1
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Zhang W, Zhuang S, Guan H, Li F, Zou H, Li D. New insights into the anti-apoptotic mechanism of natural polyphenols in complex with Bax protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:3081-3093. [PMID: 37184126 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2212066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Excessive apoptosis can kill normal cells and lead to liver damage, heart failure and neurodegenerative diseases. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants that can interact with proteins to inhibit toxins and disease-related apoptosis. Bax is the major pro-apoptotic protein that disrupts the outer mitochondrial membrane to induce apoptosis, but limited studies have focused on the interaction between polyphenols and Bax and the associated anti-apoptotic mechanisms, especially at the atomic level. In this article, we collected 69 common polyphenols for active ingredient screening targeting Bax. Polyphenols with better and worse molecular docking scores were selected, and their anti-apoptosis effects were compared using the H2O2-induced HepG2 cell model. The interactions between the selected polyphenols and Bax protein were analyzed using molecular dynamics simulation to explore the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-apoptosis effect. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) with the best affinity for Bax (-6.76 and -6.52 kcal/mol) reduced the expression of cytochrome c and caspase 3, decreasing the apoptosis rate from 52 to 11% and 12%. Molecular dynamics simulation results showed that Bim unfolded the α1-α2 loop of Bax, and disrupted the non-bond interactions between the loop (Pro-43, Glu-44 and Leu-45) and surface (Ile-133, Arg-134 and Met-137) residues, with binding free energy changed from -15.0 to 0 kJ/mol. The hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions formed between polyphenols and Bax prevented the unfolding of the loop. Taken together, our results proved that polyphenols can inhibit apoptosis by maintaining the unactivated conformation of Bax to reduce outer mitochondrial membrane damage.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Human Health in Universities of Shandong, Taian, China
| | | | - Hui Guan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Human Health in Universities of Shandong, Taian, China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Human Health in Universities of Shandong, Taian, China
| | - Hui Zou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Human Health in Universities of Shandong, Taian, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Qingdao Institute for Food and Drug Control, Qingdao, China
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2
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Bartolomei M, Li J, Capriotti AL, Fanzaga M, d’Adduzio L, Laganà A, Cerrato A, Mulinacci N, Cecchi L, Bollati C, Lammi C. Olive ( Olea europaea L.) Seed as New Source of Cholesterol-Lowering Bioactive Peptides: Elucidation of Their Mechanism of Action in HepG2 Cells and Their Trans-Epithelial Transport in Differentiated Caco-2 Cells. Nutrients 2024; 16:371. [PMID: 38337656 PMCID: PMC10857614 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The production of olive oil has important economic repercussions in Mediterranean countries but also a considerable impact on the environment. This production generates enormous quantities of waste and by-products, which can be exploited as new raw materials to obtain innovative ingredients and therefore make the olive production more sustainable. In a previous study, we decided to foster olive seeds by generating two protein hydrolysates using food-grade enzymes, alcalase (AH) and papain (PH). These hydrolysates have shown, both in vitro and at the cellular level, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, being able to inhibit the activity of the DPP-IV enzyme and modulate the secretion of GLP-1. Given the multifunctional behavior of peptides, both hydrolysates displayed dual hypocholesterolemic activity, inhibiting the activity of HMGCoAR and impairing the PPI of PCSK9/LDLR, with an IC50 equal to 0.61 mg/mL and 0.31 mg/mL for AH and PH, respectively. Furthermore, both samples restored LDLR protein levels on the membrane of human hepatic HepG2 cells, increasing the uptake of LDL from the extracellular environment. Since intestinal bioavailability is a key component of bioactive peptides, the second objective of this work is to evaluate the capacity of AH and PH peptides to be transported by differentiated human intestinal Caco-2 cells. The peptides transported by intestinal cells have been analyzed using mass spectrometry analysis, identifying a mixture of stable peptides that may represent new ingredients with multifunctional qualities for the development of nutraceuticals and functional foods to delay the onset of metabolic syndrome, promoting the principles of environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bartolomei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.F.); (L.d.)
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.F.); (L.d.)
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Melissa Fanzaga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.F.); (L.d.)
| | - Lorenza d’Adduzio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.F.); (L.d.)
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Nadia Mulinacci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug and Child Health, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Cecchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Sciences and Technologies, University of Florence, Via Donizetti, 50144 Florence, Italy;
| | - Carlotta Bollati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.F.); (L.d.)
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (M.F.); (L.d.)
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3
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Basagni F, Di Paolo ML, Cozza G, Dalla Via L, Fagiani F, Lanni C, Rosini M, Minarini A. Double Attack to Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Disorders: MAO-B and Nrf2 as Elected Targets. Molecules 2023; 28:7424. [PMID: 37959843 PMCID: PMC10650714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play a pivotal role in triggering the neurodegenerative pathological cascades which characterize neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In search for potential efficient treatments for these pathologies, that are still considered unmet medical needs, we started from the promising properties of the antidiabetic drug pioglitazone, which has been repositioned as an MAO-B inhibitor, characterized by promising neuroprotective properties. Herein, with the aim to broaden its neuroprotective profile, we tried to enrich pioglitazone with direct and indirect antioxidant properties by hanging polyphenolic and electrophilic features that are able to trigger Nrf2 pathway and the resulting cytoprotective genes' transcription, as well as serve as radical scavengers. After a preliminary screening on MAO-B inhibitory properties, caffeic acid derivative 2 emerged as the best inhibitor for potency and selectivity over MAO-A, characterized by a reversible mechanism of inhibition. Furthermore, the same compound proved to activate Nrf2 pathway by potently increasing Nrf2 nuclear translocation and strongly reducing ROS content, both in physiological and stressed conditions. Although further biological investigations are required to fully clarify its neuroprotective properties, we were able to endow the pioglitazone scaffold with potent antioxidant properties, representing the starting point for potential future pioglitazone-based therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Basagni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Maria Luisa Di Paolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.L.D.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.L.D.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Lisa Dalla Via
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesca Fagiani
- Department of Drug Sciences (Pharmacology Section), University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.F.); (C.L.)
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Lanni
- Department of Drug Sciences (Pharmacology Section), University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
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Faraoni P, Bellumori M, Cecchi L, Zonfrillo B, Innocenti M, Gnerucci A, Mulinacci N, Ranaldi F. AGS Gastric Cells: Antioxidant Activity and Metabolic Effects of Phenolic Extracts from Different Monocultivar Virgin Olive Oils. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1347. [PMID: 37507887 PMCID: PMC10376124 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of the phenolic compounds of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on AGS cells have never been studied so far, which is the aim of this study. The profiles of the main phenolic components in EVOOs, mainly secoiridoid compounds derived from the transformation of oleuropein during the olive milling process, were evaluated and compared. Oils of different origins were evaluated aiming at verifying whether chemical differences in the phenolic composition of the dry extracts played a role in the metabolism and in maintaining the cellular redox state of AGS cells. The following key enzymes of some metabolic pathways were studied: lactate dehydrogenase, enolase, pyruvate kinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and hexokinase. As confirmed through PCA analysis, pretreatments with the dry extracts of EVOOs at different concentrations appeared to be able to counteract the enzymatic activity alterations due to oxidative stress induced by H2O2 1 mM and 2 mM. The studied phytocomplexes showed the ability to protect AGS cells from oxidative damage and the secoiridoid derivatives from both oleuropein and ligstroside contributed to the observed effects. The results suggested that EVOOs with medium to high concentrations of phenols can exert this protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Faraoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinic Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, FI, Italy
| | - Maria Bellumori
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Division of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cecchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Systems Management (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale Delle Cascine 16, 50144 Florence, FI, Italy
| | - Beatrice Zonfrillo
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Division of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Marzia Innocenti
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Division of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Alessio Gnerucci
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone, 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Nadia Mulinacci
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Division of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Francesco Ranaldi
- Department of Experimental and Clinic Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, FI, Italy
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5
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Jun N, Yi‐Ting C, Yu‐Ting G, Cheng‐Fa Z, Li‐Juan L, Rong S, Xiao‐yan Y, Wen X, Xu Y. Antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer function of
Engleromyces goetzei
Henn aqueous extract on human intestinal Caco‐2 cells treated with
t‐BHP. Food Sci Nutr 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ni Jun
- Institute of Natural Antioxidants and Antioxidant Inflammation Dali University Dali 671003 China
- Institute of Eastern‐Himalaya Biodiversity Research Dali University Dali Yunnan China
| | - Cheng Yi‐Ting
- Institute of Natural Antioxidants and Antioxidant Inflammation Dali University Dali 671003 China
- Institute of Eastern‐Himalaya Biodiversity Research Dali University Dali Yunnan China
| | - Gao Yu‐Ting
- Institute of Natural Antioxidants and Antioxidant Inflammation Dali University Dali 671003 China
- Institute of Eastern‐Himalaya Biodiversity Research Dali University Dali Yunnan China
| | - Zhao Cheng‐Fa
- Institute of Natural Antioxidants and Antioxidant Inflammation Dali University Dali 671003 China
- Institute of Eastern‐Himalaya Biodiversity Research Dali University Dali Yunnan China
| | - Li Li‐Juan
- Institute of Natural Antioxidants and Antioxidant Inflammation Dali University Dali 671003 China
| | - She Rong
- Institute of Natural Antioxidants and Antioxidant Inflammation Dali University Dali 671003 China
- Institute of Eastern‐Himalaya Biodiversity Research Dali University Dali Yunnan China
| | - Yang Xiao‐yan
- Institute of Natural Antioxidants and Antioxidant Inflammation Dali University Dali 671003 China
- Institute of Eastern‐Himalaya Biodiversity Research Dali University Dali Yunnan China
| | - Xiao Wen
- Institute of Natural Antioxidants and Antioxidant Inflammation Dali University Dali 671003 China
- Institute of Eastern‐Himalaya Biodiversity Research Dali University Dali Yunnan China
- Center for Cultural Ecology in Northwest Yunnan Dali Yunnan 671003 China
- Yunling Back‐and‐White Snub‐Nosed Monkey Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province Dali Yunnan 671003 China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Natural Antioxidants and Antioxidant Inflammation Dali University Dali 671003 China
- Laboratory of Environmental Biomedicine Central China Normal University 430079 Wuhan China
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6
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Foti P, Occhipinti PS, Russo N, Scilimati A, Miciaccia M, Caggia C, Perrone MG, Randazzo CL, Romeo FV. Olive Mill Wastewater Fermented with Microbial Pools as a New Potential Functional Beverage. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020646. [PMID: 36677704 PMCID: PMC9866608 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Olive mill wastewater (OMWW) represents a by-product but also a source of biologically active compounds, and their recycling is a relevant strategy to recover income and to reduce environmental impact. The objective of the present study was to obtain a new functional beverage with a health-promoting effect starting from OMWW. Fresh OMWW were pre-treated through filtration and/or microfiltration and subjected to fermentation using strains belonging to Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Candida boidinii and Wickerhamomyces anomalus. During fermentation, phenolic content and hydroxytyrosol were monitored. Moreover, the biological assay of microfiltered fermented OMWW was detected versus tumor cell lines and as anti-inflammatory activity. The results showed that in microfiltered OMWW, fermentation was successfully conducted, with the lowest pH values reached after 21 days. In addition, in all fermented samples, an increase in phenol and organic acid contents was detected. Particularly, in samples fermented with L. plantarum and C. boidinii in single and combined cultures, the concentration of hydroxytyrosol reached values of 925.6, 902.5 and 903.5 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, biological assays highlighted that fermentation determines an increase in the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of OMWW. Lastly, an increment in the active permeability on Caco-2 cell line was also revealed. In conclusion, results of the present study confirmed that the process applied here represents an effective strategy to achieve a new functional beverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Foti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3 A), University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Paride S. Occhipinti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3 A), University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Nunziatina Russo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3 A), University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
- ProBioEtna srl, Spin-Off of University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Scilimati
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Morena Miciaccia
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Caggia
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3 A), University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
- ProBioEtna srl, Spin-Off of University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
- CERNUT (Interdepartmental Research Centre in Nutraceuticals and Health Products), University of Catania, Via le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Grazia Perrone
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia L. Randazzo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3 A), University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
- ProBioEtna srl, Spin-Off of University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
- CERNUT (Interdepartmental Research Centre in Nutraceuticals and Health Products), University of Catania, Via le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Flora V. Romeo
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Olivico-Tura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, Italy
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7
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Quality Assessment of the Protein Ingredients Recovered by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction from the Press Cakes of Coconut and Almond Beverage Preparation. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223693. [PMID: 36429285 PMCID: PMC9689247 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The manufacture of vegetal beverages has the drawback of producing large amounts of press cakes that are generally used as feed components. This work had the objective of valorizing the press cakes deriving from almond and coconut drinks production by using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to obtain protein ingredients for human use. Starting from coconut and almond press cakes, whose initial protein contents were 19.7% and 18.6%, respectively, the UAE treatment allowed liquid fractions to be obtained that were then freeze-dried: the extraction yields were 24.4 g dry extract/100 g press cake in case of coconut and 49.3 g dry extract/100 g press cake in case of almond. The protein contents of these dried materials were 30.10% and 22.88%, respectively. The quality of the extracted protein ingredients was assessed in term of phytic acid content, protein profile, techno-functional features, and antioxidant properties. The sonication had also a favorable effect on digestibility.
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8
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Hydroxytyrosol Recovers SARS-CoV-2-PLpro-Dependent Impairment of Interferon Related Genes in Polarized Human Airway, Intestinal and Liver Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081466. [PMID: 36009185 PMCID: PMC9404978 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused approximately 6.3 million deaths, mainly due to the acute respiratory distress syndrome or multi-organ failure that characterizes COVID-19 acute disease. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, also known as long-COVID, is a condition characterized by a complex of symptoms that affects 10–20% of the individuals who have recovered from the infection. Scientific and clinical evidence demonstrates that long-COVID can develop in both adults and children. It has been hypothesized that multi-organ effects of long-COVID could be associated with the persistence of virus RNA/proteins in host cells, but the real mechanism remains to be elucidated. Therefore, we sought to determine the effects of the exogenous expression of the papain-like protease (PLpro) domain of the non-structural protein (NSP3) of SARS-CoV-2 in polarized human airway (Calu-3), intestinal (Caco-2), and liver (HepG2) epithelial cells, and to evaluate the ability of the natural antioxidant hydroxytyrosol (HXT) in neutralizing these effects. Our results demonstrated that PLpro was able to induce a cascade of inflammatory genes and proteins (mainly associated with the interferon pathway) and increase the apoptotic rate and expression of several oxidative stress markers in all evaluated epithelial cells. Noteably, the treatment with 10 μM HXT reverted PL-pro-dependent effects almost completely. This study provides the first evidence that SARS-CoV-2 PLpro remaining in host cells after viral clearance may contribute to the pathogenetic mechanisms of long-COVID. These effects may be counteracted by natural antioxidants. Further clinical and experimental studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.
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Montone CM, Aita SE, Arnoldi A, Capriotti AL, Cavaliere C, Cerrato A, Lammi C, Piovesana S, Ranaldi G, Laganà A. Characterization of the Trans-Epithelial Transport of Green Tea ( C. sinensis) Catechin Extracts with In Vitro Inhibitory Effect against the SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216744. [PMID: 34771162 PMCID: PMC8587865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes an untargeted analytical approach for the screening, identification, and characterization of the trans-epithelial transport of green tea (Camellia sinensis) catechin extracts with in vitro inhibitory effect against the SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) activity. After specific catechin extraction, a chromatographic separation obtained six fractions were carried out. The fractions were assessed in vitro against the PLpro target. Fraction 5 showed the highest inhibitory activity against the SARS-CoV-2 PLpro (IC50 of 0.125 μg mL-1). The untargeted characterization revealed that (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG) was the most abundant compound in the fraction and the primary molecule absorbed by differentiated Caco-2 cells. Results indicated that fraction 5 was approximately 10 times more active than ECG (IC50 value equal to 11.62 ± 0.47 μg mL-1) to inhibit the PLpro target. Overall, our findings highlight the synergistic effects of the various components of the crude extract compared to isolated ECG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Maria Montone
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.M.M.); (S.E.A.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Sara Elsa Aita
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.M.M.); (S.E.A.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Anna Arnoldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano La Statale, Via Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.M.M.); (S.E.A.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.P.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.L.C.); (C.L.); Tel.: +39-06-4991-3945 (A.L.C.); +39-02503-19372 (C.L.)
| | - Chiara Cavaliere
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.M.M.); (S.E.A.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.M.M.); (S.E.A.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano La Statale, Via Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.L.C.); (C.L.); Tel.: +39-06-4991-3945 (A.L.C.); +39-02503-19372 (C.L.)
| | - Susy Piovesana
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.M.M.); (S.E.A.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Giulia Ranaldi
- CREA, Food and Nutrition Research Centre, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.M.M.); (S.E.A.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.P.); (A.L.)
- CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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10
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Nwachukwu ID, Sarteshnizi RA, Udenigwe CC, Aluko RE. A Concise Review of Current In Vitro Chemical and Cell-Based Antioxidant Assay Methods. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164865. [PMID: 34443459 PMCID: PMC8400447 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants remain interesting molecules of choice for suppression of the toxic effects of free radicals in foods and human systems. The current practice involves the use of mainly synthetic molecules as potent antioxidant agents. However, due to the potential negative impact on human health, there is an intensive effort within the research community to develop natural alternatives with similar antioxidant efficacy but without the negative side effects of synthetic molecules. Still, the successful development of new molecules depends on the use of reliable chemical or cell culture assays to screen antioxidant properties. Chemical antioxidant assays include the determination of scavenging ability against free radicals such as DPPH, superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide. Other antioxidant tests include the ability of compounds to bind and sequester prooxidant metal cations, reduce ferric iron, and attenuate the rate of lipid oxidation. Ex vivo tests utilize cell cultures to confirm entry of the molecules into cells and the ability to quench synthetic intracellular free radicals or to stimulate the increased biosynthesis of endogenous antioxidants. In order to assist researchers in their choice of antioxidant evaluation methods, this review presents background scientific information on some of the most commonly used antioxidant assays with a comparative discussion of the relevance of published literature data to food science and human nutrition applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roghayeh Amini Sarteshnizi
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (R.A.S.); (C.C.U.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, Iran
| | - Chibuike C. Udenigwe
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (R.A.S.); (C.C.U.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rotimi E. Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Pugliese R, Arnoldi A, Lammi C. Nanostructure, Self-Assembly, Mechanical Properties, and Antioxidant Activity of a Lupin-Derived Peptide Hydrogel. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030294. [PMID: 33805635 PMCID: PMC8000348 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring food peptides are frequently used in the life sciences due to their beneficial effects through their impact on specific biochemical pathways. Furthermore, they are often leveraged for applications in areas as diverse as bioengineering, medicine, agriculture, and even fashion. However, progress toward understanding their self-assembling properties as functional materials are often hindered by their long aromatic and charged residue-enriched sequences encrypted in the parent protein sequence. In this study, we elucidate the nanostructure and the hierarchical self-assembly propensity of a lupin-derived peptide which belongs to the α-conglutin (11S globulin, legumin-like protein), with a straightforward N-terminal biotinylated oligoglycine tag-based methodology for controlling the nanostructures, biomechanics, and biological features. Extensive characterization was performed via Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), rheological measurements, and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analyses. By using the biotin tag, we obtained a thixotropic lupin-derived peptide hydrogel (named BT13) with tunable mechanical properties (from 2 to 11 kPa), without impairing its spontaneous formation of β-sheet secondary structures. Lastly, we demonstrated that this hydrogel has antioxidant activity. Altogether, our findings address multiple challenges associated with the development of naturally occurring food peptide-based hydrogels, offering a new tool to both fine tune the mechanical properties and tailor the antioxidant activities, providing new research directions across food chemistry, biochemistry, and bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Pugliese
- NeMO Lab, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Anna Arnoldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (C.L.)
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