado
- Faculty of Education, BRABE Group, Department of Psychology. Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Timon
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Ortega-Rodríguez R, Feriche B, Almeida F, Bonitch-Góngora J, Padial P. Effect of the Pronated Pull-Up Grip Width on Performance and Power-Force-Velocity Profile. Res Q Exerc Sport 2021; 92:651-658. [PMID: 32669057 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1762835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the grip width on the power-force-velocity-profile, the maximal strength, and performance during a repetition to failure test in the pull-up exercise (PU). Method: Fourteen trained males performed an incremental loading and repetitions to failure test with the PU exercise using biacromial and free grip widths. Power-force-velocity relationship, 1RM, and repetitions completed were determined. Results: The mean grip width used by participants was 20.04% higher in the free grip width condition (p < .001). There were similar results in the 1RM (p = .954), repetitions to failure test (p = .117), and power-force-velocity profile (p > .05) in both grip width conditions. A stronger relationship was observed between 1RM and repetitions to failure test during the biacromial (R2 = 0.720; p < .001) with respect to the free grip width (R2 = 0.607; p = .002). Conclusion: Therefore, the choice of a free or a biacromial grip width does not affect the maximal strength, power-force-velocity relationship, nor the repetitions to failure during the PU exercise.
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Almeida F, Padial P, Bonitch-Góngora J, de la Fuente B, Schoenfeld BJ, Morales-Artacho AJ, Benavente C, Feriche B. Effects of Power-Oriented Resistance Training During an Altitude Camp on Strength and Technical Performance of Elite Judokas. Front Physiol 2021; 12:606191. [PMID: 33679430 PMCID: PMC7930574 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.606191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of a 3-week power-oriented resistance training program performed at moderate altitude on leg power output variables in a countermovement jump, a related judo technique (ippon-seoi-nage) and the relationship between them. Twenty-four elite male judokas were randomly assigned to a hypobaric hypoxia or normoxia group. Mechanical outputs from an incremental loaded countermovement jump test and the kinematic variables transferred to a dummy during an ippon-seoi-nage test (time to execution and movement accelerations) were assessed before, after, 1 and 2 weeks after training. Results indicated an increase in explosive leg capacity both at moderate altitude (2320 m.a.s.l.) and sea level. The hypoxia group showed additional benefits when compared to normoxia group for peak velocities with different percentages of the body weight, maximal theoretical velocity and jump height after the training period, and these additional benefits in jump height were maintained 2 weeks after training. The hypoxia group achieved a higher peak performance in peak velocity and jump height than normoxia group (peak velocity: 8.8 vs. 5.6%, jump height: 8.2 vs. 1.4%, respectively) and was achieved earlier in hypoxia (after training) than in normoxia (1 week after training). However, there was a detrimental effect for the hypoxia group on the times of execution and acceleration of the ippon-seoi-nage compared to the normoxia group. These results suggest that altitude training may induce faster and greater improvements in explosive leg extension capacity. Specific technique-oriented training should be included at altitude to prevent technique impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Almeida
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Bonitch-Góngora
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Blanca de la Fuente
- High Performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Antonio J Morales-Artacho
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Pérez-Castilla A, García-Ramos A, Padial P, Morales-Artacho AJ, Feriche B. Load-Velocity Relationship in Variations of the Half-Squat Exercise: Influence of Execution Technique. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1024-1031. [PMID: 28885389 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pérez-Castilla, A, García-Ramos, A, Padial, P, Morales-Artacho, AJ, and Feriche, B. Load-velocity relationship in variations of the half-squat exercise: influence of execution technique. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 1024-1031, 2020-Previous studies have revealed that the velocity of the bar can be used to determine the intensity of different resistance training exercises. However, the load-velocity relationship seems to be exercise dependent. This study aimed to compare the load-velocity relationship obtained from 2 variations of the half-squat exercise (traditional vs. ballistic) using 2 execution techniques (eccentric-concentric vs. concentric-only). Twenty men performed a submaximal progressive loading test in 4 half-squat exercises: eccentric-concentric traditional-squat, concentric-only traditional-squat, countermovement jump (i.e., ballistic squat using the eccentric-concentric technique), and squat jump (i.e., ballistic squat using the concentric-only technique). Individual linear regressions were used to estimate the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) for each half-squat exercise. Thereafter, another linear regression was applied to establish the relationship between the relative load (%RM) and mean propulsive velocity (MPV). For all exercises, a strong relationship was observed between %RM and MPV: eccentric-concentric traditional-squat (R = 0.949), concentric-only traditional-squat (R = 0.920), countermovement jump (R = 0.957), and squat jump (R = 0.879). The velocities associated with each %RM were higher for the ballistic variation and the eccentric-concentric technique than for the traditional variation and concentric-only technique, respectively. Differences in velocity among the half-squat exercises decreased with the increment in the relative load. These results demonstrate that the MPV can be used to predict exercise intensity in the 4 half-squat exercises. However, independent regressions are required for each half-squat exercise because the load-velocity relationship proved to be task specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; and
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; and.,Faculty of Education, Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception, Concepción, Chile
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; and
| | - Antonio J Morales-Artacho
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; and
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; and
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Feriche B, Schoenfeld BJ, Bonitch-Gongora J, de la Fuente B, Almeida F, Argüelles J, Benavente C, Padial P. Altitude-induced effects on muscular metabolic stress and hypertrophy-related factors after a resistance training session. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:1083-1092. [PMID: 31699003 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1691270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the acute effects of exposure to moderate altitude on factors associated with muscular adaptations following whole-body hypertrophy-oriented resistance training (R T) sessions. Thirteen resistance-trained males completed both counterbalanced standard hypertrophic R T sessions (3 sets × 10RM, 2 min rest) at moderate-altitude (H; 2320 m asl) and under normoxic conditions (N; <700 m asl). Participants rested 72 h between training sessions. Before and after the exercise session, blood samples were obtained for determination of metabolites and ions (lactate, inorganic phosphate, liquid carbon dioxide and calcium) and hormones (testosterone and growth hormone). Session-related performance and perception of effort (s-RPE) were also monitored. Results showed no meaningful differences in performance or s-RPE (8.5 ± 1.4 vs 8.6 ± 0.8 respectively for N and H; p = 0.603). All blood variables displayed statistically significant changes throughout the recovery period compared to basal levels (p < 0.05), except for the testosterone. However, no altitude effect was observed in maximal blood lactate, calcium or anabolic hormones (p > 0.05). The reduction observed in the liquid carbon dioxide concentration in H (21.11 ± 1.46 vs 16.19 ± 1.61 mmol·l-1) seems compatible with an increase in buffering capacity. Compared to N, inorganic phosphate displayed lower recovery values after the R T in H (2.89 ± 0.64 vs 2.23 ± 0.60 mg dl-1; p = 0.007). The results of this study do not support an accentuated effect of acute moderate terrestrial hypoxia on metabolic and hormonal factors linked to muscle growth during hypertrophic resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Feriche
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Bonitch-Gongora
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Blanca de la Fuente
- High performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Filipa Almeida
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Argüelles
- High performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Benavente
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Morales-Artacho AJ, García-Ramos A, Pérez-Castilla A, Padial P, Gomez AM, Peinado AM, Pérez-Córdoba JL, Feriche B. Muscle Activation During Power-Oriented Resistance Training: Continuous vs. Cluster Set Configurations. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33 Suppl 1:S95-S102. [PMID: 30234695 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Morales-Artacho, AJ, García-Ramos, A, Pérez-Castilla, A, Padial, P, Gomez, AM, Peinado, AM, Pérez-Córdoba, JL, and Feriche, B. Muscle activation during power-oriented resistance training: continuous vs. cluster set configurations. J Strength Cond Res 33(7S): S95-S102, 2019-This study examined performance and electromyography (EMG) changes during a power training protocol comprising continuous or clustered set configurations. Eighteen active males completed 6 sets of 6 repetitions during the loaded (20% 1 repetition maximum) countermovement jump (CMJ) exercise, continuously (n = 9) or with a 30-second pause every 2 repetitions (cluster; n = 9). Power output, vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and rectus femoris (RF) EMG were recorded during all CMJs. Relative changes from the first repetition were assessed on the EMG root mean square (RMS), median frequency (Fmed), and a low- to high-frequency ratio index of fatigue (FInsmk). Greater power output decrements were observed during the continuous set configuration (p = 0.001, (Equation is included in full-text article.)< 0.01). Greater RMS increments in VL (6.8 ± 11.3 vs. -1.7 ± 5.8%) and RF (9.3 ± 14.2 vs. 1.9 ± 6.9%), but not VM (2.0 ± 4.7 vs. 2.6 ± 7.3%), were also observed in the continuous compared with the cluster sets (p = 0.033, (Equation is included in full-text article.)= 0.06). Progressive decrements in Fmed and increments in FInsmk were observed across repetitions in both set configurations. In conclusion, although clustering sets between repetitions clearly maintained power output, mixed responses were observed on the examined EMG parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Morales-Artacho
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - Angel M Gomez
- Department of Signal Theory, Networking and Communications, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio M Peinado
- Department of Signal Theory, Networking and Communications, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose L Pérez-Córdoba
- Department of Signal Theory, Networking and Communications, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Granada University, Granada, Spain
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Rodríguez-Zamora L, Padial P, Schoenfeld BJ, Feriche B. Mean Propulsive Velocity Is a Viable Method for Adjusting the Resistance-Training Load at Moderate Altitude. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:52. [PMID: 33344975 PMCID: PMC7739744 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the viability of using mean propulsive velocity (MPV) to adjust the load in the countermovement jump (CMJ) at moderate altitude. Twenty-four volunteers were assigned to a 4-week power-oriented resistance training (RT) program in either normoxia (N, 690 m) or intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IH, 2,320 m). The load was adjusted to maintain execution velocity of CMJ at 1m·s-1 of MPV. Relative peak power output (Prel), and percentage of velocity loss throughout the sets (VL) were determined for each session. The internal load was measured by the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). The absolute load lifted was higher in IH compared to N (75.6 ± 8.4 vs. 58.5 ± 12.3 kg P < 0.001). However, similar relative increases for both groups were found when comparing the final values (IH: 8.2%, P = 0.007; N: 9.8%, P = 0.03) with no changes in VL between groups (P = 0.36). Post-study Prel improved significantly only in IH (+7% W·kg-1, P = 0.002). Mean RPE was greater in IH vs. N (6.8 ± 1.5 vs. 5.6 ± 2, P < 0.001). The MPV seems to be a viable method for adjusting external load during RT at moderate altitude. However, given that RT at moderate altitude increases RPE, it is prudent to monitor internal load when using the MPV to best determine the actual physiological stress of the session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Rodríguez-Zamora
- Division of Sport Sciences, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Almeida F, Bonitch-Góngora J, Padial P, de la Fuente B, Morales-Artacho AJ, Feriche B. Effect of acute exposure to moderate altitude on kinematic variables of the ippon-seoi-nage and its relationship with the countermovement jump in elite judokas. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206297. [PMID: 30356263 PMCID: PMC6200267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of acute exposure to moderate altitude on kinematic variables of the ippon-seoi-nage and on the mechanical outputs of the countermovement jump (CMJ). Thirteen elite male judokas from the Spanish Judo Training Centre in Valencia (age: 21.54 ± 2.15 years) participated in the study. All of them performed an incremental CMJ test and an ippon-seoi-nage technique test before (N) and after the ascent to a moderate altitude of 2320 m above the sea level (H). A linear velocity transducer was attached to the bar to assess the mechanical outputs of each loaded CMJ at different percentages of their own body weight (25, 50, 75 and 100%). A wearable sensor was used to assess the kinematic variables (times, accelerations and angular velocities) transferred to a dummy during the technique test. The kinematic variables showed great individual reliability (CV = 8.46% in N; CV = 8.37% in H), which contrasted with low reliability observed when the whole group was considered. The smallest important CV ratio (>1.15) showed that H caused changes in the reliability of the kinematic variables, with some variables becoming more reliable and others losing the reliability they had in N. H also caused small increments in peak velocity across all loads tested in the CMJ (+3.67%; P<0.05). In contrast, no changes in the kinematic variables were verified. In addition, there was no association between leg extension capability and the acceleration (r = -0.16 ± 0.19 in N; r = -0.24 ± 0.19 in H) or angular velocity (r = -0.19 ± 0.24 in N; r = -0.30 ± 0.26 in H) of the ippon-seoi-nage, nor was acute exposure to H found to affect this association (P>0.05). Differences between individual and within-groups CV confirm the individual adaptations that each judoka makes during this technique. Additionally, the CV ratio shows a change in the space-time pattern of the technique in H. Therefore, it would be necessary to include an adaptation period to adapt the technique after the ascent in altitude. Further studies are needed to confirm the relationship and transference from the velocity gains in CMJ during altitude training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Almeida
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada Spain
| | - Juan Bonitch-Góngora
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada Spain
| | - Blanca de la Fuente
- High Performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada Spain
- * E-mail:
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Morales-Artacho A, Ramos A, Pérez-Castilla A, Padial P, Argüelles-Cienfuegos J, de la Fuente B, Feriche B. Associations of the Force-velocity Profile with Isometric Strength and Neuromuscular Factors. Int J Sports Med 2018; 39:984-994. [DOI: 10.1055/a-0644-3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe aimed to explore relationships between the force-velocity (FV) profile and the isometric muscle torque performance during a knee extension task. The FV profile (force-intercept [F0], velocity-intercept [V0], maximum power [Pmax], and FV slope) during the countermovement jump (CMJ) exercise and isometric maximum voluntary torque (MVIC) and explosive voluntary torque production were assessed in 43 participants. Electromyography (EMG) was recorded during the isometric assessments and resting muscle architecture measurements were also performed (quadriceps thickness, vastus lateralis pennation angle and fascicle length). Pearson’s correlation coefficients were computed to assess bivariate relationships between the FV profile, isometric torque, EMG activation and muscle architecture. F0 predictions from neuromuscular measurements were assessed through multiple linear regression. Associations of F0 and Pmax with isometric torque increased from explosive to MVIC torque (r≥0.47; P<0.05). Significant associations were found between muscle architecture and F0 and Pmax (r≥0.69; P<0.05), while V0 and FV slope were unrelated (r≤0.27; P>0.05). Quadriceps thickness and VL pennation angle explained ~62% of F0 variance. In conclusion, the knee extensors maximal isometric strength and their morphological architecture are strongly related to F0 estimated from a CMJ FV profile test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Morales-Artacho
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Blanca de la Fuente
- High Performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Belen Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Morales-Artacho AJ, Padial P, García-Ramos A, Pérez-Castilla A, Feriche B. Influence of a Cluster Set Configuration on the Adaptations to Short-Term Power Training. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:930-937. [PMID: 29570595 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Morales-Artacho, AJ, Padial, P, García-Ramos, A, Pérez-Castilla, A, and Feriche, B. Influence of a cluster set configuration on the adaptations to short-term power training. J Strength Cond Res 32(4): 930-937, 2018-This study investigated the effects of a traditional (TT) vs. cluster (CT) resistance training on the lower-body force, velocity, and power output. Nineteen males were allocated to a CT or a TT group and took part of a 3-week resistance training (2 weekly sessions). CT involved 6 sets of 3 × 2 repetitions (30 seconds rest every 2 repetitions and 4 minutes 30 seconds between sets). TT comprised 6 sets of 6 continuous repetitions (5 minutes rest between sets). Before and after the training period, force (F25, F50, F75), velocity (V25, V50, V75), and power (P25, P50, P75) were obtained during the countermovement jump (CMJ) exercise at 3 external loading conditions (25, 50, and 75% of body mass). Individual linear regressions were used to determine the force-velocity profile including the Slope, estimated maximal theoretical force (F0), velocity (V0), and power (P0). After CT, very-likely moderate increments in P25 were observed compared with TT (p = 0.011, ES = 0.55) because of a very-likely moderate rise in V25 (p = 0.001, ES = 0.71). No significant differences were observed in any of the F-v profile variables between the TT and CT groups (p ≥ 0.207, ES ≤ 0.31). Our results suggest that 3 weeks of muscle power training including cluster set configurations are more efficient at inducing velocity and power adaptations specific to the training load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Morales-Artacho
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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García-Ramos A, Štirn I, Padial P, Argüelles-Cienfuegos J, De la Fuente B, Strojnik V, Feriche B. The Maximal Mechanical Capabilities of Leg Muscles to Generate Velocity and Power Improve at Altitude. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:475-481. [PMID: 27537408 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
García-Ramos, A, Štirn, I, Padial, P, Argüelles-Cienfuegos, J, De la Fuente, B, Strojnik, V, and Feriche, B. The maximal mechanical capabilities of leg extensors muscles to generate velocity and power improve at altitude. J Strength Cond Res 32(2): 475-481, 2018-This study aimed (a) to analyze the effect of an acute exposure to terrestrial altitude on the force-velocity relationship parameters (maximum force [F0], maximum velocity [V0], and maximum power [P0]) during a loaded squat jump (SJ), and (b) to compare unloaded SJ and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance between sea level and altitude conditions. Seventeen international swimmers were tested at sea level (295 m asl) and 7 days later at terrestrial altitude (2,320 m asl) during their first 24 hours of altitude exposure. The maximum values of force and velocity were recorded during a loaded SJ (25-100% of body weight) to determine F0, V0, and P0 parameters. Inconsequential differences between environmental conditions were found for F0 (p = 0.993, 0.02%). However, V0 (p = 0.038, 7.6%) and P0 (p = 0.004, 6.8%) were higher at altitude. Peak values of force (SJ: p = 0.420, 1.19%; CMJ: p = 0.010, 3.6%), power (SJ: p = 0.028, 3.5%; CMJ: p = 0.005, 3.82%), and take-off velocity (SJ: p = 0.071, 1.6%; CMJ: p = 0.009, 1.9%) recorded during the SJ and CMJ were also higher at altitude. These results highlight the potential effect of an acute exposure to terrestrial altitude on enhancing vertical jump performance. The increase in maximal power of the leg muscles at altitude is caused by an improvement in the theoretical maximal velocity at which lower limbs can extend with no significant changes in the theoretical maximal force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Igor Štirn
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Blanca De la Fuente
- High Performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Vojko Strojnik
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Morales-Artacho AJ, Padial P, García-Ramos A, Pérez-Castilla A, Argüelles-Cienfuegos J, De la Fuente B, Feriche B. Intermittent Resistance Training at Moderate Altitude: Effects on the Force-Velocity Relationship, Isometric Strength and Muscle Architecture. Front Physiol 2018; 9:594. [PMID: 29882549 PMCID: PMC5976859 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxic resistance training (IHRT) may help to maximize the adaptations following resistance training, although conflicting evidence is available. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of moderate altitude on the functional, neural and muscle architecture responses of the quadriceps muscles following a power-oriented IHRT intervention. Twenty-four active males completed two 4-week consecutive training blocks comprising general strengthening exercises (weeks 1–4) and power-oriented resistance training (weeks 5–8). Training sessions were conducted twice a week at moderate altitude (2320 m; IHRT, n = 13) or normoxia (690 m; NT, n = 11). Training intensity during the second training block was set to the individual load corresponding to a barbell mean propulsive velocity of 1 m·s−1. Pre-post assessments, performed under normoxic conditions, comprised quadriceps muscle architecture (thickness, pennation angle and fascicle length), isometric maximal (MVF) and explosive strength, and voluntary muscle activation. Dynamic strength performance was assessed through the force-velocity relationship (F0, V0, P0) and a repeated CMJ test (CMJ15MP). Region-specific muscle thickness changes were observed in both training groups (p < 0.001, ηG2 = 0.02). A small opposite trend in pennation angle changes was observed (ES [90% CI]: −0.33 [−0.65, −0.01] vs. 0.11 [−0.44, 0.6], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.094, ηG2 = 0.02). Both training groups showed similar improvements in MVF (ES: 0.38 [0.20, 0.56] vs. 0.55 [0.29, 0.80], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.645, ηG2 < 0.01), F0 (ES: 0.41 [−0.03, 0.85] vs. 0.52 [0.04, 0.99], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.569, ηG2 < 0.01) and P0 (ES: 0.53 [0.07, 0.98] vs. 0.19 [−0.06, 0.44], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.320, ηG2 < 0.01). No meaningful changes in explosive strength performance were observed. In conclusion, contrary to earlier adverse associations between altitude and resistance-training muscle adaptations, similar anatomical and functional muscle strength responses can be achieved in both environmental conditions. The observed region-specific muscle thickness changes may encourage further research on the potential influence of IHRT on muscle morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Morales-Artacho
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Blanca De la Fuente
- High Performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Pérez-Castilla A, Jaric S, Feriche B, Padial P, García-Ramos A. Evaluation of Muscle Mechanical Capacities Through the Two-Load Method: Optimization of the Load Selection. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1245-1253. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pérez-Castilla A, García-Ramos A, Padial P, Morales-Artacho AJ, Feriche B. Effect of different velocity loss thresholds during a power-oriented resistance training program on the mechanical capacities of lower-body muscles. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1331-1339. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1376900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Morales-Artacho
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Rodríguez-Zamora L, Morales-Artacho JA, García-Ramos A, Alejandro PC, Padial P, Feriche B. Validity of the Load Velocity for Power Resistance Training Adjustment at Real Moderate Altitude. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000517522.44381.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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García-Ramos A, Feriche B, Pérez-Castilla A, Padial P, Jaric S. Assessment of leg muscles mechanical capacities: Which jump, loading, and variable type provide the most reliable outcomes? Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:690-698. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1304999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Slobodan Jaric
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology & Biomechanics and Movement Science Graduate Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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Feriche B, García-Ramos A, Morales-Artacho AJ, Padial P. Resistance Training Using Different Hypoxic Training Strategies: a Basis for Hypertrophy and Muscle Power Development. Sports Med Open 2017; 3:12. [PMID: 28315193 PMCID: PMC5357242 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The possible muscular strength, hypertrophy, and muscle power benefits of resistance training under environmental conditions of hypoxia are currently being investigated.Nowadays, resistance training in hypoxia constitutes a promising new training strategy for strength and muscle gains. The main mechanisms responsible for these effects seem to be related to increased metabolite accumulation due to hypoxia. However, no data are reported in the literature to describe and compare the efficacy of the different hypertrophic resistance training strategies in hypoxia.Moreover, improvements in sprinting, jumping, or throwing performance have also been described at terrestrial altitude, encouraging research into the speed of explosive movements at altitude. It has been suggested that the reduction in the aerodynamic resistance and/or the increase in the anaerobic metabolism at higher altitudes can influence the metabolic cost, increase the take-off velocities, or improve the motor unit recruitment patterns, which may explain these improvements. Despite these findings, the applicability of altitude conditions in improving muscle power by resistance training remains to be clarified.This review examines current knowledge regarding resistance training in different types of hypoxia, focusing on strategies designed to improve muscle hypertrophy as well as power for explosive movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Crta Alfacar sn, 18011, Granada, Spain.
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Crta Alfacar sn, 18011, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio J Morales-Artacho
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Crta Alfacar sn, 18011, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Crta Alfacar sn, 18011, Granada, Spain
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García-Ramos A, Padial P, De la Fuente B, Argüelles-Cienfuegos J, Bonitch-Góngora J, Feriche B. The Effect of Acute and Chronic Exposure to Hypobaric Hypoxia on Loaded Squat Jump Performance. J Hum Kinet 2017; 56:149-158. [PMID: 28469753 PMCID: PMC5384062 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed (1) to compare loaded squat jump performance after an acute and chronic exposure to a moderate natural altitude between normoxia and hypobaric hypoxia conditions, and (2) to analyze the effect of an altitude training camp on loaded jump squat development. Sixteen male swimmers (17.1 ± 0.8 years) took part in a 17-day training camp at a natural moderate altitude. They were randomly tested in counterbalanced order on days 1 and 3 in normoxia and hypoxia (pretest) and on days 15 and 17 again in normoxia and hypoxia (posttest). The peak velocity reached with loads equivalent to 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of swimmers' pretest body weight in the loaded squat jump exercise was the dependent variable analyzed. An overall increase in peak velocity during the test performed in hypoxia of 6.5% in pretest (p < 0.001, ES = 0.98) and 4.5% in posttest (p < 0.001, ES = 0.81) was observed. An overall increment in peak velocity of 4.0% considering the data for normoxia tests (p < 0.001, ES = 0.61) and 2.1% considering the data for hypoxia tests (p = 0.008, ES = 0.36) was achieved after the altitude training camp. These results highlight the beneficial effects of hypobaric hypoxia on jump performance after short and longer term exposure to a natural moderate altitude. The increase in loaded squat jump performance following the 17-day training camp suggests that altitude training could constitute a favorable stimulus in explosive strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan Bonitch-Góngora
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Amador García-Ramos
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - G. Gregory Haff
- Center for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Paulino Padial
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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García-Ramos A, Jaric S, Pérez-Castilla A, Padial P, Feriche B. Reliability and magnitude of mechanical variables assessed from unconstrained and constrained loaded countermovement jumps. Sports Biomech 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2016.1246598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amador García-Ramos
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Slobodan Jaric
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology & Biomechanics and Movement Science Graduate Program, University of Delaware, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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García-Ramos A, Nebot V, Padial P, Valverde-Esteve T, Pablos-Monzó A, Feriche B. Effects of short inter-repetition rest periods on power output losses during the half squat exercise. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-160634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Vicente Nebot
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Teresa Valverde-Esteve
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Pablos-Monzó
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - G. Gregory Haff
- Center for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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García-Ramos A, Padial P, de la Fuente B, Argüelles-Cienfuegos J, Bonitch-Góngora J, Feriche B. Relationship Between Vertical Jump Height and Swimming Start Performance Before and After an Altitude Training Camp. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1638-45. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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García-Ramos A, Stirn I, Strojnik V, Padial P, De la Fuente B, Argüelles-Cienfuegos J, Feriche B. Comparison of the force-, velocity-, and power-time curves recorded with a force plate and a linear velocity transducer. Sports Biomech 2016; 15:329-41. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2016.1161821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bazuelo-Ruiz B, Padial P, García-Ramos A, Morales-Artacho AJ, Miranda MT, Feriche B. Predicting Maximal Dynamic Strength From the Load-Velocity Relationship in Squat Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:1999-2005. [PMID: 25881572 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a rapid indirect method to determine an individual's maximal strength or 1 repetition maximum (RM) in untrained subjects during half-squat exercise. One hundred and five physically active young subjects (87 men and 18 women) performed a submaximal and a maximal load test during half-squat exercises on a Smith machine. In the submaximal test, subjects completed 3 repetitions with a load equivalent to body weight. The velocity and power of barbell displacement were recorded during the upward movement from 90° of knee flexion. All repetitions were performed at maximum velocity. In a subsequent 1-2RM test, the 1RM for the exercise was calculated. The variables' load and mean velocity (V(mean)) were used to construct an adjusted 1RM prediction model, which was capable of estimating the 1RM with an accuracy of 58% (F(exp) = 72.82; 2; 102 df; p ≤ 0.001). Our results indicate a good correlation between the mean displacement velocity of a load equivalent to body weight and 1RM. This relationship enables a safe and fast estimation of 1RM values in half-squat exercise (1RM = -61.93 + [121.92·V(mean)] + [1.74·load]) and provides valuable information to untrained subjects who are starting resistance training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bazuelo-Ruiz
- 1Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; and 2Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Ponce-Bravo H, Ponce C, Feriche B, Padial P. Influence of Two Different Exercise Programs on Physical Fitness and Cognitive Performance in Active Older Adults: Functional Resistance-Band Exercises vs. Recreational Oriented Exercises. J Sports Sci Med 2015; 14:716-722. [PMID: 26664267 PMCID: PMC4657413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the impact of a resistance-band functional exercise program, compared with a recreational exercise program, on physical fitness and reaction times in persons older than 60 years. Fifty-four community-dwelling volunteers (71.76 ± 6.02 years) were assigned to a specific exercise program: Functional activity program (focused on resistance-band multi-joint activities; experimental group, EG), or recreational physical activity program (with gross motor activities of ludic content; control group, CG). Before and after the intervention, we determined cognitive capacity in terms of simple reaction time (S-RT), choice reaction time (C-RT) and fitness. In both groups physical performance improved, though this improvement was more marked in the EG for grip strength, arm strength and gross motor abilities (p < 0.05). Reaction times were better only in EG (S-RT = 10.70%, C-RT = 14.34%; p < 0.05) after the corresponding physical training intervention. The training period showed no effect on the moderate relationship between both RT and gross motor abilities in the CG, whereas the EG displayed an enhanced relationship between S-RT and grip-strength as well as the C-RT with arm strength and aerobic capacity (r ~ 0.457; p < 0.05). Our findings indicate that a functional exercise program using a resistance band improves fitness and cognitive performance in healthy older adults. Key pointsBetter cognitive processes can be achieved as physical condition improvesExercise sessions of a more recreational type do not seem to constitute a stimulus able to improve both physical and cognitive performance in healthy active older adultsThe improvement of cognitive function, as assessed through reaction times, seems more linked to the workload and strength component of the training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Ponce-Bravo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain ; Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physical Culture, National University of Chimborazo , Ecuador
| | - Christian Ponce
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
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Morales-Artacho AJ, Padial P, Rodríguez-Matoso D, Rodríguez-Ruiz D, García-Ramos A, García-Manso JM, Calderón C, Feriche B. Assessment of Muscle Contractile Properties at Acute Moderate Altitude Through Tensiomyography. High Alt Med Biol 2015; 16:343-9. [PMID: 26562625 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2015.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Under hypoxia, alterations in muscle contractile properties and faster fatigue development have been reported. This study investigated the efficacy of tensiomyography (TMG) in assessing muscle contractile function at acute moderate altitude. Biceps femoris (BF) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles of 18 athletes (age 20.1 ± 6.1 years; body mass 65.4 ± 13.9 kg; height 174.6 ± 9.5 cm) were assessed at sea level and moderate altitude using electrically evoked contractions on two consecutive days. Maximum radial displacement (Dm), time of contraction (Tc), reaction time (Td), sustained contraction time (Ts), and relaxation time (Tr) were recorded at 40, 60, 80, and 100 mA. At altitude, VL showed lower Dm values at 40 mA (p = 0.008; ES = -0.237). Biceps femoris showed Dm decrements in all electrical stimulations (p < 0.001, ES > 0.61). In VL, Tc was longer at altitude at 40 (p = 0.031, ES = 0.56), and 100 mA (p = 0.03, ES = 0.51). Regarding Td, VL showed significant increases in all electrical intensities under hypoxia (p ≤ 0.03, ES ≥ 0.33). TMG appears effective at detecting slight changes in the muscle contractile properties at moderate altitude. Further research involving TMG along with other muscle function assessment methods is needed to provide additional insight into peripheral neuromuscular alterations at moderate altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Morales-Artacho
- 1 Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- 1 Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Amador García-Ramos
- 1 Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Calderón
- 3 Sport Performance Centre of Sierra Nevada , Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- 1 Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
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García-Ramos A, Padial P, García-Ramos M, Conde-Pipó J, Argüelles-Cienfuegos J, Štirn I, Feriche B. Reliability Analysis of Traditional and Ballistic Bench Press Exercises at Different Loads. J Hum Kinet 2015; 47:51-9. [PMID: 26557190 PMCID: PMC4633267 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine test-retest reliability for peak barbell velocity (Vpeak) during the bench press (BP) and bench press throw (BPT) exercises for loads corresponding to 20-70% of one-repetition maximum (1RM). Thirty physically active collegiate men conducted four evaluations after a preliminary BP 1RM determination (1RM·bw-1 = 1.02 ± 0.16 kg·kg-1). In counterbalanced order, participants performed two sessions of the BP in one week and two sessions of the BPT in another week. Recovery time between sessions within the same week was 48 hours and recovery time between sessions of different weeks was 120 hours. On each day of evaluation the individual load-velocity relationship at each tenth percentile (20-70% of 1RM) in a Smith machine for the BP or BPT was determined. Participants performed three attempts per load, but only the best repetition (highest Vpeak), registered by a linear position transducer, was analysed. The BPT resulted in a significantly lower coefficient of variation (CV) for the whole load-velocity relationship, compared to the BP (2.48% vs. 3.22%; p = 0.040). Test-retest intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranged from r = 0.94-0.85 for the BPT and r = 0.91-0.71 for the BP (p < 0.001). The reduction in the biological within-subject variation in BPT exercise could be promoted by the braking phase that obligatorily occurs during a BP executed with light or moderate loads. Therefore, we recommend the BPT exercise for a most accurate assessment of upper-body velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amador García-Ramos
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor Štirn
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana
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García-Ramos A, Padial P, Haff GG, Argüelles-Cienfuegos J, García-Ramos M, Conde-Pipó J, Feriche B. Effect of Different Interrepetition Rest Periods on Barbell Velocity Loss During the Ballistic Bench Press Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:2388-96. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
There is much debate concerning the optimal load (OL) for power training. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the number of sets performed for a given load on mean power output (Pmean). Fourteen physically active men performed 3 sets of 3 bench-press repetitions with 30, 40 and 50 kg. The highest mean power value (Pmax) across all loads and Pmean were compared when data were taken from the first set at each absolute load vs. from the best of three sets performed. Pmean increased from the first to the third set (from 5.99 ± 0.81 to 6.16 ± 0.96 W·kg−1, p = 0.017), resulting in a main effect of the set number (p < 0.05). At the 30 kg load Pmean increased from the first to the third set (from 6.01 ± 0.75 to 6.35 ± 0.85 W·kg−1; p < 0.01). No significant effect was observed at 40 and 50 kg loads (p > 0.05). Pmax and velocity were significantly affected by the method employed to determine Pmean at each load (p < 0.05). These results show a positive effect of the number of sets per load on Pmean, affecting Pmax, OL and potentially power training prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulino Padial
- Deparment of Physical Education and Sport. Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Deparment of Physical Education and Sport. Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada
| | - Belén Feriche
- Deparment of Physical Education and Sport. Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada
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García-Ramos A, Štirn I, Padial P, Argüelles-Cienfuegos J, De la Fuente B, Strojnik V, Feriche B. Predicting vertical jump height from bar velocity. J Sports Sci Med 2015; 14:256-62. [PMID: 25983572 PMCID: PMC4424452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to assess the use of maximum (Vmax) and final propulsive phase (FPV) bar velocity to predict jump height in the weighted jump squat. FPV was defined as the velocity reached just before bar acceleration was lower than gravity (-9.81 m·s(-2)). Vertical jump height was calculated from the take-off velocity (Vtake-off) provided by a force platform. Thirty swimmers belonging to the National Slovenian swimming team performed a jump squat incremental loading test, lifting 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of body weight in a Smith machine. Jump performance was simultaneously monitored using an AMTI portable force platform and a linear velocity transducer attached to the barbell. Simple linear regression was used to estimate jump height from the Vmax and FPV recorded by the linear velocity transducer. Vmax (y = 16.577x - 16.384) was able to explain 93% of jump height variance with a standard error of the estimate of 1.47 cm. FPV (y = 12.828x - 6.504) was able to explain 91% of jump height variance with a standard error of the estimate of 1.66 cm. Despite that both variables resulted to be good predictors, heteroscedasticity in the differences between FPV and Vtake-off was observed (r(2) = 0.307), while the differences between Vmax and Vtake-off were homogenously distributed (r(2) = 0.071). These results suggest that Vmax is a valid tool for estimating vertical jump height in a loaded jump squat test performed in a Smith machine. Key pointsVertical jump height in the loaded jump squat can be estimated with acceptable precision from the maximum bar velocity recorded by a linear velocity transducer.The relationship between the point at which bar acceleration is less than -9.81 m·s(-2) and the real take-off is affected by the velocity of movement.Mean propulsive velocity recorded by a linear velocity transducer does not appear to be optimal to monitor ballistic exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain ; Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Štirn
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Vojko Strojnik
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
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Feriche B, García-Ramos A, Calderón-Soto C, Drobnic F, Bonitch- Góngora JG, Galilea PA, Riera J, Padial P. Effect of acute exposure to moderate altitude on muscle power: hypobaric hypoxia vs. normobaric hypoxia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114072. [PMID: 25474104 PMCID: PMC4256399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
When ascending to a higher altitude, changes in air density and oxygen levels affect the way in which explosive actions are executed. This study was designed to compare the effects of acute exposure to real or simulated moderate hypoxia on the dynamics of the force-velocity relationship observed in bench press exercise. Twenty-eight combat sports athletes were assigned to two groups and assessed on two separate occasions: G1 (n = 17) in conditions of normoxia (N1) and hypobaric hypoxia (HH) and G2 (n = 11) in conditions of normoxia (N2) and normobaric hypoxia (NH). Individual and complete force-velocity relationships in bench press were determined on each assessment day. For each exercise repetition, we obtained the mean and peak velocity and power shown by the athletes. Maximum power (Pmax) was recorded as the highest P(mean) obtained across the complete force-velocity curve. Our findings indicate a significantly higher absolute load linked to P(max) (∼ 3%) and maximal strength (1 RM) (∼ 6%) in G1 attributable to the climb to altitude (P<0.05). We also observed a stimulating effect of natural hypoxia on P(mean) and P(peak) in the middle-high part of the curve (≥ 60 kg; P<0.01) and a 7.8% mean increase in barbell displacement velocity (P<0.001). No changes in any of the variables examined were observed in G2. According to these data, we can state that acute exposure to natural moderate altitude as opposed to simulated normobaric hypoxia leads to gains in 1 RM, movement velocity and power during the execution of a force-velocity curve in bench press.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Franchek Drobnic
- Department of Sport Physiology, Grup d’Investigació en el Rendiment i la Salut de l’Esportista d’Alt Nivell Esportiu del Centre D'Alt Rendiment, High Sport Council, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pedro A. Galilea
- Department of Sport Physiology, Grup d’Investigació en el Rendiment i la Salut de l’Esportista d’Alt Nivell Esportiu del Centre D'Alt Rendiment, High Sport Council, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Riera
- Department of Sport Physiology, Grup d’Investigació en el Rendiment i la Salut de l’Esportista d’Alt Nivell Esportiu del Centre D'Alt Rendiment, High Sport Council, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical exercise is a key modulator of the maximum fat oxidation rate (MFO). However, the metabolic transition zones in the MFO-exercise relationship are not generally considered for training prescription. Objective. To examine the effects of training in different metabolic transition zones on the kinetics of MFO and its localization (Fatmax) in young physically active men. METHODS 97 men were divided into 4 similar sized groups, 3 experimental groups and a control group (CG). Subjects in each experimental group undertook an 8-week running program. Training was continuous at the intensity of the aerobic threshold or VT1 (CCVT1); or performed as intervals at the intensity of the anaerobic threshold or VT2 (ITVT2); or at maximum aerobic power VO2max (ITVO2max). Before and after the training intervention, expired gases were monitored in each subject to determine VO2max, VT1, VT2, MFO (by indirect calorimetry) and Fatmax. RESULTS In response to training, experimental groups showed an increase in MFO (from 16,49 to 18,51%; p<0,01) and a mean reduction in Fatmax of 60,72±10,52 to 52,35±7,61 %VO2max (p<0,01). No changes of interest were observed in the control subjects. Intergroup comparisons revealed no differences in MFO and Fatmax among the experimental groups, though compared to the CG, a greater reduction in Fatmax was observed in CCVT1 (p<0,05). No changes were detected in performance except a drop in VO2max in the GC (p<0,05). CONCLUSION 8 weeks of training led to an increase in MFO and reduction in Fatmax irrespective of training intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ulloa
- Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción. Facultad de Educación. Concepción. Chile..
| | - Belén Feriche
- Departamento de Educación Física y Deportiva. Universidad de Granada. Granada. España..
| | - Paola Barboza
- Universidad Andres Bello. Facultad de Educación. Sede Concepción. Chile..
| | - Paulino Padial
- Departamento de Educación Física y Deportiva. Universidad de Granada. Granada. España..
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Araya S, Padial P, Feriche B, Gálvez A, Pereira J, Mariscal-Arcas M. [Effect of a physical activity program on the anthropometric and physical fitness of women over 60 years]. NUTR HOSP 2013; 27:1472-9. [PMID: 23478694 DOI: 10.3305/nh.2012.27.5.5899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper wants to determine the incidence of twelve weeks of physical activity on physical capacity and morphology of women over 60 yrs without disabilities in the district of Iquique, Chile. Before and after the intervention period was determined anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness status of the sample. Anthropometric variables were weight, height and waist and hip circumferences. The Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Hip was determined. To evaluate the status of the physical condition was used handgrip dynamometry test, countermovement vertical jump and get in and out. The balance was tested through the test of visual reference monopodal balance and flexibility through the test of trunk flexion (sit and reach test). Results show a positive effect of the intervention program on the performance of every physical test (p < 0.05). Anthropometric parameters showed a reduction in waist-hip ratio (p = 0.029) and waist circumference (p = 0.014), without rest of the variables analyzed showed changes of interest. Among the observed associations, vertical jump test showed a negative correlation with balance test and getting in and out test, both before and after treatment (R = -0.495, R = -0.699 in PREtest and R = -0.373, R = -0.463 at the POSTtest for the CMJ relation and balance and CMJ and Ln S-L test respectively, P < 0.05). In conclusion, a program of physical activity lasting 12 weeks, improves physical capacity (balance, grip strength, leg strength and flexibility) and anthropometric parameters (waist-hip ratio and waist circumference), in healthy women over 60yrs of the district of Iquique, Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Araya
- Dpto of Physical Education, University of Arturo Prat, Chile
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Bonitch-Góngora JG, Bonitch-Domínguez JG, Padial P, Feriche B. The Effect of Lactate Concentration on the Handgrip Strength During Judo Bouts. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:1863-71. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318238ebac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bonitch-Domínguez J, Bonitch-Góngora J, Padial P, Feriche B. Changes in peak leg power induced by successive judo bouts and their relationship to lactate production. J Sports Sci 2010; 28:1527-34. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.512641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Numerous studies have used exogenous administration of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO(3)) and sodium citrate (Na-citrate) in an attempt to enhance human performance. After ingestion of NaHCO(3) and Na-citrate, two observations have been made: (a) There was great individual variability in the ergogenic benefit reached, which can be attributed to the level of physical conditioning of the subjects and to their tolerance of the buffer substance; and (b) the subjects who had ingested NaHCO(3) and Na-citrate show higher levels of pH, bicarbonate, and lactate ions concentrations in their exercising blood than do the subjects who had ingested the placebo. A majority of the studies have suggested that the ingestion of both substances provides an ergogenic effect due to the establishment and maintenance of an elevated pH level during exercise. However, the exact mechanism by which the ergogenic effects occur has not been demonstrated conclusively. Sodium bicarbonate and Na-citrate seem to be effective in activities with a sufficient duration to generate a difference in the hydrogen ion gradient, characterized by a very high intensity and involving large muscular groups. However, in activities of equally high intensity, but with longer duration, the results obtained have been conflicting and inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Requena
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Spain.
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