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Tayar VG, Saad J, El Sheikh WG, Roukoz C. Cross-Sectional Study on the Effect of Bilingualism, Age, Gender, and Family Income on Executive Function Development in a Sample of Lebanese School-Aged Children. Dev Neuropsychol 2024; 49:243-259. [PMID: 39046100 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2024.2378891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates executive functions (EFs) and selected developmental factors in 120 children aged 6-11 years. By examining inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, the research evaluates the potential influences of age, gender, bilingualism, and family income on these EF skills. Tests adapted to Lebanese Arabic were used to assess EFs. Results indicate a linear development of inhibition, working memory, and flexibility with age. Gender differences were observed, affecting verbal and visuospatial working memory as well as flexibility. Bilingualism positively impacts EFs, with early bilinguals outperforming late bilinguals. Family income, however, shows no significant effect on EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joelle Saad
- Speech and Language Therapy Department, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Walaa G El Sheikh
- Clinical Research Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Cynthia Roukoz
- Clinical Neuropsychologist, American Wellness Center, DHCC, Dubai, UAE
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López-Gil JF, Victoria-Montesinos D, García-Hermoso A. Is higher adherence to the mediterranean diet associated with greater academic performance in children and adolescents? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:1702-1709. [PMID: 38896917 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to synthesize the available evidence from the relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and academic performance in children and adolescents. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted, which adhered to the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library) were examined from inception to April 8th, 2024. RESULTS Eighteen studies were included in the current systematic review and sixteen in the meta-analysis. The relationship between adherence to the MedDiet and academic performance among children and adolescents was statistically significant (Pearson's correlation coefficient [r] = 0.17, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.14 to 0.21, p < 0.001; inconsistency index [I2] = 56.7%). The influence analysis revealed that removing individual studies one at a time did not result in any changes to the overall results (p < 0.05 in all cases). CONCLUSIONS A higher adherence to the MedDiet could play a relevant role in academic performance among children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio García-Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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Gussin HA, Shiu CS, Danguilan C, Mihaila I, Acharya K, Berg KL. Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health on School Success in Autistic Children: Findings from the 2016-2021 National Survey of Children's Health. J Autism Dev Disord 2024:10.1007/s10803-024-06338-x. [PMID: 38819702 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-024-06338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE School is an important developmental setting for children. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are linked to overall lower educational attainment and are more prevalent in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) than in their neurotypical peers. The aim of this study is to test the association between ACEs and school outcomes among autistic children and whether mental health conditions explain this association. METHODS We combined 2016-2021 data from the National Surveys of Children's Health for children, ages 6-17, identified by parents as having ASD (N = 4,997), to examine the relationship between ACEs and school outcomes (grade progression, school attendance, and engagement). We analyzed depression and anxiety variables to investigate the extent to which mental health can explain the relationships between ACEs and school outcomes. RESULTS ACEs were significantly associated with school outcomes. With increased ACEs, autistic children experienced a significant decrease in the odds of school attendance, grade progression and school engagement (p < .05). Furthermore, although depression and anxiety symptoms were significantly associated with school outcomes, they cannot explain away the enduring, strong relationship between ACEs and level of grade progression, engagement, and school success index. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest ACEs predict school success among autistic children, with mental health conditions appearing to mediate the relationship between ACEs and key factors in school success. Efforts should be made to proactively identify and address the impact of ACEs and associated mental health conditions among autistic students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène A Gussin
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Cheng-Shi Shiu
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Christianna Danguilan
- Department of Disability and Human Development, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 1640 W. Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA
| | - Iulia Mihaila
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kruti Acharya
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Department of Disability and Human Development, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 1640 W. Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA
| | - Kristin L Berg
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
- Department of Disability and Human Development, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 1640 W. Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA.
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Reynolds A, Greenfield EA, Williams-Butler A. Early life adversity, race, and childhood socioeconomic status: intersecting drivers of later life cognition. Aging Ment Health 2024; 28:511-519. [PMID: 37572032 PMCID: PMC10859546 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2023.2242296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research on associations between early life adversity (ELA) and later life cognition has yielded mixed results and generally have not considered how broader societal systems of stratification potentially influence associations. The current study addresses this gap by exploring if racialized identity and childhood socioeconomic status (cSES) moderate associations between ELA exposure and later life cognition. METHODS Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (Waves 2010-2018), we used growth curve modeling to examine if the confluence of ELA, cSES, and racialized identity is associated with cognition. RESULTS Among White participants, greater exposure to ELA was associated with poorer baseline cognitive functioning, and higher cSES buffered against this association. Among Black participants, exposure to ELA was not associated with baseline cognitive functioning, regardless of cSES. We did not find evidence of any associations between main predictors nor their interactions with change in cognition over time. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that associations between ELA and later life cognition is contingent upon multiple social positions in the United States. These findings support the importance of integrating insights on intersecting social positions within life-course-oriented efforts to reduce racialized cognitive disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addam Reynolds
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Rahmani A, Najand B, Sonnega A, Akhlaghipour G, Mendez MF, Assari S. Intersectional Effects of Race and Educational Attainment on Memory Function of Middle-Aged and Older Adults With Alzheimer's Disease. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:81-91. [PMID: 36576695 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01499-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High educational attainment may protect individuals, particularly middle-aged and older adults, against a wide range of health risks, including memory decline with age; however, this protection is less clear in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, this effect may differ across racial groups. According to the Marginalized-Related Diminished Return (MDR) theory, for example, the protective effect of high educational attainment on mental and physical health shows a weaker protective effect for racial minority groups, particularly Black people compared to White individuals. OBJECTIVES This longitudinal study used data of middle-aged and older adults with AD with two aims: first, to test the association between educational attainment and memory, and second, to explore racial differences in this association in the USA. METHODS Data came from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study. The total sample was 1673 American middle-aged and older adults. The independent variable was educational attainment measured as years of education. The main outcome was memory operationalized as Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) Verbal Forgetting percentage (VF%). Age, gender, and follow-up duration were covariates. Race was the effect modifier. Linear regression model was utilized to analyze the data. RESULTS Of all participants, 68 (4.1%) were Black, and the remaining were White, with a mean age of 75 years old. In the pooled sample, educational attainment did not show a significant association with memory, independent of confounders. Educational attainment showed a significant interaction with race on memory, with higher educational attainment having a different effect on memory in White patients compared to Black patients. CONCLUSION The effect of higher educational attainment on memory differs for Black patients with AD compared to White patients. To prevent cognitive disparities by race, we need to go beyond racial inequality in access to resources (e.g., education) and minimize diminished returns of educational attainment for racial minorities. To tackle health inequalities, social policies should not be limited to equalizing socioeconomic status but also help minority groups leverage their available resources, such as educational attainment, and secure tangible outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Rahmani
- Marginalized-Related Diminished Returns (MDRs) Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Babak Najand
- Marginalized-Related Diminished Returns (MDRs) Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Sonnega
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Golnoush Akhlaghipour
- Marginalized-Related Diminished Returns (MDRs) Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mario F Mendez
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shervin Assari
- Marginalized-Related Diminished Returns (MDRs) Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Keller AS, Pines AR, Shanmugan S, Sydnor VJ, Cui Z, Bertolero MA, Barzilay R, Alexander-Bloch AF, Byington N, Chen A, Conan GM, Davatzikos C, Feczko E, Hendrickson TJ, Houghton A, Larsen B, Li H, Miranda-Dominguez O, Roalf DR, Perrone A, Shetty A, Shinohara RT, Fan Y, Fair DA, Satterthwaite TD. Personalized functional brain network topography is associated with individual differences in youth cognition. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8411. [PMID: 38110396 PMCID: PMC10728159 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in cognition during childhood are associated with important social, physical, and mental health outcomes in adolescence and adulthood. Given that cortical surface arealization during development reflects the brain's functional prioritization, quantifying variation in the topography of functional brain networks across the developing cortex may provide insight regarding individual differences in cognition. We test this idea by defining personalized functional networks (PFNs) that account for interindividual heterogeneity in functional brain network topography in 9-10 year olds from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ Study. Across matched discovery (n = 3525) and replication (n = 3447) samples, the total cortical representation of fronto-parietal PFNs positively correlates with general cognition. Cross-validated ridge regressions trained on PFN topography predict cognition in unseen data across domains, with prediction accuracy increasing along the cortex's sensorimotor-association organizational axis. These results establish that functional network topography heterogeneity is associated with individual differences in cognition before the critical transition into adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle S Keller
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Adam R Pines
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sheila Shanmugan
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Valerie J Sydnor
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zaixu Cui
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Maxwell A Bertolero
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ran Barzilay
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Aaron F Alexander-Bloch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nora Byington
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development, College of Education and Human Development, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Andrew Chen
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Gregory M Conan
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development, College of Education and Human Development, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Eric Feczko
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development, College of Education and Human Development, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Timothy J Hendrickson
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development, College of Education and Human Development, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Audrey Houghton
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development, College of Education and Human Development, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Bart Larsen
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hongming Li
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Oscar Miranda-Dominguez
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development, College of Education and Human Development, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anders Perrone
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development, College of Education and Human Development, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Alisha Shetty
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Russell T Shinohara
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Damien A Fair
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development, College of Education and Human Development, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Nugroho HW, Salimo H, Hartono H, Hakim MA, Probandari A. Association between poverty and children's working memory abilities in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1067626. [PMID: 37252247 PMCID: PMC10213742 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1067626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Working memory is critical in cognitive skills, especially among children. Children's ability to count and complete cognitive tasks are strongly associated with working memory abilities. Recent studies indicated that in addition to health factors, socioeconomic status also has a significant impact on children's working memory capacity. Despite these, evidence on the effects of socioeconomic status on working memory from developing countries yielded a somewhat puzzling picture. Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis provide a comprehensive summary of the recent evidence concerning the socioeconomic status determinants of children's working memory in developing countries. We searched via Cochrane library, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and ProQuest. The initial search terms were ["socioeconomic", "socio-economic", "socioeconomic status", "socio-economic status", "income", "poverty", "disadvantaged", "disparity"] AND ["working memory", "short term memory", "short-term memory", "cognitive", "achievement", "performance"] AND ["child*", "school child*"]. Odds ratio (for categorical outcome data) or standardized mean differences (for continuous data) and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated from the data generated. Results This meta-analysis included five studies from 4 developing countries with a total of 4,551 subjects. Poverty was associated with a lower working memory score (OR: 3.12; 95% CI: 2.66, 3.65; p < 0.001). Another finding from 2 studies in this meta-analysis was that low mother education was associated with a lower score of working memory (OR: 3.26, 95% CI: 2.86, 3.71; p < 0.001). Discussion Poverty and low level of mothers' education were significant risk factors for lowering working memory among children in developing countries. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42021270683.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Wahyu Nugroho
- Doctoral Program of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Harsono Salimo
- Doctoral Program of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hartono Hartono
- Doctoral Program of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Moh. Abdul Hakim
- Doctoral Program of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ari Probandari
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
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Keller AS, Mackey AP, Pines A, Fair D, Feczko E, Hoffmann MS, Salum GA, Barzilay R, Satterthwaite TD. Caregiver monitoring, but not caregiver warmth, is associated with general cognition in two large sub-samples of youth. Dev Sci 2023; 26:e13337. [PMID: 36305770 PMCID: PMC11090251 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in cognitive abilities emerge early during development, and children with poorer cognition are at increased risk for adverse outcomes as they enter adolescence. Caregiving plays an important role in supporting cognitive development, yet it remains unclear how specific types of caregiving behaviors may shape cognition, highlighting the need for large-scale studies. In the present study, we characterized replicable yet specific associations between caregiving behaviors and cognition in two large sub-samples of children ages 9-10 years old from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study® (ABCD). Across both discovery and replication sub-samples, we found that child reports of caregiver monitoring (supervision or regular knowledge of the child's whereabouts) were positively associated with general cognition abilities, after covarying for age, sex, household income, neighborhood deprivation, and parental education. This association was specific to the type of caregiving behavior (caregiver monitoring, but not caregiver warmth), and was most strongly associated with a broad domain of general cognition (but not executive function or learning/memory). Additionally, we found that caregiver monitoring partially mediated the association between household income and cognition, furthering our understanding of how socioeconomic disparities may contribute to disadvantages in cognitive development. Together, these findings underscore the influence of differences in caregiving behavior in shaping youth cognition. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Caregiver monitoring, but not caregiver warmth, is associated with cognitive performance in youth Caregiver monitoring partially mediates the association between household income and cognition Results replicated across two large matched samples from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study® (ABCD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle S. Keller
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allyson P. Mackey
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam Pines
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Damien Fair
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development, College of Education and Human Development, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric Feczko
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development, College of Education and Human Development, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mauricio S. Hoffmann
- Care Policy and Evaluation Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Giovanni A. Salum
- Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Section on Negative Affect and Social Processes, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ran Barzilay
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Theodore D. Satterthwaite
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Masini A, Sanmarchi F, Kawalec A, Esposito F, Scrimaglia S, Tessari A, Scheier LM, Sacchetti R, Dallolio L. Mediterranean diet, physical activity, and family characteristics associated with cognitive performance in Italian primary school children: analysis of the I-MOVE project. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:917-927. [PMID: 36525096 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04756-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Working memory (WM) is a multicomponent system that supports cognitive functioning. It has been linked to a wide variety of outcomes including academic success and general well-being. The present study examined the relations between adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) and WM among Italian children, adjusting for important parent characteristics and children's lifestyle habits. Data for this study was obtained from 106 children attending primary school in Imola (Italy) who were part of the I-MOVE study emphasizing school-based physical activity. Children's adherence to the MD was calculated using the KIDMED index (KI) based on the ZOOM-8 questionnaire. Physical activity (PA) levels were assessed using an actigraph accelerometer and WM using the backward digit span test. Univariate regression was used to select significant child-level and family measures associated with WM, which were then tested in a single multivariate regression model. Older age is positively associated with higher WM (β = 0.36; 95% CI 0.25, 0.47). Dietary adherence (KI) (β = 0.07; 95% CI 0.01, 0.14) and engagement in organized PA outside school hours (β = 0.58; 95% CI 0.09, 1.10) are positively related to WM. Among the family measures, father's education was positively associated with WM for high school education and for university vs. middle school or lower, respectively. CONCLUSION Adherence to the MD was associated with better WM capacity in primary school children. These findings can be used to guide policymakers in designing health promotion programs and instituting policies emphasizing healthy nutrition to improve physical health and boost cognitive functioning. WHAT IS KNOWN • The development of working memory involves the entire childhood with a rapid spurt between 2 and 8 years of age. • Working memory plays a critical role in children's learning and academic performance and underlies higher-order cognitive abilities. WHAT IS NEW • Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet was associated with higher working memory capacity in primary school children. • Health promotion interventions based on PA and sound nutrition involving children benefit not only physical and mental health, but also cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Masini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Sanmarchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Kawalec
- Department and Clinic of Paediatric Nephrology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Francesco Esposito
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Susan Scrimaglia
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Tessari
- Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lawrence M Scheier
- LARS Research Institute, Inc., Sun City, AZ, USA
- Prevention Strategies, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Rossella Sacchetti
- Department of Education Studies "Giovanni Maria Bertin", Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Dallolio
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Li J, Wang Z, Lin S, Pei L, Zhang L, Wang X, Chen Z, Zheng C, Kang Y, Chen L, Zhou H, Gao R. Cross-level interaction between individual education and regional chemical fertilizer consumption on the risk of hypertension: evidence from the China hypertension survey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:6390-6400. [PMID: 35999419 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22441-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a common and costly public health burden in China, while the interaction effects of individual and contextual level factors on the risk of hypertension remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether the interaction effects between individual education and regional chemical fertilizer consumption are associated with the risk of hypertension based on a cross-level interaction perspective. Data was from the China Hypertension Survey (CHS) study, which used a nationally representative sample, and was conducted between 2012 and 2015. A total of 379 467 participants aged over 18 years from 221 counties in 31 provinces were included. A cross-sectional study design and two-level logistic models were conducted to investigate the cross-level interaction between individual education and regional chemical fertilizer consumption on the risk of hypertension after adjusting for potential confounding variables. Compared to individuals with high education (college or more), the adjusted OR (95%CI) for hypertension among those in the high school, middle school, and elementary school or less was 1.16 (1.12-1.21), 1.25 (1.20-1.30), and 1.49 (1.43-1.55), respectively. The association between regional chemical fertilizer consumption and hypertension was not significant. Interaction analysis showed that regional chemical fertilizer consumption was associated with an increased risk of hypertension for individuals with lower education. These patterns were consistent after stratified by sex. This study provided evidence from the Chinese population that interaction between individual education and regional chemical fertilizer was associated with risk of hypertension. Future research and policy aimed to improve population health and reduce hypertension could address the regional context of population as well as individual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Li
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zengwu Wang
- Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Peking Union Medical College &, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102308, China.
| | - Shiqi Lin
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lijun Pei
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Linfeng Zhang
- Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Peking Union Medical College &, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102308, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Peking Union Medical College &, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102308, China
| | - Zuo Chen
- Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Peking Union Medical College &, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102308, China
| | - Congyi Zheng
- Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Peking Union Medical College &, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102308, China
| | - Yuting Kang
- Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Peking Union Medical College &, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102308, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Peking Union Medical College &, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102308, China
| | - Haoqi Zhou
- Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Peking Union Medical College &, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102308, China
| | - Runlin Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College &, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
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11
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Zhao X, Zheng Q, Maes JHR. Educational mobility and older adults' working memory updating ability: association and role of resilience. Aging Ment Health 2022:1-8. [PMID: 36325945 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2141194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research revealed that a low childhood socioeconomic status, including low parental education, correlates with impaired executive functioning. However, there is a lack of research on the association of working memory updating (WMU) ability, which is one of the major components of executive functioning, and of resilience with educational mobility. The purpose of the present two studies was to further examine these associations. METHOD In Study 1, 180, 60-88-year old adults with different levels of educational mobility performed a WMU task. In Study 2, 130, 60-89-year old adults that had experienced different levels of upward educational mobility completed a WMU task and a resilience questionnaire. RESULTS Study 1 revealed that extent of educational mobility was significantly positively associated with WMU ability. Study 2 revealed significant positive associations among extent of educational mobility, resilience, and WMU task performance. CONCLUSION The results were discussed in terms of possible causal relations between the variables and implications for interventions that aim to enhance upward educational mobility and cognitive functioning in late adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiaoping Zheng
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Joseph H R Maes
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Poudel R, Tobia MJ, Riedel MC, Salo T, Flannery JS, Hill-Bowen LD, Dick AS, Laird AR, Parra CM, Sutherland MT. Risky decision-making strategies mediate the relationship between amygdala activity and real-world financial savings among individuals from lower income households: A pilot study. Behav Brain Res 2022; 428:113867. [PMID: 35385783 PMCID: PMC10739684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lower financial savings among individuals experiencing adverse social determinants of health (SDoH) increases vulnerabilities during times of crisis. SDoH including low socioeconomic status (low-SES) influence cognitive abilities as well as health and life outcomes that may perpetuate poverty and disparities. Despite evidence suggesting a role for financial growth in minimizing SDoH-related disparities and vulnerabilities, neurobiological mechanisms linked with financial behavior remain to be elucidated. As such, we examined the relationships between brain activity during decision-making (DM), laboratory-based task performance, and money savings behavior. Participants (N = 24, 14 females) from low-SES households (income<$20,000/year) underwent fMRI scanning while performing the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), a DM paradigm probing risky- and strategic-DM processes. Participants also completed self-report instruments characterizing relevant personality characteristics and then engaged in a community outreach financial program where amount of money saved was tracked over a 6-month period. Regarding BART-related brain activity, we observed expected activity in regions implicated in reward and emotional processing including the amygdala. Regarding brain-behavior relationships, we found that laboratory-based BART performance mediated the impact of amygdala activity on real-world behavior. That is, elevated amygdala activity was linked with BART strategic-DM which, in turn, was linked with more money saved after 6 months. In exploratory analyses, this mediation was moderated by emotion-related personality characteristics such that, only individuals reporting lower alexithymia demonstrated a relationship between amygdala activity and savings. These outcomes suggest that DM-related amygdala activity and/or emotion-related personality characteristics may provide utility as an endophenotypic marker of individual's financial savings behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjita Poudel
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Michael J Tobia
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Michael C Riedel
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Taylor Salo
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jessica S Flannery
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Lauren D Hill-Bowen
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Anthony S Dick
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Angela R Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Carlos M Parra
- College of Business, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Matthew T Sutherland
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.
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13
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Moore TM, Visoki E, Argabright ST, Didomenico GE, Sotelo I, Wortzel JD, Naeem A, Gur RC, Gur RE, Warrier V, Guloksuz S, Barzilay R. Modeling environment through a general exposome factor in two independent adolescent cohorts. EXPOSOME 2022; 2:osac010. [PMID: 36606125 PMCID: PMC9798749 DOI: 10.1093/exposome/osac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposures to perinatal, familial, social, and physical environmental stimuli can have substantial effects on human development. We aimed to generate a single measure that capture's the complex network structure of the environment (ie, exposome) using multi-level data (participant's report, parent report, and geocoded measures) of environmental exposures (primarily from the psychosocial environment) in two independent adolescent cohorts: The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study, N = 11 235; mean age, 10.9 years; 47.7% females) and an age- and sex-matched sample from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC, N = 4993). We conducted a series of data-driven iterative factor analyses and bifactor modeling in the ABCD Study, reducing dimensionality from 348 variables tapping to environment to six orthogonal exposome subfactors and a general (adverse) exposome factor. The general exposome factor was associated with overall psychopathology (B = 0.28, 95% CI, 0.26-0.3) and key health-related outcomes: obesity (odds ratio [OR] , 1.4; 95% CI, 1.3-1.5) and advanced pubertal development (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2-1.5). A similar approach in PNC reduced dimensionality of environment from 29 variables to 4 exposome subfactors and a general exposome factor. PNC analyses yielded consistent associations of the general exposome factor with psychopathology (B = 0.15; 95% CI, 0.13-0.17), obesity (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.3-1.6), and advanced pubertal development (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1-1.6). In both cohorts, inclusion of exposome factors greatly increased variance explained in overall psychopathology compared with models relying solely on demographics and parental education (from <4% to >38% in ABCD; from <4% to >18.5% in PNC). Findings suggest that a general exposome factor capturing multi-level environmental exposures can be derived and can consistently explain variance in youth's mental and general health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Lifespan Brain Institute of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elina Visoki
- Lifespan Brain Institute of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stirling T Argabright
- Lifespan Brain Institute of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Grace E Didomenico
- Lifespan Brain Institute of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ingrid Sotelo
- Lifespan Brain Institute of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeremy D Wortzel
- Lifespan Brain Institute of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Areebah Naeem
- Lifespan Brain Institute of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Lifespan Brain Institute of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Lifespan Brain Institute of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Varun Warrier
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sinan Guloksuz
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ran Barzilay
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Lifespan Brain Institute of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Smith L, Toussaint L, Micoli A, Lynch B. Obesity, putative biological mediators, and cognitive function in a national sample of children and adolescents. Prev Med 2021; 150:106659. [PMID: 34097950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity has reached epidemic rates nationwide and may be associated with impaired cognitive function. A growing body of evidence suggests that poorer academic performance for children with obesity and overweight is related to declines in executive function skills. This study aimed to identify biological mediators between obesity and overweight and cognitive function among children and adolescents. A total of 3323 children aged 6-16 years from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 1988 and 1994 (NHANES III) was used to measure associations between measures of obesity and overweight, cognitive function (IQ test batteries), iron deficiency, inflammation (c-reactive protein), and glucose metabolism (glycosylated hemoglobin) using multiple mediation models. Approximately 15% of the children were overweight and 11% were obese. Results showed lower scores for children who were obese or overweight than children of normal weight on several IQ subtest batteries. Obesity and overweight were also associated with biological mediators such as iron deficiency, elevated c-reactive protein and glycosylated hemoglobin. Several biomarkers of iron status were also related to measures of cognitive function. Early declines in cognitive function are associated with biomarkers of iron deficiency and inflammation in children and adolescents, and while some biological linkages between obesity and overweight and cognitive function are identified herein, further study is needed to identify additional biological mediators between obesity and overweight and cognitive function in pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latasha Smith
- 1501 College Avenue, Central Baptist College, Conway, AR 72032, United States of America.
| | - Loren Toussaint
- Luther College, 700 College Dr. Decorah, IA 52101, United States of America
| | - Antonela Micoli
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochster, MN 55901, United States of America
| | - Brian Lynch
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochster, MN 55901, United States of America
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15
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Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Thomas A, Cobb RJ, Hudson D, Curry TJ, Nicholson HL, Cuevas AG, Mistry R, Chavous TM, Caldwell CH, Zimmerman MA. Parental Educational Attainment, the Superior Temporal Cortical Surface Area, and Reading Ability among American Children: A Test of Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8050412. [PMID: 34070118 PMCID: PMC8158386 DOI: 10.3390/children8050412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that parental educational attainment is associated with a larger superior temporal cortical surface area associated with higher reading ability in children. Simultaneously, the marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) framework suggests that, due to structural racism and social stratification, returns of parental education are smaller for black and other racial/ethnic minority children compared to their white counterparts. PURPOSE This study used a large national sample of 9-10-year-old American children to investigate associations between parental educational attainment, the right and left superior temporal cortical surface area, and reading ability across diverse racial/ethnic groups. METHODS This was a cross-sectional analysis that included 10,817 9-10-year-old children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Parental educational attainment was treated as a five-level categorical variable. Children's right and left superior temporal cortical surface area and reading ability were continuous variables. Race/ethnicity was the moderator. To adjust for the nested nature of the ABCD data, mixed-effects regression models were used to test the associations between parental education, superior temporal cortical surface area, and reading ability overall and by race/ethnicity. RESULTS Overall, high parental educational attainment was associated with greater superior temporal cortical surface area and reading ability in children. In the pooled sample, we found statistically significant interactions between race/ethnicity and parental educational attainment on children's right and left superior temporal cortical surface area, suggesting that high parental educational attainment has a smaller boosting effect on children's superior temporal cortical surface area for black than white children. We also found a significant interaction between race and the left superior temporal surface area on reading ability, indicating weaker associations for Alaskan Natives, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders (AIAN/NHPI) than white children. We also found interactions between race and parental educational attainment on reading ability, indicating more potent effects for black children than white children. CONCLUSION While parental educational attainment may improve children's superior temporal cortical surface area, promoting reading ability, this effect may be unequal across racial/ethnic groups. To minimize the racial/ethnic gap in children's brain development and school achievement, we need to address societal barriers that diminish parental educational attainment's marginal returns for middle-class minority families. Social and public policies need to go beyond equal access and address structural and societal barriers that hinder middle-class families of color and their children. Future research should test how racism, social stratification, segregation, and discrimination, which shape the daily lives of non-white individuals, take a toll on children's brains and academic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) Center, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA; (S.B.); (M.B.)
- Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Shanika Boyce
- Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) Center, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA; (S.B.); (M.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Mohsen Bazargan
- Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) Center, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA; (S.B.); (M.B.)
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alvin Thomas
- Human Development and Family Studies Department, School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Ryon J. Cobb
- Department of Sociology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Darrell Hudson
- Brown School, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA;
| | - Tommy J. Curry
- Department of Philosophy, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JS, UK;
| | - Harvey L. Nicholson
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7330, USA;
| | - Adolfo G. Cuevas
- Psychosocial Determinants of Health (PSDH) Lab, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02155, USA;
- Department of Community Health, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Ritesh Mistry
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA; (R.M.); (C.H.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Tabbye M. Chavous
- School of Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA;
- National Center for Institutional Diversity, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Cleopatra H. Caldwell
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA; (R.M.); (C.H.C.); (M.A.Z.)
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture, and Health (CRECH), University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA; (R.M.); (C.H.C.); (M.A.Z.)
- Prevention Research Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
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16
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Assari S, Boyce S. Resting-State Functional Connectivity between Putamen and Salience Network and Childhood Body Mass Index. Neurol Int 2021; 13:85-101. [PMID: 33806587 PMCID: PMC8006001 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint13010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the putamen has a significant role in reward-seeking and motivated behaviors, including eating and food-seeking, minorities' diminished returns (MDRs) suggest that individual-level risk and protective factors have weaker effects for Non-Hispanic Black than Non-Hispanic White individuals. However, limited research is available on the relevance of MDRs in terms of the role of putamen functional connectivity on body mass index (BMI). PURPOSE Building on the MDRs framework and conceptualizing race and socioeconomic status (SES) indicators as social constructs, we explored racial and SES differences in the associations between putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and children's BMI. METHODS For this cross-sectional study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of 6473 9-10-year-old Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The primary independent variable was putamen functional connectivity to the salience network, measured by fMRI. The primary outcome was the children's BMI. Age, sex, neighborhood income, and family structure were the covariates. Race, family structure, parental education, and household income were potential moderators. For data analysis, we used mixed-effect models in the overall sample and by race. RESULTS Higher right putamen functional connectivity to the salience network was associated with higher BMI in Non-Hispanic White children. The same association was missing for Non-Hispanic Black children. While there was no overall association in the pooled sample, a significant interaction was found, suggesting that the association between right putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and children's BMI was modified by race. Compared to Non-Hispanic White children, Non-Hispanic Black children showed a weaker association between right putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and BMI. While parental education and household income did not moderate our association of interest, marital status altered the associations between putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and children's BMI. These patterns were observed for right but not left putamen. Other/Mixed Race children also showed a pattern similar to Non-Hispanic Black children. CONCLUSIONS The association between right putamen functional connectivity to the salience network and children's BMI may depend on race and marital status but not parental education and household income. While right putamen functional connectivity to the salience network is associated with Non-Hispanic White children's BMI, Non-Hispanic Black children' BMI remains high regardless of their putamen functional connectivity to the salience network. This finding is in line with MDRs, which attributes diminished effects of individual-risk and protective factors for Non-Hispanic Black children to racism, stratification, and segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Shanika Boyce
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA;
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