20-Hydroxyecdysone, from Plant Extracts to Clinical Use: Therapeutic Potential for the Treatment of Neuromuscular, Cardio-Metabolic and Respiratory Diseases

Pyroptosis was suppressed by 20-hydroxyecdysone through Lin28b-mediated let-7d in vascular endothelial cells

20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), a natural polyhydroxylated steroid, has exhibited anti-inflammatory effects across various diseases. This study investigates the potential connection between 20E's anti-inflammatory properties and the RNA-binding protein Lin28b, which is notably upregulated in TNF-α-stimulated endothelial cells. Herein, we discovered that 20E can selectively downregulate Lin28b expression without affecting its paralog Lin28a. Notably, 20E treatment could significantly attenuate pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of programmed cell death, as evidenced by reduced IL-1β and LDH release, and fewer propidium iodide (PI)-positive cells. Subsequent protein analysis revealed that 20E inhibited the enhanced expressions of key pyroptosis-associated proteins, GSDMD, GSDMD-N, and GSDME-N. Besides, this suppression of Lin28b and pyroptosis may be partially mediated through TNFR1. Additionally, 20E upregulated let-7 miRNA, particularly let-7d, a critical downstream target of Lin28b. To elucidate the role of Lin28b in 20E-mediated pyroptosis attenuation, we performed Lin28b overexpression and silencing experiments. Overexpressing Lin28b negated 20E's inhibition of LDH release and PI-related fluorescence, exacerbating GSDMD and GSDME cleavage. Conversely, Lin28b knockdown augmented the suppressive effect of 20E on pyroptosis, which was reversed by a let-7d inhibitor. Co-transfection with let-7d mimic and Lin28b plasmid demonstrated let-7d's role in mitigating pyroptosis aggravated by Lin28b overexpression. Overall, this study demonstrates that 20E may mitigate GSDMD and GSDME-mediated pyroptosis in HUVECs through the Lin28b/let-7d-dependent signaling pathway. These results highlight the potential of 20E as a promising inhibitor of pyroptosis, offering new insights into its anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Molecular Targets of 20-Hydroxyecdysone in Mammals, Mechanism of Action: Is It a Calorie Restriction Mimetic and Anti-Aging Compound?

The 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) has been used in traditional medicine for a long time and acquired attention in the last decade as a food supplement and stimulant in physical activities. This polyhydroxylated cholesterol is found in the highest concentration in plants, and it is one of the secondary plant products that has a real hormonal influence in arthropods. Various beneficial effects have been reported in vivo and in vitro for 20E and its related compounds in mammals. Trials for the safety of clinical application showed a remarkably high tolerance in humans. This review aims to assess the latest development in the involvement of various pathways in tissues and organs and look if it is plausible to find a single primary target of this compound. The similarities with agents mimicking calorie restriction and anti-aging effects are also elucidated and discussed.

Combined 20-Hydroxyecdysone and Antisense-Mediated Exon Skipping Improve Functional Outcomes in a Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked disorder caused by mutations in the DMD gene, resulting in a lack of dystrophin protein. This leads to progressive muscle wasting, cardiac and respiratory dysfunction, and premature death. Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-based therapies represent a promising approach to treating DMD, with several already approved by the FDA. However, the levels of dystrophin restoration achieved in clinical trials are often insufficient for meaningful therapeutic impact, highlighting the urgent need to enhance ASO efficacy. One potential strategy is to improve muscle pathophysiology, which is compromised in DMD due to cycles of necrosis and regeneration, chronic inflammation, and fibrotic and adipose tissue replacement. These disease characteristics may limit ASO efficiency. In this study, we evaluated the combination of tricyclo-DNA-ASO targeting the Dmd exon 23 with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E), a steroid hormone known to activate the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, enhance protein and ATP synthesis, and exhibit anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties. Mdx mice were treated with ASO alone or in combination with 20-E for 8 weeks. While both treatments restored similar levels of dystrophin and significantly improved functional outcomes such as the distance run and maximum speed in the treadmill exhaustion test, other improvements like the specific force and the decrease in the force drop after eccentric contraction were observed only with the combination therapy. Importantly, the cotreatment was well tolerated without liver or kidney toxicity. These findings provide proof of concept that combining 20-E with ASO therapy can ameliorate dystrophic pathology and improve muscle function in a DMD mouse model. By targeting both dystrophin restoration and muscle pathophysiology, this combined approach may offer a therapeutic strategy with the potential for meaningful clinical benefits, warranting further investigation and potential translation to patients.

Exploring geographic variations in quinoa grains: Unveiling anti-Alzheimer activity via GC-MS, LC-QTOF-MS/MS, molecular networking, and chemometric analysis

Quinoa is an ancient Andean crop with a significant interest due to its nutritional and health benefits. This work provides a comprehensive metabolite profiling of five commercially available quinoa grains from diverse geographical origins. GC-MS analysis of primary metabolites identified sugars, sugar derivatives, and lipids as the predominant classes. LC-QTOF-MS/MS metabolomics and molecular networking facilitated the identification of 151 secondary metabolites, including 20 flavonoids, 14 saponins, and 20 lipids, which were reported for the first time in quinoa. In the AChE inhibition assay, USA white quinoa exhibited the highest activity. Chemometric analyses indicated that flavonoids and saponins were crucial for distinguishing quinoa grains. Notably, flavonoid glycosides and saponins were positively correlated with AChE inhibition. This study represents the first MS-based metabolomics investigation using molecular networking and chemometrics to explore the metabolome heterogeneity of commercial quinoa grains, underscoring their potential as a promising natural source for combating Alzheimer's disease.

Variations in metabolite fingerprints of Tinospora species targeting metabolic disorders: an integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology approach

INTRODUCTION

Metabolic disorders are a global health concern, necessitating the development of drugs with fewer side effects and more efficacy. Traditional Indian medicine uses Tinospora cordifolia and Tinospora sinensis, but their metabolite fingerprints and impact on geographical location remains unknown.

OBJECTIVE

The present study aimed to identify metabolite fingerprints from T. cordifolia and T. sinensis species from different geographic locations and also to identify potential quality markers for treating metabolic disorders.

METHODS

Non-targeted metabolite fingerprinting of T. cordifolia and T. sinensis was performed using HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis. Network pharmacology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation analysis were performed to identify potential quality markers, hub targets, and key pathways associated with metabolic disorders.

RESULTS

In this study, six potential marker compounds and twenty-five differential compounds were identified between T. cordifolia and T. sinensis. Based on geography, five and one metabolite marker compounds were identified in T. cordifolia and T. sinensis respectively. Network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation analysis revealed trans piceid, crustecdysone in T. cordifolia, and gallic acid in T. sinensis as potential quality markers against metabolic disorder related hub targets.

CONCLUSION

Integration of non-targeted metabolomics and network pharmacology approach deciphers the pharmacological mechanism of action in terms of identifying potential quality markers from Tinospora species that can be used against metabolic disorders. However, further research is required to validate these findings in in vitro and in vivo studies for better assertion.

Spinacia oleracea L. Baby Leaves as a Source of Bioactive Principles: The Chemical Profiling of Eco-Sustainable Extracts by Using LC-ESI/HRMS- and 1H NMR-Based Metabolomics

Spinacia oleracea L. cultivar platypus leaves are identified as a functional food due to their nutrient composition which promotes health beyond basic nutrition. Considering the increasing use of food supplements, S. oleracea baby leaves have been extracted by maceration, solid-liquid dynamic extraction (SLDE)-Naviglio, and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using EtOH and EtOH:H2O mixtures. The analysis of the extracts by using LC-ESI/HRMSMS revealed 42 compounds (flavonoids, polar lipid derivatives, and 20-hydroxyecdysone), along with primary metabolites, detected by NMR analysis. A principal component analysis (PCA) of LC-ESI/HRMS and NMR data was performed, revealing how 20-hydroxyecdysone and flavonoids, the specialized metabolites mainly responsible for the biological activity of S. oleracea leaves, occurred in the highest amount in the EtOH and EtOH:H2O (70:30, v/v) extracts obtained by SLDE-Naviglio extraction. 20-hydroxyecdysone was also quantified in all the extracts via LC-ESI/QTrap/MS/MS using the Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) method. The EtOH extracts obtained by SLDE-Naviglio and maceration showed the highest content (82.16 and 81.27 mg/g extract, respectively). The total phenolic content (118.35-206.60 mg GAE/g), the flavonoid content (10.90-41.05 mg rutin/g), and the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) (1.63-2.05 mM) of the extracts were determined. The EtOH:H2O (70:30, v/v) extract analyzed by using SLDE-Naviglio showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid content and radical scavenging activity.

20-Hydroxyecdysone Boosts Energy Production and Biosynthetic Processes in Non-Transformed Mouse Cells

20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) is an arthropod steroid hormone that possesses a number of beneficial pharmacological activities in humans, including anabolic, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and antineoplastic properties, etc. While several studies have explored the anabolic activity of 20E in muscle cells, they have concentrated on its effects on myofibril size, protein biosynthesis intensity, and myostatin expression, without assessing energy metabolism. In this research, we have demonstrated that 20E boosts both catabolism and anabolism, coupling energy-producing and biosynthetic metabolic processes in mouse myoblasts and fibroblasts in the same way. Using a transcriptomic approach, we identified the 20E-mediated up-regulation of genes involved in different metabolic processes. Further experiments revealed that 20E increased the levels of enzymes involved in glycolysis and one-carbon metabolism. It also increased the uptake of glucose, glycolysis, respiration, the production of ATP, and global protein biosynthesis in mouse myoblasts and fibroblasts. This phenomenon involves the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Taken together, the observed 20E-dependent upregulation of energy metabolism may be the main reason for 20E's well-known anabolic activity.

Evaluation of Random and Aligned Polycaprolactone Nanofibrous Electrospun Scaffold for Human Periodontal Ligament Engineering in Biohybrid Titanium Implants

Background: Stem cells are introduced to regenerate some living tissue to restore function and longevity. The study aims to isolate in vitro human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) and investigate their proliferation rate on plasma-treated aligned and random polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibrous scaffolds made via an electrospinning technique to attempt periodontal-like tissue in dental implants. Materials and Methods: hPDLSCs were isolated from extracted human premolars and cultured on plasma-treated or untreated PCL-aligned and random scaffolds to enhance adhesion of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells as well as interaction and proliferation. Cell morphology, adhesion, and proliferation rate were evaluated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and the methyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The wettability of PCL scaffolds was tested using a goniometer. Results: The hydrophilicity of plasma-treated scaffolds was significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) in both aligned and random nanofibers compared to the nontreated nanofibrous scaffold. Cells arranged in different directions on the random nanofiber scaffold, while for aligned scaffold nanofibers, the cells were arranged in a pattern that followed the direction of the aligned electrospun nanofibres. The rate of hPDLSC proliferation on an aligned PCL nanofiber scaffold was significantly higher than on a random PCL nanofibrous scaffold with a continuous, well-arranged monolayer of cells, as shown in FESEM. Conclusion: The aligned PCL nanofiber scaffold is superior to random PCL when used as an artificial scaffold for hPDLSC regeneration in PDL tissue engineering applications.

The effects of ecdysterone and enalapril on nitric oxide synthesis and the markers of oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats: a comparative study

Cardiovascular functions in diabetes greatly depend on constitutive NOS (cNOS) activity. A comparative study of the effects of a steroid hormone ecdysterone and enalapril, an ACE inhibitor widely used to treat cardiac disorders on cNOS, inducible NOS (iNOS), xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activity, RNS, ROS, and lipid peroxidation in heart tissue in experimental diabetes was conducted. The rat model of diabetes was established by streptozotocin injection. NOS activity, NO2-, NO3-, uric acid, nitrosothiols, hydroperoxide, superoxide, and diene conjugate formation were studied spectrophotomerically. In diabetes, cNOS downregulation correlated with a dramatic fall of NO2- production and ~4.5-fold elevation of nitrosothiols, which agreed with a steep rise of iNOS activity, while NO3- remained close to control. Dramatic activation of XOR was observed, which correlated with the elevation of both superoxide production and nitrate reductase activity and resulted in strong lipid peroxidation. Ecdysterone and enalapril differently affected RNS metabolism. Ecdysterone moderately restored cNOS but strongly suppressed iNOS, which resulted in the reduction of NO3-, but full restoration of NO2- production. Enalapril better restored cNOS but less effectively suppressed iNOS, which promoted NO3- formation. Both drugs similarly inhibited XOR, which equally alleviated oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The synergistic action of iNOS and XOR was a plausible explanation for strong lipid peroxidation, abolished by the inhibition of iNOS and XOR by ecdysterone or enalapril. Complementary effects of ecdysterone and enalapril on cNOS, iNOS, and RNS are a promising basis for their combined use in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders caused by cNOS dysfunction in diabetes.

Phytochemical composition of aerial parts and roots of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen and anticholinesterase, antioxidant, and antiglycation activities

The Pfaffia glomerata, a plant popularly called Brazilian ginseng, is widely used in Brazil for the treatment of various pathologies, including those associated with the Central Nervous System. 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), a phytosteroid present in this plant, can promote adaptogenic effects in the organism, providing greater body resistance to stressors. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and the anticholinesterase, antioxidant, and antiglycation effects of extracts and fractions of aerial parts and roots of P. glomerata, also analyzing their possible cytotoxic effects. The fractions were obtained by partitioning methanol extracts from the aerial part and roots of P. glomerata with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. The samples were initially tested in anticholinesterase, antioxidant, and antiglycation assays, and the most promising samples were submitted for cytotoxicity and chromatographic analyses. Mass spectrometry and chromatography methods revealed that 20E was the main compound in the dichloromethane fractions, there being 35% more 20E in the aerial part (APD) than in the roots (RD). Added to the higher concentration of 20E, the APD fraction also presented more promising results than the RD fraction in anticholinesterase and antioxidant analyses, indicating that their effects may be related to the concentration of 20E. These same fractions showed no hemolytic effects but were cytotoxic in high concentrations. These new findings contribute to scientific information about P. glomerata and open more perspectives for the understanding of its therapeutic properties, allowing the association of biological activity with the presence of 20E.

20-hydroxyecdysone suppresses bladder cancer progression via inhibiting USP21: A mechanism associated with deubiquitination and degradation of p65

Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the urinary tract and a prevalent cancer worldwide, still requiring efficient therapeutic agents and approaches. 20-Hydroxyecdysone (20-HE), a steroid hormone, can be found in insects and few plants and mediate numerous biological events to control the progression of varying diseases; however, its impacts on bladder cancer remain unclear. In the study, we found that 20-HE treatments effectively inhibited the viability and proliferation of bladder cancer cells and induced apoptosis by activating Caspase-3. The migratory and invasive potential of bladder cancer cells was markedly repressed by 20-HE in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of 20-HE on bladder cancer were confirmed in an established xenograft mouse model, as indicated by the markedly reduced tumor growth rates and limited lung and lymph node metastasis. High-throughput RNA sequencing was performed to explore dysregulated genes in bladder cancer cells after 20-HE treatment. We identified ubiquitin-specific protease 21 (USP21) as a key deubiquitinating enzyme for bladder cancer progression and a positive correlation between USP21 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/p65 in patients. Furthermore, 20-HE treatments markedly reduced USP21 expression, NF-κB/p65 mRNA, stability and phosphorylated NF-κB/p65 expression levels in bladder cancer cells, which were validated in animal tumor tissues. Mechanistic studies showed that USP21 directly interacted with and stabilized p65 by deubiquitinating its K48-linked polyubiquitination in bladder cancer cells, which could be abolished by 20-HE treatment, contributing to p65 degradation. Finally, we found that USP21 overexpression could not only facilitate the proliferation, migration, and invasion of bladder cancer cells, but also significantly eliminated the suppressive effects of 20-HE on bladder cancer. Notably, 20-HE could still perform its anti-tumor role in bladder cancer when USP21 was knocked down with decreased NF-κB/p65 expression and activation, revealing that USP21 suppression might not be the only way for 20-HE during bladder cancer treatment. Collectively, all our results clearly demonstrated that 20-HE may function as a promising therapeutic strategy for bladder cancer treatment mainly through reducing USP21/p65 signaling expression.

Anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and biocompatibility properties of aqueous extract of Tamarindus indica L. fruit coat analyses by in-vitro and in-vivo approaches

The anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and biocompatibility nature of Tamarindus indica L. fruit coat aqueous extract were investigated in this research through in-vitro and in-vivo studies. The anti-inflammatory property was determined through albumin denaturation inhibition and antiprotease activities as up to 39.5% and 41.2% respectively at 30 mg mL-1 concentration. Furthermore, the antidiabetic activity was determined through α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition as up to 62.15% and 67.35% respectively at 30 mg mL-1 dosage. The albino mice based acute toxicity study was performed by different treatment groups (group I-V) with different dosages of aqueous extract to detect the biocompatibility of sample. Surprisingly, findings revealed that the T. indica L. fruit coat aqueous extract had no harmful impacts on any of the groups. Urine, as well as serum parameter analysis, confirmed this. Moreover, the findings of SOD (Superoxide Dismutase), GST (Glutathione-S-transferase), & CAT (Catalase) as well as glutathione peroxidase as well as reduced glutathione antioxidant enzymes studies stated that the aqueous extract possess high antioxidant ability via a dose-dependent way. These findings indicate that T. indica fruit coat aqueous extract contains medicinally important phytochemicals with anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties, as well as being biocompatible in nature.

The use and potential abuse of psychoactive plants in southern Africa: an overview of evidence and future potential

Background

Most Bantu ethnic groups in southern Africa utilize indigenous herbal medicines, some of which have psychoactive properties. Traditional medical practitioners (TMPs) commonly use them not only for divinatory purposes but to treat and manage mental and other illnesses. Unfortunately, the research on their results, risks, and benefits do not align. Little is known about their potential abuse among TMPs and community members in southern Africa. Herbal medicines are complex because whole plants are sometimes used, unlike in other treatments which use only one active ingredient. However, if the key mechanisms of action of these ethnomedicinal plants can be identified through socio-pharmacological research, useful botanical agents can be developed. A review of socio-pharmacological studies to evaluate the consequences of exposure to ethnomedicinal plants with psychoactive properties was conducted with the aim of identifying harm reduction strategies and investigating how the plants could be developed into useful botanicals.

Method

The search methods involved retrieval of records from PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Dissertations and Theses Global, and OpenGrey. The English language and human subjects were used as filters. In addition, some information was obtained from TMPs and community members.

Results

The following psychoactive plants were found to be commonly used or abused: Boophone disticha, Cannabis sativa, Datura stramonium, Leonotis leonurus, Psilocybe cubensis, and Sceletium tortuosum. The commercialization of Cannabis, L. leonurus, S. tortuosum, and Aspalathus is growing fast. The abuse liability of B. disticha, D. stramonium, and P. cubensis appears not to be appreciated. Five countries were found to have TMP policies and three with TMP Councils.

Conclusion

TMPs in the region are aware of the CNS effects of the identified psychoactive plants which can be explored further to develop therapeutic agents. There is a need to work closely with TMPs to reduce harm from the abuse of these plants.

Organs-specific metabolomics and anticholinesterase activity suggests a trade-off between metabolites for therapeutic advantages of Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don

Trillium govanianum is traditionally used to treat innumerable alignments like sexual disorders, cancer, inflammation etc. Mainly rhizomes of T. govanianum have been explored for phytochemical profiling but comprehensive metabolomics of other parts has not been yet deeply investigated. Thus, current study was aimed for organs-specific (roots, rhizomes, rhizomatous buds, stems, leaves, and fruits) phytochemical profiling of T. govanianum via metabolomics approach. Targeted (steroidal saponins and free sugars) and non-targeted metabolomics were performed by UPLC-PDA/ELSD & UHPLC-Q-TOF-IMS. Among steroidal compounds, 20-hydroxyecdysone, pennogenin-3-O-β-chacotrioside, dioscin were found predominantly in all samples while diosgenin was identified only in rhizomes. Further, four free sugars viz. 2-deoxyribose (116.24 ± 1.26 mg/g: leaves), fructose (454.76 ± 12.14 mg/g: rhizomes), glucose (243.21 ± 7.53 mg/g: fruits), and galactose (69.06 ± 2.14 mg/g: fruits) were found significant in respective parts of T. govanianum. Elemental analysis of targeted samples was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Pd, As) were absent while micro- (Mn, Na, Zn, Cu) and macro- (Ca, Fe, Mg, K) elements were found in all samples. Furthermore, UHPLC-Q-TOF-IMS had identified 103 metabolites based on their mass fragmentation patterns and 839 were tentatively predicted using METLIN database. The multivariate statistical analysis showed organs specific clustering and variance of metabolites. Apart from this, extracts were evaluated for in vitro anticholinesterase activity, and found potentials inhibitors with IC50 values 2.02 ± 0.15 to 27.65 ± 0.89 mg/mL and 3.58 ± 0.12 to 16.81 ± 2.48 mg/mL of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzyme, respectively. Thus, comprehensive metabolomics and anti-cholinesterase activity of different parts of T. govanianum would lay the foundation for improving medicinal importance and health benefits of T. govanianum.

Ecdysterone and Turkesterone-Compounds with Prominent Potential in Sport and Healthy Nutrition

The naturally occurring compounds ecdysterone and turkesterone, which are present in plants, including Rhaponticum carthamoides Willd. (Iljin), Spinacia oleracea L., Chenopodium quinoa Willd., and Ajuga turkestanica (Regel) Briq, are widely recognized due to their possible advantages for both general health and athletic performance. The current review investigates the beneficial biological effects of ecdysterone and turkesterone in nutrition, highlighting their roles not only in enhancing athletic performance but also in the management of various health problems. Plant-based diets, associated with various health benefits and environmental sustainability, often include sources rich in phytoecdysteroids. However, the therapeutic potential of phytoecdysteroid-rich extracts extends beyond sports nutrition, with promising applications in treating chronic fatigue, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders.

The effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone on nuclear shape, heterochromatin quantity and gray-level co-occurrence matrix texture analysis of adrenal zona fasciculata cells in an obese gerbil (Gerbillus tarabuli) model for metabolic syndrome: a correlational study

The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of obesity and phytotherapy with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) on the nuclei of adrenal zona fasciculata (ZF) in the gerbil Gerbillus tarabuli by analyzing nuclear shape and gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) texture characteristics and by quantifying heterochromatin. Twelve gerbils were divided into three groups: control (C), HC and HC-20E (animals receiving a high-calorie-diet without or with a supplement of 20E, respectively). The adrenals were removed and fixed for histological and statistical analysis. Principal component analysis showed a positive correlation of area, perimeter and textural correlation in C. Nevertheless, a negative correlation was recorded for contrast and entropy. The obesity caused a disorder in nuclear texture; negative correlation was noted with heterochromatin fraction, which may be related to increased ZF activity. However, administration of 20E seems to improve the nuclear state by preserving circularity, uniformity and homogeneity of nuclei as well as the proportion of heterochromatin, which could be a sign of a downregulation of cell activity.Our results suggest that new techniques of image processing could contribute to the understanding of nuclear changes associated with obesity and its possible therapy in this gerbil model for metabolic syndrome.

Chemical profiling and simultaneous quantification of major bioactive constituents from Cocculus hirsutus by UPLC-QqQ-MS

Cocculus hirsutus is a widely used herb in traditional systems of medicine for the treatment of various diseases. In the present study, five alkaloids (1-5), two flavonoids (6-7), one triterpenoid (8), and three steroids (9-10) were isolated from the roots of Cocculus hirsutus and further crude extract was analyzed by LC-Q-Tof-MS/MS in positive ionization mode leading to the identification of ten metabolites through comparison of exact molecular masses from their MS/MS spectra, mass fragmentation studies and with literature data. In addition, a method was developed and validated for the quantification of four bio-active compounds [Sinococuline (1), Magnoflorine (2), (E)-N-feruloyltyramine (3), and 20-Hydroxyecdysone (10)] using UPLC-QqQ-MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode for the first time. The method has shown good linearity with correlation coefficients (r2) higher than 0.9916 for all four compounds. The intra- and inter-day precision were in the range of 0.3-6.1% and from 0.7% to 8.8%, respectively. The matrix effects of all the four analytes were found in the range of 94.7 ± 2.8-112.7 ± 3.7%. Overall, our study provides a reliable and rapid approach by hyphenated LC-MS/MS using high-resolution mass spectrometers for identification and quantification of bioactive constituents from the root extracts of Cocculus hirsutus.

20-Hydroxyecdysone bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in Gerbillus tarabuli, a gerbil model for metabolic syndrome studies

Phytoecdysteroids are active natural compounds that have demonstrated many beneficial pharmacological effects on mammals, including Humans. 20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) is the major phytoecdysteroid present in plants, and gerbils are particularly good responders to the addition of 20E to their diet. We have examined the oral bioavailability of 20E in the desert gerbil, Gerbillus tarabuli. 20E (5 and 50 mg.kg-1 body weight) was administered to gerbils by intra-peritoneal injection and oral gavage, respectively. Plasma samples were collected over 8 h and analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS to determine the 20E concentrations. The calculated oral bioavailability of 20E is approx. 12%, with a half-life of 30.6 and 33 min after per os administration or intra-peritoneal injection, respectively. This bioavailabilitty is much higher than that observed in laboratory rodents (ca. 1%). It is proposed that this unexpectedly high oral bioavailability of 20E in gerbils contributes to its high efficacy in this animal.

Beneficial Effects of Asparagus officinalis Extract Supplementation on Muscle Mass and Strength following Resistance Training and Detraining in Healthy Males

The phytoecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) is widely used for resistance training (RT). Little is known about its potential ergogenic value and detraining effects post-RT. This study aimed to examine the effects of 20E extracted from Asparagus officinalis (A. officinalis) on muscle strength and mass, as well as anabolic and catabolic hormones following RT and detraining. Twenty males, aged 20.1 ± 1.1 years, were matched and randomly assigned to consume double-blind supplements containing either a placebo (PLA) or 30 mg/day of 20E for 12 weeks of RT and detraining. Before and after RT and detraining, muscle strength and mass and anabolic and catabolic hormones were measured. This study found that 20E reduced cortisol levels significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the PLA, yet no effect was observed on muscle mass, strength, or anabolic hormones after RT. Subsequent to 6 weeks of detraining, the 20E demonstrated a lower percentage change in 1RM bench press/FFM than the PLA (p < 0.05). Compared to the PLA, detraining throughout the 12 weeks resulted in a lower percentage change in thigh (p < 0.05) and chest (p < 0.01) circumferences, as well as reduced cortisol levels (p < 0.01), with 20E. Our findings demonstrate that 20E supplementation is a promising way to maintain muscle mass and strength during detraining. Accordingly, 20E may prevent muscle mass and strength loss due to detraining by lowering catabolic hormone levels.

Ecdysteroids from the Korean Endemic Species Ajuga spectabilis with Activities against Glucocorticoid Receptors and 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1

Two new ecdysteroids, spectasterone A (1) and spectasterone B (2), together with four known ecdysteroids, breviflorasterone (3), ajugalactone (4), 20-hydroxyecdysone (5), and polypodine B (6) were isolated from the Korean endemic plant Ajuga spectabilis using feature-based molecular networking analysis. The chemical structures of 1 and 2 were determined based on the interpretation of NMR and mass spectrometric data. Their absolute configurations were established using ³J_H, H coupling constants, NOESY interactions, Mosher's method, and ECD and DP4+ calculations. To identify their biological target, a machine learning-based prediction system was applied, and the results indicated that ecdysteroids may have 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1)-related activity, which was further supported by molecular docking results of ecdysteroids with 11β-HSD1. Following this result, all the isolated ecdysteroids were tested for their ability to affect the expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in HaCaT cells irradiated with UVB. Compounds 2-5 exhibited inhibition of 11β-HSD1 expression and increases in GR activity.

Dietary Supplementation with 20-Hydroxyecdysone Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis and Reduces White Adipose Tissue Mass in Ovariectomized Rats Fed a High-Fat, High-Fructose Diet

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is defined as hepatic steatosis in combination with overweight, diabetes, or other metabolic risk factors. MAFLD affects a significant number of the global population and imposes substantial clinical and economic burdens. With no approved pharmacotherapy, current treatment options are limited to diet and exercise. Therefore, the development of medicines for MAFLD treatment or prevention is necessary. 20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) is a natural steroid found in edible plants and has been shown to improve metabolism and dyslipidemia. Therefore, it may be useful for MAFLD treatment. Here, we aimed to determine how dietary supplementation with 20E affects fat accumulation and lipogenesis in the liver and adipose tissue of ovariectomized rats fed a high-fat, high-fructose diet (OHFFD). We found that 20E reduced hepatic triglyceride content and visceral fat deposition. 20E increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl CoA carboxylase while reducing the expression of fatty acid synthase in the liver and adipose tissue. Additionally, 20E increased hepatic expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 and reduced adipose expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1. In conclusion, 20E demonstrated beneficial effects in rats with OHFFD-induced MAFLD. These findings suggest that 20E may represent a promising option for MAFLD prevention or treatment.

Effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone on UVB-induced photoaging in hairless mice

We recently reported that exposure of skin to ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation for 2 weeks induces stress and accelerates skin aging. Interestingly, aldosterone synthase is known to be crucial in generating UVB-induced stress-related responses, suggesting that drugs that regulate its activity can be used as skin antiaging agents. Through extensive drug screening, we have identified 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), a steroidal prohormone secreted by the prothoracic glands of insects, as a potent inhibitor of UVB-induced aging. Although 20E has been shown to exert antistress and anti-collagenase effects in vitro, its effects in vivo remain unexplored. Furthermore, the pharmacological and physiological effects of 20E on UVB-mediated photoaging are poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of 20E on aldosterone synthase and UVB-induced photoaging and skin lesions in hairless mice, focusing on the stress-related hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. We confirmed that 20E inhibited aldosterone synthase and reduced corticosterone levels. When applied to a UV-induced skin aging animal model, it ameliorated UV-induced stress and protected against the decrease in collagen levels. Importantly, when the aldosterone synthase inhibitor osilodrostat, an FDA-approved drug, was applied to the UV-induced skin aging model, the stress-reducing and antiaging effects of 20E were not observed. Thus, we conclude that 20E inhibits UVB-induced skin aging by blocking aldosterone synthase and is a potential candidate to prevent skin aging.

20-Hydroxyecdysone Confers Antioxidant and Antineoplastic Properties in Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells

20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) is an arthropod hormone which is synthesized by some plants as part of their defense mechanism. In humans, 20E has no hormonal activity but possesses a number of beneficial pharmacological properties including anabolic, adaptogenic, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant properties, as well as cardio-, hepato-, and neuroprotective features. Recent studies have shown that 20E may also possess antineoplastic activity. In the present study, we reveal the anticancer properties of 20E in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. 20E displayed significant antioxidant capacities and induced the expression of antioxidative stress response genes. The RNA-seq analysis of 20E-treated lung cancer cells revealed the attenuation of genes involved in different metabolic processes. Indeed, 20E suppressed several enzymes of glycolysis and one-carbon metabolism, as well as their key transcriptional regulators-c-Myc and ATF4, respectively. Accordingly, using the SeaHorse energy profiling approach, we observed the inhibition of glycolysis and respiration mediated by 20E treatment. Furthermore, 20E sensibilized lung cancer cells to metabolic inhibitors and markedly suppressed the expression of Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) markers. Thus, in addition to the known beneficial pharmacological activities of 20E, our data uncovered novel antineoplastic properties of 20E in NSCLC cells.

Investigation of the inhibitory activity of extracts, fractions and secondary metabolites of <i>Silene</i> spp. (<i>Caryophyllaceae</i>) and <i>Serratula cupuliformis</i> (<i>Asteraceae</i>) on the replication of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus

Aim. In vitro analysis of the inhibitory activity of extracts, fractions and secondary metabolites of plants of the genus Silene [Caryophylaceae] and Serratula cupuliformis [Asteraceae) on the replication of SARS-CoV-2.

Material and Methods. Silene spp. and Serratula cupuliformis of the Siberian Botanical Garden of National Research Tomsk State University were used. Ethanol extracts and butanol fractions of Silene spp. were prepared. The flavonoid shaftoside and the ecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone from Lychnis chalcedonica were isolated. Analysis of BAS was carried out by the HPLC method. In vitro analysis of the inhibitory activity of extracts on SARS-CoV-2 replication was performed in Vero cell culture by direct inactivation [neutralization) of virions. Comparison samples were dry ethanol extracts of chaga [Inonotus obliquus, Basidiomycota), spices of cloves [Syzygium aromaticum, Myrtaceae) and root of licorice [Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Fabaceae).

Results. The inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts and butanol fractions of Silene spp., as well as individual compounds [shaftozide and 20-E) was revealed in the range of 50% effective concentrations [EC50) when dissolved in water from 339.85±83.92 pg/ml to 1.59±0.39 pg/ml and when dissolved in DMSO from 119.34±26.34 pg/ml to 2.22±0.57 pg/ml, respectively. The butanol fraction of Serratula cupuliformis was active with EC50=21.74±4.80 and 27.42±6.05 pg/mL. These results for some samples of Silene spp. and Serratula cupuliformis are comparable to the EC50 values of the comparators.

Conclusion. The results obtained suggest the presence of biologically active substances in the herbal preparations studied that act destructively on virions of SARS-CoV-2 and affect one of the main stages of its "life" cycle - on the attachment to receptors of sensitive cells.

20-Hydroxyecdysone inhibits inflammation via SIRT6-mediated NF-κB signaling in endothelial cells

20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) is known to have numerous pharmacological activities and can be used to treat diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, the protective effects of 20E against endothelial dysfunction and its targets remain unclear. In the present study, we revealed that 20E treatment could modulate the release of the endothelium-derived vasomotor factors NO, PGI₂ and ET-1 and suppress the expression of ACE in TNF-α-induced 3D-cultured HUVECs. In addition, 20E suppressed the expression of CD40 and promoted the expression of SIRT6 in TNF-α-induced 3D-cultured HUVECs. The cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) and molecular docking results demonstrated that 20E binding increased SIRT6 stability, indicating that 20E directly bound to SIRT6 in HUVECs. Further investigation of the underlying mechanism showed that 20E could upregulate SIRT6 levels and that SIRT6 knockdown abolished the regulatory effect of 20E on CD40 in TNF-α-induced HUVECs, while SIRT6 overexpression further improved the effect of 20E. Moreover, we found that 20E could reduce the acetylation of NF-κB p65 (K310) through SIRT6, but the catalytic inactive mutant SIRT6 (H133Y) did not promote the deacetylation of NF-κB p65, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of 20E on NF-κB p65 was dependent on SIRT6 deacetylase activity. Additionally, our results indicated that 20E inhibited NF-κB via SIRT6, and the expression of CD40 was increased in HUVECs treated with SIRT6 siRNA and NF-κB inhibitor. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that 20E exerts its effect through SIRT6-mediated deacetylation of NF-κB p65 (K310) to inhibit CD40 expression in ECs, and 20E may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Physiological, epigenetic, and proteomic responses in Pfaffia glomerata growth in vitro under salt stress and 5-azacytidine

Plants adjust their complex molecular, biochemical, and metabolic processes to overcome salt stress. Here, we investigated the proteomic and epigenetic alterations involved in the morphophysiological responses of Pfaffia glomerata, a medicinal plant, to salt stress and the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine (5-azaC). Moreover, we investigated how these changes affected the biosynthesis of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E), a pharmacologically important specialized metabolite. Plants were cultivated in vitro for 40 days in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with NaCl (50 mM), 5-azaC (25 μM), and NaCl + 5-azaC. Compared with the control (medium only), the treatments reduced growth, photosynthetic rates, and photosynthetic pigment content, with increase in sucrose, total amino acids, and proline contents, but a reduction in starch and protein. Comparative proteomic analysis revealed 282 common differentially accumulated proteins involved in 87 metabolic pathways, most of them related to amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, and specialized metabolism. 5-azaC and NaCl + 5-azaC lowered global DNA methylation levels and 20-E content, suggesting that 20-E biosynthesis may be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. Moreover, downregulation of a key protein in jasmonate biosynthesis indicates the fundamental role of this hormone in the 20-E biosynthesis. Taken together, our results highlight possible regulatory proteins and epigenetic changes related to salt stress tolerance and 20-E biosynthesis in P. glomerata, paving the way for future studies of the mechanisms involved in this regulation.

The Distribution of Phytoecdysteroids among Terrestrial Vascular Plants: A Comparison of Two Databases and Discussion of the Implications for Plant/Insect Interactions and Plant Protection

Phytoecdysteroids are a class of plant secondary compounds which are present in a wide diversity of vascular plant species, where they contribute to a reduction in invertebrate predation. Over the past 55 years, a significant body of heterogeneous literature on the presence, identities and/or quantities of ecdysteroids in plant species has accumulated, resulting in the compilation of a first database, the Ecdybase Literature Survey (ELS; 4908 entries, covering 2842 species). A second extensive database on the distribution of ecdysteroids in vascular plants is available as the Exeter Survey (ES; 4540 entries, covering 4155 species), which used standardised extraction and analysis methods to survey seeds/spores. We compare the usefulness of these two databases to provide information on the occurrence of phytoecdysteroids at the order/family levels in relation to the recent molecular classifications of gymnosperms, pteridophytes/lycophytes and angiosperms. The study, in conjunction with the other published literature, provides insights into the distribution of phytoecdysteroids in the plant world, their role in plant protection in nature and their potential future contribution to crop protection. Furthermore, it will assist future investigations in the chemotaxonomy of phytoecdysteroids and other classes of plant secondary compounds.

Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Genes in the 20-Hydroxyecdysone Biosynthesis in the Fern Microsorum scolopendria towards Challenges with Foliar Application of Chitosan

Microsorum scolopendria is an important medicinal plant that belongs to the Polypodiaceae family. In this study, we analyzed the effects of foliar spraying of chitosan on growth promotion and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) production in M. scolopendria. Treatment with chitosan at a concentration of 50 mg/L in both young and mature sterile fronds induced the highest increase in the amount of accumulated 20E. Using RNA sequencing, we identified 3552 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to chitosan treatment. The identified DEGs were associated with 236 metabolic pathways. We identified several DEGs involved in the terpenoid and steroid biosynthetic pathways that might be associated with secondary metabolite 20E biosynthesis. Eight upregulated genes involved in cholesterol and phytosterol biosynthetic pathway, five upregulated genes related to the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) and mevalonate (MVA) pathways, and several DEGs that are members of cytochrome P450s and ABC transporters were identified. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR confirmed the results of RNA-sequencing. Taken together, we showed that chitosan treatment increased plant dry weight and 20E accumulation in M. scolopendria. RNA-sequencing and DEG analyses revealed key enzymes that might be related to the production of the secondary metabolite 20E in M. scolopendria.

Chemical Profile, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potency of Extracts of Vitex madiensis Oliv. and Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel ex G. Don)

Vitex madiensis Oliv. (Lamiaceae) and Crossopteryx febrifuga (Rubiaceae), two plants commonly used in traditional African medicines to treat malaria and pain, were studied either to determine their chemical profiles or to evaluate their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we investigated leaves, trunk bark, root bark and fruits methanolic extracts of both plants in order to find out which part of the plant is responsible for the activity. The analyses of the chemical profiles allowed us to confirm the presence of several ecdysteroids, especially 20-hydroxyecdysone in some parts of V. madiensis and to highlight the presence of organic acids and phenol derivatives in C. febrifuga. Among the four parts of the plants studied, only the fruits extract of C. febrifuga could present anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing ROS production. The leaves and trunk bark extracts of V. madiensis showed significant free radical scavenging activity compared to ascorbic acid, and the same extracts decrease ROS production significantly. The activity of these two extracts could be explained by the presence of ecdysteroids and flavonoids. The ROS production inhibition of V. madiensis is particularly interesting to investigate with further analyses.

Semi-Synthetic Ecdysteroid 6-Oxime Derivatives of 20-Hydroxyecdysone Possess Anti-Cryptococcal Activity

Cryptococcosis, a life-threatening fungal infection, frequently occurs in patients suffering from AIDS. The treatment of the disease is hampered by the limited number of the effective drugs and the increasing resistance; therefore, to find new active substances is needed. As meningitis is the most serious infection affecting the AIDS patients, effective drugs have to be capable of entering to the central nervous system. Ecdysteroids are natural bioactive molecules with considerable anabolic activity and without toxic side effects on humans. The aim of this work was to study the anti-cryptococcal activity of a natural ecdysteroid, 20E, and its three semi-synthetic derivatives obtained by structural modification of the original molecule. We established the minimum inhibitory concentration of the compounds with microdilution method and demonstrated their fungicidal activity by flow cytometry and cultivation of the drug-treated cells. The interaction of the compounds with each other and efflux transporter inhibitors was assessed by checkerboard titration method. Two derivatives, 20E-EOx and 20E-ZOx, inhibited the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans with minimum inhibitory concentration 2 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL, respectively; both compounds possess fungicidal effect. A combination of the ecdysteroids with each other and verapamil resulted in additive interaction. This study confirmed that structural modification of an originally non-antimicrobial molecule can enhance its effectiveness.

Public Health Need, Molecular Targets, and Opportunities for the Accelerated Development of Function-Promoting Therapies: Proceedings of a National Institute on Aging Workshop

Background

People ≥ 65 years are expected to live a substantial portion of their remaining lives with a limiting physical condition and the numbers of affected individuals will increase substantially due to the growth of the population of older adults worldwide. The age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, and function is associated with an increased risk of physical disabilities, falls, loss of independence, metabolic disorders, and mortality. The development of function-promoting therapies to prevent and treat age-related skeletal muscle functional limitations is a pressing public health problem.

Methods

On March 20–22, 2022, the National Institute on Aging (NIA) held a workshop entitled “Development of Function-Promoting Therapies: Public Health Need, Molecular Targets, and Drug Development.”

Results

The workshop covered a variety of topics including advances in muscle biology, novel candidate molecules, findings from randomized trials, and challenges in the design of clinical trials and regulatory approval of function-promoting therapies. Leading academic investigators, representatives from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), professional societies, pharmaceutical industry, and patient advocacy organizations shared research findings and identified research gaps and strategies to advance the development of function-promoting therapies. A diverse audience of 397 national and international professionals attended the conference.

Conclusions

Function-promoting therapies to prevent and treat physical disabilities associated with aging and chronic diseases are a public health imperative. Appropriately powered, well-designed clinical trials and synergistic collaboration among academic experts, patients and stakeholders, the NIH and the FDA, and the pharmaceutical industry are needed to accelerate the development of function-promoting therapies.

Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 Promotes Tissue-Specific Cell Growth, Proliferation and Survival during Development of Helicoverpa armigera

During development, cells constantly undergo fate choices by differentiating, proliferating, and dying as part of tissue remodeling. However, we only begin to understand the mechanisms of these different fate choices. Here, we took the lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera, the cotton bollworm, as a model to reveal that insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2-like) prevented cell death by promoting cell growth and proliferation. Tissue remodeling occurs during insect metamorphosis from larva to adult under regulation by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), a steroid hormone. An unknown insulin-like peptide in the genome of H. armigera was identified as IGF-2-like by sequence analysis using human IGFs. The expression of Igf-2-like was upregulated by 20E. IGF-2-like was localized in the imaginal midgut during tissue remodeling, but not in larval midgut that located nearby. IGF-2-like spread through the fat body during fat body remodeling. Cell proliferation was detected in the imaginal midgut and some fat body cells expressing IGF-2-like. Apoptosis was detected in the larval midgut and some fat body cells that did not express IGF-2-like, suggesting the IGF-2-like was required for cell survival, and IGF-2-like and apoptosis were exclusive, pointing to a survival requirement. Knockdown of Igf-2-like resulted in repression of growth and proliferation of the imaginal midgut and fat body. Our results suggested that IGF-2-like promotes cell growth and proliferation in imaginal tissues, promoting cell death avoidance and survival of imaginal cells during tissue remodeling. It will be interesting to determine whether the mechanism of action of steroid hormones on insulin growth factors is conserved in other species.

Plant Secondary Metabolites Used for the Treatment of Diseases and Drug Development

The importance of natural products in medicine, and in particular, plant secondary metabolites used for the treatment of diseases and drug development, has been obvious for several thousands of years [...]

Comparison between the Biological Active Compounds in Plants with Adaptogenic Properties (Rhaponticum carthamoides, Lepidium meyenii, Eleutherococcus senticosus and Panax ginseng)

BACKGROUND

In the 1960s, research into plant adaptogens began. Plants with adaptogenic properties have rich phytochemical compositions and have been used by humanity since ancient times. However, it is not still clear whether the adaptogenic properties are because of specific compounds or because of the whole plant extracts. The aim of this review is to compare the bioactive compounds in the different parts of these plants.

METHODS

The search strategy was based on studies related to the isolation of bioactive compounds from Rhaponticum carthamoides, Lepidium meyenii, Eleutherococcus senticosus, and Panax ginseng. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed.

RESULTS

This review includes data from 259 articles. The phytochemicals isolated from Rhaponticum carthamoides, Lepidium meyenii, Eleutherococcus senticosus, and Panax ginseng were described and classified in several categories.

CONCLUSIONS

Plant species have always played an important role in drug discovery because their effectiveness is based on the hundreds of years of experience with folk medicine in different nations. In our view, there is great potential in the near future for some of the phytochemicals found in these plants species to become pharmaceutical agents.

Nutrient weight against sarcopenia: regulation of the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/FOXO pathway in quinoa metabolites

Sarcopenia is characterized by the loss of muscle mass and strength, and one of its major molecular mechanisms is muscle protein turnover. Quinoa, the grain-like food crop, is a health nutrient used to treat diseases that predispose individuals to muscle wasting, including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. Quinoa secondary metabolites have recently been demonstrated to regulate protein turnover (including protein synthesis and degradation), a main biological process within muscle cells, through diverse signals (such as the p38 MAPK, TNF-α, and IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/FOXO pathways). Here, we describe how quinoa functions in the main pathway of protein synthesis and degradation, screen promising pharmacological components in nutritional applications, and provide guidance for the effects of quinoa products in sarcopenia.

Renin angiotensin aldosterone system in pulmonary fibrosis: Pathogenesis to therapeutic possibilities

Pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating lung disease with multifactorial etiology characterized by alveolar injury, fibroblast proliferation and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, which progressively results in respiratory failure and death. Accumulating evidence from experimental and clinical studies supports a central role of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) in the pathogenesis and progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Angiotensin II (Ang II), a key vasoactive peptide of the RAAS mediates pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic effects on the lungs, adversely affecting organ function. Recent years have witnessed seminal discoveries in the field of RAAS. Identification of new enzymes, peptides and receptors has led to the development of several novel concepts. Of particular interest is the establishment of a protective axis of the RAAS comprising of Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], and the Mas receptor (the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis), and the discovery of a functional role for the Angiotensin type 2 (AT₂) receptor. Herein, we will review our current understanding of the role of RAAS in lung fibrogenesis, provide evidence on the anti-fibrotic actions of the newly recognized RAAS components (the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis and AT₂ receptor), discuss potential strategies and translational efforts to convert this new knowledge into effective therapeutics for PF.