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Afonso J, Andrade R, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Nakamura FY, Sarmento H, Freitas SR, Silva AF, Laporta L, Abarghoueinejad M, Akyildiz Z, Chen R, Pizarro A, Ramirez-Campillo R, Clemente FM. What We Do Not Know About Stretching in Healthy Athletes: A Scoping Review with Evidence Gap Map from 300 Trials. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02002-7. [PMID: 38457105 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stretching has garnered significant attention in sports sciences, resulting in numerous studies. However, there is no comprehensive overview on investigation of stretching in healthy athletes. OBJECTIVES To perform a systematic scoping review with an evidence gap map of stretching studies in healthy athletes, identify current gaps in the literature, and provide stakeholders with priorities for future research. METHODS Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 and PRISMA-ScR guidelines were followed. We included studies comprising healthy athletes exposed to acute and/or chronic stretching interventions. Six databases were searched (CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) until 1 January 2023. The relevant data were narratively synthesized; quantitative data summaries were provided for key data items. An evidence gap map was developed to offer an overview of the existing research and relevant gaps. RESULTS Of ~ 220,000 screened records, we included 300 trials involving 7080 athletes [mostly males (~ 65% versus ~ 20% female, and ~ 15% unreported) under 36 years of age; tiers 2 and 3 of the Participant Classification Framework] across 43 sports. Sports requiring extreme range of motion (e.g., gymnastics) were underrepresented. Most trials assessed the acute effects of stretching, with chronic effects being scrutinized in less than 20% of trials. Chronic interventions averaged 7.4 ± 5.1 weeks and never exceeded 6 months. Most trials (~ 85%) implemented stretching within the warm-up, with other application timings (e.g., post-exercise) being under-researched. Most trials examined static active stretching (62.3%), followed by dynamic stretching (38.3%) and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching (12.0%), with scarce research on alternative methods (e.g., ballistic stretching). Comparators were mostly limited to passive controls, with ~ 25% of trials including active controls (e.g., strength training). The lower limbs were primarily targeted by interventions (~ 75%). Reporting of dose was heterogeneous in style (e.g., 10 repetitions versus 10 s for dynamic stretching) and completeness of information (i.e., with disparities in the comprehensiveness of the provided information). Most trials (~ 90%) reported performance-related outcomes (mainly strength/power and range of motion); sport-specific outcomes were collected in less than 15% of trials. Biomechanical, physiological, and neural/psychological outcomes were assessed sparsely and heterogeneously; only five trials investigated injury-related outcomes. CONCLUSIONS There is room for improvement, with many areas of research on stretching being underexplored and others currently too heterogeneous for reliable comparisons between studies. There is limited representation of elite-level athletes (~ 5% tier 4 and no tier 5) and underpowered sample sizes (≤ 20 participants). Research was biased toward adult male athletes of sports not requiring extreme ranges of motion, and mostly assessed the acute effects of static active stretching and dynamic stretching during the warm-up. Dose-response relationships remain largely underexplored. Outcomes were mostly limited to general performance testing. Injury prevention and other effects of stretching remain poorly investigated. These relevant research gaps should be prioritized by funding policies. REGISTRATION OSF project ( https://osf.io/6auyj/ ) and registration ( https://osf.io/gu8ya ).
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Affiliation(s)
- José Afonso
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Renato Andrade
- Clínica Espregueira-FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal
- Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues
- Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Alvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Tumour and Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-153, Porto, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandro R Freitas
- Laboratório de Função Neuromuscular, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Alvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Lorenzo Laporta
- Núcleo de Estudos em Performance Analysis Esportiva (NEPAE/UFSM), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, nº 1000, Cidade Universitária, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, CEP: 97105-900, Brazil
| | | | - Zeki Akyildiz
- Sports Science Faculty, Department of Coaching Education, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Pizarro
- Faculty of Sport, Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Rua das Taipas, 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy. Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, 7591538, Santiago, Chile
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Alvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336, Gdańsk, Poland
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Viramontes E, Dawes JJ, Coburn JW, Lockie RG. Strength Training Frequency and Athletic Performance in High School Girls Basketball Players. J Hum Kinet 2024; 91:19-31. [PMID: 38689579 PMCID: PMC11057622 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/184042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a six-week strength training intervention on the physical fitness of female high school athletes, with a focus on training frequency. Twenty-three female high school basketball athletes were recruited and split into two groups: one group participated in strength training once per week (S1), while the other participated in two training sessions per week (S2). The groups were not random as training sessions were voluntary, and some participants were only able to train once per week. Participants were tested before and after the intervention, and the data included: age, body height, body mass, body fat percentage, grip strength, leg/back dynamometer (LBD) strength, a seated medicine ball throw (MBT), a vertical jump (VJ), 505 tests from each foot, 0-5, 0-10, and 0-20 sprint times, and multistage fitness test shuttles. Data were analyzed by a two (time) x two (group) repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA; p < 0.05). When significant F ratios were detected in any ANOVA calculations, post hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted using the Bonferroni adjustment procedure. There were significant main effects for time that indicated the following: increased body height, body mass, grip strength, LBD strength, MBT distance, and VJ height, faster 505 times, and slower 0-5 and 0-10 m sprint times (p ≤ 0.021). There were no significant time by group ANOVAs or between-group main effects. These performance changes occurred irrespective of training frequency. High school girls who participate in at least one strength training session per week can improve their strength (grip, LBD), power (MBT, VJ), and change-of-direction speed (505).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Viramontes
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - J. Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Tactical Fitness and Nutrition Lab, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Jared W. Coburn
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Robert G. Lockie
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
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Oliver JL, Ramachandran AK, Singh U, Ramirez-Campillo R, Lloyd RS. The Effects of Strength, Plyometric and Combined Training on Strength, Power and Speed Characteristics in High-Level, Highly Trained Male Youth Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:623-643. [PMID: 37897637 PMCID: PMC10978689 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male youth soccer players competing at a high level will typically engage in large volumes of soccer training from a young age. However, it is not known whether the high levels of habitual training that these high-performing players are exposed to limit their ability to respond to strength, plyometric or combined training interventions. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the specific effects of strength, plyometric and combined training with active controls (standard soccer training) on the strength, power and speed characteristics of high-level, highly trained young male soccer players. METHODS We performed a literature search across PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus to identify controlled studies that implemented strength, plyometric or combined training in high-level male youth soccer players. Participants were defined as high level or highly trained based on established guidelines related to either competition level or age-related weekly hours spent in soccer training. Studies needed to report at least one outcome of lower body strength, squat jump, countermovement jump, horizontal power, acceleration (0-10 m), speed (15-40 m) or change of direction speed. A meta-analysis was then performed using a random-effects model to determine the magnitude (Hedge's g) of training responses and whether effects differed across modes of training. RESULTS From an initial return of 5464 papers, n = 34 studies met the inclusion criteria and provided a total sample of n = 1396 high-level male youth soccer players. Strength, plyometric and combined training resulted in improvements in strength, squat and countermovement jump, horizontal power, acceleration, change of direction speed (all p < 0.05; g = 0.73-1.08, moderate) and speed (p < 0.05; g = 0.40-0.59, small). Lower body strength was the only outcome where training mode had a significant effect (p < 0.05), with plyometric training producing small effects (g = 0.27, p < 0.05) compared with moderate effects for strength (g = 1.07, p < 0.05) and combined (g = 0.75, p < 0.05) training. Prediction intervals for overall effects (all training modes combined) showed that the greatest confidence that future training will lead to positive effects was in the squat and countermovement jump, horizontal power and acceleration (prediction intervals = 0.03-1.81). CONCLUSIONS High-level, highly trained male youth soccer players can experience positive gains in indices of strength, power and speed from strength, plyometric and combined training, and the magnitude of gains are mostly similar across modes of training. Based on prediction intervals, there is a good level of certainty that future strength, plyometric and combined training in this population would lead to positive improvements in vertical and horizontal power and sprint acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK.
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Ramachandran
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
| | - Utkarsh Singh
- Sports and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Universidad Andres Bello, 7591538, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Ho IMK, Weldon A, Yong JTH, Lam CTT, Sampaio J. Using Machine Learning Algorithms to Pool Data from Meta-Analysis for the Prediction of Countermovement Jump Improvement. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20105881. [PMID: 37239607 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To solve the research-practice gap and take one step forward toward using big data with real-world evidence, the present study aims to adopt a novel method using machine learning to pool findings from meta-analyses and predict the change of countermovement jump. The data were collected through a total of 124 individual studies included in 16 recent meta-analyses. The performance of four selected machine learning algorithms including support vector machine, random forest (RF) ensemble, light gradient boosted machine, and the neural network using multi-layer perceptron was compared. The RF yielded the highest accuracy (mean absolute error: 0.071 cm; R2: 0.985). Based on the feature importance calculated by the RF regressor, the baseline CMJ ("Pre-CMJ") was the most impactful predictor, followed by age ("Age"), the total number of training sessions received ("Total number of training_session"), controlled or non-controlled conditions ("Control (no training)"), whether the training program included squat, lunge, deadlift, or hip thrust exercises ("Squat_Lunge_Deadlift_Hipthrust_True", "Squat_Lunge_Deadlift_Hipthrust_False"), or "Plyometric (mixed fast/slow SSC)", and whether the athlete was from an Asian pacific region including Australia ("Race_Asian or Australian"). By using multiple simulated virtual cases, the successful predictions of the CMJ improvement are shown, whereas the perceived benefits and limitations of using machine learning in a meta-analysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indy Man Kit Ho
- Department of Sports and Recreation, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (THEi), Chai Wan, Hong Kong, China
- The Asian Academy for Sports and Fitness Professionals, Chai Wan, Hongkong, China
| | - Anthony Weldon
- Centre for Life and Sport Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK
| | - Jason Tze Ho Yong
- Department of Sports and Recreation, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (THEi), Chai Wan, Hong Kong, China
| | - Candy Tze Tim Lam
- Department of Sports and Recreation, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (THEi), Chai Wan, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Shumski EJ, Lempke LB, Johnson RS, Oh J, Schmidt JD, Lynall RC. Jump Height and Hip Power Decrease During Cognitive Loading Regardless of Sex: Implications for Sport Performance Metrics. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:793-798. [PMID: 36165881 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Shumski, EJ, Lempke, LB, Johnson, RS, Oh, J, Schmidt, JD, and Lynall, RC. Jump height and hip power decrease during cognitive loading regardless of sex: implications for sport performance metrics. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 793-798, 2023-Sex and cognitive loading separately influence jumping performance. However, it is unknown how cognitive loading influences jump performance and how sex and cognitive loading interact. The purpose of our study was to determine if an interaction existed between sex and cognitive loading for the dependent variables jump height, ground contact time, reactive strength index, vertical stiffness, impulse, and lower extremity joint power during a double limb drop vertical jump. Twenty-one male (23.2 ± 2.5 years, 180.8 ± 8.4 cm, 80.4 ± 10.2 kg) and 20 female (21.7 ± 1.0 years, 163.7 ± 8.2 cm, 61.2 ± 9.4 kg) physically active individuals participated. Subjects jumped from a 30 cm box placed 50% of their height away from 2 force plates under single-task and dual-task (serial 6s or 7s) conditions. Separate 2 × 2 analyses of variance were used for all dependent variables (α = 0.05) with Bonferroni post hoc mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). There were no significant interactions for any outcomes ( p ≥ 0.190). Condition main effects demonstrated subjects jumped significantly higher (1.84 cm, 95% CI = 0.68-3.01, d = 0.26, p = 0.003) and with greater hip power (0.29 Watts·BW -1 ·HT -1 , 95% CI = 0.04-0.54, d = 0.21, p = 0.025) during single task compared with dual task. Sex main effects revealed males jumped higher (9.88 cm, 95% CI = 7.00-12.77, d = 2.17, p < 0.001), with greater reactive strength index (0.29, 95% CI = 0.17-0.41, d = 1.52, p < 0.001), greater ankle power (3.70 Watts·BW -1 ·HT -1 , 95% CI = 2.26-5.13, d = 1.64, p < 0.001), and greater knee power (5.00 Watts·BW -1 ·HT -1 , 95% CI = 3.25-6.75, d = 1.82, p < 0.001) compared with females. Jump performance is influenced by sex and dual-task conditions but not their interaction. To optimize jumping performance, testing should be completed without distractions (single task) to decrease cognitive loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Shumski
- Department of Kinesiology, UGA Concussion Research Laboratory and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Landon B Lempke
- Department of Kinesiology, UGA Concussion Research Laboratory and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts; and
| | - Rachel S Johnson
- Department of Kinesiology, UGA Concussion Research Laboratory and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Jeonghoon Oh
- Department of Kinesiology, UGA Concussion Research Laboratory and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Julianne D Schmidt
- Department of Kinesiology, UGA Concussion Research Laboratory and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Robert C Lynall
- Department of Kinesiology, UGA Concussion Research Laboratory and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Cabrejas C, Solana-Tramunt M, Morales J, Nieto A, Bofill A, Carballeira E, Pierantozzi E. The Effects of an Eight-Week Integrated Functional Core and Plyometric Training Program on Young Rhythmic Gymnasts' Explosive Strength. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1041. [PMID: 36673798 PMCID: PMC9859241 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: Explosive strength is essential for rhythmic gymnasts’ performance. It has been suggested that core stability (CS) and plyometric training can enhance athletes’ explosive strength. Nevertheless, there is some uncertainty about the effects of integrated core and plyometric training (CPT) programs on rhythmic gymnastics (RG) performances. Purpose: to evaluate the effects of an integrated functional CPT program on young rhythmic gymnasts’ explosive strength and jump/leap performance. Method: We recruited 44 young (age = 10.5 ± 1.8 years old; peak height velocity, PHV = 12.2 ± 0.6 years old) female rhythmic gymnasts and randomly allocated them into a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG). Pre and post-intervention, the explosive strength of both groups was assessed using countermovement jump (CMJ) and single-leg CMJ (SLCMJ) tests, conducted using a force platform, and expert RG judges evaluated their performance of RG-specific jumps. Before the post-test, the EG (n = 23) completed an 8 week functional CPT program based on RG technical requirements. Meanwhile, the participants in the CG (n = 21) received their regular training sessions. Linear mixed model analyses were applied to evaluate the effects of an intra-subject factor (TIME: pre-post) and an inter-subject factor (GROUP: control-experimental) on each dependent variable. When no significant interaction effect was found, Cohen’s d effect size was calculated. Results: After 8 weeks, the EG obtained significantly better results in all variables measured by the CMJ and SLCMJ (p < 0.01) tests. The judges’ scores indicated greater improvements in the EG after the CPT program in the stag and the split leap. Conclusions: An integrated functional CPT program improved explosive strength in a group of young rhythmic gymnasts and had a large impact on aspects of RG-specific performance. Coaches should consider using this CPT to improve RG performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cabrejas
- Department of Sports Sciences, Ramon Llull University, FPCEE Blanquerna, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Solana-Tramunt
- Department of Sports Sciences, Ramon Llull University, FPCEE Blanquerna, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
- Royal Spanish Swimming Federation, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Morales
- Department of Sports Sciences, Ramon Llull University, FPCEE Blanquerna, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Nieto
- Department of Sports Sciences, Ramon Llull University, FPCEE Blanquerna, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Bofill
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Carballeira
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, Campus Bastiagueiro, University of A Coruña, 15179 Oleiros, Spain
| | - Emanuela Pierantozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 1700 Genoa, Italy
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Lo YH, Chou WY, Yen KT, Wu CF, Yang YJ. Improvement of lower-extremity stability by rotational leg press training. Gait Posture 2022; 98:337-342. [PMID: 36274471 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Previous reports revealed that balance and stability are essential for human physical activity. The present study aimed to evaluate the comparative outcome of a novel beginning movement load training (BMLT) versus conventional leg press training in terms of improvement of lower-extremity stability. RESEARCH QUESTION Does the leg press training improve the stability of lower extremities? METHODS Twenty adult, asymptomatic and active amateur basketball players were enrolled in this study and randomized in equal numbers into a BMLT group (study group) and a conventional leg press training group (control group). RESULTS The results after eight-week course of training showed that conventional leg press training had an opposite effect on dynamic stability in the left leg (p = 0.015) and backward movement of the right leg (p = 0.038). The athletes in the study group revealed superior dynamic stability maintenance in both legs backwards (p = 0.001), the left leg (p = 0.013), the right leg backwards (p = 0.022) and overall stability (p = 0.002). SIGNIFICANCE The study group showed better postural stability in terms of the medial/lateral index (p = 0.017), and the athletes in the control group exhibited a significant inability to maintain postural stability in the medial/lateral aspect after the training (p = 0.016). Rotational BMLT lower-extremity press training yielded superior enhancement of dynamic stability and maintenance of center of gravity and postural stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsun Lo
- Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan; Center of Comprehensive Sports Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.123, Dinghu Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan County, 333, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Chou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No.123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan; Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan; Center of Comprehensive Sports Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.123, Dinghu Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan County, 333, Taiwan; Department of Sports, Health and Leisure and Graduate Institute of Sports, Health and Leisure, Cheng Shiu University, No.840, Chengqing Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan.
| | - Ke-Tien Yen
- Department of Sports, Health and Leisure and Graduate Institute of Sports, Health and Leisure, Cheng Shiu University, No.840, Chengqing Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Feng Wu
- Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ju Yang
- Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan
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Dybdahl M, Dalgård C, Glintborg D, Andersen MS, Christesen HT. Maternal Testosterone Concentrations in Third Trimester and Offspring Handgrip Strength at 5 Years: Odense Child Cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3029-e3038. [PMID: 35276008 PMCID: PMC9202699 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal testosterone in pregnancy may have conditioning effects on offspring muscle strength. PURPOSE To investigate possible associations between maternal testosterone concentrations in third trimester and offspring handgrip strength (HGS) at 5 years. METHODS In the prospective, population-based Odense Child Cohort, total testosterone (TT) at gestational week 27-28 and 5-year HGS were measured in 1017 mother-child pairs. TT was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and free testosterone (FT) was calculated from TT and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Multivariable regression analyses were performed with HGS < 10th percentile as cutoff for low HGS. RESULTS Third-trimester FT concentration was 0.004 (0.002-0.007) nmol/L, geometric mean (mean - SD; mean + SD). The mean (SD) 5-year HGS was 8.7 (1.8) kg in boys and 8.1 (1.7) kg in girls (P < 0.001). Higher FT concentrations were associated with lower HGS (β = -0.186, P = 0.048), after adjustment for maternal age, parity, offspring sex, and 5-year height and weight. FT > 0.004 nmol/L was associated with higher risk of 5-year HGS < 10th percentile with odds ratios (95% CI) of 1.58 (1.01, 2.47; P = 0.047; n = 1,017) and 1.69 (1.05, 2.74; P = 0.032) after further adjustment for children's organized sports in subgroup analysis (n = 848). Lower HGS in relation to higher FT concentrations was found in all linear models but was not always statistically significant. HGS was not associated with maternal TT and SHBG levels. CONCLUSION Third trimester FT was inversely associated with offspring muscle strength assessed by HGS at 5 years of age, which may suggest a negative effect of maternal FT on offspring muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Dybdahl
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Christine Dalgård
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Dorte Glintborg
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Marianne Skovsager Andersen
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- Odense Patient Data Exploratory Network (OPEN), University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Thybo Christesen
- Correspondence: Henrik Thybo Christesen, MD, PhD, Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 23, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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9
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The use of real-time monitoring during flywheel resistance training programmes: how can we measure eccentric overload? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Sport 2021; 38:639-652. [PMID: 34937974 PMCID: PMC8670814 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyse the technologies and main training variables used in the literature to monitor flywheel training devices in real time. In addition, as the main research question, we investigated how eccentric overload can be effectively monitored in relation to the training variable, flywheel shaft type device and the moment of inertia selected. The initial search resulted in 11,621 articles that were filtered to twenty-eight and seventeen articles that met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. The main technologies used included force sensors and rotary/linear encoders, mainly to monitor peak or mean force, power or speed. An eccentric overload was not always achieved using flywheel devices. The eccentric overload measurement was related to the main outcome selected. While mean force (p = 0.011, ES = -0.84) and mean power (p < 0.001, ES = -0.30) favoured the concentric phase, peak power (p < 0.001, ES = 0.78) and peak speed (p < 0.001, ES = 0.37) favoured the eccentric phase. In addition, the lower moments of inertia (i.e., from 0.01 to 0.2 kg·m2) and a cylindrical shaft type (i.e., vs conical pulley) showed higher possibilities to achieve eccentric overload. A wide variety of technologies can be used to monitor flywheel devices, but to achieve eccentric overload, a flywheel cylindrical shaft type with low moments of inertia is advised to be used.
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10
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What Is the Optimal Strength Training Load to Improve Swimming Performance? A Randomized Trial of Male Competitive Swimmers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211770. [PMID: 34831529 PMCID: PMC8620783 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of high, moderate, and low resistance training volume-load of maximum strength training on muscle strength and swimming performance in competitive swimmers. Thirty-three male swimmers were randomly allocated to high (age = 16.5 ± 0.30 years), moderate (age = 16.1 ± 0.32 years) and a low resistance training volume-load group (age = 15.9 ± 0.31). This study was carried out in mid-season (January to March). Pre and post strength (e.g., repetition maximum [1RM] leg extension and bench press tests), swimming (25, 50 m front-crawl), start (speed, time, distance) and turn (time of turn) performance tests were conducted. Our findings revealed a large main effect of time for 1RM bench press: d = 1.38; 1RM leg extension: d = 1.55, and for 25 (d = 1.12), and 50 m (d = 1.97) front-crawl, similarly for start and turn performance (d = 1.28-1.46). However, no significant Group × Time interactions were shown in all strength swimming performances, start and turn tests (p > 0.05). In conclusion, low training loads have been shown to elicit the same results as moderate, and high training loads protocol. Therefore, this study shows evidence that the addition of low training volume-loads as a regular part of a maximal strength training regime will elicit improvements in strength and swimming performance.
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11
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Lloyd RS, Dobbs IJ, Wong MA, Moore IS, Oliver JL. Effects of Training Frequency During a 6-Month Neuromuscular Training Intervention on Movement Competency, Strength and Power in Male Youth. Sports Health 2021; 14:57-68. [PMID: 34651523 PMCID: PMC8655483 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211050005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Youth populations benefit from neuromuscular training; however, the extent to which training frequency, baseline fitness, and maturity status moderate the response to long-term neuromuscular training in male youth remains unclear. Hypothesis: Twice-weekly training (G2x) would induce larger improvements in movement competency and strength and power kinetics compared with once-weekly training (G1x). Maturity status and baseline fitness would also moderate the training response in strength and power kinetics. Study Design: Nonrandomized, repeated-measures design. Level of Evidence: Level 3 Methods: Ninety-five male athletes of varying maturity status (pre– or post–peak height velocity) were divided into G2x, G1x, or control (CON) groups. Training groups received G2x or G1x for 28 weeks. Back squat assessment (BSA) movement competency and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), squat jump (SJ), and countermovement jump (CMJ) kinetics were measured pre- and postintervention. Results: The G2x achieved significantly greater adaptations in BSA total score, IMTP allometrically scaled peak force (PFallo), IMTP peak rate-of-force development (PRFD), SJ PFallo and PRFD compared with G1x and CON (P < 0.05; d = 0.3-0.9). Baseline fitness, training frequency and maturity status were significant predictors of IMTP PFallo (R2 = 27.5%) and PRFD (R2 = 42.9%), while a combination of training frequency and baseline fitness explained a small amount of variance in SJ PFallo (R2 = 12.2%) and SJ PRFD (R2 = 6.5%). There were no significant predictors of CMJ kinetics. Conclusion: G2x achieved significantly larger improvements in movement competency, isometric strength and concentric jump variables compared with G1x, with the training response greater in those youth with lower baseline fitness and more advanced maturity status. Clinical Relevance: Exposure to neuromuscular training twice-weekly elicits a greater response than G1x in young male athletes. Practitioners should take maturity status, training frequency, and baseline fitness levels of young male athletes into account when interpreting testing data, as these variables appear to moderate training responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.,Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Ian J Dobbs
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Megan A Wong
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Isabel S Moore
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.,Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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12
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Znazen H, Slimani M, Hadadi A, Alzahrani T, Tod D, Bragazzi NL, Souissi N. Acute Effects of Moderate versus High-Intensity Strength Exercise on Attention and Mood States in Female Physical Education Students. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090931. [PMID: 34575080 PMCID: PMC8467463 DOI: 10.3390/life11090931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The presumed benefits of exercise/physical activity on the brain are an important public health issue. However, the experimental approach to understanding the effects of physical activity on the brain, and more particularly on cognitive functions, has only been studied recently. In particular, females remain underrepresented in the research, despite having a specific training/exercise adaptation/response. The aim of the present study was to examine the acute effects of high- and moderate-intensity strength exercise (3 sets of 8–10 repetitions and 3 sets of 6 repetitions, respectively, with each session lasting approximately 30 min) on attention and mood states in female physical education students. Forty-six female physical education students (Mage = 20.02 ± 1.05 years, MBody Mass Index = 21.07) volunteered to participate in this study. They were divided into three groups: a moderate-intensity strength exercise group (MISEG: n = 15), a high-intensity strength exercise group (HISEG: n = 16), and a control group (CG: n = 15). Attention and psychological states were assessed using the d2 test, Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) questionnaire, respectively, before and after each session. The data showed that in the MISEG attention increased, in terms of concentration (p = 0.05). RPE values, fatigue and confusion were higher for the HISEG than the CG (p < 0.05) and the MISEG (p < 0.05). Vigour was higher for the MISEG than other groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, moderate-intensity resistance exercise is an appropriate method to improve attention in female participants. The elevated cognitive performance may be due to the changes in RPE and mood states (fatigue, vigour and confusion subscales).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hela Znazen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, College of Education, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (H.Z.); (A.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Maamer Slimani
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Postgraduate School of Public Health, Genoa University, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Manouba 2037, Tunisia
- Correspondence:
| | - Atyh Hadadi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, College of Education, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (H.Z.); (A.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Turki Alzahrani
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, College of Education, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (H.Z.); (A.H.); (T.A.)
| | - David Tod
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK;
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory ‘‘Sports Performance Optimization’’, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), El Menzah, Tunis 1004, Tunisia;
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13
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Lindberg K, Solberg P, Rønnestad BR, Frank MT, Larsen T, Abusdal G, Berntsen S, Paulsen G, Sveen O, Seynnes O, Bjørnsen T. Should we individualize training based on force-velocity profiling to improve physical performance in athletes? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:2198-2210. [PMID: 34473848 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of an individualized training program based on force-velocity (FV) profiling on jumping, sprinting, strength, and power in athletes. Forty national level team sport athletes (20 ± 4years, 83 ± 13 kg) from ice-hockey, handball, and soccer completed a 10-week training intervention. A theoretical optimal squat jump (SJ)-FV-profile was calculated from SJ with five different loads (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg). Based on their initial FV-profile, athletes were randomized to train toward, away, or irrespective (balanced training) of their initial theoretical optimal FV-profile. The training content was matched between groups in terms of set x repetitions but varied in relative loading to target the different aspects of the FV-profile. The athletes performed 10 and 30 m sprints, SJ and countermovement jump (CMJ), 1 repetition maximum (1RM) squat, and a leg-press power test before and after the intervention. There were no significant group differences for any of the performance measures. Trivial to small changes in 1RM squat (2.9%, 4.6%, and 6.5%), 10 m sprint time (1.0%, -0.9%, and -1.7%), 30 m sprint time (0.9%, -0.6%, and -0.4%), CMJ height (4.3%, 3.1%, and 5.7%), SJ height (4.8%, 3.7%, and 5.7%), and leg-press power (6.7%, 4.2%, and 2.9%) were observed in the groups training toward, away, or irrespective of their initial theoretical optimal FV-profile, respectively. Changes toward the optimal SJ-FV-profile were negatively correlated with changes in SJ height (r = -0.49, p < 0.001). Changes in SJ-power were positively related to changes in SJ-height (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) and CMJ-height (r = 0.32, p = 0.044), but unrelated to changes in 10 m (r = -0.02, p = 0.921) and 30 m sprint time (r = -0.01, p = 0.974). The results from this study do not support the efficacy of individualized training based on SJ-FV profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolbjørn Lindberg
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.,Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Bent R Rønnestad
- Department of Health and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Inland Norway, University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Martin Thorsen Frank
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Tommy Larsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Gøran Abusdal
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Sveen
- Østfold University College, Halden, Norway
| | - Olivier Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.,Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Polito MD, Papst RR, Farinatti P. Moderators of strength gains and hypertrophy in resistance training: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2189-2198. [PMID: 33977848 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1924978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis investigated the role of resistance training (RT) moderators on strength and muscle mass gains in untrained young (YG) and older (OG) adults. Electronic databases were searched for randomised controlled trials simultaneously assessing muscle strength and mass. Effect sizes (ES) reflecting improvements in strength and muscle mass were found for all moderators in YG and OG (ES 0.25- to 1.72;p < 0.05), excepting muscle mass in YG after RT was performed with <3 sets/exercise. Strength gains (p < 0.001) were greater in non-periodised vs. periodised RT in YG (ES 1.72 vs. 1.05) and OG (1.40 vs. 0.74). ES in OG was greater (p < 0.04) when RT included non-failure vs. failure repetitions (1.35 vs. 0.96), 3 vs. >3 sets/exercise (1.30 vs. 0.90), ≥3 vs. <3 days/week (1.70 vs. 0.78), and ≥12 vs. <12 weeks (1.48 vs. 0.92). Amoderating effect of RT factors on muscle mass was not detected in YG, while greater ES was found in OG for RT with ≥3 vs. <3 days/week (0.50 vs. 0.25). Concluding, different combinations of RT factors improved strength and muscle mass in YG and OG. In OG, this was favoured by greater frequency and duration, although hampered by excessive volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos D Polito
- Physical Education Department, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR Brazil
| | - Rafael R Papst
- Physical Education Department, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR Brazil
| | - Paulo Farinatti
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Physical Activity Sciences, Salgado de Oliveira University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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McQuilliam SJ, Clark DR, Erskine RM, Brownlee TE. Free-Weight Resistance Training in Youth Athletes: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2021; 50:1567-1580. [PMID: 32578028 PMCID: PMC7441088 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Generating high levels of muscular strength and power are important for success in sport and may have long-term implications for sporting careers in youth athletes. Importantly, maturation may confound the neuromuscular adaptations to resistance training when attempting to differentiate between training- vs. growth-induced strength and power gains; thus, potentially leading to erroneous conclusions regarding the efficacy of resistance training in youth athletes. The aim of this review was to critically appraise the literature concerning the efficacy of externally loaded free-weight resistance training on strength and power measures in youth athletes at different stages of maturity. Strength underpins power production; thus, developing strength through traditional resistance training methods can positively influence powerful sporting movements. In addition, weightlifting has the capacity to improve muscular power via explosive lower-body triple extension, which is essential for many sports. Despite the complexity of the techniques involved, it can be a safe and effective method to improve athletic qualities in young athletes, potentially more so than plyometric training. While low-load, high-velocity training can have a positive effect influence on high speed movements such as sprinting, the reduced intensity appears to be disadvantageous post peak-height velocity. Irrespective of age, well-coached progressive strength training adhering strictly to correct technique can then be periodised within a long-term athletic development program. It is important to primarily develop muscular strength, while concurrently refining the technical skill required for weightlifting. Physically mature athletes should undertake high-intensity resistance training to maximise neuromuscular adaptations, leading to positive changes in strength and power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J McQuilliam
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - David R Clark
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert M Erskine
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas E Brownlee
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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16
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Effects of Resistance Training on Physical Fitness in Healthy Children and Adolescents: An Umbrella Review. Sports Med 2021; 50:1901-1928. [PMID: 32757164 PMCID: PMC7575465 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Over the past decades, an exponential growth has occurred with regards to the number of scientific publications including meta-analyses on youth resistance training (RT). Accordingly, it is timely to summarize findings from meta-analyses in the form of an umbrella review. Objectives To systematically review and summarise the findings of published meta-analyses that investigated the effects of RT on physical fitness in children and adolescents. Design Systematic umbrella review of meta-analyses. Data Sources Meta-analyses were identified using systematic literature searches in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Eligibility Criteria for Selecting Meta-analyses Meta-analyses that examined the effects of RT on physical fitness (e.g., muscle strength, muscle power) in healthy youth (≤ 18 years). Results Fourteen meta-analyses were included in this umbrella review. Eleven of these meta-analyses reported between-subject effect sizes which are important to eliminate bias due to growth and maturation. RT produced medium-to-large effects on muscle strength, small-to-large effects on muscle power, small-to-medium effects on linear sprint, a medium effect on agility/change-of-direction speed, small-to-large effects on throwing performance, and a medium effect on sport-specific enhancement. There were few consistent moderating effects of maturation, age, sex, expertise level, or RT type on muscle strength and muscle power across the included meta-analyses. The analysed meta-analyses showed low-to-moderate methodological quality (AMSTAR2) as well as presented evidence of low-to-very low quality (GRADE). Conclusion This umbrella review proved the effectiveness of RT in youth on a high evidence level. The magnitude of effects varies according to the respective outcome measure and it appears to follow the principle of training specificity. Larger effect sizes were found for strength-related outcome measures. Future studies should consistently report data on participants’ maturational status. More research is needed with prepubertal children and girls, irrespective of their maturational status. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40279-020-01327-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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17
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Enes A, Oneda G, Alves DL, Palumbo DDP, Cruz R, Moiano Junior JVM, Novack LF, Osiecki R. Determinant Factors of the Match-Based Internal Load in Elite Soccer Players. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2021; 92:63-70. [PMID: 32027579 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1710445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To analyze the contribution of physical measures and external load in the match-based internal load of elite soccer players. Methods: Twenty-three elite soccer players (n = 23, age 26.69 ± 3.93 years, body mass 78.04 ± 5.03 kg, height 178.04 ± 5.19 cm, body fat 10.98 ± 1.25%) from a first division soccer team of the Brazilian Championship were evaluated first with anthropometric and physical measures (flexibility and muscle power of lower limbs), and after 24 hrs they were asked to perform an incremental treadmill test (VO2max and ventilatory thresholds). Subsequently, athletes were monitored for 6 weeks during nine official matches of a regional championship. On match days, the external load data (e.g., player load) were collected by triaxial accelerometers with GPS systems and post 30 min after the end of the match the internal load was assessed with the Session Rating of Perceived Exertion method (Session-RPE). Results: Our main findings showed significant contributions of the Player Load (r = .62, p < .001; 42.3%) and Anaerobic Threshold (r = - .199, p = .05, 17%) for the predictive model of Session-RPE. Conclusions: Physical measures and external load have a significant influence on the internal load in elite soccer players. Our findings suggest that sport scientists can use the Session-RPE as a low-cost method for prescribing and monitoring training loads, by the influence of physical measures and external load on the match-based internal load, in order to optimize athletes' performance.
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18
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Lockie RG, Dawes JJ, Maclean ND, Pope RP, Holmes RJ, Kornhauser CL, Orr RM. The Impact of Formal Strength and Conditioning on the Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits: A Retrospective Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2020; 13:1615-1629. [PMID: 33414876 PMCID: PMC7745894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Research involving law enforcement populations has suggested better fitness could enhance job task performance and reduce injuries. Academy training should lead to improvements in recruit fitness. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a strength and conditioning program on fitness among law enforcement recruits. Twenty-six recruits (23 males, three females) completed a 27-week academy, which incorporated 3-4 physical training sessions per week. Fitness assessment occurred during pre- (week 0), mid- (week 14), and post-testing (week 27) time points. The fitness assessments included: vertical jump, one-minute push-ups, one-minute sit-ups, posterior chain strength measured by a leg/back dynamometer, grip strength, and aerobic fitness measured by the 20-m multistage shuttle run (MSR). A repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests determined any significant changes in fitness between time points, with alpha set at p < .05. Due to the small sample size of females, statistical analysis was only conducted on male recruits. Overall, significant main effects (p < .001) were observed in all fitness assessments except for grip strength. The results detailed general improvements in fitness. However, push-up and MSR scores decreased from mid- to post-test, while sit-ups did not change. Posterior chain strength and the vertical jump improved from mid-to post-test. The data indicated that the strength and conditioning program positively influenced the fitness of recruits. An increased focus on skill-specific work in the second-half of academy may have contributed to the plateaus in muscular endurance and aerobic fitness, and improvement of lower-body strength and power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University-Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - J Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Nicholas D Maclean
- Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, AUSTRALIA
- Bulkley Valley District Hospital, Smithers, British Columbia, CANADA
| | - Rodney P Pope
- School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, AUSTRALIA
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD, AUSTRALIA
| | | | | | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD, AUSTRALIA
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19
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Gómez-Carmona CD, Bastida-Castillo A, Rojas-Valverde D, de la Cruz Sánchez E, García-Rubio J, Ibáñez SJ, Pino-Ortega J. Lower-limb Dynamics of Muscle Oxygen Saturation During the Back-squat Exercise: Effects of Training Load and Effort Level. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1227-1236. [PMID: 31809460 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gómez-Carmona, CD, Bastida-Castillo, A, Rojas-Valverde, D, de la Cruz Sánchez, E, García-Rubio, J, Ibáñez, SJ, and Pino-Ortega, J. Lower-limb dynamics of muscle oxygen saturation during the back-squat exercise: effects of training load and effort level. J Strength Cond Res 34(5): 1227-1236, 2020-The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of strength training on lower limb muscle oxygenation. The sample consisted of 12 male subjects (22.4 ± 1.73 years; 1.81 ± 0.08 cm height and 77.76 ± 8.77 kg body mass). Six different strength training stimuli were analyzed, based on the training variables: load (60-75% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) and level of effort (LE) (E1: 4 × 8 [20RM], E2: 4 × 12 [20RM], E3: 4 × 16 [20RM], E4: 4 × 4 [10RM], E5: 4 × 6 [10RM], and E6: 4 × 8 [10RM]) in the squat exercise up to 90° with a 2-second stop between repetitions to avoid the myotatic reflex. Oxygen saturation at the beginning of the series (SmO2start), oxygen saturation at the end of the series (SmO2stop), percentage of oxygen saturation loss (▽%SmO2), and reoxygenation time (SmO2recT) were assessed using a near-infrared spectroscopy device. In addition, the percentage of mean propulsive velocity loss (%MPVL) was recorded using a linear transducer. The results suggested an influence of LE and training load on muscle oxygenation. A greater LE was directly associated with SmO2recT (r = 0.864), ▽%SmO2 (r = 0.873), and %MPVL (r = 0.883) and inversely with SmO2stop (r = -0.871). When the same LE was used (E1 vs. E4, E2 vs. E5, and E3 vs. E6), it was found that the stimuli with a higher load had a lower SmO2recT, ▽%SmO2, and %MPVL and a higher SmO2stop. Muscle oxygen saturation was found to be minimal (%SmO2 = 0) in stimuli with a LE greater than 60% (E3 and E6). The SmO2 variables studied in the present research could be considered as an easier and more useful method for understanding skeletal muscle fatigue during resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D Gómez-Carmona
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Sport Science Faculty, International Campus of Excellence "Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, San Javier, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Didactics of Music, Plastic and Body Expression, Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Alejandro Bastida-Castillo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Sport Science Faculty, International Campus of Excellence "Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, San Javier, Murcia, Spain
| | - Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Center of Research and Diagnosis for Health and Sports (CIDISAD), School of Human Movement and Quality of Life, National University, Heredia, Costa Rica; and
| | - Ernesto de la Cruz Sánchez
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Sport Science Faculty, International Campus of Excellence "Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, San Javier, Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier García-Rubio
- Department of Didactics of Music, Plastic and Body Expression, Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain.,Faculty of Education, Autonomous University of Chile, Providencia, Chile
| | - Sergio J Ibáñez
- Department of Didactics of Music, Plastic and Body Expression, Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Sport Science Faculty, International Campus of Excellence "Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, San Javier, Murcia, Spain
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Born DP, Stöggl T, Petrov A, Burkhardt D, Lüthy F, Romann M. Analysis of Freestyle Swimming Sprint Start Performance After Maximal Strength or Vertical Jump Training in Competitive Female and Male Junior Swimmers. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:323-331. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
This commentary highlights 23 noteworthy publications from 2018, selected by leading scientists in pediatric exercise science. These publications have been deemed as significant or exciting in the field as they (a) reveal a new mechanism, (b) highlight a new measurement tool, (c) discuss a new concept or interpretation/application of an existing concept, or (d) describe a new therapeutic approach or clinical tool in youth. In some cases, findings in adults are highlighted, as they may have important implications in youth. The selected publications span the field of pediatric exercise science, specifically focusing on: aerobic exercise and training; neuromuscular physiology, exercise, and training; endocrinology and exercise; resistance training; physical activity and bone strength; growth, maturation, and exercise; physical activity and cognition; childhood obesity, physical activity, and exercise; pulmonary physiology or diseases, exercise, and training; immunology and exercise; cardiovascular physiology and disease; and physical activity, inactivity, and health.
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