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Alves Abrantes JJP, Veríssimo de Azevedo JC, Fernandes FL, Duarte Almeida V, Custódio De Oliveira LA, Ferreira de Oliveira MT, Galvão De Araújo JM, Lanza DCF, Bezerra FL, Andrade VS, Araújo de Medeiros Fernandes TA, Fernandes JV. Viruses as a potential environmental trigger of type 1 diabetes mellitus (Review). Biomed Rep 2024; 20:81. [PMID: 38628629 PMCID: PMC11019645 DOI: 10.3892/br.2024.1770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a complex multifactorial process that involves an intricate network of genetic, epigenetic, immunological, and environmental factors. Despite the advances in recent years, some aspects of the mechanisms involved in triggering the disease are still unclear. Infections with certain viruses have been suggested as possible environmental triggers for the autoimmune process that leads to selective and progressive destruction of pancreatic β-cells and insufficiency of insulin production, which is its hallmark. In this review, advances in knowledge and evidence that suggest the participation of certain viruses in the mechanisms of disease initiation and progression are described. It has been accepted that environmental factors, including viruses, can initiate and possibly sustain, accelerate, or slow down the autoimmune process and consequently damage insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. Although the role of these agents, especially human enteroviruses, has been exhaustively studied as the most likely triggers of the activation of autoimmunity that destroys pancreatic islets and leads to T1DM, certain doubts remain. Clinical epidemiological and experimental studies in humans and animals provide consistent and increasing evidence that persistent viral infections, especially with human enteroviruses and rotavirus infections, are associated with an increased risk of the disease in individuals genetically predisposed to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Liberalino Fernandes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rio Grande do Norte State University, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte 59607-360, Brazil
| | - Valéria Duarte Almeida
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rio Grande do Norte State University, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte 59607-360, Brazil
| | | | | | - Josélio Maria Galvão De Araújo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Daniel Carlos Ferreira Lanza
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Lima Bezerra
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Vania Sousa Andrade
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-970, Brazil
| | | | - José Veríssimo Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-970, Brazil
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Wang J, Wan K, Chang X, Mao RF. Association of autoimmune thyroid disease with type 1 diabetes mellitus and its ultrasonic diagnosis and management. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:348-360. [PMID: 38591076 PMCID: PMC10999045 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i3.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/15/2024] Open
Abstract
As a common hyperglycemic disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a complicated disorder that requires a lifelong insulin supply due to the immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells. Although it is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder, T1DM is often associated with multiple other autoimmune disorders. The most prevalent concomitant autoimmune disorder occurring in T1DM is autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), which mainly exhibits two extremes of phenotypes: hyperthyroidism [Graves' disease (GD)] and hypo-thyroidism [Hashimoto's thyroiditis, (HT)]. However, the presence of comorbid AITD may negatively affect metabolic management in T1DM patients and thereby may increase the risk for potential diabetes-related complications. Thus, routine screening of thyroid function has been recommended when T1DM is diagnosed. Here, first, we summarize current knowledge regarding the etiology and pathogenesis mechanisms of both diseases. Subsequently, an updated review of the association between T1DM and AITD is offered. Finally, we provide a relatively detailed review focusing on the application of thyroid ultrasonography in diagnosing and managing HT and GD, suggesting its critical role in the timely and accurate diagnosis of AITD in T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Nanjing Lishui People’s Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing 211200, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ke Wan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Xin Chang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Nanjing Lishui People’s Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing 211200, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui-Feng Mao
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu Province, China
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3
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Niknejad A, Hosseini Y, Shamsnia HS, Kashani AS, Rostamian F, Momtaz S, Abdolghaffari AH. Sodium Glucose Transporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT2Is)-TLRs Axis Modulates Diabetes. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:599-613. [PMID: 37658280 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes affects millions of people worldwide and is mainly associated with impaired insulin function. To date, various oral anti-diabetic drugs have been developed, of which, the sodium glucose transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2Is) are of the most recent classes that have been introduced. They differ from other classes in terms of their novel mechanism of actions and unique beneficial effects rather than just lowering glucose levels. SGLT2Is can protect body against cardiovascular events and kidney diseases even in non-diabetic individuals. SGLT2Is participate in immune cell activation, oxidative stress reduction, and inflammation mediation, thereby, moderating diabetic complications. In addition, toll like receptors (TLRs) are the intermediators of the immune system and inflammatory process, thus it's believed to play crucial roles in diabetic complications, particularly the ones that are related to inflammatory reactions. SGLT2Is are also effective against diabetic complications via their anti-inflammatory and oxidative properties. Given the anti-inflammatory properties of TLRs and SGLT2Is, this review investigates how SGLT2Is can affect the TLR pathway, and whether this could be favorable toward diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Niknejad
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasamin Hosseini
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedieh Sadat Shamsnia
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayeh Sabbagh Kashani
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rostamian
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran.
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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Calcaterra V, Tagi VM, De Santis R, Biuso A, Taranto S, D’Auria E, Zuccotti G. Endocrinological Involvement in Children and Adolescents Affected by COVID-19: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5248. [PMID: 37629291 PMCID: PMC10455095 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12165248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the advent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, an increased incidence of several endocrinological anomalies in acute-phase and/or long-term complications has been described. The aim of this review is to provide a broad overview of the available literature regarding changes in the worldwide epidemiology of endocrinological involvement in children since December 2019 and to report the evidence supporting its association with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although little is known regarding the involvement of endocrine organs during COVID-19 in children, the current evidence in adults and epidemiological studies on the pediatric population suggest the presence of a causal association between the virus and endocrinopathies. Untreated transient thyroid dysfunction, sick euthyroid syndrome, nonthyroidal illness syndrome, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and central precocious puberty have been observed in children in acute infection and/or during multisystem inflammatory syndrome development. Furthermore, a higher frequency of ketoacidosis at onset in children with a new diagnosis of type 1 diabetes is reported in the literature. Although the direct association between COVID-19 and endocrinological involvement has not been confirmed yet, data on the development of different endocrinopathies in children, both during acute infection and as a result of its long-term complications, have been reported. This information is of primary importance to guide the management of patients with previous or current COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.M.T.); (R.D.S.); (A.B.); (S.T.); (E.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Veronica Maria Tagi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.M.T.); (R.D.S.); (A.B.); (S.T.); (E.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Raffaella De Santis
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.M.T.); (R.D.S.); (A.B.); (S.T.); (E.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Andrea Biuso
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.M.T.); (R.D.S.); (A.B.); (S.T.); (E.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Silvia Taranto
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.M.T.); (R.D.S.); (A.B.); (S.T.); (E.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Enza D’Auria
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.M.T.); (R.D.S.); (A.B.); (S.T.); (E.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.M.T.); (R.D.S.); (A.B.); (S.T.); (E.D.); (G.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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García E. Two putative glutamate decarboxylases of Streptococcus pneumoniae as possible antigens for the production of anti-GAD65 antibodies leading to type 1 diabetes mellitus. Int Microbiol 2023; 26:675-690. [PMID: 37154976 PMCID: PMC10165594 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been increasing in prevalence in the last decades and has become a global burden. Autoantibodies against human glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65) are among the first to be detected at the onset of T1DM. Diverse viruses have been proposed to be involved in the triggering of T1DM because of molecular mimicry, i.e., similarity between parts of some viral proteins and one or more epitopes of GAD65. However, the possibility that bacterial proteins might also be responsible for GAD65 mimicry has been seldom investigated. To date, many genomes of Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus), a prominent human pathogen particularly prevalent among children and the elderly, have been sequenced. A dataset of more than 9000 pneumococcal genomes was mined and two different (albeit related) genes (gadA and gadB), presumably encoding two glutamate decarboxylases similar to GAD65, were found. The various gadASpn alleles were present only in serotype 3 pneumococci belonging to the global lineage GPSC83, although some homologs have also been discovered in two subspecies of Streptococcus constellatus (pharyngis and viborgensis), an isolate of the group B streptococci, and several strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Besides, gadBSpn alleles are present in > 10% of the isolates in our dataset and represent 16 GPSCs with 123 sequence types and 20 different serotypes. Sequence analyses indicated that gadA- and gadB-like genes have been mobilized among different bacteria either by prophage(s) or by integrative and conjugative element(s), respectively. Substantial similarities appear to exist between the putative pneumococcal glutamate decarboxylases and well-known epitopes of GAD65. In this sense, the use of broader pneumococcal conjugate vaccines such as PCV20 would prevent the majority of serotypes expressing those genes that might potentially contribute to T1DM. These results deserve upcoming studies on the possible involvement of S. pneumoniae in the etiopathogenesis and clinical onset of T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto García
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Limanaqi F, Vicentini C, Saulle I, Clerici M, Biasin M. The role of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Life Sci 2023; 323:121701. [PMID: 37059356 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Type-I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is generally considered as a chronic, T-cell mediated autoimmune disease. This notwithstanding, both the endogenous characteristics of β-cells, and their response to environmental factors and exogenous inflammatory stimuli are key events in disease progression and exacerbation. As such, T1DM is now recognized as a multifactorial condition, with its onset being influenced by both genetic predisposition and environmental factors, among which, viral infections represent major triggers. In this frame, endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) and 2 (ERAP2) hold center stage. ERAPs represent the main hydrolytic enzymes specialized in trimming of N-terminal antigen peptides to be bound by MHC class I molecules and presented to CD8+ T cells. Thus, abnormalities in ERAPs expression alter the peptide-MHC-I repertoire both quantitatively and qualitatively, fostering both autoimmune and infectious diseases. Although only a few studies succeeded in determining direct associations between ERAPs variants and T1DM susceptibility/outbreak, alterations of ERAPs do impinge on a plethora of biological events which might indeed contribute to the disease development/exacerbation. Beyond abnormal self-antigen peptide trimming, these include preproinsulin processing, nitric oxide (NO) production, ER stress, cytokine responsiveness, and immune cell recruitment/activity. The present review brings together direct and indirect evidence focused on the immunobiological role of ERAPs in T1DM onset and progression, covering both genetic and environmental aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Vicentini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 20122 Milan, Italy; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Foundation, Via A. Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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Contribution of Retrotransposons to the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes and Challenges in Analysis Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043104. [PMID: 36834511 PMCID: PMC9966460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common chronic diseases of the endocrine system, associated with several life-threatening comorbidities. While the etiopathogenesis of T1D remains elusive, a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors, such as microbial infections, are thought to be involved in the development of the disease. The prime model for studying the genetic component of T1D predisposition encompasses polymorphisms within the HLA (human leukocyte antigen) region responsible for the specificity of antigen presentation to lymphocytes. Apart from polymorphisms, genomic reorganization caused by repeat elements and endogenous viral elements (EVEs) might be involved in T1D predisposition. Such elements are human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) and non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons, including long and short interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs and SINEs). In line with their parasitic origin and selfish behaviour, retrotransposon-imposed gene regulation is a major source of genetic variation and instability in the human genome, and may represent the missing link between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors long thought to contribute to T1D onset. Autoreactive immune cell subtypes with differentially expressed retrotransposons can be identified with single-cell transcriptomics, and personalized assembled genomes can be constructed, which can then serve as a reference for predicting retrotransposon integration/restriction sites. Here we review what is known to date about retrotransposons, we discuss the involvement of viruses and retrotransposons in T1D predisposition, and finally we consider challenges in retrotransposons analysis methods.
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Hashemipour M, Maracy M, Javanmard SH, Zamaneh F, Mostofizadeh N, Hovsepian S. Trends in incidence rates of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective study in Isfahan province, Iran. J Diabetes Investig 2023; 14:376-386. [PMID: 36695001 PMCID: PMC9951581 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION We aimed to determine the incidence trend of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus in Isfahan province over a period of 12 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective study, children aged <20 years at the time of type 1 diabetes mellitus diagnosis, from March 2007 to March 2019, were included. The crude and adjusted incidence rate of type 1 diabetes mellitus is calculated as the number of cases per 100,000 person-years by the period. The cumulative, age- and sex-specific incidence rates were also calculated. Age-specific incidence rates were calculated for age and sex groups. RESULTS A total of 1,954 (983 boys and 971 girls) cases of type 1 diabetes mellitus were identified. The mean age at diagnosis in all studied populations was 9.89 (standard deviation 4.76). There were no significant differences between the proportion of boys and girls in different years (P = 0.12) and different age groups (P = 0.19). The average annual percent change of incidence rate for the total population, for girls and boys, was 6.9%, 6.7% and 6.3% respectively. The type 1 diabetes mellitus incidence rate had a significant trend to be increased from 2007 to 2019 (P < 0.001, t = 3.6). CONCLUSION Our findings showed that currently our region is considered a region with a high incidence rate of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Although we have had fluctuations in the incidence rate over the 12 years, the overall trend is increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Hashemipour
- Metabolic Liver Diseases Research Center, Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Mohammadreza Maracy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of HealthIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | | | - Farzane Zamaneh
- Metabolic Liver Diseases Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Neda Mostofizadeh
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Imam Hossein Children's HospitalIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Silva Hovsepian
- Metabolic Liver Diseases Research Center, Imam Hossein Children's HospitalIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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Mannino GC, Mancuso E, Sbrignadello S, Morettini M, Andreozzi F, Tura A. Chemical Compounds and Ambient Factors Affecting Pancreatic Alpha-Cells Mass and Function: What Evidence? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16489. [PMID: 36554367 PMCID: PMC9778390 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to different substances present in the environment can affect the ability of the human body to maintain glucose homeostasis. Some review studies summarized the current evidence about the relationships between environment and insulin resistance or beta-cell dysfunction. Instead, no reviews focused on the relationships between the environment and the alpha cell, although in recent years clear indications have emerged for the pivotal role of the alpha cell in glucose regulation. Thus, the aim of this review was to analyze the studies about the effects of chemical, biological, and physical environmental factors on the alpha cell. Notably, we found studies focusing on the effects of different categories of compounds, including air pollutants, compounds of known toxicity present in common objects, pharmacological agents, and compounds possibly present in food, plus studies on the effects of physical factors (mainly heat exposure). However, the overall number of relevant studies was limited, especially when compared to studies related to the environment and insulin sensitivity or beta-cell function. In our opinion, this was likely due to the underestimation of the alpha-cell role in glucose homeostasis, but since such a role has recently emerged with increasing strength, we expect several new studies about the environment and alpha-cell in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Chiara Mannino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elettra Mancuso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Micaela Morettini
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Andreozzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Tura
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 35127 Padova, Italy
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Zorena K, Jaskulak M, Michalska M, Mrugacz M, Vandenbulcke F. Air Pollution, Oxidative Stress, and the Risk of Development of Type 1 Diabetes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1908. [PMID: 36290631 PMCID: PMC9598917 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite multiple studies focusing on environmental factors conducive to the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), knowledge about the involvement of long-term exposure to air pollution seems insufficient. The main focus of epidemiological studies is placed on the relationship between exposure to various concentrations of particulate matter (PM): PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (O3), versus the risk of T1DM development. Although the specific molecular mechanism(s) behind the link between increased air pollution exposure and a higher risk of diabetes and metabolic dysfunction is yet unknown, available data indicate air pollution-induced inflammation and oxidative stress as a significant pathway. The purpose of this paper is to assess recent research examining the association between inhalation exposure to PM and associated metals and the increasing rates of T1DM worldwide. The development of modern and more adequate methods for air quality monitoring is also introduced. A particular emphasis on microsensors, mobile and autonomous measuring platforms, satellites, and innovative approaches of IoT, 5G connections, and Block chain technologies are also presented. Reputable databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, were used to search for relevant literature. Eligibility criteria involved recent publication years, particularly publications within the last five years (except for papers presenting a certain novelty or mechanism for the first time). Population, toxicological and epidemiological studies that focused particularly on fine and ultra-fine PM and associated ambient metals, were preferred, as well as full-text publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Zorena
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Jaskulak
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Michalska
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Mrugacz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Franck Vandenbulcke
- Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Géo-Environnement, Univ. Lille, IMT Lille Douai, University Artois, YncreaHauts-de-France, ULR4515-LGCgE, F-59000 Lille, France
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11
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Tian F, Chen H, Zhang J, He W. Reprogramming Metabolism of Macrophages as a Target for Kidney Dysfunction Treatment in Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148024. [PMID: 35887371 PMCID: PMC9316004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), as one of the main complications of many autoimmune diseases, is difficult to cure, which places a huge burden on patients’ health and the economy and poses a great threat to human health. At present, the mainstream view is that autoimmune diseases are a series of diseases and complications caused by immune cell dysfunction leading to the attack of an organism’s tissues by its immune cells. The kidney is the organ most seriously affected by autoimmune diseases as it has a very close relationship with immune cells. With the development of an in-depth understanding of cell metabolism in recent years, an increasing number of scientists have discovered the metabolic changes in immune cells in the process of disease development, and we have a clearer understanding of the characteristics of the metabolic changes in immune cells. This suggests that the regulation of immune cell metabolism provides a new direction for the treatment and prevention of kidney damage caused by autoimmune diseases. Macrophages are important immune cells and are a double-edged sword in the repair process of kidney injury. Although they can repair damaged kidney tissue, over-repair will also lead to the loss of renal structural reconstruction function. In this review, from the perspective of metabolism, the metabolic characteristics of macrophages in the process of renal injury induced by autoimmune diseases are described, and the metabolites that can regulate the function of macrophages are summarized. We believe that treating macrophage metabolism as a target can provide new ideas for the treatment of the renal injury caused by autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tian
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (F.T.); (H.C.)
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (F.T.); (H.C.)
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin 100730, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (F.T.); (H.C.)
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin 100730, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (W.H.)
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory T Cell and Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China; (F.T.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (W.H.)
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