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Cordin M, Eberle S, Bechtold T, Bitschnau C, Lins K, Duc F, Chapuis R, Pham T. Natural Fiber Reinforced Shoe Midsoles with Balanced Stiffness/Damping Behavior. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:401. [PMID: 38255569 PMCID: PMC10817485 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The comfort of walking depends heavily on the shoes used. Consequently, the midsole of shoes is designed in such a way that it can dampen force peaks during walking. This significantly increases the overall wellness during walking. Therefore, the midsole usually consists of rubber-like polymers, such as polyurethane and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Furthermore, the manufacturing process of these polymers results in a foam-like structure. This further enhances the damping behavior of the material. Nevertheless, it would be desirable to find a cheap and sustainable method to enhance the damping behavior of the shoe midsole. The purpose of this work is to see if hemp fibers, which are part of the polymer matrix material, could improve the stiffness without losing the damping behavior. The mechanical properties of such prepared fiber-reinforced composites were characterized by quasi-static tensile testing and dynamic mechanical analysis. The mechanical properties were examined in relation to the fiber type, weight fraction, and type of polyurethane used. Furthermore, the investigation of the embedding of these fibers in the polymer matrix was conducted through the utilization of optical and electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cordin
- Research Institute of Textile Chemistry and Textile Physics, University of Innsbruck, Hoechsterstrasse 73, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Sandra Eberle
- Research Institute of Textile Chemistry and Textile Physics, University of Innsbruck, Hoechsterstrasse 73, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Thomas Bechtold
- Research Institute of Textile Chemistry and Textile Physics, University of Innsbruck, Hoechsterstrasse 73, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | | | - Kevin Lins
- INNOcomposites GmbH, Klarenbrunnstraße 115, 6700 Bludenz, Austria
| | - Fabien Duc
- POMOCA SA, Route de Préverenges 14, 1026 Denges, Switzerland
| | | | - Tung Pham
- Research Institute of Textile Chemistry and Textile Physics, University of Innsbruck, Hoechsterstrasse 73, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria
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Rodríguez-Barbero S, González-Mohíno F, González Ravé JM, Rodrigo-Carranza V, Juárez Santos-García D. Reliability and validity of three portable devices for quantifying spatiotemporal parameters in runners of different athletic abilities during treadmill running. Sports Biomech 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38190252 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2298960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of a wearable device and a phone application for measuring spatiotemporal parameters and their relationship with running economy (RE) by comparing them with photocell data in runners of different abilities. Twenty-three male runners were divided into well-trained and recreational groups and performed a 4-min running bout at 17 and 13 km·h-1 respectively. During the bout, were measured the spatiotemporal parameters with three devices (Stryd, Runmatic, and Optojump) and RE with a gas analyser. Pearson correlation showed perfect relationships for stride frequency (SF) and stride length (SL) between the devices, and moderate for flight time (FT) and contact time (CT). There were no correlations between the spatiotemporal parameters and RE measurements. Coefficient of variation was ~ 5% in all devices for CT, SF, and SL, and higher for FT (15-24%). CT was underestimated (15-16% with Runmatic and Stryd, respectively) and FT was overestimated (36-40%) compared to Optojump. Bland-Altman plots revealed that Runmatic could be a more accurate system than Stryd. In conclusion, both devices were valid tools for measuring spatiotemporal parameters during running at RE speed. Runmatic was more valid and reliable in comparison with Stryd. In addition, at lower running speeds the devices showed less reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F González-Mohíno
- Sport Training Lab, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
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Rodrigo-Carranza V, Hoogkamer W, González-Ravé JM, Horta-Muñoz S, Serna-Moreno MDC, Romero-Gutierrez A, González-Mohíno F. Influence of different midsole foam in advanced footwear technology use on running economy and biomechanics in trained runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14526. [PMID: 37858294 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethylene and vinyl acetate (EVA) and polyether block amide (PEBA) are recently the most widely used materials for advanced footwear technology (AFT) that has been shown to improve running economy (RE). This study investigated the effects of these midsole materials on RE and biomechanics, in both fresh and worn state (after 450 km). METHODS Twenty-two male trained runners participated in this study. Subjects ran four 4-min trials at 13 km‧h-1 with both fresh EVA and PEBA AFT and with the same models with 450 km of wear using a randomized crossover experimental design. We measured energy cost of running (W/kg), spatiotemporal, and neuromuscular parameters. RESULTS There were significant differences in RE between conditions (p = 0.01; n2 = 0.17). There was a significant increase in energy cost in the worn PEBA condition compared with new (15.21 ± 1.01 and 14.87 ± 0.99 W/kg; p < 0.05; ES = 0.54), without differences between worn EVA (15.13 ± 1.14 W/kg; p > 0.05), and new EVA (15.15 ± 1.13 w/kg; ES = 0.02). The increase in energy cost between new and worn was significantly higher for the PEBA shoes (0.32 ± 0.38 W/kg) but without significant increase for the EVA shoes (0.06 ± 0.58 W/kg) (p < 0.01; ES = 0.51) with changes in step frequency and step length. The new PEBA shoes had lower energy cost than the new EVA shoes (p < 0.05; ES = 0.27) with significant differences between conditions in contact time. CONCLUSION There is a clear RE advantage of incorporating PEBA versus EVA in an AFT when the models are new. However, after 450 km of use, the PEBA and EVA shoes had similar RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Rodrigo-Carranza
- Sports Performance Research Group (GIRD), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Department of Kinesiology, Integrative Locomotion Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wouter Hoogkamer
- Department of Kinesiology, Integrative Locomotion Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sergio Horta-Muñoz
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Escuela Técnica Superior Ingenieros Industriales de Ciudad Real, Instituto de Investigaciones Energéticas y Aplicaciones Industriales, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Serna-Moreno
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Escuela Técnica Superior Ingenieros Industriales de Ciudad Real, Instituto de Investigaciones Energéticas y Aplicaciones Industriales, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ana Romero-Gutierrez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Escuela Técnica Superior Ingenieros Industriales de Ciudad Real, Instituto de Investigaciones Energéticas y Aplicaciones Industriales, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Fernando González-Mohíno
- Sports Performance Research Group (GIRD), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
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Rodrigo-Carranza V, Hoogkamer W, Salinero JJ, Rodríguez-Barbero S, González-Ravé JM, González-Mohíno F. Influence of Running Shoe Longitudinal Bending Stiffness on Running Economy and Performance in Trained and National Level Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:2290-2298. [PMID: 37443458 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE Previous results about shoe longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS) and running economy (RE) show high variability. This study aimed to assess the effects of shoes with increased LBS on RE and performance in trained and national runners. METHODS Twenty-eight male runners were divided into two groups according to their 10-km performance times (trained, 38-45 min and national runners, <34 min). Subjects ran 2 × 3 min (at 9 and 13 km·h -1 for trained, and 13 and 17 km·h -1 for national runners) with an experimental shoe with carbon fiber plate to increase the LBS (Increased LBS) and a control shoe (without carbon fiber plate). We measured energy cost of running (W·kg -1 ) and spatiotemporal parameters in visit one and participants performed a 3000 m time trial (TT) in two successive visits. RESULTS Increased LBS improved RE in the trained group at slow (11.41 ± 0.93 W·kg -1 vs 11.86 ± 0.93 W·kg -1 ) and fast velocity (15.89 ± 1.24 W·kg -1 vs 16.39 ± 1.24 W·kg -1 ) and only at the fast velocity in the national group (20.35 ± 1.45 W·kg -1 vs 20.78 ± 1.18 W·kg -1 ). The improvements in RE were accompanied by different changes in biomechanical variables between groups. There were a similar improvement in the 3000 m TT test in Increased LBS for trained (639 ± 59 vs 644 ± 61 s in control shoes) and national runners (569 ± 21 vs 574 ± 21 s in control shoes) with more constant pace in increased LBS compared with control shoes in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Increasing shoe LBS improved RE at slow and fast velocities in trained runners and only at fast velocity in national runners. However, the 3000 m TT test improved similarly in both levels of runners with increased LBS. The improvements in RE are accompanied by small modifications in running kinematics that could explain the difference between the different levels of runners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wouter Hoogkamer
- Integrative Locomotion Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
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Rodriguez-Barbero S, González Ravé JM, Juárez Santos-García D, Rodrigo-Carranza V, Santos-Concejero J, González-Mohíno F. Effects of a Regular Endurance Training Program on Running Economy and Biomechanics in Runners. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:1059-1066. [PMID: 37802083 DOI: 10.1055/a-2151-2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
A regular endurance training program may elicit different adaptations compared to an isolated training method. In this study, we analyzed the effects of 8 weeks of a regular endurance training program on running economy (RE), particularly neuromuscular and biomechanical parameters, in runners of different athletic abilities. Twenty-four male runners were divided into two groups: well-trained (n=12) and recreational (n=12). Both groups completed a 4-min running bout at 13 and 17 km·h-1, respectively, for the recreational and well-trained group, and a 5-jump plyometric test pre-post intervention. During the training program, participants completed low-intensity continuous sessions, high-intensity interval training sessions, and auxiliary strength training sessions. RE, measured as oxygen cost and energy cost, decreased by 6.15% (p=0.006) and 5.11% (p=0.043), respectively, in the well-trained group. In the recreational group, energy cost of running, respiratory exchange ratio, and leg stiffness decreased by 5.08% (p=0.035), 7.61% (p=0.003), and 10.59% (p=0.017), respectively, while ground contact time increased by 3.34% (p=0.012). The maximum height of the 5-jump plyometric test decreased by 4.55% (p=0.018) in the recreational group. We suggest that 8 weeks of regular endurance training leads to an improvement of ~5% in RE in recreational and well-trained runners with different physiological adaptations between groups and few changes in biomechanical and neuromuscular parameters only in recreational runners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Physical Education and Sport, UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Fernando González-Mohíno
- Sport Training Lab, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
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Rodrigo Carranza V. Running footwear matters: decoding the influence of running shoe characteristics on physiology, biomechanics and running performance (PhD Academy Award). Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:1581-1582. [PMID: 37890962 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Rodrigo Carranza
- Sports Performance Research Group (GIRD), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Integrative Locomotion Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Castellanos-Salamanca M, Rodrigo-Carranza V, Rodríguez-Barbero S, González-Ravé JM, Santos-Concejero J, González-Mohíno F. Effects of the Nike ZoomX Vaporfly Next% 2 shoe on long-interval training performance, kinematics, neuromuscular parameters, running power and fatigue. Eur J Sport Sci 2023:1-9. [PMID: 36680410 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2171907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We analysed the effects of the Nike ZoomX Vaporfly (VPF) on long-interval training performance, kinematic parameters, running power and fatigue compared to a traditional running shoe. Twelve well-trained men (mean ± SD: 32.91 ± 7.50 years; 69.29 ± 7.55 kg and 172.73 ± 5.97 cm) performed two long-interval training sessions (5 × 1000 m with 90s recovery period) 7 days apart, with the VPF shoe or a traditional running shoe (CON) in random order. The countermovement jump (CMJ) height was measured before and after the training sessions and heart rate, spatiotemporal parameters, running power and leg stiffness was measured during training sessions. Running-related pain was assessed prior and post-24 h of each training session. Long-interval training performance improved 2.4% using the VPF shoe compared to CON (p = 0.009; ES = 0.482). Step length, contact time and leg stiffness were higher (p < 0.05; ES = 0.51, ES = 0.677, ES = 0.356) while flight time was lower (p < 0.001; ES = 0.756) when using VPF. Running power decreased in a similar way in both conditions throughout the training session. Vertical power was significantly higher in the VPF condition (p = 0.023, ES = 0.388). CMJ height decreased in both conditions after training (4.7 vs. 7.2%, for the VPF and control, respectively, p < 0.001; ES = 0.573). Finally, the perceived muscle pain was influenced by the shoe model condition (chi-square 5.042, P = 0.025). VPF shoes improved the long-interval training performance with similar running power, heart rate and neuromuscular fatigue, and reduced subjective perceived muscle pain compared to regular training shoes. HighlightsVPF shoe may improve long-interval training performance in trained runners with the same running power and heart rate.Lower subjective perceived muscle pain is found with VPF compared to the regular training shoes.This type of footwear may be used in high-intensity training sessions aiming to increase the training volume at higher intensities with lower associated fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Fernando González-Mohíno
- Sport Training Lab, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
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Rodrigo-Carranza V, González-Mohíno F, Santos-Concejero J, González-Ravé JM. Impact of advanced footwear technology on elite men's in the evolution of road race performance. J Sports Sci 2023; 40:2661-2668. [PMID: 36814065 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2183103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Advanced footwear technology (AFT) changed footwear design concepts by using a curved carbon fibre plate in combination with new, more compliant and resilient foams. The aim of this study was (1) to examine the individual effects of AFT on the evolution of the main road events and (2) to re-assess the impact of AFT on the world's top-100 performance in men's 10k, half-marathon and marathon events. Data from the top-100 men's 10k, half-marathon and marathon performances were collected between 2015 and 2019. The shoes used by the athletes were identified in 93.1% of the cases by publicly available photographs. Runners wearing AFT had an average performance of 1671 ± 22.28 s compared to 1685 ± 18.97 s of runners not using AFT in 10k (0.83%) (p < 0.001), 3589 ± 29.79 s compared to 3607 ± 30.49 s in half-marathon (0.50%) (p < 0.001) and 7563 ± 86.10 s compared to 7637 ± 72.51 s in the marathon (0.97%) (p < 0.001). Runners wearing AFTs were faster by ~1% in the main road events compared to non-users. Individual analysis showed that ~25% of the runners did not benefit from the use of this type of footwear. The results of this study suggest that AFT has a clear positive impact on running performance in main road events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando González-Mohíno
- Sport Training Lab. University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria‑Gasteiz, Spain
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Rodrigo-Carranza V, González-Mohíno F, Casado A, Santos-Concejero J, Galán-Rioja MÁ, González-Ravé JM. Impact of advanced footwear technology on critical speed and performance in elite runners. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2022.2164624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando González-Mohíno
- Sport Training Lab. University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Casado
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Keshvari B, Alevras S, Mitternacht J, Senner V. Evaluating the Effect of Shoes with Varying Mass on Vertical Ground Reaction Force Parameters in Short-Term Running. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2022; 15:191-205. [PMID: 36896120 PMCID: PMC9987428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Past investigations have revealed that running shoes affect ground reaction force parameters. However, these studies are unclear as to whether these changes, which occur while running in different shoe types of differing masses, are the result of the structural design or the mass of the shoe. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of shoe mass on vertical ground reaction force parameters: active peak and impulse. Methods. 21 male runners (24.52 years old (± 3.09) and 77.13kg (± 7.9)) participated in the experiment. A baseline shoe (BS) = 283g and four weighted shoes (shoe 2 = 333g, shoe 3 = 433g, shoe 4 = 533g and shoe 5 = 598g) were compared for 8 minutes of running on the instrumented treadmill. Each shoe was compared in a repeated measurement with the BS. Results showed that active peaks and impulses differed significantly (p < .05) between the BS and weighted shoes, except for shoe 2. From the threshold of 433g (shoe 3, which is 1.5 times heavier than the BS), we observed a significant increase in the vertical ground reaction force peak (1.86%) and impulse (1.84%). Other shoes such as shoe 4 and shoe 5, produced increasingly active peaks (N) of 2.08% N and 2.45% N compared to the BS. Increase of shoe masses in shoe 3, shoe 4, and shoe 5 resulted in an increase of impulse up to 1.84% Nm, 1.85% Nm and 2.49% Nm compared to the BS. Our determination of the shoe masses influencing these kinetic parameters may be a step towards reducing running-related injuries that result from accumulated microtrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahador Keshvari
- Professorship of Sport Equipment and Sport Materials, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of MUNICH, GERMANY
| | - Steven Alevras
- Professorship of Sport Equipment and Sport Materials, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of MUNICH, GERMANY
| | - Jürgen Mitternacht
- Professorship of Sport Equipment and Sport Materials, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of MUNICH, GERMANY
| | - Veit Senner
- Professorship of Sport Equipment and Sport Materials, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of MUNICH, GERMANY
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Rodrigo-Carranza V, González-Mohíno F, Santos Del Cerro J, Santos-Concejero J, González-Ravé JM. Influence of advanced shoe technology on the top 100 annual performances in men's marathon from 2015 to 2019. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22458. [PMID: 34789828 PMCID: PMC8599511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The NIKE Vaporfly shoe was introduced in May 2017 as part of the original #Breaking2 Project (an event aimed to run the first marathon under 2 h). This new advanced shoe technology (NAST) changed the footwear design conception. The aim of this study was (i) to analyse the effect of NAST in men's marathon performance, (ii) to analyse whether the changes in the environmental constraints (temperature and wind) and orography of the marathons, age and birthplace of the runners has changed from 2015 to 2019 and (iii) to analyse the impact of NAST on the historical 50 best performances. Data from top-100 men's marathon performances were collected in that timeframe. The shoes used by the athletes were identified (in 91.8% of the cases) by publicly available photographs. External and environmental conditions of each marathon and age and birthplace of the runners were also analysed. Marathon performances improved from 2017 onwards between 0.75 and 1.50% compared to 2015 and 2016 (p < 0.05). In addition, the improvement was greater in the upper deciles than in the lower ones (p < 0.001). Runners wearing NAST ran ~ 1% faster in marathon compared to runners that did not use it (p < 0.001). When conducting an individual analysis of athletes who ran with and without NAST, 72.5% of the athletes who completed a marathon wearing NAST improved their performance by 0.68% (p < 0.01). External and environmental conditions, age or birthplace of runners seems not to have influenced this performance improvement. NAST has had a clear impact on marathon performance unchanged in the environmental constraints (temperature and wind), orography, age, and birthplace of the runners but with differences between venues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Rodrigo-Carranza
- Sport Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando González-Mohíno
- Sport Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria‑Gasteiz, Spain
| | - José María González-Ravé
- Sport Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.
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The Effect of Static and Dynamic Stretching during Warm-Up on Running Economy and Perception of Effort in Recreational Endurance Runners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168386. [PMID: 34444136 PMCID: PMC8391672 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This randomized crossover counterbalanced study investigated, in recreational runners, the acute effects of pre-exercise stretching on physiological and metabolic responses, endurance performance, and perception of effort. Eight male endurance runners (age 36 ± 11 years) performed three running-until-exhaustion tests, preceded by three warm-ups, including the following different stretching protocols: static (SS), dynamic (DS), and no-stretching (NS). During the SS and DS sessions, the warm-up consisted of 10 min of running plus 5 min of SS or DS, respectively, while during the NS session, the warm-up consisted of 15 min of running. Physiological and metabolic responses, and endurance running performance parameters, were evaluated. The perception of effort was derived from the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Running economy significantly improved after SS (p < 0.05) and DS (p < 0.01), and RPE values were significantly lower in SS (p < 0.05) and DS (p < 0.01), compared to NS. No differences in physiological and metabolic responses among the sessions were found. This study showed that including SS and DS within the warm-up ameliorated running economy and decreased the perception of effort during a running-until-exhaustion test, highlighting the benefits of stretching on endurance performance. These results should encourage recreational runners to insert stretching during warm-up, to optimize the running energy costs, reducing the perception of effort and making the training sessions more enjoyable.
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Rodrigo-Carranza V, González-Mohíno F, Santos-Concejero J, González-Ravé JM. The effects of footwear midsole longitudinal bending stiffness on running economy and ground contact biomechanics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1508-1521. [PMID: 34369282 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1955014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to address the effects of increased longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS) on running economy (RE) and running biomechanics. A systematic search on four electronic databases (Pubmed, WOS, Medline and Scopus) was conducted on 26 May 2021. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. Standardised mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CI) between footwear with increased LBS vs. non-increased LBS conditions and effect sizes were calculated. To assess the potential effects of moderator variables (type and length plate, increased LBS, shoe mass and running speed) on the main outcome variable (i.e. RE), subgroup analyses were performed. Increased LBS improved RE (SMD = -0.43 [95% CI -0.58, -0.28], Z = 5.60, p < 0.001) compared to non-increased LBS. Significant increases of stride length (SMD = 0.29 [95% CI 0.10, 0.49], Z = 2.93, p = 0.003) and contact time (SMD = 0.17 [95% CI 0.03, 0.31], Z = 2.32, p = 0.02) were found when LBS was increased. RE improved to a greater degree at higher running speeds with footwear with increased LBS. RE improved 3.45% with curve plate compared to no-plate condition without improvements with flat plate shoes. When shoe mass was matched between footwear with increased LBS vs. non-increased LBS conditions, RE improved (3.15%). However, when shoe mass was not controlled (experimental condition with ∼35 grams extra), a significant small improvement was found. These RE improvements appear along with an increase of stride length and contact time. Shoe mass, type of plate (flat or curve) and running speed should be taken into consideration when designing a shoe aimed at improving long-distance running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Rodrigo-Carranza
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport Training Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando González-Mohíno
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport Training Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - José María González-Ravé
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport Training Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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14
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Alves J, Barrientos G, Toro V, Sánchez E, Muñoz D, Maynar M. Changes in Anthropometric and Performance Parameters in High-Level Endurance Athletes during a Sports Season. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052782. [PMID: 33803383 PMCID: PMC7967258 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Several anthropometric and performance parameters related to aerobic metabolism are associated with performance in endurance runners and are modified according to the training performed. The objective of this study was to investigate the ergospirometric and body composition changes in endurance runners during a sports season in relation to their training. Twenty highly trained men endurance runners performed an incremental test until exhaustion (initial, and at 3, 6, and 9 months) on a treadmill to determine maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), second ventilatory threshold (VT2), and their associated running speeds. Skinfolds, perimeters, and weights were measured. No changes were obtained in VO2 max or VT2 during the study, although their associated running speeds increased (p < 0.05) after 3 months of the study. Decreases in fat mass (p < 0.05) and muscle mass (p < 0.05) were observed at the end of the season (9 months). Changes occurred in the different skinfolds according to the characteristics of the training performed during the season. In conclusion, vVO2 max and vVT2 increase with a greater volume of kilometres trained and can be adversely affected by loss of muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Alves
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (J.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Gema Barrientos
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (J.A.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-923-125-027
| | - Víctor Toro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (V.T.); (D.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Esther Sánchez
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (J.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Diego Muñoz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (V.T.); (D.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Marcos Maynar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (V.T.); (D.M.); (M.M.)
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