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Habay J, Uylenbroeck R, Van Droogenbroeck R, De Wachter J, Proost M, Tassignon B, De Pauw K, Meeusen R, Pattyn N, Van Cutsem J, Roelands B. Interindividual Variability in Mental Fatigue-Related Impairments in Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review and Multiple Meta-regression. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:14. [PMID: 36808018 PMCID: PMC9941412 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The negative effect of mental fatigue (MF) on physical performance has recently been questioned. One reason behind this could lie in the interindividual differences in MF-susceptibility and the individual features influencing them. However, the range of individual differences in mental fatigue-susceptibility is not known, and there is no clear consensus on which individual features could be responsible for these differences. OBJECTIVE To give an overview of interindividual differences in the effects of MF on whole-body endurance performance, and individual features influencing this effect. METHODS The review was registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42022293242). PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and PsycINFO were searched until the 16th of June 2022 for studies detailing the effect of MF on dynamic maximal whole-body endurance performance. Studies needed to include healthy participants, describe at least one individual feature in participant characteristics, and apply at least one manipulation check. The Cochrane crossover risk of bias tool was used to assess risk of bias. The meta-analysis and regression were conducted in R. RESULTS Twenty-eight studies were included, with 23 added to the meta-analysis. Overall risk of bias of the included studies was high, with only three presenting an unclear or low rating. The meta-analysis shows the effect of MF on endurance performance was on average slightly negative (g = - 0.32, [95% CI - 0.46; - 0.18], p < 0.001). The multiple meta-regression showed no significant influences of the included features (i.e. age, sex, body mass index and physical fitness level) on MF-susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS The present review confirmed the negative impact of MF on endurance performance. However, no individual features influencing MF-susceptibility were identified. This can partially be explained by the multiple methodological limitations such as underreporting of participant characteristics, lack of standardization across studies, and the restricted inclusion of potentially relevant variables. Future research should include a rigorous description of multiple different individual features (e.g., performance level, diet, etc.) to further elucidate MF mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Habay
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium ,grid.16499.330000 0004 0645 1099Vital Signs and Performance Monitoring Research Unit, LIFE Department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium ,grid.434261.60000 0000 8597 7208Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robin Uylenbroeck
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ruben Van Droogenbroeck
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonas De Wachter
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthias Proost
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Tassignon
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium ,grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069BruBotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin De Pauw
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium ,grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069BruBotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Romain Meeusen
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium ,grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069BruBotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Pattyn
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium ,grid.16499.330000 0004 0645 1099Vital Signs and Performance Monitoring Research Unit, LIFE Department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Van Cutsem
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium ,grid.16499.330000 0004 0645 1099Vital Signs and Performance Monitoring Research Unit, LIFE Department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium. .,BruBotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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De Oliveira F, Paz GA, Corrêa Neto VG, Alvarenga R, Marques Neto SR, Willardson JM, Miranda H. Effects of Different Recovery Modalities on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness, Recovery Perceptions, and Performance Following a Bout of High-Intensity Functional Training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3461. [PMID: 36834155 PMCID: PMC9966233 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the foam rolling technique and static stretching on perceptual and neuromuscular parameters following a bout of high-intensity functional training (HIFT), which consisted of 100 pull-ups, 100 push-ups, 100 sit-ups, and 100 air squats (Angie benchmark) in recreationally trained men (n = 39). Following baseline measurements (Feeling Scale, Visual Analogue Scale, Total Quality Recovery, Sit-and-Reach, Countermovement Jump, and Change-of-Direction t-test), the volunteers performed a single bout of HIFT. At the end of the session, participants were randomly assigned to one of three distinct groups: control (CONT), foam rolling (FR), or static stretching (SS). At the 24 h time-point, a second experimental session was conducted to obtain the post-test values. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Regarding power performance, none of the three groups reached pretest levels at 24 h point of the intervention. However, the CONT group still showed a greater magnitude of effect at the 24 h time-point (ES = 0.51, p ≥ 0.05). Flexibility presented the same recovery pattern as power performance (post × 24 h CONT = ES = 0.28, FR = ES = 0.21, SS = ES = 0.19). At 24 h, all groups presented an impaired performance in the COD t-test (CONT = ES = 0.24, FR = ES = 0.65, SS = ES = 0.56 p ≥ 0.05). The FR protocol resulted in superior recovery perceptions (pre × 24 h TQR = ES = 0.32 p ≥ 0.05). The results of the present study indicate that the use of FR and SS exercises may not be indicated when aiming to restore neuromuscular performance following a single bout of HIFT. The use of the FR technique during the cooldown phase of a HIFT session may be helpful in improving an individual's perception of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine De Oliveira
- LADTEF—Performance, Training, and Physical Exercise Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- School of Health Sciences, Gama e Souza University Center, Rio de Janeiro 22621-090, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Andrade Paz
- LADTEF—Performance, Training, and Physical Exercise Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- Biodesp Kinesiology Center of Performance, Rio de Janeiro 22790-704, Brazil
| | - Victor Gonçalves Corrêa Neto
- LADTEF—Performance, Training, and Physical Exercise Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- School of Health Sciences, Gama e Souza University Center, Rio de Janeiro 22621-090, Brazil
- Physical Education Graduate School, Estácio de Sá University (UNESA), Rio de Janeiro 20771-004, Brazil
- SALUS-Integrated Laboratory for Research in Exercise, Biomedicine and Public Health, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Renato Alvarenga
- LADTEF—Performance, Training, and Physical Exercise Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Silvio R. Marques Neto
- Physical Education Graduate School, Estácio de Sá University (UNESA), Rio de Janeiro 20771-004, Brazil
- Physical Activity Sciences Graduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Rio de Janeiro 24030-060, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey M. Willardson
- Health and Human Performance Department, Montana State University Billings, Billings, MT 59101, USA
| | - Humberto Miranda
- LADTEF—Performance, Training, and Physical Exercise Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
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Chen XX, Ji ZG, Wang Y, Xu J, Wang LY, Wang HB. Bibliometric analysis of the effects of mental fatigue on athletic performance from 2001 to 2021. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1019417. [PMID: 36698588 PMCID: PMC9869051 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1019417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims To explore the research hot topics and main contents in the field of the influence of mental fatigue on athletic performance, and to provide new ideas and directions for future research in this field. Methods Using CiteSpace and VOSviewer visualization tool software core collection of Web of Science database to TS = ("mental fatigue" OR "mental exertion" OR "cognitive fatigue" OR "Cognitive exertion" OR "mental exhaustion" OR "mental tiredness") AND ("athletic performance" OR "technical skill*" OR "Skill*" OR "technique" OR "decision making" OR "performance") AND ("Humans") searched for the influence of mental fatigue on athletic performance from 2001 to 2021 to conduct visual analysis. Research hot topics were analyzed from the aspects of high-impact countries/regions, institutions, authors, high-frequency keywords, and mutation terms. Results A total of 658 publications were identified finally, and there has been an increasing trend in the annual number of publications, with the United States ranking first in the number of publications and influence. Future research will focus on promoting the application of EEG technology as an objective indicator for assessing mental fatigue, exploring effective methods and measures for pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions against fatigue, and focusing on the effects of mental fatigue on endurance performance, technical skills, and sports-related decision-making. Conclusion The results of the present study help us understand the status of the mental fatigue and athletic performance field and its recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xin Chen
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Guang Ji
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xu
- College of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Yan Wang
- College of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Biao Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Hong-Biao Wang,
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Bestwick-Stevenson T, Toone R, Neupert E, Edwards K, Kluzek S. Assessment of Fatigue and Recovery in Sport: Narrative Review. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:1151-1162. [PMID: 35468639 DOI: 10.1055/a-1834-7177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue is a phenomenon associated with decreases in both physical and cognitive performances and increases in injury occurrence. Competitive athletes are required to complete demanding training programs with high workloads to elicit the physiological and musculoskeletal adaptations plus skill acquisition necessary for performance. High workloads, especially sudden rapid increases in training loads, are associated with the occurrence of fatigue. At present, there is limited evidence elucidating the underlying mechanisms associating the fatigue generated by higher workloads and with an increase in injury risk. The multidimensional nature and manifestation of fatigue have led to differing definitions and dichotomies of the term. Consequently, a plethora of physiological, biochemical, psychological and performance markers have been proposed to measure fatigue and recovery. Those include self-reported scales, countermovement jump performance, heart rate variability, and saliva and serum biomarker analyses. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of fatigue and recovery plus methods of assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bestwick-Stevenson
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Rebecca Toone
- Mountain Biking, English Institute of Sport, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Emma Neupert
- School of Sport Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kimberley Edwards
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Stefan Kluzek
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Dallaway N, Lucas SJE, Ring C. Cognitive tasks elicit mental fatigue and impair subsequent physical task endurance: Effects of task duration and type. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14126. [PMID: 35726493 PMCID: PMC9786280 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although mentally fatiguing cognitive tasks can impair subsequent physical endurance, the importance of cognitive task duration and the role of response inhibition remain unclear. This study compared the effects of a serial incongruent Stroop color-classification task (i.e., with response inhibition) and N-back memory updating task (i.e., without response inhibition) on mental fatigue and subsequent rhythmic handgrip exercise. Participants (N = 90) were randomly assigned to one of three cognitive task groups (Stroop, 2-back, control) and completed four 10-min blocks of one cognitive task followed by a 5-min physical endurance task (self-paced rhythmic handgrip exercise). Heart rate, heart rate variability, electromyographic forearm activity, and force were recorded throughout along with self-reported measures of fatigue, exertion, and motivation. From the start, the Stroop and 2-back tasks elicited higher heart rate and lower heart rate variability as well as greater fatigue, effort, and interest/enjoyment than the control task. From the second block onwards, the Stroop and 2-back groups produced less force than the control group. There were no group differences in forearm muscle activity. In sum, mental fatigue was induced after performing a cognitive task for 10 mins, whereas muscular endurance was impaired after performing a cognitive task for 20 mins. That these effects were observed for both types of cognitive task indicates that response inhibition is not a necessary condition. The cognitive task duration required to induce mental fatigue and impair rhythmic handgrip endurance performance lay between the durations reported previously for isometric (a few minutes) and whole-body (half an hour) endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Dallaway
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Samuel J. E. Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Christopher Ring
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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Zhu H, Ji Y, Wang B, Kang Y. Exercise fatigue diagnosis method based on short-time Fourier transform and convolutional neural network. Front Physiol 2022; 13:965974. [PMID: 36111146 PMCID: PMC9468896 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.965974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reasonable exercise is beneficial to human health. However, it is difficult for ordinary athletes to judge whether they are already in a state of fatigue that is not suitable for exercise. In this case, it is easy to cause physical damage or even life-threatening. Therefore, to health sports, protecting the human body in sports not be injured by unreasonable sports, this study proposes an exercise fatigue diagnosis method based on short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and convolutional neural network (CNN). The method analyzes and diagnoses the real-time electrocardiogram, and obtains whether the current exerciser has exercise fatigue according to the electrocardiogram. The algorithm first performs short-time Fourier transform on the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal to obtain the time spectrum of the signal, which is divided into training set and validation set. The training set is then fed into the convolutional neural network for learning, and the network parameters are adjusted. Finally, the trained convolutional neural network model is applied to the test set, and the recognition result of fatigue level is output. The validity and feasibility of the method are verified by the ECG experiment of exercise fatigue degree. The experimental recognition accuracy rate can reach 97.70%, which proves that the constructed sports fatigue diagnosis model has high diagnostic accuracy and is feasible for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhu
- School of Physical Education and Health, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Yuelong Ji
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Baiyang Wang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, China
- *Correspondence: Baiyang Wang, ; Yuyun Kang,
| | - Yuyun Kang
- School of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
- *Correspondence: Baiyang Wang, ; Yuyun Kang,
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Proost M, Habay J, De Wachter J, De Pauw K, Rattray B, Meeusen R, Roelands B, Van Cutsem J. How to Tackle Mental Fatigue: A Systematic Review of Potential Countermeasures and Their Underlying Mechanisms. Sports Med 2022; 52:2129-2158. [PMID: 35543922 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mental fatigue (MF) is a psychobiological state that impairs cognitive as well as physical performance in different settings. Recently, numerous studies have sought ways to counteract these negative effects of MF. An overview of the explored countermeasures for MF is, however, lacking. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the different MF countermeasures currently explored in literature. Countermeasures were classified by the timing of application (before, during or after the moment of MF) and type of intervention (behavioural, physiological and psychological). METHODS The databases of PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science and PsycINFO were searched until March 7, 2022. Studies were eligible when MF was induced using a task with a duration of at least 30 min, when they assessed MF markers in at least two out of the three areas wherein MF markers have been defined (i.e., behavioural, subjective and/or [neuro]physiological) and used a placebo or control group for the countermeasure. RESULTS A total of 33 studies investigated one or more countermeasures against MF. Of these, eight studies assessed a behavioural countermeasure, 22 a physiological one, one a psychological countermeasure and two a combination of a behavioural and psychological countermeasure. The general finding was that a vast majority of the countermeasures induced a positive effect on behavioural (e.g., task or sport performance) and/or subjective MF markers (e.g., visual analogue scale for MF or alertness). No definitive conclusion could be drawn regarding the effect of the employed countermeasures on (neuro)physiological markers of MF as only 19 of the included studies investigated these measures, and within these a large heterogeneity in the evaluated (neuro)physiological markers was present. DISCUSSION Within the physiological countermeasures it seems that the use of odours during a MF task or caffeine before the MF task are the most promising interventions in combating MF. Promising behavioural (e.g., listening to music) and psychological (e.g., extrinsic motivation) countermeasures of MF have also been reported. The most assumed mechanism through which these countermeasures operate is the dopaminergic system. However, this mechanism remains speculative as (neuro)physiological markers of MF have been scarcely evaluated to date. CONCLUSION The present systematic review reveals that a wide range of countermeasures have been found to successfully counteract MF on a subjective, (neuro)physiological and/or behavioural level. Of these, caffeine, odours, music and extrinsic motivation are the most evidenced for countering MF. To provide in-detail practical guidelines for the real-life application of MF countermeasures, more research must be performed into the underlying mechanisms and into the optimal dosage and time of application/intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Proost
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jelle Habay
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonas De Wachter
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin De Pauw
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,BruBotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ben Rattray
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,BruBotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Van Cutsem
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. .,Vital Signs and Performance Monitoring Research Unit, LIFE Department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium.
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Central and Peripheral Fatigue in Physical Exercise Explained: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073909. [PMID: 35409591 PMCID: PMC8997532 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of the origin and implications of fatigue in exercise has been widely investigated, but not completely understood given the complex multifactorial mechanisms involved. Then, it is essential to understand the fatigue mechanism to help trainers and physicians to prescribe an adequate training load. The present narrative review aims to analyze the multifactorial factors of fatigue in physical exercise. To reach this aim, a consensus and critical review were performed using both primary sources, such as scientific articles, and secondary ones, such as bibliographic indexes, web pages, and databases. The main search engines were PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar. Central and peripheral fatigue are two unison constructs part of the Integrative Governor theory, in which both psychological and physiological drives and requirements are underpinned by homeostatic principles. The relative activity of each one is regulated by dynamic negative feedback activity, as the fundamental general operational controller. Fatigue is conditioned by factors such as gender, affecting men and women differently. Sleep deprivation or psychological disturbances caused, for example, by stress, can affect neural activation patterns, realigning them and slowing down simple mental operations in the context of fatigue. Then, fatigue can have different origins not only related with physiological factors. Therefore, all these prisms must be considered for future approaches from sport and clinical perspectives.
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Ma YW, Chen JL, Hsu CC, Lai YH. Design and Analysis of a Pitch Fatigue Detection System for Adaptive Baseball Learning. Front Psychol 2021; 12:741805. [PMID: 34966320 PMCID: PMC8711585 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.741805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the rapid development of information and communication technologies, such as the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and computer vision, in recent years, the concept of smart sports has been proposed. A pitch fatigue detection method that includes acquisition, analysis, quantification, aggregation, learning, and public layers for adaptive baseball learning is proposed herein. The learning determines the fatigue index of the pitcher based on the angle of the pitcher's elbow and back as the number of pitches increases. The coach uses this auxiliary information to avoid baseball injuries during baseball learning. Results show a test accuracy rate of 89.1%, indicating that the proposed method effectively provides reference information for adaptive baseball learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Ma
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Liang Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Hsu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsun Lai
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan
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Mentzoni F, Losnegard T. World and European Rowing Medallists Pace With Smaller Variation Than Their Competitors. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:790198. [PMID: 35005621 PMCID: PMC8728896 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.790198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To establish the relation between pacing pattern and performance, within sex, and number of crew members, at the very highest performance level in World class rowing.Methods: Pacing profiles based on official 500 m split times in 106 A-finals with six contesting boat crews (n = 636 crews), in recent World (2017–2019) and European (2017–2021) championships, were analyzed. The coefficient of variation (CV) and sum of relative differences (SRD) of the split times, and normalized velocities in the four segments of the race, were compared between performance levels, that is, placement (1st–6th), and subgroups based on sex (female or male) and number of crew members (one, two, or four). Statistical tests and resulting p-values and effect sizes (Cohen's d) were used to assess differences between groups.Results: The pacing profiles of the medallists had smaller variation than those of the non-podium finishers (CV = 1.72% vs. CV = 2.00%; p = 4 × 10−7, d = 0.41). Compared to the non-podium finishers, the medallists had lower normalized velocities in the first and second segments of the race, slightly higher in the third segment and higher in the fourth segment. Female crews paced somewhat more evenly than male crews. No significant differences were found in the evenness of pacing profiles between singles, doubles/pairs and quads/fours. Analyses of SRD were overall consistent with analyses of CV.Conclusion: Medal winners in major rowing championships use a more even pacing strategy than their final competitors, which could imply that such a strategy is advantageous in rowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Mentzoni
- The Norwegian Olympic Sports Center (Olympiatoppen), The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Losnegard
- The Norwegian Olympic Sports Center (Olympiatoppen), The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Thomas Losnegard
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Ball
- Institute of Education in Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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12
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Jiang Y, Malliaras P, Chen B, Kulić D. Model-based data augmentation for user-independent fatigue estimation. Comput Biol Med 2021; 137:104839. [PMID: 34520991 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE User-independent recognition of exercise-induced fatigue from wearable motion data is challenging, due to inter-participant variability. This study aims to develop algorithms that can accurately estimate fatigue during exercise. METHODS A novel approach for wearable sensor data augmentation was used to generate (via OpenSim) a large corpus of simulated wearable human motion data, based on a small corpus of human motion data measured using optical sensors. Simulated data is generated using detailed kinematic modelling with variations based on human anthropometry datasets. Using both the recorded and generated data, we trained three different neural networks (Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), DeepConvLSTM) to perform person-independent fatigue estimation from wearable motion data. RESULTS The estimation performance increased with the amount of simulated training data. Accuracy and correlation values were higher with the proposed data augmentation method as compared to other general time series augmentation methods (e.g, rotation, jettering, magnitude wrapping) with the same amount of training data. An accuracy of 87% and a Pearson correlation coefficient of 90% were achieved on unseen data when the DeepConvLSTM model was trained with the proposed augmented dataset. CONCLUSION The enlarged dataset significantly improves the prediction of inter-individual fatigue. SIGNIFICANCE Appropriate augmentation techniques for biomechanical data can improve model accuracy and reduce the need for expensive data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Jiang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Peter Malliaras
- Department of Physiotherapy, Monash University, Melbourne VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Bernard Chen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Dana Kulić
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne VIC, 3800, Australia
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Sharma A, Tok AIY, Alagappan P, Liedberg B. Point of care testing of sports biomarkers: Potential applications, recent advances and future outlook. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Kodithuwakku Arachchige SNK, Burch V RF, Chander H, Turner AJ, Knight AC. The use of wearable devices in cognitive fatigue: current trends and future intentions. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2021.1965670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reuben F. Burch V
- Industrial & Systems Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
- Human Factors & Athlete Engineering, Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Harish Chander
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
- Human Factors & Athlete Engineering, Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Alana J. Turner
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Adam C. Knight
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
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Penna EM, Filho E, Campos BT, Ferreira RM, Parma JO, Lage GM, Coswig VS, Wanner SP, Prado LS. No Effects of Mental Fatigue and Cerebral Stimulation on Physical Performance of Master Swimmers. Front Psychol 2021; 12:656499. [PMID: 34290647 PMCID: PMC8287522 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.656499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mental fatigue is a psychobiological state caused by extended periods of cognitive effort, and evidence suggests that mentally fatigued athletes present impaired physical performance. Different ergogenic aids have been proposed to counteract the deleterious effects of mental fatigue, but whether brain stimulation can counteract mental fatigue is still unknown. This scenario is even more obscure considering the effects of these interventions (mental fatigue induction and brain stimulation) in a very experienced population consisting of master athletes. Method: Ten master swimmers (30 ± 6 years old and 14 ± 8 years of experience) participated in the study. They underwent four experimental conditions before an 800-m freestyle test: mental fatigue with brain stimulation; mental fatigue without brain stimulation; absence of mental fatigue with brain stimulation; and absence of mental fatigue and no brain stimulation. Mental fatigue was induced by a cognitively demanding Stroop Color Test, whereas stimulation was applied on the temporal cortex. After that, the athletes swan 800 m as fast as possible and provided their ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) every 200 m. Results: Mental fatigue was effectively induced, as evidenced by a greater fatigue perception and more errors in the last blocks of the cognitive task. Mental fatigue induction did not influence performance (time to complete the swimming trial) and RPE. Similarly, brain stimulation failed to change these two parameters, regardless of mental fatigue induction. Conclusion: The prolonged physical performance of experienced master athletes is not influenced, under the present conditions, by mental fatigue induction, cerebral stimulation, and their association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Macedo Penna
- GET/UFPA - Grupo de Estudos em Treinamento Físico e Esportivo, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Brazil.,LAFISE - Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Edson Filho
- Wheelock College of Education and Human Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bruno Teobaldo Campos
- LAFISE - Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renato Melo Ferreira
- LAQUA - Laboratório de Atividades Aquáticas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Juliana Otoni Parma
- NNeuroM - Núcleo de Neurociências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Menezes Lage
- NNeuroM - Núcleo de Neurociências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Victor Silveira Coswig
- GET/UFPA - Grupo de Estudos em Treinamento Físico e Esportivo, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Samuel Penna Wanner
- LAFISE - Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciano Sales Prado
- LAFISE - Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,CTE- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo/UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Evidence That Sleep Is an Indicator of Overtraining during the Competition Phase of Adolescent Sprinters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2021:6694547. [PMID: 33884272 PMCID: PMC8041504 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6694547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although sleep disturbance is a common complaint in overtrained athletes, the role of sleep in the overtraining process is not clear. This study aimed (i) to compare sleep efficiency/quantity at the start of a competition phase in elite adolescent sprinters who adapted to prior training with that in those who maladapt and (ii) to examine the influence of prior training, fatigue, and sleep on performance through a moderated mediation model. Fatigue (via Profile of Mood State) and internal training load (via session rating of perceived exertion and duration of training as volume) were measured in 20 sprinters (mean age: 15.9 ± 1.7 years) across 4 mesocycles (baseline (T1); preparatory (T2); precompetitive (T3); and competitive (T4) phases), over 26 weeks. Performances were assessed during the competitive period (T3, T4), while sleep was monitored (via actigraphy) for a week during T4. It was inferred that sprinters who had increasingly greater fatigue and concomitant decrements in performance (35%) were maladapted to training and the remaining sprinters who improved fatigue and performance (65%) were adapted to training. Sleep efficiency (91 ± 3% vs. 82 ± 3%, p < 0.001) and quantity (425 ± 33 min vs. 394 ± 20 min, p < 0.001) at the start of T4 were significantly greater in sprinters who adapted. Moreover, higher prior training volume (mean of T1 to T3 training volume) was associated with lower sleep efficiency at the start of T4 (R2 = 0.55, p < 0.001) which was associated with poorer performance (R2 = 0.82, p < 0.001). Fatigue moderated the indirect effect of prior training volume on performance through its moderation of the effect of sleep efficiency on performance (R2 = 0.89, p < 0.001). Impaired sleep as a result of greater prior training volume may be related to performance decrements through fatigue. Athletes should improve sleep during periods of higher training volume to reduce fatigue for better adaptation to training.
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Mental Fatigue and Sport-Specific Psychomotor Performance: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:1527-1548. [PMID: 33710524 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental fatigue (MF) is a psychobiological state that impairs endurance performance in healthy athletes. Recently, multiple studies indicated that MF could also impair sport-specific psychomotor performance (SSPP). Nevertheless, a systematic overview detailing the effects of MF on SSPP is currently lacking. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to collate relevant literature and examine the effect of MF on SSPP. A secondary aim was to create an overview of the potential subjective and physiological factors underlying this MF effect. METHODS PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, PsycINFO and SPORTDiscus were searched (5th of November 2020). Studies were eligible when study outcomes encompassed any form of SSPP skill in a sport-specific context, the intervention was targeted to induce MF, and the population included healthy individuals. The presence of a manipulation check, to indicate the successful induction of MF, was obligatory for inclusion. Secondary outcomes were all outcomes (either physiological or psychological) that could explain the underlying mechanisms of the effect of MF on SSPP. RESULTS In total, 21 papers were included. MF was successfully induced in all but two studies, which were excluded from further analysis. MF negatively impacts a myriad of SSPP outcomes, including decision-making, reaction time and accuracy outcomes. No changes in physiological outcomes, that could underlie the effect of MF, were reported. Subjectively, only ratings of perceived of exertion increased due to MF in some studies. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the selected papers indicated that MF negatively affects SSPP. Research that assesses brain function, while evaluating the effect of MF on SSPP is essential to create further insight.
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Batista MM, Paludo AC, DA Silva MP, Martins MV, Pauli PH, Dal'maz G, Stefanello JM, Tartaruga MP. Effect of mental fatigue on performance, perceptual and physiological responses in orienteering athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:673-679. [PMID: 33586924 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.11334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental fatigue seems to impair the athletes' performance; however, in sports with high cognitive demand, such as orienteering, this negative effect could be attenuated during the race. Therefore, this study investigated mental fatigue effect on performance, perceptual, and physiological responses in orienteers. METHODS Fifteen male orienteers (30±8 years) participated in the study. Two conditions of cognitive tasks preceded the orienteering performance, performed randomly: 30 minutes of mental exertion (experimental condition [EXP]) by Stroop task, or 30 min without mental exertion (control condition [CON]). Orienteering performance was determined by the time required to perform the Orienteering race. The perceived recovery and motivation were evaluated in each condition, pre-cognitive task, and heart rate during the task. Perceived exertion (RPE) was measured pre- and post-orienteering race. Orienteering performance and perceived performance were measured immediately after the race. RESULTS Orienteering performance and remain variables showed no significant differences between conditions (EXP versus CON) (P>0.05). Although a slight increase in performance-time was found in EXP (40.8±11.4 min) versus CON (38.4±13 min) (P=0.4; ES=0.20). RPE increase post-EXP (P<0.05; ES=0.96) but not post-orienteering race (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Thirty minutes of the cognitive task did not significantly affect the perceptual and physiological responses but demonstrates the addition of 2.4 minutes to orienteering performance. Orienteers may cope with mental effort due to the cognitive demands and physical conditions required in orienteering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana C Paludo
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Midwestern Paraná, Guarapuava, Brazil
| | - Michael P DA Silva
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Midwestern Paraná, Guarapuava, Brazil
| | - Marcos V Martins
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Midwestern Paraná, Guarapuava, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Dal'maz
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Midwestern Paraná, Guarapuava, Brazil
| | | | - Marcus P Tartaruga
- Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, State University of Midwestern Paraná, Guarapuava, Brazil
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Madden KE, Djurdjanovic D, Deshpande AD. Using a System-Based Monitoring Paradigm to Assess Fatigue during Submaximal Static Exercise of the Elbow Extensor Muscles. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:1024. [PMID: 33546155 PMCID: PMC7913181 DOI: 10.3390/s21041024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current methods for evaluating fatigue separately assess intramuscular changes in individual muscles from corresponding alterations in movement output. The purpose of this study is to investigate if a system-based monitoring paradigm, which quantifies how the dynamic relationship between the activity from multiple muscles and force changes over time, produces a viable metric for assessing fatigue. Improvements made to the paradigm to facilitate online fatigue assessment are also discussed. Eight participants performed a static elbow extension task until exhaustion, while surface electromyography (sEMG) and force data were recorded. A dynamic time-series model mapped instantaneous features extracted from sEMG signals of multiple synergistic muscles to extension force. A metric, called the Freshness Similarity Index (FSI), was calculated using statistical analysis of modeling errors to reveal time-dependent changes in the dynamic model indicative of performance degradation. The FSI revealed strong, significant within-individual associations with two well-accepted measures of fatigue, maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force (rrm=-0.86) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) (rrm=0.87), substantiating the viability of a system-based monitoring paradigm for assessing fatigue. These findings provide the first direct and quantitative link between a system-based performance degradation metric and traditional measures of fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ashish D. Deshpande
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (K.E.M.); (D.D.)
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20
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Crewther BT, Hecht M, Potts N, Kilduff LP, Drawer S, Marshall E, Cook CJ. A longitudinal investigation of bidirectional and time-dependent interrelationships between testosterone and training motivation in an elite rugby environment. Horm Behav 2020; 126:104866. [PMID: 33002456 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In sport, testosterone has been positioned as a substrate for motivation with both directional and time dependencies. However, evidence is scarce when considering the complexities of competitive sport and no work has explicitly modeled these dependencies. To address these gaps, we investigated the bidirectional and time-dependent interrelationships between testosterone and training motivation in an elite rugby environment. Thirty-six male athletes were monitored across training weeks before and after eight international rugby matches. Pre-breakfast measures of salivary testosterone and training motivation (1-10 rating) were taken on training, competition, and recovery days (up to 40 tests). Using a continuous-time (CT) model, within-person estimates of autoregressive effects (persistence) and cross-lagged effects (relationships) were derived. A stronger, more persistent temporal association was identified for testosterone than for motivation. Cross-lagged effects verified that training motivation was positively related to testosterone at latter time points (p < 0.001). Discrete-time analyses revealed a non-linear association; increasing in strength from a zero-time lag to peak after 2.83 days (standardized effect = 0.25), before dissipation over longer lagged intervals. The testosterone relationship with ensuing training motivation was also positive, but non-significant. Match effects also appeared (p < 0.001) with a predicted decline in training motivation, but a rise in testosterone, at match onset. In summary, a positive association emerged between within-person fluctuations in self-appraised motivation to train and testosterone concentration in an elite rugby environment. The lagged, non-linear nature of this relationship and match predictions on both outcomes support, and extend, theoretical models linking testosterone and competitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair T Crewther
- Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Poland; Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College, UK.
| | | | | | - Liam P Kilduff
- A-STEM, School of Engineering, Swansea University, UK; Welsh Institute of Performance Science (WIPS), Swansea University, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth Marshall
- Human Performance, Sport and Physiology Group, Brain-Behaviour Research Group, School of Science and Technology University of New England, Australia
| | - Christian J Cook
- Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College, UK; A-STEM, School of Engineering, Swansea University, UK; Human Performance, Sport and Physiology Group, Brain-Behaviour Research Group, School of Science and Technology University of New England, Australia
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Bornheim S, Croisier J, Leclercq V, Baude C, Kaux J. Les effets de la stimulation transcrânienne à courant continu (STCC) sur les performances physiques : une revue systématique de la littérature. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Brietzke C, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Canestri R, Goethel MF, Vínicius Í, Painelli VDS, Santos TM, Hettinga FJ, Pires FO. Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Mitigates Mental Fatigue Effects on Maximal Incremental Test Performance, but Not in Cortical Alterations. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10080493. [PMID: 32751162 PMCID: PMC7465505 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Detrimental mental fatigue effects on exercise performance have been documented in constant workload and time trial exercises, but effects on a maximal incremental test (MIT) remain poorly investigated. Mental fatigue-reduced exercise performance is related to an increased effort sensation, likely due to a reduced prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation and inhibited spontaneous behavior. Interestingly, only a few studies verified if centrally active compounds may mitigate such effects. For example, carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse potentiates exercise performance and reduces effort sensation, likely through its effects on PFC activation. However, it is unknown if this centrally mediated effect of CHO mouth rinse may mitigate mental fatigue-reduced exercise performance. After a proof-of-principle study, showing a mental fatigue-reduced MIT performance, we observed that CHO mouth rinse mitigated MIT performance reductions in mentally fatigued cyclists, regardless of PFC alterations. When compared to placebo, mentally fatigued cyclists improved MIT performance by 2.24–2.33% when rinsing their mouth with CHO during MIT. However, PFC and motor cortex activation during MIT in both CHO and placebo mouth rinses were greater than in mental fatigue. Results showed that CHO mouth rinse mitigated the mental fatigue-reduced MIT performance, but challenged the role of CHO mouth rinse on PFC and motor cortex activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil; (C.B.); (P.E.F.-A.); (R.C.); (M.F.G.); (Í.V.); (V.d.S.P.)
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil
| | - Paulo Estevão Franco-Alvarenga
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil; (C.B.); (P.E.F.-A.); (R.C.); (M.F.G.); (Í.V.); (V.d.S.P.)
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil
| | - Raul Canestri
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil; (C.B.); (P.E.F.-A.); (R.C.); (M.F.G.); (Í.V.); (V.d.S.P.)
| | - Márcio Fagundes Goethel
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil; (C.B.); (P.E.F.-A.); (R.C.); (M.F.G.); (Í.V.); (V.d.S.P.)
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, 4000 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ítalo Vínicius
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil; (C.B.); (P.E.F.-A.); (R.C.); (M.F.G.); (Í.V.); (V.d.S.P.)
| | - Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil; (C.B.); (P.E.F.-A.); (R.C.); (M.F.G.); (Í.V.); (V.d.S.P.)
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, Sao Paulo 05347-020, Brazil
| | - Tony Meireles Santos
- Physical Education Program, Research Center for Performance and Health, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 52071-030, Brazil;
| | | | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil; (C.B.); (P.E.F.-A.); (R.C.); (M.F.G.); (Í.V.); (V.d.S.P.)
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-26480118
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Hurst P, Schipof-Godart L, Hettinga F, Roelands B, Beedie C. Improved 1000-m Running Performance and Pacing Strategy With Caffeine and Placebo: A Balanced Placebo Design Study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:483-488. [PMID: 31575826 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the placebo effect of caffeine on pacing strategy and performance over 1000-m running time trials using a balanced placebo design. METHODS Eleven well-trained male middle-distance athletes performed seven 1000-m time trials (1 familiarization, 2 baseline, and 4 experimental). Experimental trials consisted of the administration of 4 randomized treatments: informed caffeine/received caffeine, informed caffeine/received placebo, informed placebo/received caffeine, and informed placebo/received placebo. Split times were recorded at 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 m, and peak heart rate and rating of perceived exertion were recorded at the completion of the trial. RESULTS Relative to baseline, participants ran faster during informed caffeine/received caffeine (d = 0.42) and informed caffeine/received placebo (d = 0.43). These changes were associated with an increased pace during the first half of the trial. No differences were shown in pacing or performance between baseline and the informed placebo/received caffeine (d = 0.21) and informed placebo/received placebo (d = 0.10). No differences were reported between treatments for peak heart rate (η2 = .084) and rating of perceived exertion (η2 = .009). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the effect of believing to have ingested caffeine improved performance to the same magnitude as actually receiving caffeine. These improvements were associated with an increase in pace during the first half of the time trial.
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Meeusen R, Van Cutsem J, Roelands B. Endurance exercise-induced and mental fatigue and the brain. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:2294-2298. [PMID: 32176398 DOI: 10.1113/ep088186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? It provides an overview of the recent papers linking brain neurotransmission with exercise-induced and/or mental fatigue. What advances does it highlight? The noradrenergic neurotransmitter system hastens central fatigue during prolonged exercise, a finding that coincides with a faster rate of increase in the rating of perceived exertion. 2) Mental fatigue affects several neurotransmitter systems, with presumably an important role for dopamine and adenosine, in multiple brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex. ABSTRACT In sports and exercise science, fatigue is an elusive concept that has important implications in performance during exercise. It has been described in many ways (tiredness, exhaustion, lethargy or weariness) and describes a physical and/or mental state of being tired and lack of energy. Exercise-induced fatigue can be defined as an acute impairment of exercise performance, and a distinction has been made between peripheral and central fatigue. Mental fatigue can be defined as a psychobiological state caused by prolonged exertion that has the potential to reduce cognitive performance and exercise performance. Recent studies have given clear indications that brain catecholamines are involved in the onset of fatigue during endurance exercise. Evidence is provided indicating that the noradrenergic neurotransmitter system hastens central fatigue, a finding that coincides with a faster rate of increase in the rating of perceived exertion. Brain neurotransmission is also suggested to play an important role in mental fatigue. Several neurotransmitter systems might be implicated (with the most important role for dopamine and adenosine) in multiple brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, and the summation of these alterations might explain the impairment in endurance performance in a mentally fatigued state. Obviously, we have to keep in mind that fatigue is a very complex construct and that, besides brain neurochemistry, several other factors play a role in its onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Van Cutsem
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Parekh V, Shah D, Shah M. Fatigue Detection Using Artificial Intelligence Framework. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41133-019-0023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Menting SGP, Hendry DT, Schiphof-Godart L, Elferink-Gemser MT, Hettinga FJ. Optimal Development of Youth Athletes Toward Elite Athletic Performance: How to Coach Their Motivation, Plan Exercise Training, and Pace the Race. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:14. [PMID: 33344938 PMCID: PMC7739757 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite athletes have invested many years in training and competition to reach the elite level. One very important factor on the road to elite performance is the decision-making process regarding the regulation of effort over time, termed as pacing behavior. The regulation of effort is vital for optimal athletic performance during a single race and over a longer period of time (e.g., a competitive season) as an inadequate regulation could result in a higher risk of injuries, overtraining, and drop-out. Despite this, there is limited knowledge on how young athletes learn and develop the abilities related to pacing. Pacing behavior of athletes develops from childhood throughout adolescence and is thought to be closely connected to physical maturation, the development of pre-frontal cortical related (meta-) cognitive functions, as well as the gathering of experience with exercise tasks. The motivation of an athlete can critically influence how an athlete paces a single race, but also how they distribute their effort over a longer period of time. Coaches are advised to closely monitor the development of pacing behavior during adolescence (e.g., by gathering split times, and related physiological measurement, during training and competition), as well as the underlying factors including physical maturation (meta-) cognitive development and the motivation of young athletes. Furthermore, pacing behavior development could be aided by providing training in which the task, individual, and environment are manipulated. Hereby, presenting athletes with the opportunity to gain experience in situations which closely resemble the perceptual-motor conditions of upcoming competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stein G. P. Menting
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - David T. Hendry
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lieke Schiphof-Godart
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marije T. Elferink-Gemser
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Florentina J. Hettinga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Davis AJ, Hettinga F, Beedie C. You don't need to administer a placebo to elicit a placebo effect: Social factors trigger neurobiological pathways to enhance sports performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:302-312. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1635212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arran J. Davis
- Institute of Cognitive & Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Florentina Hettinga
- Department of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise, Northumbria University, England, UK
| | - Chris Beedie
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
- CHX Performance, London, UK
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Wyller VBB. Pain is common in chronic fatigue syndrome – current knowledge and future perspectives. Scand J Pain 2018; 19:5-8. [DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2018-2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vegard Bruun Bratholm Wyller
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , Akershus University Hospital , Sykehusveien 25, PO Box 1000 , 1478 Lørenskog , Norway , Phone: +47 91 16 66 81
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