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Thakral V, Raturi G, Sudhakaran S, Mandlik R, Sharma Y, Shivaraj SM, Tripathi DK, Sonah H, Deshmukh R. Silicon, a quasi-essential element: Availability in soil, fertilizer regime, optimum dosage, and uptake in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108459. [PMID: 38484684 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The essentiality of silicon (Si) has always been a matter of debate as it is not considered crucial for the lifecycles of most plants. But beneficial effects of endogenous Si and its supplementation have been observed in many plants. Silicon plays a pivotal role in alleviating the biotic and abiotic stress in plants by acting as a physical barrier as well as affecting molecular pathways involved in stress tolerance, thus widely considered as "quasi-essential". In soil, most of Si is found in complex forms as mineral silicates which is not available for plant uptake. Monosilicic acid [Si(OH)4] is the only plant-available form of silicon (PAS) present in the soil. The ability of a plant to uptake Si is positively correlated with the PAS concentration of the soil. Since many cultivated soils often lack a sufficient amount of PAS, it has become common practice to supplement Si through the use of Si-based fertilizers in various crop cultivation systems. This review outlines the use of natural and chemical sources of Si as fertilizer, different regimes of Si fertilization, and conclude by identifying the optimum concentration of Si required to observe the beneficial effects in plants. Also, the different mathematical models defining the mineral dynamics for Si uptake at whole plant scale considering various natural factors like plant morphology, mineral distribution, and transporter expression have been discussed. Information provided here will further help in increasing understanding of Si role and thereby facilitate efficient exploration of the element as a fertilizer in crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Thakral
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendragarh, Haryana, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gaurav Raturi
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sreeja Sudhakaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendragarh, Haryana, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rushil Mandlik
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendragarh, Haryana, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yogesh Sharma
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - S M Shivaraj
- Department of Science, Alliance University, Bengaluru, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Crop Nanobiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture (AIOA), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Humira Sonah
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendragarh, Haryana, India.
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendragarh, Haryana, India.
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Hassan MU, Lihong W, Nawaz M, Ali B, Tang H, Rasheed A, Zain M, Alqahtani FM, Hashem M, Qari SH, Zaid A. Silicon a key player to mitigate chromium toxicity in plants: Mechanisms and future prospective. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108529. [PMID: 38507837 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Chromium is a serious heavy metal (HM) and its concentration in plant-soil interface is soaring due to anthropogenic activities, unregulated disposals, and lack of efficient treatments. High concentration of Cr is toxic to ecosystems and human health. Cr stress also diminishes the plant performance by changing the plant's vegetative and reproductive development that ultimately affects sustainable crop production. Silicon (Si) is the second-most prevalent element in the crust of the planet, and has demonstrated a remarkable potential to minimize the HM toxicity. Amending soils with Si mitigates adverse effects of Cr by improving plant physiological, biochemical, and molecular functioning and ensuring better Cr immobilization, compartmentation, and co-precipitation. However, there is no comprehensive review on the role of Si to mitigate Cr toxicity in plants. Thus, in this present review; the discussion has been carried on; 1) the source of Cr, 2) underlying mechanisms of Cr uptake by plants, 3) how Si affects the plant functioning to reduce Cr toxicity, 4) how Si can cause immobilization, compartmentation, and co-precipitation 5) strategies to improve Si accumulation in plants to counter Cr toxicity. We also discussed the knowledge gaps and future research needs. The present review reports up-to-date knowledge about the role of Si to mitigate Cr toxicity and it will help to get better crop productivity in Cr-contaminated soils. The findings of the current review will educate the readers on Si functions in reducing Cr toxicity and will offer new ideas to develop Cr tolerance in plants through the use of Si.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair Hassan
- Research Center Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Wang Lihong
- College of Tourism and Geographic Science, Baicheng Normal University, Baicheng, Jilin, China.
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 62400, Pakistan
| | - Basharat Ali
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 62400, Pakistan
| | - Haiying Tang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, 417000, China
| | - Adnan Rasheed
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Muhammad Zain
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Fatmah M Alqahtani
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameer H Qari
- Department of Biology, Al-Jumum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abbu Zaid
- Department of Botany, Govt. Gandhi Memorial Science College, Cluster University, Canal Road, 180001, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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Ambros E, Kotsupiy O, Karpova E, Panova U, Chernonosov A, Trofimova E, Goldenberg B. A Biostimulant Based on Silicon Chelates Enhances Growth and Modulates Physiological Responses of In-Vitro-Derived Strawberry Plants to In Vivo Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4193. [PMID: 38140519 PMCID: PMC10748094 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose was to assess the effects of a biostimulant based on silicon chelates in terms of alleviation of the impact of in vivo conditions on strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa cv. 'Solnechnaya polyanka') in-vitro-derived plants. As a source of silicon chelates, a mechanocomposite (MC) obtained through mechanochemical processing of rice husks and green tea was used. Root treatment of plants with 0.3 g L-1 of MC dissolved in tap water was performed at 2 weeks after planting. Control plants were watered with tap water. The greatest shoot height, number of roots per plant, root length, number of stolons per plant, daughter ramets per stolon, relative water content, cuticle thickness, and root and shoot biomasses were achieved with the MC supplementation. The improved parameters were associated with a higher silicon content of roots and shoots of the MC-treated plants. Leaf concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and abscisic acid were reduced by the MC. This effect was accompanied by enhanced activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase. The phenolic profile showed upregulation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, and ellagic acid derivative 2, while kaempferol rutinoside and catechins were downregulated. Thus, silicon chelates improve growth and trigger the physiological processes that enhance free-radical-scavenging activity in strawberry plants in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ambros
- Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 101 Zolotodolinskaya Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Olga Kotsupiy
- Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 101 Zolotodolinskaya Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Evgeniya Karpova
- Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 101 Zolotodolinskaya Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Ulyana Panova
- Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 101 Zolotodolinskaya Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alexander Chernonosov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Elena Trofimova
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 18 Kutateladze Str., Novosibirsk 630128, Russia
| | - Boris Goldenberg
- Synchrotron Radiation Facility Siberian Circular Photon Source, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Nikolsky Ave., Koltsovo 630559, Russia
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Attipoe JQ, Khan W, Tayade R, Steven S, Islam MS, Lay L, Ghimire A, Kim H, Sereyvichea M, Propey T, Rana YB, Kim Y. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Calcium Silicate in Enhancing Soybean Growth and Yield. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112190. [PMID: 37299169 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The application of silicon (Si) fertilizer positively impacts crop health, yield, and seed quality worldwide. Si is a "quasi-essential" element that is crucial for plant nutrition and stress response but is less associated with growth. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Si on the yield of cultivated soybean (Glycine max L). Two locations, Gyeongsan and Gunwi, in the Republic of Korea were selected, and a land suitability analysis was performed using QGIS version 3.28.1. The experiments at both locations consisted of three treatments: the control, Si fertilizer application at 2.3 kg per plot (9 m × 9 m) (T1), and Si fertilizer application at 4.6 kg per plot (9 m × 9 m) (T2). The agronomic, root, and yield traits, as well as vegetative indices, were analyzed to evaluate the overall impact of Si. The results demonstrated that Si had consistently significant effects on most root and shoot parameters in the two experimental fields, which led to significantly increased crop yield when compared with the control, with T2 (22.8% and 25.6%, representing an output of 2.19 and 2.24 t ha-1 at Gyeongsan and Gunwi, respectively) showing a higher yield than T1 (11% and 14.2%, representing 1.98 and 2.04 t ha-1 at Gyeongsan and Gunwi, respectively). These results demonstrate the positive impact of exogenous Si application on the overall growth, morphological and physiological traits, and yield output of soybeans. However, the application of the optimal concentration of Si according to the crop requirement, soil status, and environmental conditions requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Quarshie Attipoe
- Department of Food Security and Agricultural Development, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Waleed Khan
- Laboratory of Crop Production, Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Rupesh Tayade
- Laboratory of Crop Production, Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Upland Field Machinery Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Senabulya Steven
- Department of Food Security and Agricultural Development, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Shafiqul Islam
- Laboratory of Crop Production, Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Liny Lay
- Laboratory of Crop Production, Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Amit Ghimire
- Laboratory of Crop Production, Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hogyun Kim
- Laboratory of Crop Production, Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Muong Sereyvichea
- Department of Food Security and Agricultural Development, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Then Propey
- Department of Food Security and Agricultural Development, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yam Bahadur Rana
- Department of Food Security and Agricultural Development, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonha Kim
- Laboratory of Crop Production, Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Upland Field Machinery Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Pandey AK, Gautam A, Singh AK. Insight to chromium homeostasis for combating chromium contamination of soil: Phytoaccumulators-based approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 322:121163. [PMID: 36736817 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) is a naturally occurring, carcinogenic heavy metal that has become a pressing concern in recent decades for environmentalists. Due to high anthropogenic activities, the concentration of Cr has crossed the environmental threshold levels and consequently contaminated soil and water. The high solubility of Cr ions in the groundwater results in its high uptake by the plants leading to phytotoxicity and yield loss. The dearth of efficient and cost-effective treatment methods has resulted in massive chromium pollution. However, some phytoaccumulators capable of accumulating Cr in high amounts in their shoots and then performing their metabolic activity typically have been identified. Chromium bioremediation using phytoaccumulators is very contemplative due to its eco-friendly and cost-effective outcome. These accumulators possess several mechanisms, such as biosorption, reduction, efflux, or bioaccumulation, naturally or acquired to counter the toxicity of chromium. This review focuses on the detoxification mechanism of Cr by the phytoaccumulator species, their responses against Cr toxicity, and the scope for their application in bioremediation. Besides, Cr bioavailability, uptake, distribution, impairment of redox homeostasis, oxidative stress, and phytotoxicity imposed on the plants are also summarized. Further, the knowledge gap and prospects are also discussed to fill these gaps and overcome the problem associated with the real-time applicability of phytoaccumulator-based bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, 243123, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Arti Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India; Model Rural Health Research Unit, Datia, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (ICMR-NIRTH), Jabalpur, 482003, India
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Xiao J, Li Y, Jeong BR. Foliar Silicon Spray to Strawberry Plants During Summer Cutting Propagation Enhances Resistance of Transplants to High Temperature Stresses. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.938128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon (Si) has been reported to benefit plant growth and stress resistance. This work aimed to find out an optimal method of Si application to enhance the resistance of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) transplants to high temperatures, commonly experienced in the summer when strawberries are propagated for greenhouse production in Korea. Plants of strawberry “Sulhyang”, “Maehyang”, and “Kuemsil” were subjected to one of five treatments before the cutting propagation: no treatment (control), substrate dressing of a water-soluble silicate fertilizer, substrate drench of 75 mg·L−1 Si (from potassium silicate) to the mother plants, or foliar spray of 75 mg·L−1 Si to either the mother plants or daughter plants. Half of the daughter plants in each Si treatment received continued application of Si through either substrate dressing of a water-soluble silicate fertilizer, substrate drench, or foliar spray after the cutting propagation. A high temperature (43°C) resistance test was conducted in plant growth chambers for 7 days with a 16-h photoperiod with a light intensity of 300 mmol·m−2·s−1 PPFD. During the high temperature test, the rate of decline in the photosynthesis was lower in plants treated with Si than in the control. After the high temperature test, it was observed that Si application significantly increased the shoot fresh weight of transplants. Moreover, the contents of sugars, proteins, and enzymatic (CAT, SOD, POD, and APX) and non-enzymatic (anthocyanin and proline) antioxidants were higher in plants treated with Si throughout the entire propagation period, compared to the control and plants only treated with Si before or after the cutting propagation. Overall, the Si application improved the growth of the transplants regardless of the application method used. Moreover, spraying the daughter plants with Si, and continually spraying the transplants were found to be the best and is recommended to increase the resistance of strawberries to high temperatures during propagation.
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Tyagi A, Sharma S, Ali S, Gaikwad K. Crosstalk between H 2 S and NO: an emerging signalling pathway during waterlogging stress in legume crops. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:576-586. [PMID: 34693601 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In legumes, waterlogging is a major detrimental factor leading to huge yield losses. Generally, legumes lack tolerance to submergence, and conventional breeding to develop tolerant varieties are limited due to the lack of tolerant germplasm and potential target genes. Moreover, our understanding of the various signalling cascades, their interactions and key pathways induced during waterlogging is limited. Here, we focus on the role of two important plant signalling molecules, viz. hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) and nitric oxide (NO), during waterlogging stress in legumes. Plants and soil microbes produce these signalling molecules both endogenously and exogenously under various stresses, including waterlogging. NO and H2 S are known to regulate key physiological pathways, such as stomatal closure, leaf senescence and regulation of numerous stress signalling pathways, while NO plays a pivotal role in adventitious root formation during waterlogging. The crosstalk between H2 S and NO is synergistic because of the resemblance of their physiological effects and proteomic functions, which mainly operate through cysteine-dependent post-translational modifications via S-nitrosation and persulfidation. Such knowledge has provided novel platforms for researchers to unravel the complexity associated with H2 S-NO signalling and interactions with plant stress hormones. This review provides an overall summary on H2 S and NO, including biosynthesis, biological importance, crosstalk, transporter regulation as well as understanding their role during waterlogging using 'multi-omics' approach. Understanding H2 S and NO signalling will help in deciphering the metabolic interactions and identifying key regulatory genes that could be used for developing waterlogging tolerance in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tyagi
- ICAR - National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - S Sharma
- ICAR - National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - S Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - K Gaikwad
- ICAR - National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Foliar Silicon Spray before Summer Cutting Propagation Enhances Resistance to Powdery Mildew of Daughter Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073803. [PMID: 35409165 PMCID: PMC8998806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon (Si) has beneficial effects on not only plant growth but also against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, a few studies focus on how Si application helps strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) resist powdery mildew. The aim of this work was to find out the optimal Si application method before cutting propagation to enhance the resistance to powdery mildew in strawberry “daughter” plants. Naturally infected “mother” plants of ‘Sulhyang’, ‘Maehyang’, and ‘Kuemsil’ strawberries were supplied with Si. Potassium silicate (K2SiO3) at a final concentration of 75 mg·L−1 Si was either added to the medium for drenching or sprayed to the leaves of the “mother” or “daughter” plant, or soluble Si fertilizer was used to dress the “mother” plant. The Si application significantly increased the shoot fresh weight of the “daughter” plants. Supplemental Si also increased the contents of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg). In addition, the Si treatment decreased the damage of powdery mildew by increased level of proline content and suppressive reactive oxygen species. After applying Si, the length and density of hyphae on the leaf surface decreased. In addition, the infected area of “daughter” plant leaves covered with powdery mildew decreased. This study also demonstrated that Si increased the expression of resistance-gene and decreased the expression of susceptibility-gene of strawberry. Overall, Si application promoted the growth of the “daughter” plants regardless of the application method. Direct foliar Si spray to the “daughter” plants before cutting propagation is recommended to increase their resistance to powdery mildew.
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Mir RA, Bhat BA, Yousuf H, Islam ST, Raza A, Rizvi MA, Charagh S, Albaqami M, Sofi PA, Zargar SM. Multidimensional Role of Silicon to Activate Resilient Plant Growth and to Mitigate Abiotic Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:819658. [PMID: 35401625 PMCID: PMC8984490 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.819658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable agricultural production is critically antagonistic by fluctuating unfavorable environmental conditions. The introduction of mineral elements emerged as the most exciting and magical aspect, apart from the novel intervention of traditional and applied strategies to defend the abiotic stress conditions. The silicon (Si) has ameliorating impacts by regulating diverse functionalities on enhancing the growth and development of crop plants. Si is categorized as a non-essential element since crop plants accumulate less during normal environmental conditions. Studies on the application of Si in plants highlight the beneficial role of Si during extreme stressful conditions through modulation of several metabolites during abiotic stress conditions. Phytohormones are primary plant metabolites positively regulated by Si during abiotic stress conditions. Phytohormones play a pivotal role in crop plants' broad-spectrum biochemical and physiological aspects during normal and extreme environmental conditions. Frontline phytohormones include auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, gibberellin, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, and jasmonic acid. These phytohormones are internally correlated with Si in regulating abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms. This review explores insights into the role of Si in enhancing the phytohormone metabolism and its role in maintaining the physiological and biochemical well-being of crop plants during diverse abiotic stresses. Moreover, in-depth information about Si's pivotal role in inducing abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants through metabolic and molecular modulations is elaborated. Furthermore, the potential of various high throughput technologies has also been discussed in improving Si-induced multiple stress tolerance. In addition, a special emphasis is engrossed in the role of Si in achieving sustainable agricultural growth and global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakeeb Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, India
| | | | - Henan Yousuf
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | | | - Ali Raza
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology/College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Sidra Charagh
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mohammed Albaqami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaze A. Sofi
- Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Sajad Majeed Zargar
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, India
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Mandlik R, Singla P, Kumawat S, Khatri P, Ansari W, Singh A, Sharma Y, Singh A, Solanke A, Nadaf A, Sonah H, Deshmukh R. Understanding aquaporin regulation defining silicon uptake and role in arsenic, antimony and germanium stress in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118606. [PMID: 34863894 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of aquaporins (AQPs) facilitating the transport of water and many other small solutes including metalloids like silicon (Si) and arsenic (As) is important to develop stress tolerant cultivars. In the present study, 40 AQPs were identified in the genome of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), a pulse crop widely grown in semi-arid region and areas known to affected with heavy metals like As. Conserved domains, variation at NPA motifs, aromatic/arginine (ar/R) selectivity filters, and pore morphology defined here will be crucial in predicting solute specificity of pigeonpea AQPs. The study identified CcNIP2-1 as an AQP predicted to transporter Si (beneficial element) as well as As (hazardous element). Further Si quantification in different tissues showed about 1.66% Si in leaves which confirmed the predictions. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy showed a higher level of Si accumulation in trichomes on the leaf surface. A significant alleviation in level of As, Sb and Ge stress was also observed when these heavy metals were supplemented with Si. Estimation of relative water content, H2O2, lipid peroxidation, proline, total chlorophyll content and other physiological parameters suggested Si derived stress tolerance. Extensive transcriptome profiling under different developmental stages from germination to senescence was performed to understand the tissue-specific regulation of different AQPs. For instance, high expression of TIP3s was observed only in reproductive tissues. Co-expression network developed using transcriptome data from 30 different conditions and tissues, showed interdependency of AQPs. Expression profiling of pigeonpea performed using real time PCR showed differential expression of AQPs after Si supplementation. The information generated about the phylogeny, distribution, molecular evolution, solute specificity, and gene expression dynamics in article will be helpful to better understand the AQP transport system in pigeonpea and other legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushil Mandlik
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pankaj Singla
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India; University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Surbhi Kumawat
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Praveen Khatri
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Waquar Ansari
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Anuradha Singh
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology (NIPB), New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Yogesh Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Archana Singh
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Amol Solanke
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology (NIPB), New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India.
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11
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Ahire ML, Mundada PS, Nikam TD, Bapat VA, Penna S. Multifaceted roles of silicon in mitigating environmental stresses in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 169:291-310. [PMID: 34826705 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Food security relies on plant productivity and plant's resilience to climate change driven environmental stresses. Plants employ diverse adaptive mechanisms of stress-signalling pathways, antioxidant defense, osmotic adjustment, nutrient homeostasis and phytohormones. Over the last few decades, silicon has emerged as a beneficial element for enhancing plant growth productivity. Silicon ameliorates biotic and abiotic stress conditions by regulating the physiological, biochemical and molecular responses. Si-uptake and transport are facilitated by specialized Si-transporters (Lsi1, Lsi2, Lsi3, and Lsi6) and, the differential root anatomy has been shown to reflect in the varying Si-uptake in monocot and dicot plants. Silicon mediates a number of plant processes including osmotic, ionic stress responses, metabolic processes, stomatal physiology, phytohormones, nutrients and source-sink relationship. Further studies on the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the Si transporter genes are required for better uptake and transport in spatial mode and under different stress conditions. In this article, we present an account of the availability, uptake, Si transporters and, the role of Silicon to alleviate environmental stress and improve plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Ahire
- Department of Botany, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara, 415 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - P S Mundada
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, Maharashtra, India; Department of Biotechnology, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara, 415 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - T D Nikam
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, Maharashtra, India
| | - V A Bapat
- Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416 004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suprasanna Penna
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 094, Maharashtra, India.
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12
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Karagiannis E, Michailidis M, Skodra C, Molassiotis A, Tanou G. Silicon influenced ripening metabolism and improved fruit quality traits in apples. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:270-277. [PMID: 34130037 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of silicon against abiotic stress in different annual plant species have been described in many studies, however the regulation of ripening of fruit tree crops by silicon remains largely uncharacterized. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the impact of foliar silicon application in the apple (cv. 'Fuji') fruit ripening traits along with the effect of silicon in the nutrient and metabolic changes in the fully expanded leaves, annual shoots, fruit outer pericarp (peel) and fruit mesocarp (skin) tissues. Data indicated that fruit firmness and apple peel color attributes, such as redness (a*) and percentage of red-blushed surface were induced by silicon application. Moreover, several fruit ripening traits, such as titratable acidity, soluble solid content and respiration rate were unaffected by silicon. Endogenous silicon level in leaves shoots and peel tissues were increased by exogenously applied silicon while several elements (i.e., P, Mg, Mn, Fe and Cu) were altered in the tested tissues that exposed to silicon. In addition, silicon increased the accumulation of total phenolic and total anthocyanin compounds in the various apple tissues. The level of various primary metabolites including sorbitol, fructose, maltose cellobiose, malic acid, phosphoric acid and gluconic acid was also notably affected by silicon in a tissue-specific manner. Overall, this study provides a valuable resource for future research, aiming in the elucidation of the role of silicon in fruit tree physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Karagiannis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Michail Michailidis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Christina Skodra
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Athanassios Molassiotis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Georgia Tanou
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources, ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece.
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13
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Raturi G, Sharma Y, Rana V, Thakral V, Myaka B, Salvi P, Singh M, Dhar H, Deshmukh R. Exploration of silicate solubilizing bacteria for sustainable agriculture and silicon biogeochemical cycle. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:827-838. [PMID: 34225007 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si), a quasi-essential element for plants, is abundant in the soil typically as insoluble silicate forms. However, plants can uptake Si only in the soluble form of monosilicic acid. Production of monosilicic acid by rock-weathering mostly depends on temperature, pH, redox-potential, water-content, and microbial activities. In the present review, approaches involved in the efficient exploration of silicate solubilizing bacteria (SSB), its potential applications, and available technological advances are discussed. Present understanding of Si uptake, deposition, and subsequent benefits to plants has also been discussed. In agricultural soils, pH is found to be one of the most critical factors deciding silicate solubilization and the formation of different Si compounds. Numerous studies have predicted the role of Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) and organic acids produced by SSB in silicate solubilization. In this regard, approaches for the isolation and characterization of SSB, quantification of IAA, and subsequent Si solubilization mechanisms are addressed. Phylogenetic evaluation of previously reported SSB showed a highly diverse origin which provides an opportunity to study different mechanisms involved in Si solubilization. Soil biochemistry in concern of silicon availability, microbial activity and silicon mediated changes in plant physiology are addressed. In addition, SSB's role in Si-biogeochemical cycling is summarized. The information presented here will be helpful to explore the potential of SSB more efficiently to promote sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Raturi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yogesh Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Varnika Rana
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Vandana Thakral
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Balaraju Myaka
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Prafull Salvi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Manish Singh
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, India
| | - Hena Dhar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India.
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India.
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Ali S, Tyagi A, Bae H. Ionomic Approaches for Discovery of Novel Stress-Resilient Genes in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7182. [PMID: 34281232 PMCID: PMC8267685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants, being sessile, face an array of biotic and abiotic stresses in their lifespan that endanger their survival. Hence, optimized uptake of mineral nutrients creates potential new routes for enhancing plant health and stress resilience. Recently, minerals (both essential and non-essential) have been identified as key players in plant stress biology, owing to their multifaceted functions. However, a realistic understanding of the relationship between different ions and stresses is lacking. In this context, ionomics will provide new platforms for not only understanding the function of the plant ionome during stresses but also identifying the genes and regulatory pathways related to mineral accumulation, transportation, and involvement in different molecular mechanisms under normal or stress conditions. This article provides a general overview of ionomics and the integration of high-throughput ionomic approaches with other "omics" tools. Integrated omics analysis is highly suitable for identification of the genes for various traits that confer biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Moreover, ionomics advances being used to identify loci using qualitative trait loci and genome-wide association analysis of element uptake and transport within plant tissues, as well as genetic variation within species, are discussed. Furthermore, recent developments in ionomics for the discovery of stress-tolerant genes in plants have also been addressed; these can be used to produce more robust crops with a high nutritional value for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Anshika Tyagi
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Hanhong Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
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15
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Pontigo S, Larama G, Parra-Almuna L, Nunes-Nesi A, Mora MDLL, Cartes P. Physiological and molecular insights involved in silicon uptake and transport in ryegrass. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 163:308-316. [PMID: 33895436 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The silicon (Si) uptake system of two ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars was characterised by assessing the concentration- and time-dependent kinetics. Additionally, a Si transporter gene was isolated from ryegrass and their expression pattern was analysed. The concentration-dependent kinetics was examined in Jumbo and Nui cultivars supplied with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mM Si and harvested at 24 h and 21 d. The time-dependent kinetics was evaluated at 0, 0.5, or 2 mM Si doses after 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h. RACE-PCR was performed to isolate a full-length sequence codifying for a Si transporter, and semi-quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR was used to analyse its expression pattern. Differential Si uptake between ryegrass cultivars was found. Moreover, Lineweaver-Burk linearization showed similar Vmax values between cultivars; however, different Km suggested that Jumbo and Nui may have different affinities for silicic acid. The dissimilarities in Km between cultivars might involve either the differential contribution of known proteins responsible for Si uptake and transport or the involvement of undiscovered Si transporters. We identified a putative Si transporter from ryegrass Nui (LpLsi1), which was only expressed in roots and down-regulated by Si supply. The predicted amino acid sequence of LpLsi1 did not only show a high similarity and close phylogenetic relationship with monocot Si influx transporters but also indicated that it is a membrane protein possessing a high conservation of domains essential for silicic acid selectivity. Our findings provide evidence of LpLsi1 in ryegrass, which supports its high Si accumulation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Pontigo
- Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Giovanni Larama
- Centro de Excelencia de Modelación y Computación Científica, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Leyla Parra-Almuna
- Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - María de la Luz Mora
- Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Paula Cartes
- Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile.
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16
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Kumawat S, Khatri P, Ahmed A, Vats S, Kumar V, Jaswal R, Wang Y, Xu P, Mandlik R, Shivaraj SM, Deokar A, Sonah H, Sharma TR, Deshmukh R. Understanding aquaporin transport system, silicon and other metalloids uptake and deposition in bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124598. [PMID: 33234398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) facilitates the transport of small solutes like water, urea, carbon dioxide, boron, and silicon (Si) and plays a critical role in important physiological processes. In this study, genome-wide characterization of AQPs was performed in bottle gourd. A total of 36 AQPs were identified in the bottle gourd, which were subsequently analyzed to understand the pore-morphology, exon-intron structure, subcellular-localization. In addition, available transcriptome data was used to study the tissue-specific expression. Several AQPs showed tissue-specific expression, more notably the LsiTIP3-1 having a high level of expression in flowers and fruits. Based on the in-silico prediction of solute specificity, LsiNIP2-1 was predicted to be a Si transporter. Silicon was quantified in different tissues, including root, young leaves, mature leaves, tendrils, and fruits of bottle gourd plants. More than 1.3% Si (d.w.) was observed in bottle gourd leaves, testified the in-silico predictions. Silicon deposition evaluated with an energy-dispersive X-ray coupled with a scanning electron microscope showed a high Si accumulation in the shaft of leaf trichomes. Similarly, co-localization of Si with arsenic and antimony was observed. Expression profiling performed with real-time quantitative PCR showed differential expression of AQPs in response to Si supplementation. The information provided in the present study will be helpful to better understand the AQP transport mechanism, particularly Si and other metalloids transport and localization in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Kumawat
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Praveen Khatri
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Ashique Ahmed
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India; Darrang College, Tezpur, Sonitpur, Assam, India
| | - Sanskriti Vats
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Virender Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rajdeep Jaswal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rushil Mandlik
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - S M Shivaraj
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Amit Deokar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India; Division of Crop Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India.
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17
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Mundada PS, Ahire ML, Umdale SD, Barmukh RB, Nikam TD, Pable AA, Deshmukh RK, Barvkar VT. Characterization of influx and efflux silicon transporters and understanding their role in the osmotic stress tolerance in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:677-689. [PMID: 33780741 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, silicon (Si) has been widely accepted as a beneficial element for plant growth. The advantages plant derives from the Si are primarily based on the uptake and transport mechanisms. In the present study, the Si uptake regime was studied in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L). Gaertn.) under controlled and stress conditions. The finger millet can efficiently uptake Si and accumulate it by more than 1% of dry weight in the leaf tissues, thus categorized as a Si accumulator. Subsequent evaluation with the single root assay revealed a three-fold higher Si uptake under osmatic stress than control. These results suggest that Si alleviated the PEG-induced stress by regulating the levels of osmolytes and antioxidant enzymes. Further, to understand the molecular mechanism involved in Si uptake, the Si influx (EcoLsi1 and EcoLsi6) and efflux transporters (EcoLsi2 and EcoLsi3) were identified and characterized. The comparative phylogenomic analysis of the influx transporter EcoLsi1 with other monocots revealed conserved features like aromatic/arginine (Ar/R) selectivity filters and pore morphology. Similarly, Si efflux transporter EcoLsi3 is highly homologous to other annotated efflux transporters. The transcriptome data revealed that the expression of both influx and efflux Si transporters was elevated due to Si supplementation under stress conditions. These findings suggest that stress elevates Si uptake in finger millet, and its transport is also regulated by the Si transporters. The present study will be helpful to better explore Si derived benefits in finger millet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj S Mundada
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, Maharashtra, India; Department of Biotechnology, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara, 415 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mahendra L Ahire
- Department of Botany, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara, 415 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suraj D Umdale
- Department of Botany, Jaysingpur College, Jaysingpur, 416 101, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajkumar B Barmukh
- Department of Botany, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Pune, 411 005, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tukaram D Nikam
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anupama A Pable
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rupesh K Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, 140 306, Punjab, India
| | - Vitthal T Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, Maharashtra, India.
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18
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Dhiman P, Rajora N, Bhardwaj S, Sudhakaran SS, Kumar A, Raturi G, Chakraborty K, Gupta OP, Devanna BN, Tripathi DK, Deshmukh R. Fascinating role of silicon to combat salinity stress in plants: An updated overview. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:110-123. [PMID: 33667964 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress limits plant growth and productivity by severely impacting the fundamental physiological processes. Silicon (Si) supplementation is considered one of the promising methods to improve plant resilience under salt stress. Here, the role of Si in modulating physiological and biochemical processes that get adversely affected by high salinity, is discussed. Although numerous reports show the beneficial effects of Si under stress, the precise molecular mechanism underlying this is not well understood. Questions like whether all plants are equally benefitted with Si supplementation despite having varying Si uptake capability and salinity tolerance are still elusive. This review illustrates the Si uptake and accumulation mechanism to understand the direct or indirect participation of Si in different physiological processes. Evaluation of plant responses at transcriptomics and proteomics levels are promising in understanding the role of Si. Integration of physiological understanding with omics scale information highlighted Si supplementation affecting the phytohormonal and antioxidant responses under salinity as a key factor defining improved resilience. Similarly, the crosstalk of Si with lignin and phenolic content under salt stress also seems to be an important phenomenon helping plants to reduce the stress. The present review also addressed various crucial mechanisms by which Si application alleviates salt stress, such as a decrease in oxidative damage, decreased lipid peroxidation, improved photosynthetic ability, and ion homeostasis. Besides, the application and challenges of using Si-nanoparticles have also been addressed. Comprehensive information and discussion provided here will be helpful to better understand the role of Si under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Dhiman
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nitika Rajora
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Shubham Bhardwaj
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
| | - Sreeja S Sudhakaran
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Gaurav Raturi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Om Prakash Gupta
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - B N Devanna
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture (AIOA), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India.
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19
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Silicon supplementation improves early blight resistance in Lycopersicon esculentum Mill . by modulating the expression of defense-related genes and antioxidant enzymes. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:232. [PMID: 33968576 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02789-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Early blight is the most devastating disease in tomato which causes huge yield losses across the globe. Hence, development of specific, efficient and ecofriendly tools are required to increase the disease resistance in tomato plants. Here, we systematically investigate the defensive role and priming effect of silicon (Si) in tomato plants under control and infected conditions. Based on the results, Si-treated tomato plants showed improved resistance to Alternaria solani as there was delay in symptoms and reduced disease severity than non-Si-treated plants. To further examine the Si-mediated molecular priming in tomato plants, expression profiling of defense-related genes like PR1, PR2, WRKYII, PR3, LOXD and JERF3 was studied in control, Si-supplemented, A. solani-inoculated and Si + A. solani-inoculated plants. Interestingly, Si significantly increased the expression of jasmonic acid (JA) marker genes (PR3, LOXD and JERF3) than salicylic acid (SA) marker genes (PR1, PR2 and WRKYII). However, Si + A. solani-inoculated plants showed higher expression levels of defence genes except WRKYII than A. solani-inoculated or Si-treated plants. Furthermore, pre-supplementation of Si to A. solani-infected tomato plants showed increased activity of antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and peroxidase (POD) than control, Si-treated and A. solani-inoculated plants. Altogether, present study highlights the defensive role of Si in tomato plants in response to A. solani by increasing not only the transcript levels of defense signature genes, but also the activity of antioxidant enzymes.
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20
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Vats S, Sudhakaran S, Bhardwaj A, Mandlik R, Sharma Y, Kumar S, Tripathi DK, Sonah H, Sharma TR, Deshmukh R. Targeting aquaporins to alleviate hazardous metal(loid)s imposed stress in plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 408:124910. [PMID: 33453583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Uptake of hazardous metal(loid)s adversely affects plants and imposes a threat to the entire food chain. Here, the role of aquaporins (AQPs) providing tolerance against hazardous metal(loid)s in plants is discussed to provide a perspective on the present understanding, knowledge gaps, and opportunities. Plants adopt complex molecular and physiological mechanisms for better tolerance, adaptability, and survival under metal(loid)s stress. Water conservation in plants is one such primary strategies regulated by AQPs, a family of channel-forming proteins facilitating the transport of water and many other solutes. The strategy is more evident with reports suggesting differential expression of AQPs adopted by plants to cope with the heavy metal stress. In this regard, numerous studies showing enhanced tolerance against hazardous elements in plants due to AQPs activity are discussed. Consequently, present understanding of various aspects of AQPs, such as tertiary-structure, transport activity, solute-specificity, differential expression, gating mechanism, and subcellular localization, are reviewed. Similarly, various tools and techniques are discussed in detail aiming at efficient utilization of resources and knowledge to combat metal(loid)s stress. The scope of AQP transgenesis focusing on heavy metal stresses is also highlighted. The information provided here will be helpful to design efficient strategies for the development of metal(loid)s stress-tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanskriti Vats
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sreeja Sudhakaran
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anupriya Bhardwaj
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rushil Mandlik
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yogesh Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- Division of Crop Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India.
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Deshmukh R, Sonah H, Belanger RR. New evidence defining the evolutionary path of aquaporins regulating silicon uptake in land plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6775-6788. [PMID: 32710120 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the evolution events defining silicon (Si) uptake in plant species is important for the efficient exploration of Si-derived benefits. In the present study, Si accumulation was studied in 456 diverse plant species grown in uniform field conditions, and in a subset of 151 species grown under greenhouse conditions, allowing efficient comparison among the species. In addition, a systematic analysis of nodulin 26-like intrinsic proteins III (NIP-III), which form Si channels, was performed in >1000 species to trace their evolutionary path and link with Si accumulation. Significant variations in Si accumulation were observed among the plant species studied. For their part, species lacking NIP-IIIs systematically showed low Si accumulation. Interestingly, seven NIP-IIIs were identified in three moss species, namely Physcomitrella patens, Andreaea rupestris, and Scouleria aquatica, indicating that the evolution of NIP-IIIs dates back as early as 515 million years ago. These results were further supported from previous reports of Si deposition in moss fossils estimated to be from around the Ordovician era. The taxonomical distribution provided in the present study will be helpful for several other disciplines, such as palaeoecology and geology, that define the biogeochemical cycling of Si. In addition to the prediction of Si uptake potential of plant species based on sequence information and taxonomical positioning, the evolutionary path of the Si uptake mechanism described here will be helpful to understand the Si environment over the different eras of land plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Deshmukh
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Humira Sonah
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Richard R Belanger
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Noronha H, Silva A, Mitani-Ueno N, Conde C, Sabir F, Prista C, Soveral G, Isenring P, Ma JF, Bélanger RR, Gerós H. The grapevine NIP2;1 aquaporin is a silicon channel. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6789-6798. [PMID: 32584998 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) supplementation has been shown to improve plant tolerance to different stresses, and its accumulation in the aerial organs is mediated by NIP2;1 aquaporins (Lsi channels) and Lsi2-type exporters in roots. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that grapevine expresses a functional NIP2;1 that accounts for root Si uptake and, eventually, Si accumulation in leaves. Own-rooted grapevine cuttings of the cultivar Vinhão accumulated >0.2% Si (DW) in leaves when irrigated with 1.5 mM Si for 1 month, while Si was undetected in control leaves. Real-time PCR showed that VvNIP2;1 was highly expressed in roots and in green berries. The transient transformation of tobacco leaf epidermal cells mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens confirmed VvNIP2;1 localization at the plasma membrane. Transport experiments in oocytes showed that VvNIP2;1 mediates Si and arsenite uptake, whereas permeability studies revealed that VvNIP2;1 expressed in yeast is unable to transport water and glycerol. Si supplementation to pigmented grape cultured cells (cv. Gamay Freáux) had no impact on the total phenolic and anthocyanin content, or on the growth rate and VvNIP2;1 expression. Long-term experiments should help determine the extent of Si uptake over time and whether grapevine can benefit from Si fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Noronha
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Angélica Silva
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Namiki Mitani-Ueno
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Carlos Conde
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Farzana Sabir
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, and DRAT, Departamento de Recursos Biológicos, Ambiente e Território, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Prista
- LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, and DRAT, Departamento de Recursos Biológicos, Ambiente e Território, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Graça Soveral
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paul Isenring
- Nephrology Group, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Institution, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Richard R Bélanger
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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23
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Gómez-Merino FC, Trejo-Téllez LI, García-Jiménez A, Escobar-Sepúlveda HF, Ramírez-Olvera SM. Silicon flow from root to shoot in pepper: a comprehensive in silico analysis reveals a potential linkage between gene expression and hormone signaling that stimulates plant growth and metabolism. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10053. [PMID: 33194376 PMCID: PMC7648454 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Silicon (Si) is categorized as a quasi-essential element for plants thanks to the benefits on growth, development and metabolism in a hormetic manner. Si uptake is cooperatively mediated by Lsi1 and Lsi2. Nevertheless, Lsi channels have not yet been identified and characterized in pepper (Capsicum annuum), while genes involved in major physiological processes in pepper are Si-regulated. Furthermore, Si and phytohormones may act together in regulating plant growth, metabolism and tolerance against stress. Our aim was to identify potential synergies between Si and phytohormones stimulating growth and metabolism in pepper, based on in silico data. Methods We established a hydroponic system to test the effect of Si (0, 60, 125 and 250 mg L−1 Si) on the concentrations of this element in different pepper plant tissues. We also performed an in silico analysis of putative Lsi genes from pepper and other species, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), potato (Solanum tuberosum) and Arabidopsis thaliana, to look for cis-acting elements responsive to phytohormones in their promoter regions. With the Lsi1 and Lsi2 protein sequences from various plant species, we performed a phylogenetic analysis. Taking into consideration the Lsi genes retrieved from tomato, potato and Arabidopsis, an expression profiling analysis in different plant tissues was carried out. Expression of Si-regulated genes was also analyzed in response to phytohormones and different plant tissues and developmental stages in Arabidopsis. Results Si concentrations in plant tissues exhibited the following gradient: roots > stems > leaves. We were able to identify 16 Lsi1 and three Lsi2 genes in silico in the pepper genome, while putative Lsi homologs were also found in other plant species. They were mainly expressed in root tissues in the genomes analyzed. Both Lsi and Si-regulated genes displayed cis-acting elements responsive to diverse phytohormones. In Arabidopsis, Si-regulated genes were transcriptionally active in most tissues analyzed, though at different expressed levels. From the set of Si-responsive genes, the NOCS2 gene was highly expressed in germinated seeds, whereas RABH1B, and RBCS-1A, were moderately expressed in developed flowers. All genes analyzed showed responsiveness to phytohormones and phytohormone precursors. Conclusion Pepper root cells are capable of absorbing Si, but small amounts of this element are transported to the upper parts of the plant. We could identify putative Si influx (Lsi1) and efflux (Lsi2) channels that potentially participate in the absorption and transport of Si, since they are mainly expressed in roots. Both Lsi and Si-regulated genes exhibit cis-regulatory elements in their promoter regions, which are involved in phytohormone responses, pointing to a potential connection among Si, phytohormones, plant growth, and other vital physiological processes triggered by Si in pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Carlos Gómez-Merino
- Department of Soil Science, Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, College of Postgraduates in Agricultural Sciences, Texcoco, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Libia Iris Trejo-Téllez
- Department of Soil Science, Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, College of Postgraduates in Agricultural Sciences, Texcoco, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Atonaltzin García-Jiménez
- Department of Plant Physiology, College of Postgraduates in Agricultural Sciences, Texcoco, State of Mexico, Mexico
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Trejo-Téllez LI, García-Jiménez A, Escobar-Sepúlveda HF, Ramírez-Olvera SM, Bello-Bello JJ, Gómez-Merino FC. Silicon induces hormetic dose-response effects on growth and concentrations of chlorophylls, amino acids and sugars in pepper plants during the early developmental stage. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9224. [PMID: 32551195 PMCID: PMC7292026 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Silicon (Si) is a beneficial element that has been proven to influence plant responses including growth, development and metabolism in a hormetic manner. Methods In the present study, we evaluated the effect of Si on the growth and concentrations of chlorophylls, total amino acids, and total sugars of pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) during the early developmental stage in a hydroponic system under conventional (unstressed) conditions. We tested four Si concentrations (applied as calcium silicate): 0, 60, 125 and 250 mg L-1, and growth variables were measured 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment (dat), while biochemical variables were recorded at the end of the experiment, 28 dat. Results The application of 125 mg L-1 Si improved leaf area, fresh and dry biomass weight in leaves and stems, total soluble sugars, and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b in both leaves and stems. The amino acids concentration in leaves and roots, as well as the stem diameter were the highest in plants treated with 60 mg L-1 Si. Nevertheless, Si applications reduced root length, stem diameter and total free amino acids in leaves and stems, especially when applied at the highest concentration (i.e., 250 mg L-1 Si). Conclusion The application of Si has positive effects on pepper plants during the early developmental stage, including stimulation of growth, as well as increased concentrations of chlorophylls, total free amino acids and total soluble sugars. In general, most benefits from Si applications were observed in the range of 60-125 mg L-1 Si, while some negative effects were observed at the highest concentration applied (i.e., 250 mg L-1 Si). Therefore, pepper is a good candidate crop to benefit from Si application during the early developmental stage under unstressed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libia Iris Trejo-Téllez
- Department of Soil Science. Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, College of Postgraduates in Agricultural Sciences Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Atonaltzin García-Jiménez
- Department of Plant Physiology, College of Postgraduates in Agricultural Sciences Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Sara Monzerrat Ramírez-Olvera
- Department of Plant Physiology, College of Postgraduates in Agricultural Sciences Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jericó Jabín Bello-Bello
- Department of Biotechnology, CONACYT-College of Postgraduates in Agricultural Sciences Campus Córdoba, Amatlán de los Reyes, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Fernando Carlos Gómez-Merino
- Department of Soil Science. Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, College of Postgraduates in Agricultural Sciences Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, State of Mexico, Mexico
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Bokor B, Soukup M, Vaculík M, Vd’ačný P, Weidinger M, Lichtscheidl I, Vávrová S, Šoltys K, Sonah H, Deshmukh R, Bélanger RR, White PJ, El-Serehy HA, Lux A. Silicon Uptake and Localisation in Date Palm ( Phoenix dactylifera) - A Unique Association With Sclerenchyma. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:988. [PMID: 31456812 PMCID: PMC6701203 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) can accumulate as much as 1% silicon (Si), but not much is known about the mechanisms inherent to this process. Here, we investigated in detail the uptake, accumulation and distribution of Si in date palms, and the phylogeny of Si transporter genes in plants. We characterized the PdNIP2 transporter following heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes and used qPCR to determine the relative expression of Si transporter genes. Silicon accumulation and distribution was investigated by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray microanalysis and Raman microspectroscopy. We proved that PdNIP2-1 codes for a functional Si-permeable protein and demonstrated that PdNIP2 transporter genes were constitutively expressed in date palm. Silicon aggregates/phytoliths were found in specific stegmata cells present in roots, stems and leaves and their surfaces were composed of pure silica. Stegmata were organized on the outer surface of the sclerenchyma bundles or associated with the sclerenchyma of the vascular bundles. Phylogenetic analysis clustered NIP2 transporters of the Arecaceae in a sister position to those of the Poaceae. It is suggested, that Si uptake in date palm is mediated by a constitutively expressed Si influx transporter and accumulated as Si aggregates in stegmata cells abundant in the outer surface of the sclerenchyma bundles (fibers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Bokor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Comenius University Science Park, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milan Soukup
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marek Vaculík
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Vd’ačný
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marieluise Weidinger
- Core Facility of Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Lichtscheidl
- Core Facility of Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Vávrová
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Šoltys
- Comenius University Science Park, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Humira Sonah
- Department of Plant Science, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- Department of Plant Science, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Philip J. White
- The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed A. El-Serehy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexander Lux
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Comenius University Science Park, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Silicon Improves the Production of High Antioxidant or Structural Phenolic Compounds in Barley Cultivars under Aluminum Stress. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9070388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is one of the main growth and yield limiting factors for barley grown on acid soils. Silicon (Si) ameliorates Al toxicity as well as it promotes the phenolic compounds production that have antioxidant or structural role. We evaluated the time-dependent kinetics of Al and Si uptake and the impact of Si on the production of antioxidant- or structural- phenols in barley cultivars at the short-term. Two barley cultivars with contrasting Al tolerance (Hordeum vulgare ‘Sebastian’, Al tolerant; and H. vulgare ‘Scarlett’, Al sensitive), exposed to either −Al (0 mM) or +Al (0.2 mM) nutrient solutions without Si (−Si) or with 2 mM (+Si) were cultured for 48 h. Aluminum and Si concentration decreased in plants at all harvest times when Al and Si were simultaneously supplied; this effect was more noticeable in ‘Scarlett’. Nevertheless, Si influenced the antioxidant system of barley irrespective of the Al tolerance of the cultivar, decreasing oxidative damage and enhancing radical scavenging activity, the production of phenolic compounds, and lignin accumulation in barley with short-term exposure to Al.
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Hu J, Cai X, Jeong BR. Silicon Affects Root Development, Tissue Mineral Content, and Expression of Silicon Transporter Genes in Poinsettia ( Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) Cultivars. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8060180. [PMID: 31213031 PMCID: PMC6630514 DOI: 10.3390/plants8060180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The effects of silicon (Si) on root development, mineral content, and expression of Si transporter genes in Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ‘Flame’, ‘Mable Bell’, ‘Green Star’, ‘Pink Bell’, and ‘Peach Bowl’ cultivars were investigated in this study. Stem cuttings in a propagation bench were drenched regularly with a solution containing either 0 (control) or 50 ppm of silicon (Si treatment) from potassium silicate (K2SiO3), with a 25 °C mean air temperature and 80% relative humidity (RH) under 70% shading. The results showed that the ‘Flame’ treated with Si had a significantly higher survival ratio as compared with that of the control (P ≤ 0.05) and that the Si treatment improved number of roots, length of longest root, fresh root weight, and dry root weight in all cultivars except ‘Mable Bell’. Supplementary Si increased the content of magnesium (Mg) and decreased the content of boron (B) and zinc (Zn) in the roots. The content of sulfur (S) in the shoots was increased by supplementary Si. The relative expression of Lsi1 and Lsi2 was higher in ‘Peach Bowl’, while it was lower in ‘Mable Bell’ and ‘Green Star’, which may be caused by the differing accumulation of Si in the shoot. Overall, supplementary Si had beneficial effects during cutting propagation of poinsettia cultivars, although these effects were cultivar-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Hu
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Xuan Cai
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Byoung Ryong Jeong
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
- Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
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Bhat JA, Shivaraj SM, Singh P, Navadagi DB, Tripathi DK, Dash PK, Solanke AU, Sonah H, Deshmukh R. Role of Silicon in Mitigation of Heavy Metal Stresses in Crop Plants. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8030071. [PMID: 30901942 PMCID: PMC6473438 DOI: 10.3390/plants8030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, heavy metal contamination in soil and water has increased due to anthropogenic activities. The higher exposure of crop plants to heavy metal stress reduces growth and yield, and affect the sustainability of agricultural production. In this regard, the use of silicon (Si) supplementation offers a promising prospect since numerous studies have reported the beneficial role of Si in mitigating stresses imposed by biotic as well as abiotic factors including heavy metal stress. The fundamental mechanisms involved in the Si-mediated heavy metal stress tolerance include reduction of metal ions in soil substrate, co-precipitation of toxic metals, metal-transport related gene regulation, chelation, stimulation of antioxidants, compartmentation of metal ions, and structural alterations in plants. Exogenous application of Si has been well documented to increase heavy metal tolerance in numerous plant species. The beneficial effects of Si are particularly evident in plants able to accumulate high levels of Si. Consequently, to enhance metal tolerance in plants, the inherent genetic potential for Si uptake should be improved. In the present review, we have discussed the potential role and mechanisms involved in the Si-mediated alleviation of metal toxicity as well as different approaches for enhancing Si-derived benefits in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javaid Akhter Bhat
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - S M Shivaraj
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Pritam Singh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140306, India.
| | - Devanna B Navadagi
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India.
| | - Prasanta K Dash
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | | | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140306, India.
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140306, India.
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Silicon and the Association with an Arbuscular-Mycorrhizal Fungus (Rhizophagus clarus) Mitigate the Adverse Effects of Drought Stress on Strawberry. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is a beneficial element that alleviates the effects of stress factors including drought (D). Strawberry is a Si-accumulator species sensitive to D; however, the function of Si in this species is obscure. This study was conducted to examine the effect of Si and inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) on physiological and biochemical responses of strawberry plants under D. Plants were grown for six weeks in perlite and irrigated with a nutrient solution. The effect of Si (3 mmol L‒1), AMF (Rhizophagus clarus) and D (mild and severe D) was studied on growth, water relations, mycorrhization, antioxidative defense, osmolytes concentration, and micronutrients status. Si and AMF significantly enhanced plant biomass production by increasing photosynthesis rate, water content and use efficiency, antioxidant enzyme defense, and the nutritional status of particularly Zn. In contrast to the roots, osmotic adjustment did not contribute to the increase of leaf water content suggesting a different strategy of both Si and AMF for improving water status in the leaves and roots. Our results demonstrated a synergistic effect of AMF and Si on improving the growth of strawberry not only under D but also under control conditions.
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Coskun D, Deshmukh R, Sonah H, Menzies JG, Reynolds O, Ma JF, Kronzucker HJ, Bélanger RR. The controversies of silicon's role in plant biology. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:67-85. [PMID: 30007071 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 67 I. Introduction 68 II. Silicon transport in plants: to absorb or not to absorb 69 III. The role of silicon in plants: not just a matter of semantics 71 IV. Silicon and biotic stress: beyond mechanical barriers and defense priming 76 V. Silicon and abiotic stress: a proliferation of proposed mechanisms 78 VI. The apoplastic obstruction hypothesis: a working model 79 VII. Perspectives and conclusions 80 Acknowledgements 81 References 81 SUMMARY: Silicon (Si) is not classified as an essential plant nutrient, and yet numerous reports have shown its beneficial effects in a variety of species and environmental circumstances. This has created much confusion in the scientific community with respect to its biological roles. Here, we link molecular and phenotypic data to better classify Si transport, and critically summarize the current state of understanding of the roles of Si in higher plants. We argue that much of the empirical evidence, in particular that derived from recent functional genomics, is at odds with many of the mechanistic assertions surrounding Si's role. In essence, these data do not support reports that Si affects a wide range of molecular-genetic, biochemical and physiological processes. A major reinterpretation of Si's role is therefore needed, which is critical to guide future studies and inform agricultural practice. We propose a working model, which we term the 'apoplastic obstruction hypothesis', which attempts to unify the various observations on Si's beneficial influences on plant growth and yield. This model argues for a fundamental role of Si as an extracellular prophylactic agent against biotic and abiotic stresses (as opposed to an active cellular agent), with important cascading effects on plant form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Coskun
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Humira Sonah
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - James G Menzies
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Olivia Reynolds
- Biosecurity and Food Safety, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Richard R Bélanger
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Shivaraj SM, Deshmukh R, Bhat JA, Sonah H, Bélanger RR. Understanding Aquaporin Transport System in Eelgrass ( Zostera marina L.), an Aquatic Plant Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1334. [PMID: 28824671 PMCID: PMC5541012 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a class of integral membrane proteins involved in the transport of water and many other small solutes. The AQPs have been extensively studied in many land species obtaining water and nutrients from the soil, but their distribution and evolution have never been investigated in aquatic plant species, where solute assimilation is mostly through the leaves. In this regard, identification of AQPs in the genome of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass), an aquatic ecological model species could reveal important differences underlying solute uptake between land and aquatic species. In the present study, genome-wide analysis led to the identification of 25 AQPs belonging to four subfamilies, plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs), tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs), nodulin 26-like intrinsic proteins (NIPs), small basic intrinsic proteins (SIPs) in eelgrass. As in other monocots, the XIP subfamily was found to be absent from the eelgrass genome. Further classification of subfamilies revealed a unique distribution pattern, namely the loss of the NIP2 (NIP-III) subgroup, which is known for silicon (Si) transport activity and ubiquitously present in monocot species. This finding has great importance, since the eelgrass population stability in natural niche is reported to be associated with Si concentrations in water. In addition, analysis of available RNA-seq data showed evidence of expression in 24 out of the 25 AQPs across four different tissues such as root, vegetative tissue, male flower and female flower. In contrast to land plants, higher expression of PIPs was observed in shoot compared to root tissues. This is likely explained by the unique plant architecture of eelgrass where most of the nutrients and water are absorbed by shoot rather than root tissues. Similarly, higher expression of the TIP1 and TIP5 families was observed specifically in male flowers suggesting a role in pollen maturation. This genome-wide analysis of AQP distribution, evolution and expression dynamics can find relevance in understanding the adaptation of aquatic and land species to their respective environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Shivaraj
- National Research Centre on Plant BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- Département de Phytologie–Faculté des Sciences de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation, Université Laval, QuébecQC, Canada
| | - Javaid A. Bhat
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, The Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Humira Sonah
- Département de Phytologie–Faculté des Sciences de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation, Université Laval, QuébecQC, Canada
| | - Richard R. Bélanger
- Département de Phytologie–Faculté des Sciences de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation, Université Laval, QuébecQC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Richard R. Bélanger,
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