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Luteberget LS, Jølstad PAH, Gilgien M. Methods to assess validity of positioning systems in team sports: can we do better? BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001496. [PMID: 36684711 PMCID: PMC9853242 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives There is previously reported a large variety of criterion measures and reference systems applied to validate position tracking systems in sports. This study aims to investigate the effect of different criterion measures and reference systems on the outcome of accuracy assessments of tracking systems in sports. Methods Data from a commercially available standalone global navigation satellite system (GNSS) were compared with two different reference systems: a high-end differential GNSS and a tape measure. Differences in accuracy outcomes of position (static and dynamic), distance and speed (mean and instantaneous) were investigated in team sport imitation courses. Results The mean horizontal position error was larger when athletes were in motion (dynamic position; 1.53±0.82 m) compared with static measurements (1.10±0.60 m). Measured distances of the courses were markedly different (+6% to -17%) between the two reference systems, causing differences in error. Differences in error were also found between mean speed and instantaneous speed (0.10 vs 0.28 m). Errors in mean speed were highly affected by the time over which speed was averaged. Conclusion Choice of criterion measure and reference system has a substantial impact on the accuracy assessments of tracking systems. Specifically, assessing static position is not a substitute for dynamic position, and mean speed is not a substitute for instantaneous speed. Therefore, the outcomes of validation studies should always be interpreted in light of the reference methods that were used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petter A H Jølstad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthias Gilgien
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway,Center of Alpine Sports Biomechanics, Engadin Health and Innovation Foundation, Samedan, Switzerland
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2
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Shang L, Sandbakk Ø, Shi R, Chen X, Talsnes RK. Analysis of a Skating Time-Trial Competition and Associated Performance-Determinants in Cross-Country Skiers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11580. [PMID: 36141844 PMCID: PMC9517335 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To examine the contributions of time in different terrains and sub-technique distribution to overall time-trial performance, as well as the relationships of laboratory and field-based performance determinants in cross-country skiers. Methods: Fourteen male XC skiers were monitored during a 10 km (3 × 3.3 km) skating time-trial competition. On separate days, the skiers performed body composition assessments, laboratory tests while roller-ski skating and a 3 km uphill skating field test. Results: Time in uphill terrain was most strongly correlated with overall performance (r = 0.99, p < 0.01). G2 and G3 were the predominant sub-techniques (61% of overall time) with more use of G2 on lap three compared to lap one (p < 0.05). Body mass and lean mass were inversely correlated with overall and uphill performance (r = -0.60-0.75, all p < 0.05). VO2 at 4 mmol·L-1, VO2peak and TTE while roller-ski skating in the laboratory and the 3 km uphill skating field test correlated with overall performance (r = -0.66-0.85, all p < 0.05). Conclusions: Time in uphill terrain was the main contributor to overall performance, and G3 and G2 the most used sub-techniques with increased utilization of G2 throughout the competition. VO2peak and TTE while roller-ski skating in the laboratory and performance in an uphill skating field test had the strongest associations with time-trial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shang
- Institute of Competitive Sports, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- Centre for Sports Research, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ruiying Shi
- National Academy of Economic Strategy, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Institute of Competitive Sports, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- Centre for Sports Research, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Rune Kjøsen Talsnes
- Meråker High School, Trøndelag County Council, 7735 Steinkjer, Norway or rune.k.talsnes.nord.no
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, 8026 Bodø, Norway
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3
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Heinrich D, Van den Bogert AJ, Nachbauer W. Estimation of Joint Moments During Turning Maneuvers in Alpine Skiing Using a Three Dimensional Musculoskeletal Skier Model and a Forward Dynamics Optimization Framework. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:894568. [PMID: 35814020 PMCID: PMC9269104 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.894568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In alpine skiing, estimation of the joint moments acting onto the skier is essential to quantify the loading of the skier during turning maneuvers. In the present study, a novel forward dynamics optimization framework is presented to estimate the joint moments acting onto the skier incorporating a three dimensional musculoskeletal model (53 kinematic degrees of freedom, 94 muscles). Kinematic data of a professional skier performing a turning maneuver were captured and used as input data to the optimization framework. In the optimization framework, the musculoskeletal model of the skier was applied to track the experimental data of a skier and to estimate the underlying joint moments of the skier at the hip, knee and ankle joints of the outside and inside leg as well as the lumbar joint. During the turning maneuver the speed of the skier was about 14 m/s with a minimum turn radius of about 16 m. The highest joint moments were observed at the lumbar joint with a maximum of 1.88 Nm/kg for lumbar extension. At the outside leg, the highest joint moments corresponded to the hip extension moment with 1.27 Nm/kg, the knee extension moment with 1.02 Nm/kg and the ankle plantarflexion moment with 0.85 Nm/kg. Compared to the classical inverse dynamics analysis, the present framework has four major advantages. First, using a forward dynamic optimization framework the underlying kinematics of the skier as well as the corresponding ground reaction forces are dynamically consistent. Second, the present framework can cope with incomplete data (i.e., without ground reaction force data). Third, the computation of the joint moments is less sensitive to errors in the measurement data. Fourth, the computed joint moments are constrained to stay within the physiological limits defined by the musculoskeletal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Heinrich
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- *Correspondence: Dieter Heinrich,
| | | | - Werner Nachbauer
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Proposal of an Alpine Skiing Kinematic Analysis with the Aid of Miniaturized Monitoring Sensors, a Pilot Study. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114286. [PMID: 35684907 PMCID: PMC9185405 DOI: 10.3390/s22114286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The recent growth and spread of smart sensor technologies make these connected devices suitable for diagnostic and monitoring in different fields. In particular, these sensors are useful in diagnostics for control of diseases or during rehabilitation. They are also extensively used in the monitoring field, both by non-expert and expert users, to monitor health status and progress during a sports activity. For athletes, these devices could be used to control and enhance their performance. This development has led to the realization of miniaturized sensors that are wearable during different sporting activities without interfering with the movements of the athlete. The use of these sensors, during training or racing, opens new frontiers for the understanding of motions and causes of injuries. This pilot study introduced a motion analysis system to monitor Alpine ski activities during training sessions. Through five inertial measurement units (IMUs), placed on five points of the athletes, it is possible to compute the angle of each joint and evaluate the ski run. Comparing the IMU data, firstly, with a video and then proposing them to an expert coach, it is possible to observe from the data the same mistakes visible in the camera. The aim of this work is to find a tool to support ski coaches during training sessions. Since the evaluation of athletes is now mainly developed with the support of video, we evaluate the use of IMUs to support the evaluation of the coach with more precise data.
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Pérez-Chirinos Buxadé C, Padullés Riu JM, Gavaldà Castet D, Trabucchi M, Fernández-Valdés B, Tuyà Viñas S, Moras Feliu G. Influence of Turn Cycle Structure on Performance of Elite Alpine Skiers Assessed through an IMU in Different Slalom Course Settings. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030902. [PMID: 35161648 PMCID: PMC8838443 DOI: 10.3390/s22030902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Small differences in turn cycle structure, invisible to the naked eye, could be decisive in improving descent performance. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of turn cycle structure on the performance of elite alpine skiers using an inertial measurement unit (IMU) in different slalom (SL) course settings. Four SL courses were set: a flat-turned (FT), a steep-turned (ST), a flat-straighter (FS) and a steep-straighter (SS). Five elite alpine skiers (21.2 ± 3.3 years, 180.2 ± 5.6 cm, 72.8 ± 6.6 kg) completed several runs at maximum speed for each SL course. A total of 77 runs were obtained. Fast total times correlate with a longer initiation (INI) time in FT, a shorter steering time out of the turn (STEOUT) in the FT and FS and a shorter total steering time (STEIN+OUT) in the FT and SS courses. The linear mixed model used for the analysis revealed that in the FT-course for each second increase in the INI time, the total time is reduced by 0.45 s, and for every one-second increase in the STEOUT and STEIN+OUT times, the total time increases by 0.48 s and 0.31 s, respectively. Thus, to enhance descent performance, the skier should lengthen the INI time and shorten the STEOUT and STEIN+OUT time. Future studies could use an IMU to detect turn phases and analyze them using the other built-in sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pérez-Chirinos Buxadé
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (C.P.-C.B.); (J.M.P.R.); (D.G.C.); (B.F.-V.); (S.T.V.)
| | - Josep Maria Padullés Riu
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (C.P.-C.B.); (J.M.P.R.); (D.G.C.); (B.F.-V.); (S.T.V.)
| | - Dani Gavaldà Castet
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (C.P.-C.B.); (J.M.P.R.); (D.G.C.); (B.F.-V.); (S.T.V.)
- Val d’Aran School of Sports Technicians (ETEVA), 25598 Lleida, Spain
| | - Michela Trabucchi
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Bruno Fernández-Valdés
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (C.P.-C.B.); (J.M.P.R.); (D.G.C.); (B.F.-V.); (S.T.V.)
- School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus, Pompeu Fabra University, 08302 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Tuyà Viñas
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (C.P.-C.B.); (J.M.P.R.); (D.G.C.); (B.F.-V.); (S.T.V.)
| | - Gerard Moras Feliu
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (C.P.-C.B.); (J.M.P.R.); (D.G.C.); (B.F.-V.); (S.T.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Snyder C, Martinez A, Strutzenberger G, Stöggl T. Connected skiing: Validation of edge angle and radial force estimation as motion quality parameters during alpine skiing. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1484-1492. [PMID: 34429026 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1970236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have developed wearable sensor systems to detect, classify and evaluate performance during alpine skiing. In order to enrich skiing data to provide motion quality feedback, edge angle (EA) and radial force (Fr) are parameters of interest. However, the estimation of these parameters via calibration-free wearable technologies has not been validated. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a wearable method to estimate EA and Fr. Participants completed simulated skiing trials on an indoor skiing carpet. Two IMU's mounted to the ski boots estimated EA and Fr and compared to reference values measured with a 3D motion capture system. The performance of the wearable system was quantified by accuracy and precision. The overall accuracy and precision of the wearable system was 97.6 ± 12.4% and 15.5 ± 17.6% for EA, and 105.5 ± 5.7% and 29.8 ± 10.0%, respectively for Fr. The developed wearable system was accurate for the estimation of EA and Fr, but was highly variable with low precision for both metrics. Further research is needed to improve the precision of field-relevant skiing metrics during in-field studies using simple measurement setups that can easily be implemented by recreational and expert skiers alike.Highlights IMU's mounted on the boots are sufficient tools for accurate estimation of edge angle and radial force during both long and short style turns on a skiing simulator.As the estimation of edge angle and radial force are dependent on other estimated parameters (i.e. turn switch), the precision of these metrics is relatively low.The results of the current study apply only to simulated alpine skiing on a treadmill, and further work is required to prove the accuracy and precision of this system on snow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Snyder
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Hallein/Rif, Austria.,Athlete Performance Center, Red Bull Sports, Thalgau, Austria
| | - Aaron Martinez
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Hallein/Rif, Austria.,Athlete Performance Center, Red Bull Sports, Thalgau, Austria
| | - Gerda Strutzenberger
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Hallein/Rif, Austria.,University Hospital Balgrist, Zürich, Switzerland.,University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Hallein/Rif, Austria.,Athlete Performance Center, Red Bull Sports, Thalgau, Austria
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Pérez-Chirinos Buxadé C, Fernández-Valdés B, Morral-Yepes M, Tuyà Viñas S, Padullés Riu JM, Moras Feliu G. Validity of a Magnet-Based Timing System Using the Magnetometer Built into an IMU. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21175773. [PMID: 34502664 PMCID: PMC8433996 DOI: 10.3390/s21175773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) represent a technology that is booming in sports right now. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of a new application on the use of these wearable sensors, specifically to evaluate a magnet-based timing system (M-BTS) for timing short-duration sports actions using the magnetometer built into an IMU in different sporting contexts. Forty-eight athletes (22.7 ± 3.3 years, 72.2 ± 10.3 kg, 176.9 ± 8.5 cm) and eight skiers (17.4 ± 0.8 years, 176.4 ± 4.9 cm, 67.7 ± 2.0 kg) performed a 60-m linear sprint running test and a ski slalom, respectively. The M-BTS consisted of placing several magnets along the course in both contexts. The magnetometer built into the IMU detected the peak-shaped magnetic field when passing near the magnets at a certain speed. The time between peaks was calculated. The system was validated with photocells. The 95% error intervals for the total times were less than 0.077 s for the running test and 0.050 s for the ski slalom. With the M-BTS, future studies could select and cut the signals belonging to the other sensors that are integrated in the IMU, such as the accelerometer and the gyroscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pérez-Chirinos Buxadé
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (C.P.-C.B.); (B.F.-V.); (M.M.-Y.); (S.T.V.); (J.M.P.R.)
| | - Bruno Fernández-Valdés
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (C.P.-C.B.); (B.F.-V.); (M.M.-Y.); (S.T.V.); (J.M.P.R.)
- School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus, Pompeu Fabra University, 08302 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Morral-Yepes
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (C.P.-C.B.); (B.F.-V.); (M.M.-Y.); (S.T.V.); (J.M.P.R.)
| | - Sílvia Tuyà Viñas
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (C.P.-C.B.); (B.F.-V.); (M.M.-Y.); (S.T.V.); (J.M.P.R.)
| | - Josep Maria Padullés Riu
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (C.P.-C.B.); (B.F.-V.); (M.M.-Y.); (S.T.V.); (J.M.P.R.)
| | - Gerard Moras Feliu
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain; (C.P.-C.B.); (B.F.-V.); (M.M.-Y.); (S.T.V.); (J.M.P.R.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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A Comprehensive Comparison and Validation of Published Methods to Detect Turn Switch during Alpine Skiing. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21072573. [PMID: 33917619 PMCID: PMC8038779 DOI: 10.3390/s21072573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The instant of turn switch (TS) in alpine skiing has been assessed with a variety of sensors and TS concepts. Despite many published methodologies, it is unclear which is best or how comparable they are. This study aimed to facilitate the process of choosing a TS method by evaluating the accuracy and precision of the methodologies previously used in literature and to assess the influence of the sensor type. Optoelectronic motion capture, inertial measurement units, pressure insoles, portable force plates, and electromyography signals were recorded during indoor treadmill skiing. All TS methodologies were replicated as stated in their respective publications. The method proposed by Supej assessed with optoelectronic motion capture was used as a comparison reference. TS time differences between the reference and each methodology were used to assess accuracy and precision. All the methods analyzed showed an accuracy within 0.25 s, and ten of them within 0.05 s. The precision ranged from ~0.10 s to ~0.60 s. The TS methodologies with the best performance (accuracy and precision) were Klous Video, Spörri PI (pressure insoles), Martinez CTD (connected boot), and Yamagiwa IMU (inertial measurement unit). In the future, the specific TS methodology should be chosen with respect to sensor selection, performance, and intended purpose.
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Spörri J, Stöggl T, Aminian K. Editorial: Health and Performance Assessment in Winter Sports. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:628574. [PMID: 33768202 PMCID: PMC7985436 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.628574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Spörri
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Hallein, Austria.,Red Bull Athlete Performance Centre, Thalgau, Austria
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Supej M, Spörri J, Holmberg HC. Methodological and Practical Considerations Associated With Assessment of Alpine Skiing Performance Using Global Navigation Satellite Systems. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 1:74. [PMID: 33344996 PMCID: PMC7739811 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable assessment of the performance of alpine skiers is essential. Previous studies have highlighted the potential of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) for evaluating this performance. Accordingly, the present perspective summarizes published research concerning methodological and practical aspects of the assessment of alpine skiing performance by GNSS. Methodologically, in connection with trajectory analysis, a resolution of 1-10 cm, which can be achieved with the most advanced GNSS systems, has proven to provide acceptable accuracy. The antenna should be positioned to follow the trajectory of the skier's center-of-mass (CoM) as closely as possible and estimation of this trajectory can be further improved by applying advanced modeling and/or other computerized approaches. From a practical point of view, effective assessment requires consideration of numerous parameters related to performance, including gate-to-gate times, trajectory, speed, and energy dissipation. For an analysis that is both more comprehensive and more easily accessible to coaches/athletes, video filming should be synchronized with the GNSS data. In summary, recent advances in GNSS technology already allow, at least to some extent, precise biomechanical analysis of performance over an entire alpine skiing race course in real-time. Such feedback has both facilitated and improved the work of coaches. Thus, athletes and coaches are becoming more and more aware of the advantages of analyzing alpine skiing performance by GNSS in combination with advanced computer software, paving the way for the digital revolution in both the applied research on and practice of this sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Supej
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jörg Spörri
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Center, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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