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Zhang X, Zong Y, Zhang F, Liu Q, Gong D, Bi Y, Sionov E, Prusky D. The small GTPase Ypt7 of Penicillium expansum is required for growth, patulin biosynthesis and virulence. Food Microbiol 2024; 119:104434. [PMID: 38225046 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Ypt GTPases are the largest subfamily of small GTPases involved in membrane transport. Here, a PeYpt7 gene deletion mutant of P. expansum was constructed. The ΔPeYpt7 mutant showed reduced colony growth with abnormal mycelial growth, reduced conidiation, and insufficient spore development. The mutation rendered the pathogen susceptible to osmotic stress and cell wall stressors. In addition, the absence of PeYpt7 reduced patulin production in P. expansum and significantly limited gene expression (PatG, PatH, PatI, PatD, PatF, and PatL). In addition, the mutant showed attenuated virulence in infected fruit and reduced expression of pathogenic factors was (PMG, PG, PL, and GH1). Thus, PeYpt7 modulates the growth, morphology, patulin accumulation, and pathogenicity of P. expansum by limiting the expression of related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qili Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Di Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Edward Sionov
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
| | - Dov Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
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2
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Liu L, Wang Z, Fang Y, Yang R, Pu Y, Meng X, Liu W. Small GTPase Rab7 is involved in stress adaptation to carbon starvation to ensure the induced cellulase biosynthesis in Trichoderma reesei. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:55. [PMID: 38643207 PMCID: PMC11032611 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The saprophytic filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei represents one of the most prolific cellulase producers. The bulk production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by T. reesei not only relies on the efficient transcription of cellulase genes but also their efficient secretion after being translated. However, little attention has been paid to the functional roles of the involved secretory pathway in the high-level production of cellulases in T. reesei. Rab GTPases are key regulators in coordinating various vesicle trafficking associated with the eukaryotic secretory pathway. Specifically, Rab7 is a representative GTPase regulating the transition of the early endosome to the late endosome followed by its fusion to the vacuole as well as homotypic vacuole fusion. Although crosstalk between the endosomal/vacuolar pathway and the secretion pathway has been reported, the functional role of Rab7 in cellulase production in T. reesei remains unknown. RESULTS A TrRab7 was identified and characterized in T. reesei. TrRab7 was shown to play important roles in T. reesei vegetative growth and vacuole morphology. Whereas knock-down of Trrab7 significantly compromised the induced production of T. reesei cellulases, overexpression of the key transcriptional activator, Xyr1, restored the production of cellulases in the Trrab7 knock-down strain (Ptcu-rab7KD) on glucose, indicating that the observed defective cellulase biosynthesis results from the compromised cellulase gene transcription. Down-regulation of Trrab7 was also found to make T. reesei more sensitive to various stresses including carbon starvation. Interestingly, overexpression of Snf1, a serine/threonine protein kinase known as an energetic sensor, partially restored the cellulase production of Ptcu-rab7KD on Avicel, implicating that TrRab7 is involved in an energetic adaptation to carbon starvation which contributes to the successful cellulase gene expression when T. reesei is transferred from glucose to cellulose. CONCLUSIONS TrRab7 was shown to play important roles in T. reesei development and a stress response to carbon starvation resulting from nutrient shift. This adaptation may allow T. reesei to successfully initiate the inducing process leading to efficient cellulase production. The present study provides useful insights into the functional involvement of the endosomal/vacuolar pathway in T. reesei development and hydrolytic enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Renfei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
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Tian L, Li J, Xu Y, Qiu Y, Zhang Y, Li X. A MAP kinase cascade broadly regulates the lifestyle of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and can be targeted by HIGS for disease control. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:324-344. [PMID: 38149487 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes white mold or stem rot in a wide range of economically important plants, bringing significant yield losses worldwide. Control of this pathogen is difficult as its resting structure sclerotia can survive in soil for years, and no Resistance genes have been identified in S. sclerotiorum hosts. Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) has shown promising effects in controlling many fungal pathogens, including S. sclerotiorum. However, better molecular genetic understanding of signaling pathways involved in its development and pathogenicity is needed to provide effective HIGS gene targets. Here, by employing a forward genetic screen, we characterized an evolutionarily conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade in S. sclerotiorum, consisting of SsSte50-SsSte11-SsSte7-Smk1, which controls mycelial growth, sclerotia development, compound appressoria formation, virulence, and hyphal fusion. Moreover, disruption of the putative downstream transcription factor SsSte12 led to normal sclerotia but deformed appressoria and attenuated host penetration, as well as impaired apothecia formation, suggestive of diverged regulation downstream of the MAPK cascade. Most importantly, targeting SsSte50 using host-expressed double-stranded RNA resulted in largely reduced virulence of S. sclerotiorum on both Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Therefore, this MAPK signaling cascade is generally needed for its growth, development, and pathogenesis and can serve as ideal HIGS targets for mitigating economic damages caused by S. sclerotiorum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Josh Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yan Xu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yilan Qiu
- Department of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Cao H, Gong H, Yu M, Pan X, Song T, Yu J, Qi Z, Du Y, Zhang R, Liu Y. The Ras GTPase-activating protein UvGap1 orchestrates conidiogenesis and pathogenesis in the rice false smut fungus Ustilaginoidea virens. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13448. [PMID: 38502297 PMCID: PMC10950028 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Ras GTPase-activating proteins (Ras GAPs) act as negative regulators for Ras proteins and are involved in various signalling processes that influence cellular functions. Here, the function of four Ras GAPs, UvGap1 to UvGap4, was identified and analysed in Ustilaginoidea virens, the causal agent of rice false smut disease. Disruption of UvGAP1 or UvGAP2 resulted in reduced mycelial growth and an increased percentage of larger or dumbbell-shaped conidia. Notably, the mutant ΔUvgap1 completely lost its pathogenicity. Compared to the wild-type strain, the mutants ΔUvgap1, ΔUvgap2 and ΔUvgap3 exhibited reduced tolerance to H2 O2 oxidative stress. In particular, the ΔUvgap1 mutant was barely able to grow on the H2 O2 plate, and UvGAP1 was found to influence the expression level of genes involved in reactive oxygen species synthesis and scavenging. The intracellular cAMP level in the ΔUvgap1 mutant was elevated, as UvGap1 plays an important role in maintaining the intracellular cAMP level by affecting the expression of phosphodiesterases, which are linked to cAMP degradation in U. virens. In a yeast two-hybrid assay, UvRas1 and UvRasGef (Ras guanyl nucleotide exchange factor) physically interacted with UvGap1. UvRas2 was identified as an interacting partner of UvGap1 through a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay and affinity capture-mass spectrometry analysis. Taken together, these findings suggest that the UvGAP1-mediated Ras pathway is essential for the development and pathogenicity of U. virens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Cao
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Hao Gong
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Mina Yu
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Xiayan Pan
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Tianqiao Song
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Zhongqiang Qi
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Yan Du
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Rongsheng Zhang
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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5
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Dautt-Castro M, Rebolledo-Prudencio OG, Estrada-Rivera M, Islas-Osuna MA, Jijón-Moreno S, Casas-Flores S. Trichoderma virens Big Ras GTPase-1, a molecular switch for transforming a mutualistic fungus to plants in a deleterious microbe. Microbiol Res 2024; 278:127508. [PMID: 37864916 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are ascomycete filamentous fungi widely distributed worldwide that establish mutualistic relationships with plants by antagonizing phytopathogens in the rhizosphere and colonizing the plant roots, hence, promoting plant growth and triggering the systemic resistance against phytopathogens. During the first stages of root colonization by Trichoderma, plants recognize the fungus as an invader by inducing the plant defense system, including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some members of the small Ras GTPases regulate NADPH oxidases and, therefore, ROS production. However, their role in mutualistic microorganisms that colonize plant roots is poorly understood. It has been demonstrated that Trichoderma virens strains lacking TBRG-1, a member of a new family of the Ras GTPases, impair their biocontrol capability and behave like a pathogen on tomato seeds and seedlings. Here, we found that TBRG-1 is essential in T. virens to maintain the mutualistic relationship with plants because a mutant-lacking tbrg-1 gen could not induce plant growth in Arabidopsis and tomatoes. Furthermore, treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings with Δtbrg-1 induced strongly PR-1a, the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) marker gene at early times of the interaction, which correlated with enhanced foliar damage by Botrytis cinerea, resembling the behavior of a biotrophic phytopathogen. Additionally, leaves of plants treated with either T. virens wild-type (wt) or Δtbrg-1 and challenged or not with Botrytis showed ROS production to a different extent, as well as differential expression of cell detoxification-related genes, CAT1, and APX1. Root colonization assays of sid-2 and jar1 mutant lines affected in SAR and induced systemic resistance (ISR) by Δtbrg-1 and the wt strain, suggest an important role of both pathways in the recognition of the fungus and that TBRG-1 plays a pivotal role in root colonization. Furthermore, we found that TBRG-1 is a negative regulator of NoxR expression, which may impact the mutualistic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzuko Dautt-Castro
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Oscar G Rebolledo-Prudencio
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Magnolia Estrada-Rivera
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - María A Islas-Osuna
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Saúl Jijón-Moreno
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Sergio Casas-Flores
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico.
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6
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Stapley J, McDonald BA. Quantitative trait locus mapping of osmotic stress response in the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad226. [PMID: 37774498 PMCID: PMC10700024 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Osmotic stress is a ubiquitous and potent stress for all living organisms, but few studies have investigated the genetic basis of salt tolerance in filamentous fungi. The main aim of this study was to identify regions of the genome associated with tolerance to potassium chloride (KCl) in the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. A secondary aim was to identify candidate genes affecting salt tolerance within the most promising chromosomal regions. We achieved these aims with a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping study using offspring from 2 crosses grown in vitro in the presence or absence of osmotic stress imposed by 0.75 M KCl. We identified significant QTL for most of the traits in both crosses. Several QTLs overlapped with QTL identified in earlier studies for other traits, and some QTL explained trait variation in both the control and salt stress environments. A significant QTL on chromosome 3 explained variation in colony radius at 8-day postinoculation (dpi) in the KCl environment as well as colony radius KCl tolerance at 8 dpi. The QTL peak had a high logarithm of the odds ratio (LOD) and encompassed an interval containing only 36 genes. Six of these genes present promising candidates for functional analyses. A gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of QTL unique to the KCl environment found evidence for the enrichment of functions involved in osmotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Stapley
- Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Bruce A McDonald
- Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
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7
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Cano-Domínguez N, Callejas-Negrete OA, Pérez-Mozqueda LL, Martínez-Andrade JM, Delgado-Álvarez DL, Castro-Longoria E. The small Ras-like GTPase BUD-1 modulates conidial germination and hyphal growth guidance in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 168:103824. [PMID: 37454888 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In filamentous fungi, the hypha orientation is essential for polarized growth and morphogenesis. The ability to re-orient tip growth in response to environmental cues is critical for the colony survival. Therefore, hyphal tip orientation and tip extension are distinct mechanisms that operate in parallel during filamentous growth. In yeast, the axial growth orientation requires a pathway regulated by Rsr1p/Bud1p, a Ras-like GTPase protein, which determines the axial budding pattern. However, in filamentous fungi the function of the Rsr1/Bud1p gene (krev-1 homolog) has not been completely characterized. In this work, we characterized the phenotype of a homokaryon mutant Bud1p orthologous in Neurospora crassa (△bud-1) and tagged BUD-1 with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to determine its localization and cell dynamics under confocal microscopy. During spore germination BUD-1 was localized at specific points along the plasma membrane and during germ tube emergence it was located at the tip of the germ tubes. In mature hyphae BUD-1 continued to be located at the cell tip and was also present at sites of branch emergence and at the time of septum formation. The △bud-1 mutant showed a delayed germination, and the orientation of hyphae was somewhat disrupted. Also, the hypha diameter was reduced approximately 37 % with respect to the wild type. The lack of BUD-1 affected the Spitzenkörper (Spk) formation, trajectory, the localization of polarisome components BNI-1 and SPA-2, and the actin cytoskeleton polarization. The results presented here suggest that BUD-1 participates in the establishment of a new polarity axis. It may also mediate the delivery of secretory vesicles for the efficient construction of new plasma membrane and cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nallely Cano-Domínguez
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico; Department of Cell Biology and Development, Institute of Cellular Physiology (IFC), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Olga A Callejas-Negrete
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Luis L Pérez-Mozqueda
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico; Center for Wine and Vine Studies (CEVIT), Technical and Higher Education Center (CETYS), Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Juan M Martínez-Andrade
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Diego L Delgado-Álvarez
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Ernestina Castro-Longoria
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
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Escobar-Niño A, Harzen A, Stolze SC, Nakagami H, Fernández-Acero FJ. The Adaptation of Botrytis cinerea Extracellular Vesicles Proteome to Surrounding Conditions: Revealing New Tools for Its Infection Process. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:872. [PMID: 37754980 PMCID: PMC10532283 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous particles released by different organisms. EVs carry several sets of macromolecules implicated in cell communication. EVs have become a relevant topic in the study of pathogenic fungi due to their relationship with fungal-host interactions. One of the essential research areas in this field is the characterization protein profile of EVs since plant fungal pathogens rely heavily on secreted proteins to invade their hosts. However, EVs of Botrytis cinerea are little known, which is one of the most devastating phytopathogenic fungi. The present study has two main objectives: the characterization of B. cinerea EVs proteome changes under two pathogenic conditions and the description of their potential role during the infective process. All the experimental procedure was conducted in B. cinerea growing in a minimal salt medium supplemented with glucose as a constitutive stage and deproteinized tomato cell walls (TCW) as a virulence inductor. The isolation of EVs was performed by differential centrifugation, filtration, ultrafiltration, and sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation. EVs fractions were visualised by TEM using negative staining. Proteomic analysis of EVs cargo was addressed by LC-MS/MS. The methodology used allowed the correct isolation of B. cinerea EVs and the identification of a high number of EV proteins, including potential EV markers. The isolated EVs displayed differences in morphology under both assayed conditions. GO analysis of EV proteins showed enrichment in cell wall metabolism and proteolysis under TCW. KEGG analysis also showed the difference in EVs function under both conditions, highlighting the presence of potential virulence/pathogenic factors implicated in cell wall metabolism, among others. This work describes the first evidence of EVs protein cargo adaptation in B. cinerea, which seems to play an essential role in its infection process, sharing crucial functions with the conventional secretion pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Escobar-Niño
- Microbiology Laboratory, Institute for Viticulture and Agri-Food Research (IVAGRO), Faculty of Environmental and Marine Sciences, Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain;
| | - Anne Harzen
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany; (A.H.); (S.C.S.); (H.N.)
| | - Sara C. Stolze
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany; (A.H.); (S.C.S.); (H.N.)
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany; (A.H.); (S.C.S.); (H.N.)
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Francisco J. Fernández-Acero
- Microbiology Laboratory, Institute for Viticulture and Agri-Food Research (IVAGRO), Faculty of Environmental and Marine Sciences, Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain;
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Sankaranarayanan S, Haag C, Petzsch P, Köhrer K, Matuszyńska A, Zarnack K, Feldbrügge M. The mRNA stability factor Khd4 defines a specific mRNA regulon for membrane trafficking in the pathogen Ustilago maydis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301731120. [PMID: 37590419 PMCID: PMC10450656 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301731120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens depend on sophisticated gene expression programs for successful infection. A crucial component is RNA regulation mediated by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). However, little is known about the spatiotemporal RNA control mechanisms during fungal pathogenicity. Here, we discover that the RBP Khd4 defines a distinct mRNA regulon to orchestrate membrane trafficking during pathogenic development of Ustilago maydis. By establishing hyperTRIBE for fungal RBPs, we generated a comprehensive transcriptome-wide map of Khd4 interactions in vivo. We identify a defined set of target mRNAs enriched for regulatory proteins involved, e.g., in GTPase signaling. Khd4 controls the stability of target mRNAs via its cognate regulatory element AUACCC present in their 3' untranslated regions. Studying individual examples reveals a unique link between Khd4 and vacuole maturation. Thus, we uncover a distinct role for an RNA stability factor defining a specific mRNA regulon for membrane trafficking during pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimeenakshi Sankaranarayanan
- Institute of Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf40204, Germany
| | - Carl Haag
- Institute of Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf40204, Germany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf40204, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf40204, Germany
| | - Anna Matuszyńska
- Department of Biology, Computational Life Science, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen52074, Germany
| | - Kathi Zarnack
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt a.M.60438, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt a.M.60438, Germany
| | - Michael Feldbrügge
- Institute of Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf40204, Germany
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Li B, Han L, Ma J, Zhao M, Yang B, Xu M, Gao Y, Xu Q, Du Y. Synthesis of acylated derivatives of chitosan oligosaccharide and evaluation of their potential antifungal agents on Fusarium oxysporum. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 314:120955. [PMID: 37173050 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is an important carbohydrate-based biomaterial for synthesizing candidate drugs and biological agents. This study synthesized COS derivatives by grafting acyl chlorides of different alkyl chain lengths (C8, C10, and C12) onto COS molecules and further investigated their physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity. The COS acylated derivatives were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. COS acylated derivatives were successfully synthesized and possessed high solubility and thermal stability. As for the evaluation of antibacterial activity, COS acylated derivatives did not significantly inhibit Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, but they significantly inhibited Fusarium oxysporum, which was superior to that of COS. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that COS acylated derivatives exerted antifungal activity mainly by downregulating the expression of efflux pumps, disrupting cell wall integrity, and impeding normal cell metabolism. Our findings provided a fundamental theory for the development of environmentally friendly antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Lingyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China.
| | - Jinlong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China.
| | - Meijuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Binghui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Mei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Yujia Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Qingsong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China.
| | - Yuguang Du
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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11
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Carreras-Villaseñor N, Martínez-Rodríguez LA, Ibarra-Laclette E, Monribot-Villanueva JL, Rodríguez-Haas B, Guerrero-Analco JA, Sánchez-Rangel D. The biological relevance of the FspTF transcription factor, homologous of Bqt4, in Fusarium sp. associated with the ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus morigerus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1224096. [PMID: 37520351 PMCID: PMC10375492 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1224096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors in phytopathogenic fungi are key players due to their gene expression regulation leading to fungal growth and pathogenicity. The KilA-N family encompasses transcription factors unique to fungi, and the Bqt4 subfamily is included in it and is poorly understood in filamentous fungi. In this study, we evaluated the role in growth and pathogenesis of the homologous of Bqt4, FspTF, in Fusarium sp. isolated from the ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus morigerus through the characterization of a CRISPR/Cas9 edited strain in Fsptf. The phenotypic analysis revealed that TF65-6, the edited strain, modified its mycelia growth and conidia production, exhibited affectation in mycelia and culture pigmentation, and in the response to certain stress conditions. In addition, the plant infection process was compromised. Untargeted metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis, clearly showed that FspTF may regulate secondary metabolism, transmembrane transport, virulence, and diverse metabolic pathways such as lipid metabolism, and signal transduction. These data highlight for the first time the biological relevance of an orthologue of Bqt4 in Fusarium sp. associated with an ambrosia beetle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nohemí Carreras-Villaseñor
- Laboratorios de Biología Molecular y Fitopatología, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Luis A. Martínez-Rodríguez
- Laboratorios de Biología Molecular y Fitopatología, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Transcriptómica, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Juan L. Monribot-Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Haas
- Laboratorios de Biología Molecular y Fitopatología, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Xalapa, Mexico
| | - José A. Guerrero-Analco
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Diana Sánchez-Rangel
- Laboratorios de Biología Molecular y Fitopatología, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados (REMAv), Xalapa, Mexico
- Investigadora Por Mexico-CONAHCyT, Xalapa, Mexico
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12
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Li N, Qiu Z, Cai W, Shen Y, Wei D, Chen Y, Wang W. The Ras small GTPase RSR1 regulates cellulase production in Trichoderma reesei. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:87. [PMID: 37218014 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable resource in the world and has attracted widespread attention. It can be hydrolyzed into sugars with the help of cellulases and hemicellulases that are secreted by filamentous fungi. Several studies have revealed that the Ras small GTPase superfamily regulates important cellular physiological processes, including synthesis of metabolites, sporulation, and cell growth and differentiation. However, it remains unknown how and to what extent Ras small GTPases participate in cellulase production. RESULTS In this study, we found that the putative Ras small GTPase RSR1 negatively regulated the expression of cellulases and xylanases. Deletion of rsr1 (∆rsr1) significantly increased cellulase production and decreased the expression levels of ACY1-cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway genes and the concentration of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Loss of acy1 based on ∆rsr1 (∆rsr1∆acy1) could further increase cellulase production and the expression levels of cellulase genes, while overexpression of acy1 based on ∆rsr1 (∆rsr1-OEacy1) significantly reduced cellulase production and transcriptional levels of cellulase genes. In addition, our results revealed that RSR1 negatively controlled cellulase production via the ACY1-cAMP-PKA pathway. Transcriptome analysis revealed significantly increased expression of three G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs; tre62462, tre58767, and tre53238) and approximately two-fold higher expression of ACE3 and XYR1, which transcriptionally activated cellulases with the loss of rsr1. ∆rsr1∆ tre62462 exhibited a decrease in cellulase activity compared to ∆rsr1, while that of ∆rsr1∆tre58767 and ∆rsr1∆tre53238 showed a remarkable improvement compared to ∆rsr1. These findings revealed that GPCRs on the membrane may sense extracellular signals and transmit them to rsr1 and then to ACY1-cAMP-PKA, thereby negatively controlling the expression of the cellulase activators ACE3 and XYR1. These data indicate the crucial role of Ras small GTPases in regulating cellulase gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Here, we demonstrate that some GPCRs and Ras small GTPases play key roles in the regulation of cellulase genes in Trichoderma reesei. Understanding the roles of these components in the regulation of cellulase gene transcription and the signaling processes in T. reesei can lay the groundwork for understanding and transforming other filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhouyuan Qiu
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wanchuan Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yaling Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yumeng Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Jiangsu Yiming Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Suqian, 223699, Jiangsu, China.
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Li H, Shen X, Wu W, Zhang W, Wang Y. Ras2 Is Responsible for the Environmental Responses, Melanin Metabolism, and Virulence of Botrytis cinerea. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040432. [PMID: 37108887 PMCID: PMC10142356 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras proteins are monomeric G proteins that are ubiquitous in fungal cells and play important roles in fungal growth, virulence, and environmental responses. Botrytis cinerea is a phytopathogenic fungus that infects various crops. However, under specific environmental conditions, the overripe grapes infected by B. cinerea can be used to brew valuable noble rot wine. As a Ras protein, the role of Bcras2 in the environmental responses of B. cinerea is poorly understood. In this study, we deleted the Bcras2 gene using homologous recombination and examined its functions. Downstream genes regulated by Bcras2 were explored using RNA sequencing transcriptomics. It was found that ΔBcras2 deletion mutants showed significantly reduced growth rate, increased sclerotia production, decreased resistance to oxidative stress, and enhanced resistance to cell wall stress. Additionally, Bcras2 deletion promoted the expression of melanin-related genes in sclerotia and decreased the expression of melanin-related genes in conidia. The above results indicate that Bcras2 positively regulates growth, oxidative stress resistance, and conidial melanin-related genes expression, and negatively regulates sclerotia production, cell wall stress resistance and sclerotial melanin-related genes expression. These results revealed previously unknown functions of Bcras2 in environmental responses and melanin metabolism in B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xuemei Shen
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wenjia Wu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wanyu Zhang
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yousheng Wang
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Rizhao Huawei Institute of Comprehensive Health Industries, Shandong Keepfit Biotech. Co., Ltd., Rizhao 276800, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1068984905
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14
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Wang M, Mara P, Burgaud G, Edgcomb V, Long X, Yang H, Cai L, Li W. Metatranscriptomics and metabarcoding reveal spatiotemporal shifts in fungal communities and their activities in Chinese coastal waters. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:2750-2765. [PMID: 36852430 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Fungal communities are diverse and abundant in coastal waters, yet, their ecological roles and adaptations remain largely unknown. To address these gaps, ITS2 metabarcoding and metatranscriptomic analyses were used to capture the whole suite of fungal diversity and their metabolic potential in water column and sediments in the Yellow Sea during August and October 2019. ITS2 metabarcoding described successfully the abundance of Dikarya during August and October at the different examined habitats, but strongly underrepresented or failed to identify other fungal taxa, including zoosporic and early-diverging lineages, that were abundant in the mycobiome as uncovered by metatranscriptomes. Metatranscriptomics also revealed enriched expression of genes annotated to zoosporic fungi (e.g., chytrids) mainly in the surface water column in October. This enriched expression was correlated with the two-fold increase in chlorophyll-a intensity attributed to phytoplanktonic species which are known to be parasitized by chytrids. The concurrent high expression of genes related to calcium signalling and GTPase activity suggested that these metabolic traits facilitate the parasitic lifestyle of chytrids. Similarly, elevated expression of phagosome genes annotated to Rozellomycota, an early-diverging fungal phylum not fully detected with ITS2 metabarcoding, suggested that this taxon utilizes a suite of feeding modes, including phagotrophy in this coastal setting. Our data highlight the necessity of using combined approaches to accurately describe the community structure of coastal mycobiome. We also provide in-depth insights into the fungal ecological roles in coastal waters, and report potential metabolic mechanisms utilized by fungi to cope with environmental stresses that occur during distinct seasonal months in coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Paraskevi Mara
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gaëtan Burgaud
- University of Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, Plouzané, France
| | - Virginia Edgcomb
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xuedan Long
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Haiping Yang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, China
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15
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At the Research Frontiers of Small GTPases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233708. [PMID: 36496968 PMCID: PMC9736999 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases act as molecular switches in regulating a myriad of cellular signaling, cytoskeletal dynamics, vesicular trafficking, and membrane/organelle transport processes. Here, I provide an editorial overview of papers collected in this Special Issue on the "Regulation and Function of Small GTPases 2.0".
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The Small Ras Superfamily GTPase Rho4 of the Maize Anthracnose Fungus Colletotrichum graminicola Is Required for β-1,3-glucan Synthesis, Cell Wall Integrity, and Full Virulence. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8100997. [PMID: 36294561 PMCID: PMC9604917 DOI: 10.3390/jof8100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Ras superfamily GTPases are highly conserved regulatory factors of fungal cell wall biosynthesis and morphogenesis. Previous experiments have shown that the Rho4-like protein of the maize anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola, formerly erroneously annotated as a Rho1 protein, physically interacts with the β-1,3-glucan synthase Gls1 (Lange et al., 2014; Curr. Genet. 60:343–350). Here, we show that Rho4 is required for β-1,3-glucan synthesis. Accordingly, Δrho4 strains formed distorted vegetative hyphae with swellings, and exhibited strongly reduced rates of hyphal growth and defects in asexual sporulation. Moreover, on host cuticles, conidia of Δrho4 strains formed long hyphae with hyphopodia, rather than short germ tubes with appressoria. Hyphopodia of Δrho4 strains exhibited penetration defects and often germinated laterally, indicative of cell wall weaknesses. In planta differentiated infection hyphae of Δrho4 strains were fringy, and anthracnose disease symptoms caused by these strains on intact and wounded maize leaf segments were significantly weaker than those caused by the WT strain. A retarded disease symptom development was confirmed by qPCR analyses. Collectively, we identified the Ras GTPase Rho4 as a new virulence factor of C. graminicola.
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Hou W, Wang S, Wu H, Xue L, Wang B, Wang S, Wang H. Small GTPase-a Key Role in Host Cell for Coronavirus Infection and a Potential Target for Coronavirus Vaccine Adjuvant Discovery. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092044. [PMID: 36146850 PMCID: PMC9504349 DOI: 10.3390/v14092044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases are signaling molecules in regulating key cellular processes (e.g., cell differentiation, proliferation, and motility) as well as subcellular events (e.g., vesicle trafficking), making them key participants, especially in a great array of coronavirus infection processes. In this review, we discuss the role of small GTPases in the coronavirus life cycle, especially pre-entry, endocytosis, intracellular traffic, replication, and egress from the host cell. Furthermore, we also suggest the molecules that have potent adjuvant activity by targeting small GTPases. These studies provide deep insights and references to understand the pathogenesis of coronavirus as well as to propose the potential of small GTPases as targets for adjuvant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Sibei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Heqiong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Linli Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Single Molecule Nanometry Laboratory (Sinmolab), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | - Haidong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Correspondence:
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18
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Yeast Protein Kinase A Isoforms: A Means of Encoding Specificity in the Response to Diverse Stress Conditions? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070958. [PMID: 35883514 PMCID: PMC9313097 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have developed a complex circuitry of signalling molecules which monitor changes in their intra- and extracellular environments. One of the most widely studied signalling pathways is the highly conserved cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway, which is a major glucose sensing circuit in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PKA activity regulates diverse targets in yeast, positively activating the processes that are associated with rapid cell growth (e.g., fermentative metabolism, ribosome biogenesis and cell division) and negatively regulating the processes that are associated with slow growth, such as respiratory growth, carbohydrate storage and entry into stationary phase. As in higher eukaryotes, yeast has evolved complexity at the level of the PKA catalytic subunit, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae expresses three isoforms, denoted Tpk1-3. Despite evidence for isoform differences in multiple biological processes, the molecular basis of PKA signalling specificity remains poorly defined, and many studies continue to assume redundancy with regards to PKA-mediated regulation. PKA has canonically been shown to play a key role in fine-tuning the cellular response to diverse stressors; however, recent studies have now begun to interrogate the requirement for individual PKA catalytic isoforms in coordinating distinct steps in stress response pathways. In this review, we discuss the known non-redundant functions of the Tpk catalytic subunits and the evolving picture of how these isoforms establish specificity in the response to different stress conditions.
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19
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Deciphering the Host-Pathogen Interactome of the Wheat-Common Bunt System: A Step towards Enhanced Resilience in Next Generation Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052589. [PMID: 35269732 PMCID: PMC8910311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Common bunt, caused by two fungal species, Tilletia caries and Tilletia laevis, is one of the most potentially destructive diseases of wheat. Despite the availability of synthetic chemicals against the disease, organic agriculture relies greatly on resistant cultivars. Using two computational approaches—interolog and domain-based methods—a total of approximately 58 M and 56 M probable PPIs were predicted in T. aestivum–T. caries and T. aestivum–T. laevis interactomes, respectively. We also identified 648 and 575 effectors in the interactions from T. caries and T. laevis, respectively. The major host hubs belonged to the serine/threonine protein kinase, hsp70, and mitogen-activated protein kinase families, which are actively involved in plant immune signaling during stress conditions. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of the host proteins revealed significant GO terms (O-methyltransferase activity, regulation of response to stimulus, and plastid envelope) and pathways (NF-kappa B signaling and the MAPK signaling pathway) related to plant defense against pathogens. Subcellular localization suggested that most of the pathogen proteins target the host in the plastid. Furthermore, a comparison between unique T. caries and T. laevis proteins was carried out. We also identified novel host candidates that are resistant to disease. Additionally, the host proteins that serve as transcription factors were also predicted.
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20
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Yuan Y, Zhang M, Li J, Yang C, Abubakar YS, Chen X, Zheng W, Wang Z, Zheng H, Zhou J. The Small GTPase FgRab1 Plays Indispensable Roles in the Vegetative Growth, Vesicle Fusion, Autophagy and Pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020895. [PMID: 35055095 PMCID: PMC8776137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases are key regulators of membrane and intracellular vesicle transports. However, the biological functions of FgRab1 are still unclear in the devastating wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum. In this study, we generated constitutively active (CA) and dominant-negative (DN) forms of FgRAB1 from the wild-type PH-1 background for functional analyses. Phenotypic analyses of these mutants showed that FgRab1 is important for vegetative growth, cell wall integrity and hyphal branching. Compared to the PH-1 strain, the number of spores produced by the Fgrab1DN strain was significantly reduced, with obviously abnormal conidial morphology. The number of septa in the conidia of the Fgrab1DN mutant was fewer than that observed in the PH-1 conidia. Fgrab1DN was dramatically reduced in its ability to cause Fusarium head blight symptoms on wheat heads. GFP-FgRab1 was observed to partly localize to the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and Spitzenkörper. Furthermore, we found that FgRab1 inactivation blocks not only the transport of the v-SNARE protein FgSnc1 from the Golgi to the plasma membrane but also the fusion of endocytic vesicles with their target membranes and general autophagy. In summary, our results indicate that FgRab1 plays vital roles in vegetative growth, conidiogenesis, pathogenicity, autophagy, vesicle fusion and trafficking in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Yuan
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
| | - Meiru Zhang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jingjing Li
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
| | - Chengdong Yang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Huawei Zheng
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-15880036549 (H.Z.); +86-13860626041 (J.Z.)
| | - Jie Zhou
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-15880036549 (H.Z.); +86-13860626041 (J.Z.)
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Dautt-Castro M, Jijón-Moreno S, Gómez-Hernández N, del Carmen González-López M, Hernández-Hernández EJ, Rosendo-Vargas MM, Rebolledo-Prudencio OG, Casas-Flores S. New Insights on the Duality of Trichoderma as a Phytopathogen Killer and a Plant Protector Based on an Integrated Multi-omics Perspective. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abu Bakar N, Lau Yii Chung B, Smykla J, Karsani SA, Alias SA. Protein homeostasis, regulation of energy production and activation of DNA damage-repair pathways are involved in the heat stress response of Pseudogymnoascus spp. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:1849-1864. [PMID: 34528369 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteome changes can be used as an instrument to measure the effects of climate change, predict the possible future state of an ecosystem and the direction in which is headed. In this study, proteomic and GO functional enrichment analysis of six Pseudogymnoascus spp. isolated from various global biogeographical regions were carried out to determine their response to heat stress. In total, 2,122 proteins were identified with high confidence. Comparative quantitative analysis showed that changes in proteome profiles varied greatly between isolates from different biogeographical regions. Although the identities of the proteins that changed varied between the different regions, the functions they governed were similar. Gene Ontology analysis showed enrichment of proteins involved in multiple protective mechanisms, including the modulation of protein homeostasis, regulation of energy production, and activation of DNA damage and repair pathways. Our proteomic analysis did not show any clear relationship between protein changes and the strains' biogeographical origins. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurlizah Abu Bakar
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, C308, Institute of Advanced Studies Building, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,National Antarctic Research Centre, B303, Institute of Advanced Studies Building, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Benjamin Lau Yii Chung
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jerzy Smykla
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Saiful Anuar Karsani
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aisyah Alias
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, C308, Institute of Advanced Studies Building, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,National Antarctic Research Centre, B303, Institute of Advanced Studies Building, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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