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Detecting Coastal Wetland Degradation by Combining Remote Sensing and Hydrologic Modeling. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13030411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sea-level rise and climate change stresses pose increasing threats to coastal wetlands that are vital to wildlife habitats, carbon sequestration, water supply, and other ecosystem services with global significance. However, existing studies are limited in individual sites, and large-scale mapping of coastal wetland degradation patterns over a long period is rare. Our study developed a new framework to detect spatial and temporal patterns of coastal wetland degradation by analyzing fine-scale, long-term remotely sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data. Then, this framework was tested to track the degradation of coastal wetlands at the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge (ARNWR) in North Carolina, United States, during the period from 1995 to 2019. We identified six types of coastal wetland degradation in the study area. Most of the detected degradation was located within 2 km from the shoreline and occurred in the past five years. Further, we used a state-of-the-art coastal hydrologic model, PIHM-Wetland, to investigate key hydrologic processes/variables that control the coastal wetland degradation. The temporal and spatial distributions of simulated coastal flooding and saltwater intrusion confirmed the location and timing of wetland degradation detected by remote sensing. The combined method also quantified the possible critical thresholds of water tables for wetland degradation. The remote sensing–hydrologic model integrated scheme proposed in this study provides a new tool for detecting and understanding coastal wetland degradation mechanisms. Our study approach can also be extended to other coastal wetland regions to understand how climate change and sea-level rise impact wetland transformations.
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Rahman M, Islam M, Masood M, Gebrekirstos A, Bräuning A. Flood signals in tree-ring δ 18O and wood anatomical parameters of Lagerstroemia speciosa: Implications for developing flood management strategies in Bangladesh. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151125. [PMID: 34688736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bangladesh consists of 80% of the flood plain of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river system (GBM), making the country one of the highest flood prone countries of the world. Due to the high rate of discharge of the GBM caused by the summer monsoon and the snowmelt of the Eastern Himalaya and Southern Tibetan Plateau due to climate change, Bangladesh witnessed 16 flood events over 1954-2017. We performed a multiproxy tree-ring analysis to investigate the impact of extreme flood events on tree growth, xylem anatomical parameters and oxygen isotope composition of tree-ring cellulose (δ18Otr) in a Bangladeshi moist tropical forest and to establish relationships between water level of the regional rivers and tree-ring parameters. By using pointer year analysis and comparing the pointer years with historical flood records (a cut-off threshold of the country's flooded land area of 33.3%), we identified the three extreme flood events (hereafter called flood years) 1974, 1988, and 1998 in Bangladesh. Superposed epoch analysis revealed significant changes in Tree-ring width (TRW), total vessel area (TVA), vessel density (VD), and δ18Otr during flood years. Flood associated hypoxic soil conditions reduced TRW up to 53% and TVA up to 28%, varying with flood events. In contrast, VD increased by 23% as a safety mechanism against flood induced hydraulic failure. Tree-ring δ18O significantly decreased during the flood years due to the amount effect in regional precipitation. Bootstrapped Pearson correlation analysis showed that wood anatomical variables encoded stronger river level signals than TRW and δ18Otr. Among the wood anatomical parameters, VD showed a strong relationship (r = -0.58, p < 0.01) with the water level of the Manu River, a regional river of the north-eastern part of Bangladesh, indicating that VD can be used as a reliable proxy for river level reconstruction. Our analyses suggest that multiproxy tree-ring analysis is a potential tool to study tropical moist forest responses to extreme flood events and to identify suitable proxies for reconstructing hydrological characteristics of South Asian rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh; Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Wetterkreuz 15, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Mahmuda Islam
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh; Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Wetterkreuz 15, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Muhammad Masood
- Design Circle-9, Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), Pani Bhaban, 72, Green Road, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh
| | - Aster Gebrekirstos
- Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Wetterkreuz 15, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Achim Bräuning
- Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Wetterkreuz 15, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Anadon-Rosell A, Scharnweber T, von Arx G, Peters RL, Smiljanić M, Weddell S, Wilmking M. Growth and Wood Trait Relationships of Alnus glutinosa in Peatland Forest Stands With Contrasting Water Regimes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:788106. [PMID: 35095962 PMCID: PMC8790179 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.788106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human-driven peatland drainage has occurred in Europe for centuries, causing habitat degradation and leading to the emission of greenhouse gases. As such, in the last decades, there has been an increase in policies aiming at restoring these habitats through rewetting. Alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) is a widespread species in temperate forest peatlands with a seemingly high waterlogging tolerance. Yet, little is known about its specific response in growth and wood traits relevant for tree functioning when dealing with changing water table levels. In this study, we investigated the effects of rewetting and extreme flooding on alder growth and wood traits in a peatland forest in northern Germany. We took increment cores from several trees at a drained and a rewetted stand and analyzed changes in ring width, wood density, and xylem anatomical traits related to the hydraulic functioning, growth, and mechanical support for the period 1994-2018. This period included both the rewetting action and an extreme flooding event. We additionally used climate-growth and climate-density correlations to identify the stand-specific responses to climatic conditions. Our results showed that alder growth declined after an extreme flooding in the rewetted stand, whereas the opposite occurred in the drained stand. These changes were accompanied by changes in wood traits related to growth (i.e., number of vessels), but not in wood density and hydraulic-related traits. We found poor climate-growth and climate-density correlations, indicating that water table fluctuations have a stronger effect than climate on alder growth. Our results show detrimental effects on the growth of sudden water table changes leading to permanent waterlogging, but little implications for its wood density and hydraulic architecture. Rewetting actions should thus account for the loss of carbon allocation into wood and ensure suitable conditions for alder growth in temperate peatland forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Anadon-Rosell
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- CREAF, Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Tobias Scharnweber
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard L. Peters
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Forest Is Life, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marko Smiljanić
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Simon Weddell
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Wilmking
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Nolin AF, Tardif JC, Conciatori F, Bergeron Y. Flood-Rings Production Modulated by River Regulation in Eastern Boreal Canada. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:757280. [PMID: 34777435 PMCID: PMC8581619 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.757280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In northeastern boreal Canada, the long-term perspective on spring flooding is hampered by the absence of long gage records. Changes in the tree-ring anatomy of periodically flooded trees have allowed the reconstruction of historical floods in unregulated hydrological systems. In regulated rivers, the study of flood rings could recover past flood history, assuming that the effects of hydrological regulation on their production can be understood. This study analyzes the effect of regulation on the flood-ring occurrence (visual intensity and relative frequency) and on ring widths in Fraxinus nigra trees growing at five sites distributed along the Driftwood River floodplain. Driftwood River was regulated by a dam in 1917 that was replaced at the same location in 1953. Ring width revealed little, to no evidence, of the impact of river regulation, in contrast to the flood rings. Prior to 1917, high relative frequencies of well-defined flood rings were recorded during known flood years, as indicated by significant correlations with reconstructed spring discharge of the nearby Harricana River. After the construction and the replacement of the dam, relative frequencies of flood rings and their intensities gradually decreased. Flood-ring relative frequencies after 1917, and particularly after 1953, were mostly composed of weakly defined (less distinct) flood rings with some corresponding to known flood years and others likely reflecting dam management. The strength of the correlations with the instrumental Harricana River discharge also gradually decrease starting after 1917. Compared with upper floodplain trees, shoreline trees at each site recorded flood rings less frequently following the construction of the first but especially of the second dam, indicating that water level regulation limited flooding in the floodplains. Compared with the downstream site to the dam, the upstream ones recorded significantly more flood rings in the postdam period, reemphasizing the importance of considering the position of the site along with the river continuum and site conditions in relation to flood exposure. The results demonstrated that sampling trees in multiple riparian stands and along with various hydrological contexts at a far distance of the dams could help disentangle the flooding signal from the dam management signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre F. Nolin
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
- Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), Department of Biology/Environmental Studies and Sciences, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Centre d’Étude de la Forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques C. Tardif
- Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), Department of Biology/Environmental Studies and Sciences, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Centre d’Étude de la Forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - France Conciatori
- Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), Department of Biology/Environmental Studies and Sciences, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
- Centre d’Étude de la Forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
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Tardif JC, Kames S, Nolin AF, Bergeron Y. Earlywood Vessels in Black Ash ( Fraxinus nigra Marsh.) Trees Show Contrasting Sensitivity to Hydroclimate Variables According to Flood Exposure. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:754596. [PMID: 34721484 PMCID: PMC8551551 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.754596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the utility of earlywood vessels anatomical characteristics in identifying and reconstructing hydrological conditions has been fully recognized. In riparian ring-porous species, flood rings have been used to identify discrete flood events, and chronologies developed from cross-sectional lumen areas of earlywood vessels have been used to successfully reconstruct seasonal discharge. In contrast, the utility of the earlywood vessel chronologies in non-riparian habitats has been less compelling. No studies have contrasted within species their earlywood vessel anatomical characteristics, specifically from trees that are inversely exposed to flooding. In this study, earlywood vessel and ring-width chronologies were compared between flooded and non-flooded control Fraxinus nigra trees. The association between chronologies and hydroclimate variables was also assessed. Fraxinus nigra trees from both settings shared similar mean tree-ring width but floodplain trees did produce, on average, thicker earlywood. Vessel chronologies from the floodplain trees generally recorded higher mean sensitivity (standard deviation) and lower autocorrelation than corresponding control chronologies indicating higher year-to-year variations. Principal components analysis (PCA) revealed that control and floodplain chronologies shared little variance indicating habitat-specific signals. At the habitat level, the PCA indicated that vessel characteristics were strongly associated with tree-ring width descriptors in control trees whereas, in floodplain trees, they were decoupled from the width. The most striking difference found between flood exposures related to the chronologies' associations with hydroclimatic variables. Floodplain vessel chronologies were strongly associated with climate variables modulating spring-flood conditions as well as with spring discharge whereas control ones showed weaker and few consistent correlations. Our results illustrated how spring flood conditions modulate earlywood vessel plasticity. In floodplain F. nigra trees, the use of earlywood vessel characteristics could potentially be extended to assess and/or mitigate anthropogenic modifications of hydrological regimes. In absence of major recurring environmental stressors like spring flooding, our results support the idea that the production of continuous earlywood vessel chronologies may be of limited utility in dendroclimatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Clément Tardif
- Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), Department of Biology/Environmental Studies and Sciences, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
- Centre d'Étude de la Forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Susanne Kames
- Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), Department of Biology/Environmental Studies and Sciences, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alexandre Florent Nolin
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
- Centre d'Étude de la Forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
- Centre d'Étude de la Forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
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Mozo I, Rodríguez ME, Monteoliva S, Luquez VMC. Floodwater Depth Causes Different Physiological Responses During Post-flooding in Willows. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:575090. [PMID: 34093599 PMCID: PMC8176222 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.575090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Willows are widely planted in areas under risk of flooding. The physiological responses of willows to flooding have been characterized, but little is known about their responses during the post-flooding period. After the end of the stress episode, plants may modify some traits to compensate for the biomass loss during flooding. The aim of this work was to analyze the post-flooding physiological responses of willow under two different depths of stagnant floodwater. Cuttings of Salix matsudana NZ692 clone were planted in pots in a greenhouse. The experiment started when the plants were 2 months old with the following treatments: Control plants (watered to field capacity); plants partially flooded 10 cm above soil level (F10) and plants partially flooded 40 cm above soil level (F40). The flooding episode lasted 35 days and was followed by a recovery period of 28 days (post-flooding period). After the flooding period, height, diameter and total biomass were higher in F10, while F40 plants showed an increase in plant adventitious root production and leaf nitrogen content. During the post-flooding period, the photosynthetic rate, nitrogen, chlorophyll and soluble sugar contents were significantly higher in leaves of F40 than in Control and F10 treatments. Stomatal conductance and specific leaf area were higher in the previously flooded plants compared to Control treatment. Plants from F10 treatments showed a higher growth in height, root-to-shoot ratio, and carbon isotope discrimination than F40, while the opposite occurred for growth in diameter, vessel size and leaf area. We conclude that depth of floodwater not only causes different responses during flooding, but that its effects are also present in the post-flooding recovery period, affecting the growth and physiology of willows once the stress episode has ended. Even when flooding impacted growth negatively in F40, in the post-flooding period these plants compensated by increasing the photosynthetic rate, plant leaf area and xylem vessel size. Willows endurance to flooding is the result of both responses during flooding, and plastic responses during post-flooding.
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Population dynamics of Hippophae rhamnoides shrub in response of sea-level rise and insect outbreaks. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233011. [PMID: 32438391 PMCID: PMC7242017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coastal vegetation of islands is expected to be affected by future sea-level rise and other anthropogenic impacts. The biodiverse coastal vegetation on the eastern part of the Dutch Wadden Island of Ameland has experienced land subsidence caused by gas extraction since 1986. This subsidence mimics future sea-level rising through increased flooding and raising groundwater levels. We studied the effects of this relative sea-level rise and other environmental factors (i.e. insect outbreaks, temperature and precipitation) on the population dynamics (i.e. cover and age structure and annual growth) of the shrub sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in young (formed after 1950) and old (formed before 1950) dune areas over a period of 56 years (1959–2015). We found an increase in sea-buckthorn cover in the young dune areas since 1959, while over time the population in the old dunes decreased due to successional replacement by other species. With the increasing age of the young dunes, we found also a decrease in sea-buckthorn after 2009. However the sharp decrease indicated that other environmental factors were also involved. The most important determinant of annual shrub growth appeared to be five outbreaks of the brown-tail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea L.), in the last decade. Relative sea-level rise caused more frequent flooding and reduced growth at lower elevations due to inundation or soil water saturation. This study clearly indicates that sea-buckthorn is affected by relative sea-level rise, but that other ecological events better explain its variation in growth. Although shrub distribution and growth can be monitored with robust methods, future predictions of vegetation dynamics are complicated by unpredictable extreme events caused by (a)biotic stressors such as insect outbreaks.
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Groundwater Level Fluctuations Affect the Mortality of Black Alder (Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.). FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1990s, a decline of riparian black alder (Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.) has been observed over Europe. The fungus-like eukaryotic pathogen Phytophthora alni subsp. alni is thought to be a causal agent of this process; however, abiotic factors may also be involved. Previous studies suggest that climate conditions and, especially, depletion of groundwater level may be among the most important factors that trigger this phenomenon. We investigated the radial growth and wood vessel diameter of black alder trees of various vigour classes as well as their response to groundwater level changes to search for the link between soil water resources availability and mortality related to alder dieback. Samples were collected in the natural stand located near Sieraków village in the Kampinoski National Park, central Poland, in the area where alder dieback has been recently observed. Based on the crown defoliation level, three vigour classes (healthy, weakened, and dead trees) were distinguished. Cross sections were prepared with a sliding microtome, and Cell P image analysis software was used for the measurements. Tree-ring width (TRW) and vessel diameter (VD) were determined and correlated with the monthly values of precipitation and groundwater level. Alders of the analysed vigour classes exhibited similar patterns of TRW and VD changes over the analysis time. The narrowest tree rings were observed in weakened alders, while the largest vessels were noted in healthy trees. In the case of TRW and VD chronologies, the weakest, and hence insignificant, resemblance was found for healthy and dead trees. TRW and VD of the analysed alders were not correlated with the monthly sum of precipitation, but a negative influence of rainfall in April was observed. In turn, groundwater level had an impact on the radial growth and wood anatomical features of the analysed trees. A negative effect of the highest water table level was found for TRW of weakened and dead trees as well as for VD of healthy and weakened alders. The lowest groundwater level and the amplitude of the water table positively affected VD of the dead trees. Alder decline has a polyetiological nature, and groundwater level fluctuations are one of many factors contributing to disease development.
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Copini P, Vergeldt FJ, Fonti P, Sass-Klaassen U, den Ouden J, Sterck F, Decuyper M, Gerkema E, Windt CW, Van As H. Magnetic resonance imaging suggests functional role of previous year vessels and fibres in ring-porous sap flow resumption. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1009-1018. [PMID: 30896019 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reactivation of axial water flow in ring-porous species is a complex process related to stem water content and developmental stage of both earlywood-vessel and leaf formation. Yet empirical evidence with non-destructive methods on the dynamics of water flow resumption in relation to these mechanisms is lacking. Here we combined in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and wood-anatomical observations to monitor the dynamic changes in stem water content and flow during spring reactivation in 4-year-old pedunculate oaks (Quercus robur L.) saplings. We found that previous year latewood vessels and current year developing earlywood vessels form a functional unit for water flow during growth resumption. During spring reactivation, water flow shifted from latewood towards the new earlywood, paralleling the formation of earlywood vessels and leaves. At leaves' full expansion, volumetric water content of previous rings drastically decreased due to the near-absence of water in fibre tissue. We conclude (i) that in ring-porous oak, latewood vessels play an important hydraulic role for bridging the transition between old and new water-conducting vessels and (ii) that fibre and parenchyma provides a place for water storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Copini
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Vergeldt
- Laboratory of Biophysics and MAGNetic resonance research FacilitY (MAGNEFY), Wageningen University & Research, Postbus 8128, 6700ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Ute Sass-Klaassen
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan den Ouden
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Decuyper
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edo Gerkema
- Laboratory of Biophysics and MAGNetic resonance research FacilitY (MAGNEFY), Wageningen University & Research, Postbus 8128, 6700ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carel W Windt
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Henk Van As
- Laboratory of Biophysics and MAGNetic resonance research FacilitY (MAGNEFY), Wageningen University & Research, Postbus 8128, 6700ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Sellin A, Taneda H, Alber M. Leaf structural and hydraulic adjustment with respect to air humidity and canopy position in silver birch (Betula pendula). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:369-381. [PMID: 30989500 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01106-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change scenarios predict an increase in air temperature and precipitation in northern temperate regions of Europe by the end of the century. Increasing atmospheric humidity inevitably resulting from more frequent rainfall events reduces water flux through vegetation, influencing plants' structure and functioning. We investigated the extent to which artificially elevated air humidity affects the anatomical structure of the vascular system and hydraulic conductance of leaves in Betula pendula. A field experiment was carried out at the Free Air Humidity Manipulation (FAHM) site with a mean increase in relative air humidity (RH) by 7% over the ambient level across the growing period. Leaf hydraulic properties were determined with a high-pressure flow meter; changes in leaf anatomical structure were studied by means of conventional light microscopy and digital image processing techniques. Leaf development under elevated RH reduced leaf-blade hydraulic conductance and petiole conductivity and had a weak effect on leaf vascular traits (vessel diameters decreased), but had no significant influence on stomatal traits or tissue proportions in laminae. Both hydraulic traits and relevant anatomical characteristics demonstrated pronounced trends with respect to leaf location in the canopy-they increased from crown base to top. Stomatal traits were positively correlated with several petiole and leaf midrib vascular traits. The reduction in leaf hydraulic conductance in response to increasing air humidity is primarily attributable to reduced vessel size, while higher hydraulic efficiency of upper-crown foliage is associated with vertical trends in the size of vascular bundles, vessel number and vein density. Although we observed co-ordinated adjustment of vascular and hydraulic traits, the reduced leaf hydraulic efficiency could lead to an imbalance between hydraulic supply and transpiration demand under the extreme environmental conditions likely to become more frequent in light of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Sellin
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Haruhiko Taneda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan
| | - Meeli Alber
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
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Netsvetov M, Prokopuk Y, Puchałka R, Koprowski M, Klisz M, Romenskyy M. River Regulation Causes Rapid Changes in Relationships Between Floodplain Oak Growth and Environmental Variables. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:96. [PMID: 30804967 PMCID: PMC6370973 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The radial growth of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), a species often ecologically dominating European deciduous forests, is closely tied up with local environmental variables. The oak tree-ring series usually contain a climatic and hydrologic signal that allows assessing the main drivers of tree growth in various ecosystems. Understanding the climate-growth relationship patterns in floodplains is important for providing insights into the species persistence and longevity in vulnerable riverine ecosystems experiencing human-induced hydrology alteration. Here, we use 139 years long instrumental records of local temperature, precipitation, and water levels in the Dnipro River in Kyiv to demonstrate that the implementation of river regulation has decoupled the established relationship between the radial growth of floodplain oak and local hydro-climatic conditions. Before the river flow has been altered by engineering modifications of 1965-1977, the water level in the Dnipro River was the key driver of oak radial growth, as reflected in the tree-ring width and earlywood width. The construction of two dams has altered the seasonal distribution of water level diminishing the positive effect of high water on oak growth and subsequently reversing this trend to negative, resulting from a seasonal ground water surplus. The decrease in the correlation between oak growth indices and the river's water level in April-June was unprecedentedly rapid and clearly distinguishable among other changes in the growth-to-climate relationship. Our findings further demonstrate that trees growing in areas exposed to urban development are the most susceptible to downside effects of river regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksym Netsvetov
- Department of Phytoecology, Institute for Evolutionary Ecology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Yulia Prokopuk
- Department of Phytoecology, Institute for Evolutionary Ecology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Radosław Puchałka
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Marcin Koprowski
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Marcin Klisz
- Department of Silviculture and Genetics, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Maksym Romenskyy
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Prokopuk Y. Reconstruction of annual carbon sequestration in stems of Quercus robur (Fagaceae) in the floodplain forests of Kyiv. UKRAINIAN BOTANICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.15407/ukrbotj75.06.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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13
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Lavrič M, Eler K, Ferlan M, Vodnik D, Gričar J. Chronological Sequence of Leaf Phenology, Xylem and Phloem Formation and Sap Flow of Quercus pubescens from Abandoned Karst Grasslands. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:314. [PMID: 28321232 PMCID: PMC5337753 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Intra-annual variations in leaf development, radial growth, including the phloem part, and sap flow have rarely been studied in deciduous trees from drought-prone environments. In order to understand better the chronological order and temporal course of these processes, we monitored leaf phenology, xylem and phloem formation and sap flow in Quercus pubescens from abandoned karst grasslands in Slovenia during the growing season of 2014. We found that the initial earlywood vessel formation started before bud opening at the beginning of April. Buds started to open in the second half of April and full leaf unfolding occurred by the end of May. LAI values increased correspondingly with leaf development. About 28% of xylem and 22% of phloem annual increment were formed by the time of bud break. Initial earlywood vessels were fully lignified and ready for water transport, indicating that they are essential to provide hydraulic conductivity for axial water flow during leaf development. Sap flow became active and increasing contemporarily with leaf development and LAI values. Similar early spring patterns of xylem sap flow and LAI denoted that water transport in oaks broadly followed canopy leaf area development. In the initial 3 weeks of radial growth, phloem growth preceded that of xylem, indicating its priority over xylem at the beginning of the growing season. This may be related to the fact that after bud break, the developing foliage is a very large sink for carbohydrates but, at the same time, represents a small transpirational area. Whether the interdependence of the chronological sequence of the studied processes is fixed in Q. pubescens needs to be confirmed with more data and several years of analyses, although the 'correct sequence' of processes is essential for synchronized plant performance and response to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lavrič
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Eler
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Forest Ecology, Slovenian Forestry InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Ferlan
- Department of Forest Ecology, Slovenian Forestry InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dominik Vodnik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
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Sass-Klaassen U, Fonti P, Cherubini P, Gričar J, Robert EMR, Steppe K, Bräuning A. A Tree-Centered Approach to Assess Impacts of Extreme Climatic Events on Forests. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1069. [PMID: 27493654 PMCID: PMC4954821 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Sass-Klaassen
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Landscape Dynamics Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Cherubini
- Landscape Dynamics Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Department of Forest Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Elisabeth M. R. Robert
- CREAFCerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central AfricaTervuren, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Achim Bräuning
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NurembergErlangen, Germany
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