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Sáiz-Bonilla M, Martín-Merchán A, Pallás V, Navarro JA. A viral protein targets mitochondria and chloroplasts by subverting general import pathways and specific receptors. J Virol 2023; 97:e0112423. [PMID: 37792002 PMCID: PMC10617419 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01124-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Many plant proteins and some proteins from plant pathogens are dually targeted to chloroplasts and mitochondria, and are supposed to be transported along the general pathways for organellar protein import, but this issue has not been explored yet. Moreover, organellar translocon receptors exist as families of several members whose functional specialization in different cargos is supposed but not thoroughly studied. This article provides novel insights into such topics showing for the first time that an exogenous protein, the melon necrotic spot virus coat protein, exploits the common Toc/Tom import systems to enter both mitochondria and chloroplasts while identifying the involved specific receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sáiz-Bonilla
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular and Evolutionary Plant Virology, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Martín-Merchán
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular and Evolutionary Plant Virology, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Pallás
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular and Evolutionary Plant Virology, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Navarro
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular and Evolutionary Plant Virology, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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2
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Yang F, Zhang X, Xue H, Tian T, Tong H, Hu J, Zhang R, Tang J, Su Q. (Z)-3-hexenol primes callose deposition against whitefly-mediated begomovirus infection in tomato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:694-708. [PMID: 36086899 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapid callose accumulation has been shown to mediate defense in certain plant-virus interactions. Exposure to the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenol (Z-3-HOL) can prime tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) for an enhanced defense against subsequent infection by whitefly-transmitted Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). However, the molecular mechanisms affecting Z-3-HOL-induced resistance are poorly understood. Here, we explored the mechanisms underlying Z-3-HOL-induced resistance against whitefly-transmitted TYLCV infection and the role of callose accumulation during this process. Tomato plants pre-treated with Z-3-HOL displayed callose priming upon whitefly infestation. The callose inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose abolished Z-3-HOL-induced resistance, confirming the importance of callose in this induced resistance. We also found that Z-3-HOL pre-treatment enhanced salicylic acid levels and activated sugar signaling in tomato upon whitefly infestation, which increased the expression of the cell wall invertase gene Lin6 to trigger augmented callose deposition against TYLCV infection resulting from whitefly transmission. Using virus-induced gene silencing, we demonstrated the Lin6 expression is relevant for sugar accumulation mediated callose priming in restricting whitefly-transmitted TYLCV infection in plants that have been pre-treated with Z-3-HOL. Moreover, Lin6 induced the expression of the callose synthase gene Cals12, which is also required for Z-3-HOL-induced resistance of tomato against whitefly-transmitted TYLCV infection. These findings highlight the importance of sugar signaling in the priming of callose as a defense mechanism in Z-3-HOL-induced resistance of tomato against whitefly-transmitted TYLCV infection. The results will also increase our understanding of defense priming can be useful for the biological control of viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbo Yang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Hu Xue
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Hong Tong
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Jinyu Hu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Juan Tang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Qi Su
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
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3
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More P, Agarwal P, Agarwal PK. The Jatropha leaf curl Gujarat virus on infection in Jatropha regulates the sugar and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolic pathways. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:275. [PMID: 36110567 PMCID: PMC9468196 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Jatropha, a popular biodiesel crop, suffers severe losses due to Jatropha leaf curl Gujarat virus (JLCuGV) infection in Gujarat (India). Metabolite profiling can help to understand the plant's innate immune response to geminivirus infection. Our study aims to compare metabolic profiles of an infected and healthy plant to unravel the changes in biochemical pathways on geminivirus infection in Jatropha. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed in healthy and infected tissue of Jatropha field plants which were identified to be infected with geminivirus. GC-MS analysis revealed that the metabolites like sugars, polyols, carboxylic acids, fatty acids, polyphenols, and amino acids were regulated on JLCuGV infection. The sugars (glucose, sucrose, and fructose) increased, while carboxylic acids (malic acid, citric acid and quinic acid) and polyols (galactinol, butanetriol, triethylene glycol, myo-inositol, erythritol) decreased remarkably in infected Jatropha tissue. All these metabolic variations indicated that sugar metabolism and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle pathways are regulated as a defense response and a disease development response to geminivirus infection in Jatropha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant More
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364 002 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Parinita Agarwal
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364 002 India
| | - Pradeep K. Agarwal
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364 002 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
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Welker S, Pierre M, Santiago JP, Dutt M, Vincent C, Levy A. Phloem transport limitation in Huanglongbing-affected sweet orange is dependent on phloem-limited bacteria and callose. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:379-390. [PMID: 34617106 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), caused by Candidatus `Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas), is a phloem-limited disease that disrupts citrus production in affected areas. In HLB-affected plants, phloem sieve plate pores accumulate callose, and leaf carbohydrate export is reduced. However, whether HLB causes a reduction in carbohydrate phloem translocation speed and the quantitative relationships among callose, CLas population and phloem translocation are still unknown. In this work, a procedure was developed to concurrently measure sugar transport, callose deposition and relative pathogen population at different locations throughout the stem. Increasing quantities of CLas genetic material were positively correlated with quantity and density of callose deposits and negatively correlated with phloem translocation speed. Callose deposit quantity was position and rootstock dependent and was negatively correlated with phloem translocation speed, suggesting a localized relationship. Remarkably, callose accumulation and phloem translocation disruption in the scion were dependent on rootstock genotype. Regression results suggested that the interaction of Ct values and number of phloem callose depositions, but not their size or density, explained the effects on translocation speed. Sucrose, starch and sink 14C label allocation data support the interpretation of a transport pathway limitation by CLas infection. This work shows that the interaction of local accumulation of callose and CLas affects phloem transport. Furthermore, the extent of this accumulation is attenuated by the rootstock and provides important information about the disease mechanism of phloem-inhabiting bacteria. Together, these results constitute the first example of a demonstrated transport limitation of phloem function by a microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Welker
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Myrtho Pierre
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - James P Santiago
- Plant Resilience Institute and MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Manjul Dutt
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
- Department of Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christopher Vincent
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
- Department of Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Amit Levy
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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5
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Soudani S, Poza-Carrión C, De la Cruz Gómez N, González-Coloma A, Andrés MF, Berrocal-Lobo M. Essential Oils Prime Epigenetic and Metabolomic Changes in Tomato Defense Against Fusarium oxysporum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:804104. [PMID: 35422834 PMCID: PMC9002333 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.804104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we studied the direct and indirect plant protection effects of an Artemisia absinthium essential oil (AEO) on tomato seedlings against Fusarium oxysporum sp. oxysporum radicis lycopersici (Fol). AEO exhibited a toxic effect in vitro against Fol. Additionally, tomato seedlings germinated from seeds pretreated with AEO and grown hydroponically were protected against Fol. Plant disease symptoms, including, water and fresh weight loss, tissue necrosis, and chlorosis were less pronounced in AEO-treated seedlings. AEO also contributed to plant defenses by increasing callose deposition and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on seed surfaces without affecting seed germination or plant development. The essential oil seed coating also primed a durable tomato seedling defense against the fungus at later stages of plant development. RNA-seq and metabolomic analysis performed on seedlings after 12 days showed that the AEO treatment on seeds induced transcriptomic and metabolic changes. The metabolomic analysis showed an induction of vanillic acid, coumarin, lycopene, oleamide, and an unknown metabolite of m/z 529 in the presence of Fol. The StNRPD2 gene, the second largest component of RNA polymerases IV and V directly involved in de novo cytosine methylation by RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM), was highly induced in the presence of AEO. The host methionine cycle (MTC) controlling trans-methylation reactions, was also altered by AEO through the high induction of S-adenosyl methionine transferases (SAMts). Our results suggest that AEO treatment could induce de novo epigenetic changes in tomato, modulating the speed and extent of its immune response to Fol. The EO-seed coating could be a new strategy to prime durable tomato resistance, compatible with other environmentally friendly biopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serine Soudani
- Department of Systems and Natural Resources, School of Forestry Engineering and Natural Environment, Polytechnical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - César Poza-Carrión
- Department of Systems and Natural Resources, School of Forestry Engineering and Natural Environment, Polytechnical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia De la Cruz Gómez
- Department of Systems and Natural Resources, School of Forestry Engineering and Natural Environment, Polytechnical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Azucena González-Coloma
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fé Andrés
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Berrocal-Lobo
- Department of Systems and Natural Resources, School of Forestry Engineering and Natural Environment, Polytechnical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta Berrocal-Lobo,
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Zubair M, Farzand A, Mumtaz F, Khan AR, Sheikh TMM, Haider MS, Yu C, Wang Y, Ayaz M, Gu Q, Gao X, Wu H. Novel Genetic Dysregulations and Oxidative Damage in Fusarium graminearum Induced by Plant Defense Eliciting Psychrophilic Bacillus atrophaeus TS1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212094. [PMID: 34829976 PMCID: PMC8622878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study elaborates inter-kingdom signaling mechanisms, presenting a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to combat biotic as well as abiotic stress in wheat. Fusarium graminearum is a devastating pathogen causing head and seedling blight in wheat, leading to huge yield and economic losses. Psychrophilic Bacillus atrophaeus strain TS1 was found as a potential biocontrol agent for suppression of F. graminearum under low temperature by carrying out extensive biochemical and molecular studies in comparison with a temperate biocontrol model strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 at 15 and 25 °C. TS1 was able to produce hydrolytic extracellular enzymes as well as antimicrobial lipopeptides, i.e., surfactin, bacillomycin, and fengycin, efficiently at low temperatures. The Bacillus strain-induced oxidative cellular damage, ultrastructural deformities, and novel genetic dysregulations in the fungal pathogen as the bacterial treatment at low temperature were able to downregulate the expression of newly predicted novel fungal genes potentially belonging to necrosis inducing protein families (fgHCE and fgNPP1). The wheat pot experiments conducted at 15 and 25 °C revealed the potential of TS1 to elicit sudden induction of plant defense, namely, H2O2 and callose enhanced activity of plant defense-related enzymes and induced over-expression of defense-related genes which accumulatively lead to the suppression of F. graminearum and decreased diseased leaf area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Z.); (A.F.); (A.R.K.); (T.M.M.S.); (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (M.A.); (Q.G.); (X.G.)
| | - Ayaz Farzand
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Z.); (A.F.); (A.R.K.); (T.M.M.S.); (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (M.A.); (Q.G.); (X.G.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Mumtaz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran 13145-784, Iran;
| | - Abdur Rashid Khan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Z.); (A.F.); (A.R.K.); (T.M.M.S.); (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (M.A.); (Q.G.); (X.G.)
| | - Taha Majid Mahmood Sheikh
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Z.); (A.F.); (A.R.K.); (T.M.M.S.); (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (M.A.); (Q.G.); (X.G.)
| | | | - Chenjie Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Z.); (A.F.); (A.R.K.); (T.M.M.S.); (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (M.A.); (Q.G.); (X.G.)
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Z.); (A.F.); (A.R.K.); (T.M.M.S.); (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (M.A.); (Q.G.); (X.G.)
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Z.); (A.F.); (A.R.K.); (T.M.M.S.); (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (M.A.); (Q.G.); (X.G.)
| | - Qin Gu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Z.); (A.F.); (A.R.K.); (T.M.M.S.); (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (M.A.); (Q.G.); (X.G.)
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Z.); (A.F.); (A.R.K.); (T.M.M.S.); (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (M.A.); (Q.G.); (X.G.)
| | - Huijun Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.Z.); (A.F.); (A.R.K.); (T.M.M.S.); (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (M.A.); (Q.G.); (X.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-25-84395268
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Paediatric Antimicrobial Stewardship for Respiratory Infections in the Emergency Setting: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111366. [PMID: 34827304 PMCID: PMC8615165 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance occurs due to the propensity of microbial pathogens to develop resistance to antibiotics over time. Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) have been developed in response to this growing crisis, to limit unnecessary antibiotic prescription through initiatives such as education-based seminars, prescribing guidelines, and rapid respiratory pathogen (RRP) testing. Paediatric patients who present to the emergency setting with respiratory symptoms are a particularly high-risk population susceptible to inappropriate antibiotic prescribing behaviours and are therefore an ideal cohort for focused ASPs. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy and safety of ASPs in this clinical context. A systematic search of PubMed, Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was conducted to review the current evidence. Thirteen studies were included in the review and these studies assessed a range of stewardship interventions and outcome measures. Overall, ASPs reduced the rates of antibiotic prescription, increased the prescription of narrow-spectrum antibiotics, and shortened the duration of antibiotic therapy. Multimodal interventions that were education-based and those that used RRP testing were found to be the most effective. Whilst we found strong evidence that ASPs are effective in reducing antibiotic prescribing, further studies are required to assess whether they translate to equivalent clinical outcomes.
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Navarro JA, Saiz-Bonilla M, Sanchez-Navarro JA, Pallas V. The mitochondrial and chloroplast dual targeting of a multifunctional plant viral protein modulates chloroplast-to-nucleus communication, RNA silencing suppressor activity, encapsidation, pathogenesis and tissue tropism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:197-218. [PMID: 34309112 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense against melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) is triggered by the viral auxiliary replicase p29 that is targeted to mitochondrial membranes causing morphological alterations, oxidative burst and necrosis. Here we show that MNSV coat protein (CP) was also targeted to mitochondria and mitochondrial-derived replication complexes [viral replication factories or complex (VRC)], in close association with p29, in addition to chloroplasts. CP import resulted in the cleavage of the R/arm domain previously implicated in genome binding during encapsidation and RNA silencing suppression (RSS). We also show that CP organelle import inhibition enhanced RSS activity, CP accumulation and VRC biogenesis but resulted in inhibition of systemic spreading, indicating that MNSV whole-plant infection requires CP organelle import. We hypothesize that to alleviate the p29 impact on host physiology, MNSV could moderate its replication and p29 accumulation by regulating CP RSS activity through organelle targeting and, consequently, eluding early-triggered antiviral response. Cellular and molecular events also suggested that S/P domains, which correspond to processed CP in chloroplast stroma or mitochondrion matrix, could mitigate host response inhibiting p29-induced necrosis. S/P deletion mainly resulted in a precarious balance between defense and counter-defense responses, generating either cytopathic alterations and MNSV cell-to-cell movement restriction or some degree of local movement. In addition, local necrosis and defense responses were dampened when RSS activity but not S/P organelle targeting was affected. Based on a robust biochemical and cellular analysis, we established that the mitochondrial and chloroplast dual targeting of MNSV CP profoundly impacts the viral infection cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Navarro
- Department of Molecular and Evolutionary Plant Virology, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Av. Ingeniero Fausto Elio, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Maria Saiz-Bonilla
- Department of Molecular and Evolutionary Plant Virology, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Av. Ingeniero Fausto Elio, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Jesus A Sanchez-Navarro
- Department of Molecular and Evolutionary Plant Virology, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Av. Ingeniero Fausto Elio, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Vicente Pallas
- Department of Molecular and Evolutionary Plant Virology, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Av. Ingeniero Fausto Elio, Valencia, 46022, Spain
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9
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Anderson AJ, Kim YC. The Plant-Stress Metabolites, Hexanoic Aacid and Melatonin, Are Potential "Vaccines" for Plant Health Promotion. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 37:415-427. [PMID: 34847628 PMCID: PMC8632612 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.01.2021.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of compounds stimulate protective mechanisms in plants against microbial pathogens and abiotic stresses. Some defense activators are synthetic compounds and trigger responses only in certain protective pathways, such as activation of defenses under regulation by the plant regulator, salicylic acid (SA). This review discusses the potential of naturally occurring plant metabolites as primers for defense responses in the plant. The production of the metabolites, hexanoic acid and melatonin, in plants means they are consumed when plants are eaten as foods. Both metabolites prime stronger and more rapid activation of plant defense upon subsequent stress. Because these metabolites trigger protective measures in the plant they can be considered as "vaccines" to promote plant vigor. Hexanoic acid and melatonin instigate systemic changes in plant metabolism associated with both of the major defense pathways, those regulated by SA- and jasmonic acid (JA). These two pathways are well studied because of their induction by different microbial triggers: necrosis-causing microbial pathogens induce the SA pathway whereas colonization by beneficial microbes stimulates the JA pathway. The plant's responses to the two metabolites, however, are not identical with a major difference being a characterized growth response with melatonin but not hexanoic acid. As primers for plant defense, hexanoic acid and melatonin have the potential to be successfully integrated into vaccination-like strategies to protect plants against diseases and abiotic stresses that do not involve man-made chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J. Anderson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Young Cheol Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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10
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Physcomitrium patens Infection by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides: Understanding the Fungal-Bryophyte Interaction by Microscopy, Phenomics and RNA Sequencing. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080677. [PMID: 34436216 PMCID: PMC8401727 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by the hemibiotroph fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a devastating plant disease with an extensive impact on plant productivity. The process of colonization and disease progression of C. gloeosporioides has been studied in a number of angiosperm crops. To better understand the evolution of the plant response to pathogens, the study of this complex interaction has been extended to bryophytes. The model moss Physcomitrium patens Hedw. B&S (former Physcomitrella patens) is sensitive to known bacterial and fungal phytopathogens, including C. gloeosporioides, which cause infection and cell death. P. patens responses to these microorganisms resemble that of the angiosperms. However, the molecular events during the interaction of P. patens and C. gloeosporioides have not been explored. In this work, we present a comprehensive approach using microscopy, phenomics and RNA-seq analysis to explore the defense response of P. patens to C. gloeosporioides. Microscopy analysis showed that appressoria are already formed at 24 h after inoculation (hai) and tissue colonization and cell death occur at 24 hai and is massive at 48 hai. Consequently, the phenomics analysis showed progressing browning of moss tissues and impaired photosynthesis from 24 to 48 hai. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that more than 1200 P. patens genes were differentially expressed in response to Colletotrichum infection. The analysis of differentially expressed gene function showed that the C. gloeosporioides infection led to a transcription reprogramming in P. patens that upregulated the genes related to pathogen recognition, secondary metabolism, cell wall reinforcement and regulation of gene expression. In accordance with the observed phenomics results, some photosynthesis and chloroplast-related genes were repressed, indicating that, under attack, P. patens changes its transcription from primary metabolism to defend itself from the pathogen.
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De Vega D, Holden N, Hedley PE, Morris J, Luna E, Newton A. Chitosan primes plant defence mechanisms against Botrytis cinerea, including expression of Avr9/Cf-9 rapidly elicited genes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:290-303. [PMID: 33094513 PMCID: PMC7821246 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Current crop protection strategies against the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea rely on a combination of conventional fungicides and host genetic resistance. However, due to pathogen evolution and legislation in the use of fungicides, these strategies are not sufficient to protect plants against this pathogen. Defence elicitors can stimulate plant defence mechanisms through a phenomenon known as defence priming. Priming results in a faster and/or stronger expression of resistance upon pathogen recognition by the host. This work aims to study defence priming by a commercial formulation of the elicitor chitosan. Treatments with chitosan result in induced resistance (IR) in solanaceous and brassicaceous plants. In tomato plants, enhanced resistance has been linked with priming of callose deposition and accumulation of the plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA). Large-scale transcriptomic analysis revealed that chitosan primes gene expression at early time-points after infection. In addition, two novel tomato genes with a characteristic priming profile were identified, Avr9/Cf-9 rapidly elicited protein 75 (ACRE75) and 180 (ACRE180). Transient and stable over-expression of ACRE75, ACRE180 and their Nicotiana benthamiana homologs, revealed that they are positive regulators of plant resistance against B. cinerea. This provides valuable information in the search for strategies to protect Solanaceae plants against B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Holden
- The James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
- Scotland's Rural College, Aberdeen CampusAberdeenUK
| | | | | | - Estrella Luna
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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Shi F, Wang Y, Zhang F, Yuan X, Chen H, Chen X, Chen X, Cui X. Soybean Endo-1,3-Beta-Glucanase ( GmGLU) Interaction With Soybean mosaic virus-Encoded P3 Protein May Contribute to the Intercelluar Movement. Front Genet 2020; 11:536771. [PMID: 33101374 PMCID: PMC7522550 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.536771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), a member of the genus Potyvirus, is a prevalent and devastating viral pathogen in soybean-growing regions worldwide. Potyvirus-encoded P3 protein is reported to participate in virus replication, movements, and pathogenesis. This study provides evidence that the soybean (Glycine max) endo-1,3-beta-glucanase protein (designated as GmGLU) interacts with SMV-P3 by using a yeast two-hybrid system to screen a soybean cDNA library. A bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay further confirmed the interaction, which occurred on the cytomembrane in Nicotiana benthamiana cells. Subcellular localization experiment indicated that GmGLU localized in cytomembrane and could co-localized at PD with PD marker. The transient expression of GmGLU promoted the coupling of Turnip mosaic virus replication and cell-to-cell movement in N. benthamiana. Meanwhile, qRT-PCR experiment demonstrated that the expression of GmGLU which involved in callose regulation increased under SMV infection. Under SMV infection, callose deposition at PD was observed obviously by staining with aniline blue, which raise a physical barrier restricting cell-to-cell movement of SMV. When overexpression the GmGLU into the leaves under SMV infection, the callose induced by SMV was degraded. Coexpression the GmGLU and SMV in soybean leaves, callose was not found, whereas a large amount of callose deposition on soybean leaves which were only under SMV infection. The results show that GmGLU can degrade the callose induced by SMV infection and indicate that GmGLU may be an essential host factor involvement in potyvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Shi
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, China.,Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, China.,Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, China
| | - Huatao Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuehao Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Yang X, Lu Y, Wang F, Chen Y, Tian Y, Jiang L, Peng J, Zheng H, Lin L, Yan C, Taliansky M, MacFarlane S, Wu Y, Chen J, Yan F. Involvement of the chloroplast gene ferredoxin 1 in multiple responses of Nicotiana benthamiana to Potato virus X infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2142-2156. [PMID: 31872217 PMCID: PMC7094082 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast protein ferredoxin 1 (FD1), with roles in the chloroplast electron transport chain, is known to interact with the coat proteins (CPs) of Tomato mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus. However, our understanding of the roles of FD1 in virus infection remains limited. Here, we report that the Potato virus X (PVX) p25 protein interacts with FD1, whose mRNA and protein levels are reduced by PVX infection or by transient expression of p25. Silencing of FD1 by Tobacco rattle virus-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) promoted the local and systemic infection of plants by PVX. Use of a drop-and-see (DANS) assay and callose staining revealed that the permeability of plasmodesmata (PDs) was increased in FD1-silenced plants together with a consistently reduced level of PD callose deposition. After FD1 silencing, quantitative reverse transcription-real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis and LC-MS revealed these plants to have a low accumulation of the phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA), which contributed to the decreased callose deposition at PDs. Overexpression of FD1 in transgenic plants manifested resistance to PVX infection, but the contents of ABA and SA, and the PD callose deposition were not increased in transgenic plants. Overexpression of FD1 interfered with the RNA silencing suppressor function of p25. These results demonstrate that interfering with FD1 function causes abnormal plant hormone-mediated antiviral processes and thus enhances PVX infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanzhen Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chengqi Yan
- Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Michael Taliansky
- The James Hutton Institute, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stuart MacFarlane
- The James Hutton Institute, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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The Type III Accessory Protein HrpE of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Surpasses the Secretion Role, and Enhances Plant Resistance and Photosynthesis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110572. [PMID: 31752133 PMCID: PMC6921029 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species of plant-pathogenic gram-negative bacteria deploy the type III (T3) secretion system to secrete virulence components, which are mostly characteristic of protein effectors targeting the cytosol of the plant cell following secretion. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), a rice pathogen causing bacterial blight disease, uses the T3 accessory protein HrpE to assemble the pilus pathway, which in turn secretes transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors. The hrpE gene can execute extensive physiological and pathological functions beyond effector secretion. As evidenced in this study, when the hrpE gene was deleted from the Xoo genome, the bacteria incur seriouimpairments in multiplication, motility, and virulence. The virulence nullification is attributed to reduced secretion and translocation of PthXo1, which is a TAL effector that determines the bacterial virulence in the susceptible rice varieties. When the HrpE protein produced by prokaryotic expression is applied to plants, the recombinant protein is highly effective at inducing the defense response. Moreover, leaf photosynthesis efficiency is enhanced in HrpE-treated plants. These results provide experimental avenues to modulate the plant defense and growth tradeoff by manipulating a bacterial T3 accessory protein.
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Bernal-Vicente A, Cantabella D, Hernández JA, Diaz-Vivancos P. The effect of mandelonitrile, a recently described salicylic acid precursor, on peach plant response against abiotic and biotic stresses. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:986-994. [PMID: 30098127 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In a previous work, we observed that mandelonitrile (MD), which controls cyanogenic glycoside turnover, is involved in salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis in peach plants. In order to gain knowledge about the possible roles of this SA biosynthetic pathway, this current study looks at the effect of MD and phenylalanine (Phe; MD precursor) treatments on peach plant performance from an agronomic point of view. Abiotic (2 g·l-1 NaCl) and biotic (Plum pox virus, PPV) stresses were assayed. We recorded the following chlorophyll fluorescence parameters: quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in PSII [Y(II)], photochemical quenching (qP) and quantum yield of regulated non-photochemical energy loss in PSII and its coefficient [Y(NPQ) and qN]. In addition, considering that environmental stresses lead to nutritional disorders, we determined the soluble K+ , Ca2+ , Na+ and Cl- concentrations in NaCl-stressed seedlings. In PPV-infected seedlings, we recorded the Ca2+ level, which has been suggested to play critical roles in regulating SA-related plant defence responses against pathogens. The MD treatment lessened the effect of both stresses on plant development. In addition, an increase in non-photochemical quenching parameters was observed in MD-treated seedlings, suggesting a safer dissipation of excess energy under stress conditions. In NaCl-stressed peach seedlings both treatments stimulated the accumulation of phytotoxic ions in roots, whereas in PPV-infected seedlings MD increased Ca2+ content. Our results suggest that MD and Phe influence the response of peach seedlings to the deleterious effects of salt and PPV infection stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bernal-Vicente
- Department of Plant Breeding, Group of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - D Cantabella
- Department of Plant Breeding, Group of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - J A Hernández
- Department of Plant Breeding, Group of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - P Diaz-Vivancos
- Department of Plant Breeding, Group of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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