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Barenie MJ, Escalera A, Carter SJ, Grange HE, Paris HL, Krinsky D, Sogard AS, Schlader ZJ, Fly AD, Mickleborough TD. Grass-Fed and Non-Grass-Fed Whey Protein Consumption Do Not Attenuate Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Soreness in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Diet Suppl 2023; 21:344-373. [PMID: 37981793 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2023.2282470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Eccentric muscle contractions can cause structural damage to muscle cells resulting in temporarily decreased muscle force production and soreness. Prior work indicates pasture-raised dairy products from grass-fed cows have greater anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties compared to grain-fed counterparts. However, limited research has evaluated the utility of whey protein from pasture-raised, grass-fed cows to enhance recovery compared to whey protein from non-grass-fed cows. Therefore, using a randomized, placebo-controlled design, we compared the effect of whey protein from pasture-raised, grass-fed cows (PRWP) to conventional whey protein (CWP) supplementation on indirect markers of muscle damage in response to eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) in resistance-trained individuals. Thirty-nine subjects (PRWP, n = 14; CWP, n = 12) completed an eccentric squat protocol to induce EIMD with measurements performed at 24, 48, and 72 h of recovery. Dependent variables included: delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), urinary titin, maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC), potentiated quadriceps twitch force, countermovement jump (CMJ), and barbell back squat velocity (BBSV). Between-condition comparisons did not reveal any significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in markers of EIMD via DOMS, urinary titin, MIVC, potentiated quadriceps twitch force, CMJ, or BBSV. In conclusion, neither PRWP nor CWP attenuate indirect markers of muscle damage and soreness following eccentric exercise in resistance-trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Barenie
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, IN University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- Center for the Study of Obesity, College of Public Health, University of AR for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Albaro Escalera
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, IN University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen J Carter
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, IN University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Hope E Grange
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Hunter L Paris
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California, USA
| | - Danielle Krinsky
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, IN University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Abigail S Sogard
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, IN University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Zachary J Schlader
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, IN University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Alyce D Fly
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | - Timothy D Mickleborough
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, IN University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Akbari A, Moazen M, Babajafari S, Abdollahzadeh SM, Ranjbar Zahedani M, Sasani N, Kazemi A. Acute or Short-term Effects of Whey Protein Alone or Along with Carbohydrate on Inflammation: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials:. Galen Med J 2023; 12:e2441. [PMID: 37727648 PMCID: PMC10506851 DOI: 10.31661/gmj.v12i.2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive inflammatory response is associated with several diseases. Recently, there has been an increasing trend for investigation of the acute or short-term effects of whey protein alone or in combination with carbohydrates on inflammatory status, especially in athletes. This systematic review aimed to clarify these effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched from January 1990 to September 2021, without language restriction. Adult studies examining the effects of whey protein alone or together with carbohydrates on interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein levels with a maximum duration of 15 days and with at least one comparison group were included. The quality of studies was analyzed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. RESULTS Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Significant reductions in inflammatory markers was observed in seven out of 25 studies (28%). However, one out of 25 studies (4%) reported a significant increase in inflammatory status. Among those studies comparing the effects of whey protein alone with non-protein or protein-containing groups, 18.18% (two out of 11) and 10% (one out of ten) of the trials revealed a significant decrease in the markers, respectively. Moreover, of those studies comparing whey protein plus carbohydrate with non-protein or protein-containing groups, 33.33% (two out of six) and 40% (two out of five) of them showed a significant reduction in the inflammatory response, respectively. The quality of the majority of studies (84%) was poor. CONCLUSION It seems that whey protein alone or the combination of it with carbohydrates may not affect the inflammatory markers in the short run (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021273915).[GMJ.2023;12:e2441].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akbari
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Moazen
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Siavash Babajafari
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Maryam Abdollahzadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Ranjbar Zahedani
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Najmeh Sasani
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Asma Kazemi
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Feng Y, Wang Y, Feng Q, Song X, Wang L, Sun L. Whey protein preloading can alleviate stress adaptation disorder and improve hyperglycemia in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Gynecol Endocrinol 2021; 37:753-757. [PMID: 34060419 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2021.1932803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the change of stress hormones, oxidative stress and insulin resistance (IR) in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) after supplement whey protein, in an attempt to gain insights into the prevention and treatment of GDM. MATERIALS AND METHODS 60 GDM women were recruited in this study, and 30 women received a preload drink containing 20 g whey protein as group GDM-W, and the other 30 women received control flavoring drink as group GDM, and the trial lasted for 14 days. Plasma epinephrine (E), noradrenaline (NE), and cortisol were detected; we also determined levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH). Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used to assess IR. RESULTS In the GDM-W group, postprandial blood glucose was decreased significantly on 3, 5, 7, and 14 days (all p < .05), plasma 2 h insulin was increased by 7.2, 8.6, and 20.5% on days 5, 7, and 14 (p < .05, .05, .01). HOMA-IR was decreased significantly on day 14 (p < .05). MDA was decreased by 20.7% on day 14 (p < .01), and anti-oxidative enzymes' SOD was decreased by 13.4% on day 14 (p < .05) and GSH was decreased by 16.7 and 29.1% on days 7 and 14 (both p < .05). Stress hormones E and cortisol were decreased by 10.8 and 19.8%, respectively, on day 14 (p < .05). There was no significant difference in NE between the two groups within 14 days. CONCLUSIONS Whey protein supplementation may improve hyperglycemia by alleviating stress disorder and oxidative stress injury in GDM women. This trial was registered at chictr.org.cn/as ChiCTR1800020413.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Feng
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Qi Feng
- Department of General Surgery, CPLA No. 71897, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinna Song
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Lanlan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
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Zhu Y, Sun F, Li C, Chow DHK. Acute Effects of Brief Mindfulness Intervention Coupled with Carbohydrate Ingestion to Re-Energize Soccer Players: A Randomized Crossover Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E9037. [PMID: 33291535 PMCID: PMC7731386 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: This field experiment investigated the acute effects of brief mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) coupled with carbohydrate (CHO) intake on players' recovery from half-time break in a simulated soccer competition. Methods: In a single-blinded randomized crossover experiment, 14 male players received 3 treatments (Control: non-carbohydrate solution + travelling introduction audio; CHO: CHO-electrolyte solution + travelling introduction audio; and CHO_M: CHO-electrolyte solution + MBI) during simulated half-time breaks. Vertical jump, sprint performance, mindfulness level, rate of perceived exertion, muscle pain, mental fatigue, blood glucose, and lactate were measured immediately before, during, and after the exercise. Results: (1) MBI significantly increased participants' mindfulness level (Control vs. CHO_M, p < 0.01; CHO vs. CHO_M, p < 0.01) and decreased mental fatigue for CHO_M condition (pre vs. post, p < 0.01); (2) participants in the CHO_M condition performed better in the repeated sprint tests than in the Control and CHO condition (Control vs. CHO_M, p = 0.02; CHO vs. CHO_M, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Findings of this study provide preliminary evidence of the positive effect of MBI coupled with CHO ingestion on athletes' recovery from fatigue in the early stage of the second half of a game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhu
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.Z.); (D.H.K.C.)
| | - Fenghua Sun
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.Z.); (D.H.K.C.)
| | - Chunxiao Li
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China;
| | - Daniel Hung Kay Chow
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.Z.); (D.H.K.C.)
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Katouzian I, Jafari SM, Maghsoudlou Y, Karami L, Eikani MH. Experimental and molecular docking study of the binding interactions between bovine α-lactalbumin and oleuropein. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Sun FH, Cooper SB, Chak-Fung Tse F. Effects of different solutions consumed during exercise on cognitive function of male college soccer players. J Exerc Sci Fit 2020; 18:155-161. [PMID: 32636892 PMCID: PMC7330616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of three solutions, i.e. carbohydrate-electrolyte-solution (CES), carbohydrate-electrolyte-protein-solution (CEPS), and placebo (PLA), on cognitive function of college soccer players. Methods Sixteen male college soccer players completed three main trials in a randomized cross-over study design. In each main trial, participants completed 90 min Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) protocol and consumed one of three solutions. The cognitive function tests were performed; blood glucose and lactate concentrations, and several subjective measurements were also recorded in each trial. Results Compared with pre-exercise level, the accuracy of Rapid Visual Information Processing test (RVIPT) and the response time in Visual Search Test (VST, complex level) after LIST improved in CES and CEPS trials, but not in PLA trial. However, the accuracy of VST (complex level) decreased in both CES and CEPS trials, compared with PLA trial. CEPS consumption improved accuracy in VST (simple level), compared with CES consumption. Blood glucose concentrations were well maintained in CEPS trial, but not in CES and PLA trials. Conclusion It seems that both CES and CEPS consumption show certain benefits on some aspects of cognitive function in male college soccer players in Hong Kong. However, these effects may be specific to the cognitive domain tested.
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Key Words
- 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptophan
- AD, Abdominal discomfort
- BCAA, Branched chain amino acids
- BM, Body mass
- CEPS, Carbohydrate-electrolyte-protein solution
- CES, Carbohydrate-electrolyte solution
- Carbohydrate
- Dehydration
- HR, Heart rate
- LIST, Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test
- Loughborough intermittent shuttle test
- PT, Perceived thirst
- Performance
- Protein
- RPE, Rating of perceived exertion
- RVIPT, Rapid visual information processing test
- ST, Stroop test
- Sports drink
- VST, Visual search test
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Hua Sun
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Simon B Cooper
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Frank Chak-Fung Tse
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Tokinoya K, Ishikura K, Yoshida Y, Ra SG, Sugasawa T, Aoyagi A, Nabekura Y, Takekoshi K, Ohmori H. LDH isoenzyme 5 is an index of early onset muscle soreness during prolonged running. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1020-1026. [PMID: 32253893 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle soreness is also induced during prolonged running such as a full marathon, and muscle soreness and increased damage markers are detected immediately after such a running. We named this muscle soreness, early onset muscle soreness (EOMS). Additionally, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level which has some isoenzyme is increased immediately after prolonged exercise. However, it is unclear that EOMS is related to muscle damage markers on prolonged running. This study aimed to determine at which point EOMS, and muscle damage markers are related to EOMS during prolonged running. METHODS We studied 11 male subjects who habitually perform aerobic exercise. They ran 30 km at 90% of ventilatory threshold intensity. Every 10 km, we estimated perceived muscle soreness, and sampled blood to measure muscle and liver damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress (d-ROM and BAP) markers. RESULTS Muscle soreness score lower limbs were significantly appeared at 20 km compared to that at 0 km. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level increased at 30 km compared to that at 0 km. LDH isoenzymes 3, 4, and 5, and neutrophils significantly increased at 30 km compared to those at 0 km. Serum LDH isoenzyme 5 and change in aspartate aminotransferase significantly increased at 20 km. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the thigh NRS and amount of serum LDH isoenzyme 5 from 0 km to 20 km. d-ROM and BAP increased at 10 km compared to those at 0 km. CONCLUSIONS EOMS started to occur at 20 km during a 30 km running task. Our data suggest that LDH isoenzyme 5 is a marker of occurrence in EOMS during prolonged running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Tokinoya
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yasuko Yoshida
- Laboratory of Laboratory/Sports Medicine, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba International University, Tsuchiura, Japan
| | - Song-Gyu Ra
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takehito Sugasawa
- Laboratory of Laboratory/Sports Medicine, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Aoyagi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Nabekura
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takekoshi
- Laboratory of Laboratory/Sports Medicine, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohmori
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan -
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Effect of pre-exercise ingestion of α-lactalbumin on subsequent endurance exercise performance and mood states. Br J Nutr 2018; 121:22-29. [DOI: 10.1017/s000711451800274x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study investigated the effect of pre-exercise α-lactalbumin ingestion on subsequent endurance exercise performance, muscle pain and mood states. In a two-stage cross-over counterbalance design, eleven male endurance runners (age: 31 (se 2) years, height: 169·5 (se 4·4) cm, weight: 63·6 (se 5·1) kg, V̇O2max: 58·8 (se 6·3) ml/kg per min) consumed two solutions (carbohydrate+α-lactalbumin, CA; carbohydrate+whey protein isolate, CW) 2 h before a self-paced 21-km run. Creatine kinase, IL-6, muscle pain, pressure pain threshold (PPT) and mood states were assessed 2 h before exercise, immediately before exercise (Pre-ex0) and immediately after exercise (Post-ex0). No difference was found in 21-km running performance between two trials (CA v. CW: 115·85 (se 5·20) v. 118·85 (se 5·51) min, P=0·48). Compared with CW, CA led to higher PPT at Pre-ex0 (41·77 (se 2·27) v. 35·56 (se 2·10) N/cm2, P<0·01) and Post-ex0 (38·76 (se 3·23) v. 35·30 (se 3·55) N/cm2, P=0·047). Compared with CW, CA reduced the feeling of fatigue at Post-ex0 (P<0·01); CA also reduced salivary cortisol levels at Post-ex0 (0·72 (se 0·07) v. 0·83 (se 0·13) ng/ml, P<0·01). In conclusion, the ingestion of α-lactalbumin did not improve the 21-km time-trial performance. However, compared with the pre-exercise ingestion of whey protein, that of α-lactalbumin led to superior results during similar levels of endurance exercise: it elevated PPT and reduced the feeling of fatigue and the cortisol levels.
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