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Wawoczny A, Szymańska K, Gillner D. Novel stationary basket reactor for effective biomass delignification with deep eutectic solvent. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 413:131455. [PMID: 39260725 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Biomass pretreatment and conversion are crucial for sustainable development, but lack information on equipment that ensures effective mass transfer and easy biomass separation post-process. This work introduces a novel basket reactor with a stationary bed (StatBioChem) for biomass processing using deep eutectic solvents (DESs). We compared the delignification efficiencies of soft and hard biomass samples processed in the StatBioChem reactor, a stirred tank reactor (STR), and a commercial SpinChem® reactor. The StatBioChem design allowed DES to flow evenly through biomass in the basket, achieving the highest delignification degree, particularly for hard biomass. This effect was not observed in the SpinChem® basket reactor. High delignification led to increased glucose yields in subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. The StatBioChem effectively combines the simplicity and efficiency of an STR with the ease of solvent recovery typical of basket reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Wawoczny
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szymańska
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Silesian University of Technology, Ks. M. Strzody 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Danuta Gillner
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
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Chowdhary P, Badgal P, Bhat MA, Shakoor SA, Mir BA, Soodan AS. Phytoliths analysis in root, culm, leaf and synflorescence of Rostraria cristata (Poaceae). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2023; 136:787-801. [PMID: 37550551 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytoliths (siliceous structures) present in the plants have been employed in the fields of taxonomy and archaeology for many decades. Rostraria cristata is an economically important grass species (Poaceae) which accumulates silica in its different organs in the form of phytoliths. In order to understand the pattern of phytolith production and biochemical architecture of silica in R. cristata, leaf epidermis (blade) using the clearing solution method and different organs using the dry ashing method, X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy techniques were analyzed. Both abaxial and adaxial leaf epidermis showed the presence of acute bulbosus, rectangular sinuate and stomata phytolith morphotypes. Leaf including sheath and blade had the highest silica content. Characteristic phytolith morphotypes were present in different organs. A total of 34 phytolith morphotypes were present among which nine (9) were articulated and 25 were isolated forms. The most abundant were elongate scrobiculate (48.20%) in root and rectangular sinuate (26.16%) in leaf part. Other common phytolith morphotypes present in different organs of R. cristata were articulated elongate irregular, articulated elongate scrobiculate, acute bulbosus, and polygonal rondel etc. Leaf and synflorescence had the highest similarity based on presence/absence of phytolith morphotypes (Jaccard's similarity index). XRD studies revealed the presence of cristobalite, quartz, tridymite, zeolite etc. forms of silica in different organs. FTIR spectra showed that inplane stretching vibration of Si-C was unique to root, anti-symmetric stretching vibration of C-H was unique to leaf and Al2O3.SiO2 was found in synflorescence only. Our results show the characteristic pattern of phytoliths production in R. cristata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Chowdhary
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
| | - Priya Badgal
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Mudassir Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, J&K, India
| | - Sheikh Abdul Shakoor
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Bilal Ahmad Mir
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir (North Campus), Delina, Baramulla, J&K, India.
| | - Amarjit Singh Soodan
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
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Aggarwal PR, Pramitha L, Choudhary P, Singh RK, Shukla P, Prasad M, Muthamilarasan M. Multi-omics intervention in Setaria to dissect climate-resilient traits: Progress and prospects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:892736. [PMID: 36119586 PMCID: PMC9470963 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.892736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Millets constitute a significant proportion of underutilized grasses and are well known for their climate resilience as well as excellent nutritional profiles. Among millets, foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and its wild relative green foxtail (S. viridis) are collectively regarded as models for studying broad-spectrum traits, including abiotic stress tolerance, C4 photosynthesis, biofuel, and nutritional traits. Since the genome sequence release, the crop has seen an exponential increase in omics studies to dissect agronomic, nutritional, biofuel, and climate-resilience traits. These studies have provided first-hand information on the structure, organization, evolution, and expression of several genes; however, knowledge of the precise roles of such genes and their products remains elusive. Several open-access databases have also been instituted to enable advanced scientific research on these important crops. In this context, the current review enumerates the contemporary trend of research on understanding the climate resilience and other essential traits in Setaria, the knowledge gap, and how the information could be translated for the crop improvement of related millets, biofuel crops, and cereals. Also, the review provides a roadmap for studying other underutilized crop species using Setaria as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Rani Aggarwal
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Lydia Pramitha
- School of Agriculture and Biosciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pooja Choudhary
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Pooja Shukla
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manoj Prasad
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
| | - Mehanathan Muthamilarasan
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Badgal P, Chowdhary P, Bhat MA, Soodan AS. Phytolith profile of Acrachne racemosa (B. Heyne ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi (Cynodonteae, Chloridoideae, Poaceae). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263721. [PMID: 35148333 PMCID: PMC8836352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrachne racemosa (B. Heyne. ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi of the subfamily Chloridoideae of the family Poaceae is an economically important grass species. Grasses are characterized by deposits of silica in the cells or tissues in the form of phytoliths which protect them from various types of biotic and abiotic stresses. Owing to variable shape and specificity of morphotypes, phytolith helps in taxonomical studies, reconstruction of paleoenvironments and prediction of climate changes. The present study focussed on developing a phytolith profile of the selected species. For isolation of phytolith, Dry Ashing Method was employed, and by epidermal peeling, in-situ location of phytoliths was deciphered. In the present study, silica percentage was studied from different parts of the plant and the maximum amount was found in the leaf. Frequency and morphometric data of phytolith morphotypes from different parts of the plants were also collected and analyzed. The strongest correlation was found between phytolith types of root and culm by Pearson's correlation coefficient supported by cluster analysis. The saddle type of phytoliths had the highest frequency in the leaf; other types of phytoliths in different parts of the plant were bilobate, blocky types, elongate types, trapezoids, triangular, cross, sinuate elongate, tabular types, globular types. Functional groups and amorphous polymorphic phases of silica were also analyzed by FTIR and XRD. It was concluded that phytolith types are controlled by parts of plant body and by anatomical and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Badgal
- Plant Systematics and Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Poonam Chowdhary
- Plant Systematics and Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Mudassir Ahmad Bhat
- Plant Systematics and Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Amarjit Singh Soodan
- Plant Systematics and Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Laugier EJ, Casana J, Cabanes D. Phytolith evidence for the pastoral origins of multi-cropping in Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq). Sci Rep 2022; 12:60. [PMID: 35013508 PMCID: PMC8748697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03552-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-cropping was vital for provisioning large population centers across ancient Eurasia. In Southwest Asia, multi-cropping, in which grain, fodder, or forage could be reliably cultivated during dry summer months, only became possible with the translocation of summer grains, like millet, from Africa and East Asia. Despite some textual sources suggesting millet cultivation as early as the third millennium BCE, the absence of robust archaeobotanical evidence for millet in semi-arid Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq) has led most archaeologists to conclude that millet was only grown in the region after the mid-first millennium BCE introduction of massive, state-sponsored irrigation systems. Here, we present the earliest micro-botanical evidence of the summer grain broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) in Mesopotamia, identified using phytoliths in dung-rich sediments from Khani Masi, a mid-second millennium BCE site located in northern Iraq. Taphonomic factors associated with the region's agro-pastoral systems have likely made millet challenging to recognize using conventional macrobotanical analyses, and millet may therefore have been more widespread and cultivated much earlier in Mesopotamia than is currently recognized. The evidence for pastoral-related multi-cropping in Bronze Age Mesopotamia provides an antecedent to first millennium BCE agricultural intensification and ties Mesopotamia into our rapidly evolving understanding of early Eurasian food globalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Jakoby Laugier
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution, Environment, and Society (EEES), Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
- Center for Human Evolutionary Studies (CHES), Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Jesse Casana
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Dan Cabanes
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- Center for Human Evolutionary Studies (CHES), Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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Santiago-Marrero CG, Tsoraki C, Lancelotti C, Madella M. A microbotanical and microwear perspective to plant processing activities and foodways at Neolithic Çatalhöyük. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252312. [PMID: 34111169 PMCID: PMC8191975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Çatalhöyük is a renowned archaeological site in central Anatolia, best known for its Neolithic occupation dated from 7100 to 6000 cal BC. The site received worldwide attention early on for its large size, well-preserved mudbrick architecture, and elaborate wall paintings. Excavations at the site over almost three decades have unearthed rich archaeobotanical remains and a diverse ground stone assemblage produced by what once was a vibrant farming community. The study presented here adds to our understanding of crops and plant processing at Çatalhöyük by integrating phytoliths and starch analyses on grinding implements found at three domestic contexts attributed to the Middle (6700-6500 cal BC) and Late (6500-6300 cal BC) period of occupation. Our results reveal a rich microbotanical assemblage that testifies the use of a wide range of geophytes and wild seasonal resources previously unknown at the site. Moreover, by comparing results from the microbotanical proxies and microscopic wear patterns on artefacts, we are also able to discern various plant processing practices the analysed artefacts were employed for. In sum, this work further expands our understanding of plants and crop processing activities performed by the inhabitants of Neolithic Çatalhöyük.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Tsoraki
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Lancelotti
- CaSEs—Department of Humanities, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Madella
- CaSEs—Department of Humanities, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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