MicroRNAs as Potential Pharmaco-targets in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Compounded by Diabetes

The Regulatory Role of NcRNAs in Pyroptosis and Disease Pathogenesis

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), as critical regulators of gene expression, play a pivotal role in the modulation of pyroptosis and exhibit a close association with a wide range of diseases. Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death mediated by inflammasomes, characterized by cell membrane perforation, release of inflammatory cytokines, and a robust immune response. Recent studies have revealed that ncRNAs influence the initiation and execution of pyroptosis by regulating the expression of pyroptosis-related genes or modulating associated signaling pathways. This review systematically summarizes the molecular mechanisms and applications of ncRNAs in diseases such as cancer, infectious diseases, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. It further explores the potential of ncRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets, elucidates the intricate interactions among ncRNAs, pyroptosis, and diseases, and provides novel strategies and directions for the precision treatment of related diseases.

Exploring the role of exosomes in the pathogenesis and treatment of cardiomyopathies: A comprehensive literature review

Exosomes, a subset of small extracellular vesicles that play a crucial role in intercellular communication, have garnered significant attention for their potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiomyopathies. Cardiomyopathies, which encompass a spectrum of heart muscle disorders, present complex challenges in diagnosis and management. Understanding the role of exosomes in the etiology of cardiomyopathies such as dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC), and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) may open new possibilities for therapeutic intervention and diagnosis. Exosomes have indeed demonstrated promise as diagnostic biomarkers, particularly in identifying cardiac conditions such as atrial fibrillation (AF) and in the timely classification of high-risk patients with different forms of cardiomyopathy. In DCM, exosomes have been implicated in mediating pathological responses in cardiomyocytes, potentially exacerbating disease progression. Moreover, in RCM, AC, and HCM, exosomes present significant potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets, offering insights into disease pathogenesis and potential avenues for intervention. Understanding the influence of exosomes on disease progression and identifying the specific molecular pathways involved in cardiomyopathy pathogenesis may significantly advance diagnostic and treatment strategies. While key findings highlight the multifaceted role of exosomes in cardiomyopathy, they also emphasize the need for further research to elucidate molecular mechanisms and translate findings into clinical practice. This review highlights the evolving landscape of exosome research in cardiomyopathies and underscores the importance of ongoing investigations to harness the full potential of exosomes in improving patient outcomes.

Flavonoids, gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease: Dynamics and interplay

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Extensive efforts have been invested to explicate mechanisms implicated in the onset and progression of CVD. Besides the usual suspects as risk factors (obesity, diabetes, and others), the gut microbiome has emerged as a prominent and essential factor in the pathogenesis of CVD. With its endocrine-like effects, the microbiome modulates many physiologic processes. As such, it is not surprising that dysbiosis-by generating metabolites, inciting inflammation, and altering secondary bile acid signaling- could predispose to or aggravate CVD. Nevertheless, various natural and synthetic compounds have been shown to modulate the microbiome. Prime among these molecules are flavonoids, which are natural polyphenols mainly present in fruits and vegetables. Accumulating evidence supports the potential of flavonoids in attenuating the development of CVD. The ascribed mechanisms of these compounds appear to involve mitigation of inflammation, alteration of the microbiome composition, enhancement of barrier integrity, induction of reverse cholesterol transport, and activation of farnesoid X receptor signaling. In this review, we critically appraise the methods by which the gut microbiome, despite being essential to the human body, predisposes to CVD. Moreover, we dissect the mechanisms and pathways underlying the cardioprotective effects of flavonoids.

microRNA 21 and long non-coding RNAs interplays underlie cancer pathophysiology: A narrative review

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a diverse group of functional RNA molecules that lack the ability to code for proteins. Despite missing this traditional role, ncRNAs have emerged as crucial regulators of various biological processes and have been implicated in the development and progression of many diseases, including cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are two prominent classes of ncRNAs that have emerged as key players in cancer pathophysiology. In particular, miR-21 has been reported to exhibit oncogenic roles in various forms of human cancer, including prostate, breast, lung, and colorectal cancer. In this context, miR-21 overexpression is closely associated with tumor proliferation, growth, invasion, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance, whereas miR-21 inactivation is linked to the regression of most tumor-related processes. Accordingly, miR-21 is a crucial modulator of various canonical oncogenic pathways such as PTEN/PI3K/Akt, Wnt/β-catenin, STAT, p53, MMP2, and MMP9. Moreover, interplays between lncRNA and miRNA further complicate the regulatory mechanisms underlying tumor development and progression. In this regard, several lncRNAs have been found to interact with miR-21 and, by functioning as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) or miRNA sponges, can modulate cancer tumorigenesis. This work presents and discusses recent findings highlighting the roles and pathophysiological implications of the miR-21-lncRNA regulatory axis in cancer occurrence, development, and progression. The data collected indicate that specific lncRNAs, such as MEG3, CASC2, and GAS5, are strongly associated with miR-21 in various types of cancer, including gastric, cervical, lung, and glioma. Indeed, these lncRNAs are well-known tumor suppressors and are commonly downregulated in different types of tumors. Conversely, by modulating various mechanisms and oncogenic signaling pathways, their overexpression has been linked with preventing tumor formation and development. This review highlights the significance of these regulatory pathways in cancer and their potential for use in cancer therapy as diagnostic and prognostic markers.

In diabetic male Wistar rats, quercetin-conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have an effect on the SIRT1/p66Shc-mediated pathway related to cognitive impairment

BACKGROUND

Quercetin (QC) possesses a variety of health-promoting effects in pure and in conjugation with nanoparticles. Since the mRNA-SIRT1/p66Shc pathway and microRNAs (miRNAs) are implicated in the oxidative process, we aimed to compare the effects of QC and QC-conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (QCSPIONs) on this pathway.

METHODS

Through the use of the chemical coprecipitation technique (CPT), SPIONs were synthesized, coated with dextran, and conjugated with quercetin. Adult male Wistar rats were given intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin to look for signs of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The animals were randomized into five groups: the control group got deionized water (DI), free QC solution (25 mg/kg), SPIONs (25 mg/kg), and QCSPIONs (25 mg/kg), and all groups received repeat doses administered orally over 35 days. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to assess the levels of miR-34a, let-7a-p5, SIRT1, p66Shc, CASP3, and PARP1 expression in the hippocampus of diabetic rats.

RESULTS

In silico investigations identified p66Shc, CASP3, and PARP1 as targets of let-7a-5p and miR-34a as possible regulators of SIRT1 genes. The outcomes demonstrated that diabetes elevated miR-34a, p66Shc, CASP3, and PARP1 and downregulated let-7a-5p and SIRT1 expression. In contrast to the diabetic group, QCSPIONs boosted let-7a-5p expression levels and consequently lowered p66Shc, CASP3, and PARP1 expression levels. QCSPIONs also reduced miR-34a expression, which led to an upsurge in SIRT1 expression.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that QCSPIONs can regulate the SIRT1/p66Shc-mediated signaling pathway and can be considered a promising candidate for ameliorating the complications of diabetes.

MicroRNAs and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Review

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinicopathologic syndrome caused by fat deposition in hepatocytes. Patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an advanced form of NAFLD with severe fibrosis, are at high risk for liver-related complications, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanism of progression from simple fat deposition to NASH is complex, and previous reports have linked NAFLD to gut microbiota, bile acids, immunity, adipokines, oxidative stress, and genetic or epigenetic factors. NASH-related liver injury involves multiple cell types, and intercellular signaling is thought to be mediated by extracellular vesicles. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding RNAs that play important roles as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Recently, many reports have implicated microRNAs in the pathogenesis of NALFD/NASH, suggesting that exosomal miRNAs are potential non-invasive and sensitive biomarkers and that the microRNAs involved in the mechanism of the progression of NASH may be potential therapeutic target molecules. We are interested in which miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of NASH and which are potential target molecules for therapy. We summarize targeted miRNAs associated with the etiology and progression of NASH and discuss each miRNA in terms of its pathophysiology, potential therapeutic applications, and efficacy as a NASH biomarker.

Metformin-mediated epigenetic modifications in diabetes and associated conditions: Biological and clinical relevance

An intricate interplay between genetic and environmental factors contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its complications. Therefore, it is not surprising that the epigenome also plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of T2D. Hyperglycemia can indeed trigger epigenetic modifications, thereby regulating different gene expression patterns. Such epigenetic changes can persist after normalizing serum glucose concentrations, suggesting the presence of a 'metabolic memory' of previous hyperglycemia which may also be epigenetically regulated. Metformin, a derivative of biguanide known to reduce serum glucose concentrations in patients with T2D, appears to exert additional pleiotropic effects that are mediated by multiple epigenetic modifications. Such modifications have been reported in various organs, tissues, and cellular compartments and appear to account for the effects of metformin on glycemic control as well as local and systemic inflammation, oxidant stress, and fibrosis. This review discusses the emerging evidence regarding the reported metformin-mediated epigenetic modifications, particularly on short and long non-coding RNAs, DNA methylation, and histone proteins post-translational modifications, their biological and clinical significance, potential therapeutic applications, and future research directions.

The Link between Diabetes, Pancreatic Tumors, and miRNAs-New Players for Diagnosis and Therapy?

Despite significant progress in medicine, pancreatic cancer is one of the most tardily diagnosed cancer and is consequently associated with a poor prognosis and a low survival rate. The asymptomatic clinical picture and the lack of relevant diagnostic markers for the early stages of pancreatic cancer are believed to be the major constraints behind an accurate diagnosis of this disease. Furthermore, underlying mechanisms of pancreatic cancer development are still poorly recognized. It is well accepted that diabetes increases the risk of pancreatic cancer development, however the precise mechanisms are weakly investigated. Recent studies are focused on microRNAs as a causative factor of pancreatic cancer. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge of pancreatic cancer and diabetes-associated microRNAs, and their potential in diagnosis and therapy. miR-96, miR-124, miR-21, and miR-10a were identified as promising biomarkers for early pancreatic cancer prediction. miR-26a, miR-101, and miR-200b carry therapeutic potential, as they not only regulate significant biological pathways, including the TGF-β and PI3K/AKT, but their re-expression contributes to the improvement of the prognosis by reducing invasiveness or chemoresistance. In diabetes, there are also changes in the expression of microRNAs, such as in miR-145, miR-29c, and miR-143. These microRNAs are involved, among others, in insulin signaling, including IRS-1 and AKT (miR-145), glucose homeostasis (hsa-miR-21), and glucose reuptake and gluconeogenesis (miR-29c). Although, changes in the expression of the same microRNAs are observed in both pancreatic cancer and diabetes, they exert different molecular effects. For example, miR-181a is upregulated in both pancreatic cancer and diabetes mellitus, but in diabetes it contributes to insulin resistance, whereas in pancreatic cancer it promotes tumor cell migration, respectively. To conclude, dysregulated microRNAs in diabetes affect crucial cellular processes that are involved in pancreatic cancer development and progression.

Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of exosomal circRNAs in breast cancer

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are regulatory elements that are involved in orchestrating gene expression and protein functions and are implicated in various biological processes including cancer. Notably, breast cancer has a significant mortality rate and is one of the most common malignancies in women. CircRNAs have been demonstrated to contribute to the pathogenesis of breast cancer including its initiation, progression, metastasis, and resistance to drugs. By acting as miRNA sponges, circRNAs can indirectly influence gene expression by disrupting miRNA regulation of their target genes, ultimately altering the course of cancer development and progression. Additionally, circRNAs can interact with proteins and modulate their functions including signaling pathways involved in the initiation and development of cancer. Recently, circRNAs can encode peptides that play a role in the pathophysiology of breast cancer and other diseases and their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various cancers including breast cancer. CircRNAs possess biomarkers that differentiate, such as stability, specificity, and sensitivity, and can be detected in several biological specimens such as blood, saliva, and urine. Moreover, circRNAs play an important role in various cellular processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, all of which are integral factors in the development and progression of cancer. This review synthesizes the functions of circRNAs in breast cancer, scrutinizing their contributions to the onset and evolution of the disease through their interactions with exosomes and cancer-related intracellular pathways. It also delves into the potential use of circRNA as a biomarker and therapeutic target against breast cancer. It discusses various databases and online tools that offer crucial circRNA information and regulatory networks. Lastly, the challenges and prospects of utilizing circRNAs in clinical settings associated with breast cancer are explored.

MiR-144-5p/CCL12 Signaling Axis Modulates Ischemic Preconditioning-Mediated Cardio-protection by Reducing Cell Viability, Enhancing Cell Apoptosis, Fibrosis, and Pyroptosis

Ischemic postconditioning (IPost) represents short periods of nonlethal ischemia-reperfusion performed at the onset of reperfusion. Studies have shown that IPost involves various biological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and pyroptosis and can activate complex signaling pathways. CCL12 is a critical mediator in the inflammatory process after tissue injury. In the present study, we examined the potential actions of CCL12-mediated signaling pathways in cardioprotection after IPost using a cardiomyocyte model. By applying the bioinformatics analysis, we found that CCL12 was upregulated in the rat heart tissues after I/R injury, and the expression level of CCL12 was restored in rats with IPost. The in vitro studies showed that CCL12 and CCR2 expression levels were upregulated in the hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced H9C2 cells, which was attenuated in the H/R + hypoxia post-conditioning (PostC) group. The functional assays showed that H/R treatment reduced cell viability, increased cell apoptosis, and promoted fibrosis and pyroptosis of H9C2 cells, which was attenuated in the H/R + PostC group. Overexpression of CCL12 impaired the protective action of hypoxia post-conditioning in the H9C2 cells. Further mechanistic studies showed that miR-144-5p could directly target the 3' untranslated region of CCL12. Overexpression of miR-144-5p markedly repressed the expression levels of CCL12 and CCR2 in H9C2 cells, while miR-144-5p inhibition had the opposite effects. Furthermore, the inhibition of miR-144-5p reduced the cell viability, increased cell apoptosis, and enhanced fibrosis and pyroptosis of H9C2 cells after H/R or H/R + PostC treatment. In conclusion, CCL12 was downregulated in cardiomyocytes following ischemic postconditioning, and CCL12 overexpression impaired the cardioprotective actions of ischemic postconditioning by reducing cell viability, enhancing cell apoptosis, fibrosis, and pyroptosis. Further mechanistic evidence revealed that CCL12 was a direct target of miR-144-5p, and miR-144-5p/CCL12/CCR2 signaling may represent a critical pathway in mediating the cardioprotective effects of ischemic postconditioning.

Non-coding RNAs as biomarkers of myocardial infarction

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) encompass a family of ubiquitous RNA molecules that lack protein-coding potential and have tissue-specific expression. A significant body of evidence indicates that ncRNA's aberrant expression plays a critical role in disease onset and development. NcRNAs' biochemical characteristics such as disease-associated concentration changes, structural stability, and high abundance in body fluids make them promising prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the term in use to describe MI's early phase, is generally diagnosed by physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), and the presence of specific biomarkers. In this regard, compared to standard MI biomarkers, such as the cardiac troponin isoforms (cTnT & cTnI) and the Creatinine Kinase (CK), ncRNAs appears to provide better sensitivity and specificity, ensuring a rapid and correct diagnosis, an earlier treatment, and consequently a good prognosis for the patients. This review aims to summarize and discuss the most promising and recent data on the potential clinical use of circulating ncRNAs as MI biomarkers. Specifically, we focused primarily on miRNAs and lncRNAs, highlighting their significant specificity and sensitivity, discussing their limitations, and suggesting possible overcoming approaches.

Clinical Application of Serum microRNAs in Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease

MicroRNAs (miRs) are promising diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomolecules for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerotic occlusive disease concerns a large population of patients, carrying the highest incidence of fatal and non-fatal adverse events, such as myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and limb ischemia, worldwide. Consistently, miRs are involved in regulation and pathogenesis of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD), acute coronary syndromes (ACS), both with ST-segment (STEMI) and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarctions (NSTEMI), as well as cardiac remodeling and fibrosis following ACS. However, the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying adverse outcomes in CAD are multifactorial, and sometimes difficult to interpret for clinicians. Therefore, in the present review paper we have focused on the clinical meaning and the interpretation of various miRs findings, and their potential application in routine clinical practice.

Disease-Associated Regulation of Non-Coding RNAs by Resveratrol: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Applications

There have been significant advances, particularly over the last 20 years, in the identification of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and their pathophysiological role in a wide range of disease states, particularly cancer and other chronic conditions characterized by excess inflammation and oxidative stress such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity, multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, liver and lung fibrosis. Such discoveries have potential therapeutic implications as a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the effects of ncRNAs on critical homeostatic control mechanisms and biochemical pathways might lead to the identification of novel druggable targets. In this context, increasing evidence suggests that several natural compounds can target ncRNAs at different levels and, consequently, influence processes involved in the onset and progression of disease states. The natural phenol resveratrol has been extensively studied for therapeutic purposes in view of its established anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, particularly in disease states such as cancer and cardiovascular disease that are associated with human aging. However, increasing in vitro and in vivo evidence also suggests that resveratrol can directly target various ncRNAs and that this mediates, at least in part, its potential therapeutic effects. This review critically appraises the available evidence regarding the resveratrol-mediated modulation of different ncRNAs in a wide range of disease states characterized by a pro-inflammatory state and oxidative stress, the potential therapeutic applications, and future research directions.

Human Heart Anoxia and Reperfusion Tissue (HEART) Model for the Rapid Study of Exosome Bound miRNA Expression As Biomarkers for Myocardial Infarction

Current biomarkers for myocardial infarction (MI) diagnosis are typically late markers released upon cell death, incapable of distinguishing between ischemic and reperfusion injury and can be symptoms of other pathologies. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have recently been proposed as alternative biomarkers for MI diagnosis; however, detecting the changes in the human cardiac miRNA profile during MI is extremely difficult. Here, to study the changes in miRNA levels during acute MI, a heart-on-chip model with a cardiac channel, containing human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes in human heart decellularized matrix and collagen, and a vascular channel, containing hiPSC-derived endothelial cells, is developed. This model is exposed to anoxia followed by normoxia to mimic ischemia and reperfusion, respectively. Using a highly sensitive miRNA biosensor that the authors developed, the exact same increase in miR-1, miR-208b, and miR-499 levels in the MI-on-chip and the time-matched human blood plasma samples collected before and after ischemia and reperfusion, is shown. That the surface marker profile of exosomes in the engineered model changes in response to ischemic and reperfusion injury, which can be used as biomarkers to detect MI, is also shown. Hence, the MI-on-chip model developed here can be used in biomarker discovery.

Protective Effects of MicroRNA-200b-3p Encapsulated by Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Secreted Extracellular Vesicles in Myocardial Infarction Via Regulating BCL2L11

Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a popular treatment candidate for myocardial injury. This work investigated the effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-secreted EVs-derived miR-200b-3p on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inflammatory response after myocardial infarction (MI) through targeting BCL2L11 (Bcl-2-like protein 11) . Methods and Results EVs from MSCs were isolated and identified. EVs from MSCs with transfection of miR-200b-3p for overexpression were injected into MI mice. The effect of miR-200b-3p on cardiac function, infarction area, myocardial fibrosis, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and inflammatory response was determined in MI mice. The targeting relationship between miR-200b-3p and BCL2L11 was verified, and the interaction between BCL2L11 and NLR family pyrin domain containing 1 (NLRP1) was also verified. MI mice were injected with an overexpressing BCL2L11 lentiviral vector to clarify whether BCL2L11 can regulate the effect of miR-200b-3p on MI mice. EVs from MSCs were successfully extracted. MSCs-EVs improved cardiac function and reduced infarction area, apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, myocardial fibrosis, and inflammation in MI mice. Upregulation of miR-200b-3p further enhanced the effects of MSCs-EVs on the myocardial injury of MI mice. BCL2L11 was targeted by miR-200b-3p and bound to NLRP1. Upregulation of BCL2L11 negated the role of miR-200b-3p-modified MSCs-EVs in MI mice. Conclusions A summary was obtained that miR-200b-3p-encapsulated MSCs-EVs protect against MI-induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and inflammation via suppressing BCL2L11.

Insight into the Role of the PI3K/Akt Pathway in Ischemic Injury and Post-Infarct Left Ventricular Remodeling in Normal and Diabetic Heart

Despite the significant decline in mortality, cardiovascular diseases are still the leading cause of death worldwide. Among them, myocardial infarction (MI) seems to be the most important. A further decline in the death rate may be achieved by the introduction of molecularly targeted drugs. It seems that the components of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway are good candidates for this. The PI3K/Akt pathway plays a key role in the regulation of the growth and survival of cells, such as cardiomyocytes. In addition, it has been shown that the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway results in the alleviation of the negative post-infarct changes in the myocardium and is impaired in the state of diabetes. In this article, the role of this pathway was described in each step of ischemia and subsequent left ventricular remodeling. In addition, we point out the most promising substances which need more investigation before introduction into clinical practice. Moreover, we present the impact of diabetes and widely used cardiac and antidiabetic drugs on the PI3K/Akt pathway and discuss the molecular mechanism of its effects on myocardial ischemia and left ventricular remodeling.

Propofol postconditioning alleviates diabetic myocardial ischemia‑reperfusion injury via the miR‑200c‑3p/AdipoR2/STAT3 signaling pathway

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/RI) syndrome is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability. Propofol postconditioning is known to improve myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI). The present study aimed to explore the mechanism of propofol postconditioning in diabetic MI/RI. Diabetic MI/RI rat models were established and the rats were treated via propofol postconditioning. Staining with 2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride, H&E staining, TUNEL staining and ELISA were applied to detect infarct size, pathological changes, apoptosis and oxidative stress-related factor and apoptotic factor levels, respectively. Subsequently, the effect of propofol on H9C2 cells was also assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. High-glucose hypoxia/reperfusion (H/R) models of H9C2 cardiomyocytes were established. miR-200c-3p overexpression or AdipoR2 silencing combined with propofol postconditioning was performed in H/R-induced H9C2 cells and STAT3 protein expression levels were determined. Propofol postconditioning significantly reduced myocardial infarct size, oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic MI/RI models. Furthermore, propofol postconditioning significantly reduced the oxidative stress and apoptosis of H9C2 cells in high-glucose H/R models. Propofol postconditioning also significantly downregulated miR-200c-3p expression levels and promoted AdipoR2 expression levels. miR-200c-3p overexpression or AdipoR2 downregulation significantly reversed the effects of propofol postconditioning on its antioxidation and anti-apoptotic effects in H9C2 cells and on decreasing STAT3 phosphorylation levels. Together, the results of the present study demonstrated that propofol postconditioning inhibited miR-200c-3p, upregulated AdipoR2 and activated the STAT3 signaling pathway, thus alleviating diabetic MI/RI and therefore highlighting its potential as a treatment of diabetic MI/RI.

MicroRNA-32-5p attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injuries by modulating the phosphatase and tensin homologous protein

Non-coding RNAs have recently attracted much attention with the potential in the treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries. In this study, we investigated the role of miR-32-5p in cerebral I/R injuries by using oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) PC12 cells and middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) rats. The expression of genes and proteins were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot, respectively. The function of OGD/R PC12 cells was detected using MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis. The influences of MCAO/R on rats was evaluated by measuring the infarct volume and brain water content. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase gene reporter assay were used to identify the relationship between miR-32-5p and PTEN. The results showed that miR-32-5p had neuroprotective effects on OGD/R induced PC12 cells and MCAO/R injured rats' brain. The level of miR-32-5p was significantly reduced after OGD/R. Overexpression of miR-32-5p significantly reduced MCAO/R-induced brain damages in rats. Moreover, PTEN was found to be a target of miR-32-5p, and overexpression of PTEN attenuated the effects of miR-32-5p overexpression on cerebral I/R injuries. In addition, miR-32-5p was able to activate PI3K/AKT signaling by inhibiting PTEN. In conclusion, miR-32-5p prevents brain I/R injuries through modulating PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

MicroRNA as a Potential Biomarker and Treatment Strategy for Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a progressive injury that aggravates the pathological state when the organ tissue restores blood supply after a certain period of ischemia, including the myocardial, brain, liver, kidney, and intestinal. With growing evidence that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role as posttranscription gene silencing mediators in many I/R injury, in this review, we highlight the microRNAs that are related to I/R injury and their regulatory molecular pathways. In addition, we discussed the potential role of miRNA as a biomarker and its role as a target in I/R injury treatment. Developing miRNAs are not without its challenges, but prudent design combined with existing clinical treatments will result in more effective therapies for I/R injury. This review is aimed at providing new research results obtained in this research field. It is hoped that new research on this topic will not only generate new insights into the pathophysiology of miRNA in I/R injury but also can provide a basis for the clinical application of miRNA in I/R.

Impact of the Main Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Plasma Extracellular Vesicles and Their Influence on the Heart's Vulnerability to Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

The majority of cardiovascular deaths are associated with acute coronary syndrome, especially ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Therapeutic reperfusion alone can contribute up to 40 percent of total infarct size following coronary artery occlusion, which is called ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Its size depends on many factors, including the main risk factors of cardiovascular mortality, such as age, sex, systolic blood pressure, smoking, and total cholesterol level as well as obesity, diabetes, and physical effort. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-coated particles released by every type of cell, which can carry content that affects the functioning of other tissues. Their role is essential in the communication between healthy and dysfunctional cells. In this article, data on the variability of the content of EVs in patients with the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors is presented, and their influence on IRI is discussed.

mir-221, mir-190b, mir-363-3p, mir-200c are involved in rat liver ischaemia-reperfusion injury through oxidative stress, apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress

AIM

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationship between expression levels of micro-RNAs, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis and oxidative stress markers in hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury.

METHODS

Sixteen rats were randomised into two groups: Sham and IR groups. In the IR group, portal vein and hepatic artery were totally clamped with an atraumatic microvascular clamp and 60 minutes later unclamped and finally IR model was accomplished (60 minutes ischaemia and 60 minutes reperfusion). After sacrification, serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured. Liver tissue samples were evaluated histopathologically. The expression levels of IR1-alpha, Perk, Catalase, Gpx-1, Caspase-3, Bcl-2 genes and miR-33a, miR-221, miR-190b, miR-363-3p, miR-200c, miR-223, miR-133b were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method.

RESULTS

Biochemical parameters of the IR group showed significantly higher changes compared with the Sham group (P < .01). Histological tissue damage was significantly prominent in the IR group. ER stress, oxidative stress and apoptosis gene expression levels were significantly higher in the IR group (P < .01). Expression levels of miR-221, miR-190b, miR-363-3p and miR-200c were increased in the IR group compared with the Sham group. No significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of miR-33a, miR-133b and miR-223 expression levels (P > .05).

CONCLUSION

There is a strong need to enlighten the physiopathological and molecular mechanisms of liver IR injury and to find more specific biomarkers for IR damage, and miR-221, miR-190b, miR-363-3p and miR-200c maybe used as potential biomarkers of hepatic IR injury.

Remote liver injury following acute renal ischaemia-reperfusion: involvement of circulating exosomal miR-687 and regulation by thymoquinone

NEW FINDINGS

What is the central question of this study? What is the role of circulating exosomal miR-687 in remote hepatic injury following renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and does thymoquinone have a modulatory impact? What is the main finding and its importance? Exosomal miR-687 was expressed in renal IRI, entered the circulation and was deposited in the liver. Liver exosomal miR-687 was correlated with liver inflammation and apoptosis. Thymoquinone aborted the renal production of exosomal miR-687 and its further circulation to the liver.

ABSTRACT

The pathophysiology of remote hepatic injury following acute renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is of particular clinical interest. Secreted small non-coding microRNA (miRs) are thought to exist in exosome-encapsulated form. Thymoquinone (TQ) is the main bioactive ingredient of Nigella sativa and has several renoprotective actions. We expected exosomal miR-687 to be relevant as it could act as a humoral mediator, with possible modulation by TQ. Thirty adult male Wister albino rats were assigned to three groups (n = 10); (1) sham-operated, (2) renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), and (3) renal IRI pre-treated with TQ 10 mg/kg/day i.v. (TQ-IRI) for 10 days in addition to a dose administered at reperfusion onset. Following 24 h of reperfusion, the IRI group showed renal tissue hypoxia-inducible factor upregulation (P < 0.001). Electron microscopy images of exosomes and analysis of miR-687 revealed elevated levels, which appeared in the circulation. Large amounts of exosomal miR-687 were transmitted to the liver tissue. In the IRI group, liver transaminases (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase) were markedly (P < 0.001) elevated. The hepatic tissue inflammatory markers (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, myeloperoxidase, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and nuclear factor-κB) were upregulated (P < 0.001) accompanied with elevated caspase-3. TQ suppressed (P < 0.001) the renal expression and release of exosomal miR-687 into the circulation and its further deposition in the liver tissue; consequently, TQ diminished (P < 0.001) liver tissue inflammation and cellular apoptosis. The results were confirmed by histological tissue assessment. In conclusion, exosomal miR-687 liberated from injured renal tissues into the circulation may be an important factor in inducing remote hepatic injury. Exosomal miR-687 inhibition by TQ protected both renal and hepatic tissues from injury.

Elevated miR-34a expression and altered transcriptional profile are associated with adverse electromechanical remodeling in the heart of male rats exposed to social stress

This study investigated epigenetic risk factors that may contribute to stress-related cardiac disease in a rodent model. Experiment 1 was designed to evaluate the expression of microRNA-34a (miR-34a), a known modulator of both stress responses and cardiac pathophysiology, in the heart of male adult rats exposed to a single or repeated episodes of social defeat stress. Moreover, RNA sequencing was conducted to identify transcriptomic profile changes in the heart of repeatedly stressed rats. Experiment 2 was designed to assess cardiac electromechanical changes induced by repeated social defeat stress that may predispose rats to cardiac dysfunction. Results indicated a larger cardiac miR-34a expression after repeated social defeat stress compared to a control condition. This molecular modification was associated with increased vulnerability to pharmacologically induced arrhythmias and signs of systolic left ventricular dysfunction. Gene expression analysis identified clusters of differentially expressed genes in the heart of repeatedly stressed rats that are mainly associated with morphological and functional properties of the mitochondria and may be directly regulated by miR-34a. These results suggest the presence of an association between miR-34a overexpression and signs of adverse electromechanical remodeling in the heart of rats exposed to repeated social defeat stress, and point to compromised mitochondria efficiency as a potential mediator of this link. This rat model may provide a useful tool for investigating the causal relationship between miR-34a expression, mitochondrial (dys)function, and cardiac alterations under stressful conditions, which could have important implications in the context of stress-related cardiac disease.

c-myc protects mice from ischemia stroke through elevating microRNA-200b-5p-regulated SIRT1 expression

OBJECTIVE

c-myc has been reported to attenuate ischemia stroke (IS). We initiated the research to uncover the molecular mechanism of c-myc with regard to microRNA (miR)-200b-5p/Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) axis.

METHODS

An IS mouse model was prepared by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Measurements of c-myc, miR-200b-5p and SIRT1 levels in MCAO mice were conducted. c-myc, miR-200b-5p and SIRT1 expression levels in MCAO mice were detected. The neurological function, production of inflammatory cytokines, neuronal apoptosis, brain tissue pathology and neuronal survival of MCAO mice were observed.

RESULTS

c-myc and SIRT1 levels went downward while miR-200b-5p expression went upward in MCAO mice. Elevation of c-myc or suppression of miR-200b-5p improved neurological function, reduced inflammation and neuronal apoptosis, and attenuated brain tissue pathology and neuronal survival of MCAO mice. Enhancement of miR-200b-5p or knockdown of SIRT1 weakened c-myc-induced protection against MCAO-induced brain injury in mice.

CONCLUSION

Overall, c-myc protects mice from IS through elevating miR-200b-5p-targeted SIRT1 expression.

miR-211 alleviates ischaemia/reperfusion-induced kidney injury by targeting TGFβR2/TGF-β/SMAD3 pathway

MicroRNA-211 (miR-211) is closely related to apoptosis and plays an important role in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Whether miR-211 is involved in the protective effects in renal I/R injury is unknown. In this study, we evaluated the role of miR-211 in human tubular epithelial cells in response to hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) stimulation and I/R injury in vitro and in vivo. The results revealed that miR-211 was down-regulated and TGFβR2 was up-regulated in human kidney (HK-2) cells subjected to H/R. Luciferase reporter assay showed that TGFβR2 was a direct target of miR-211. Enforced miR-211 expression decreased H/R-induced HK-2 cell apoptosis and increased cell viability, and targeting miR-211 further increased H/R-induced HK-2 cell apoptosis and decreased cell viability. However, the effect of miR-211 was reversed by targeting TGFβR2 or enforced TGFβR2 expression in miR-211 overexpressing cells or miR-211 downexpressing cells. Moreover, we confirmed that miR-211 interacted with TGFβR2, and regulating TGF-β/SMAD3 signal. In vivo in mice, miR-211 overexpression ameliorates biochemical and histological kidney injury, reduces apoptosis in mice following I/R. On the contrary, miR-211 downexpressing promoted histological kidney injury and increased apoptosis in mice following I/R. Inhibition of miR-211 or miR-211 overexpression inhibited TGF-β/SMAD3 pathways or activated TGF-β/SMAD3 signal pathways in vitro and in vivo, which are critical for cell survival. Our findings suggested that miR-211 suppress apoptosis and relieve kidney injury following H/R or I/R via targeting TGFβR2/TGF-β/SMAD3 signals. Therefore, miR-211 may be as therapeutic potential for I/R- induced kidney injury.

Association between Diabetes Mellitus and Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 1.1 Million Contrast Exposure Patients

BACKGROUND

Although diabetes mellitus (DM) has been a common risk factor of contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) for a long time, several current studies showed that DM is not an independent risk factor. Due to this diverse finding, we aim to conduct a systematic review assessing the effect of DM on CA-AKI.

METHODS

We searched Ovid Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (to June 1, 2020) for studies assessing the association between DM and CA-AKI. Random meta-analysis was performed to derive the pooled estimates of the adjusted odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS

A total of 84 studies involving 1,136,827 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The presence of DM was associated with an higher risk of CA-AKI (pooled OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.48-1.70, I2 = 64%). Furthermore, the predictive effect of elevated CA-AKI for was stronger in the subgroup of DM patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) (OR: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.21-4.51), while the relationship between DM and CA-AKI was not significant in subgroup patients without CKD (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.73-1.72).

CONCLUSION

This is the first meta-analysis to prove that DM is an independent risk factor of CA-AKI in patients. While the predictive value of DM for CA-AKI in patients with normal kidney function was weakened, more protective treatments are needed in diabetic patients with kidney dysfunction to avoid the occurrence of CA-AKI.

Micro-RNA 122 and micro-RNA 96 affected human osteosarcoma biological behavior and associated with prognosis of patients with osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone malignancy in both children and adolescents. In the present study, we aimed to explore the association of miRNA-122 and miRNA-96 expression with the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with osteosarcoma. The expression of miRNA-122 and miRNA-96 in human osteosarcoma cell lines and tissues were detected in the present study. Reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) was used to determine the expression levels of miRNA-122 and miRNA-96 in 68 human OS samples. We found that MiRNA-122 and miRNA-96 were widely up-regulated in osteosarcoma, gastric cancer and pancreatic cancer. In HOS, Saos-2 and U2OS osteosarcoma cells, miRNA-122 and miRNA-96 were up-regulated significantly, while down-regulated in MG-63 cells. After further investigation, we found that miRNA-122 and miRNA-96 concentrations were significantly higher in the tumor tissues than those in the normal tissues (P<0.01). Moreover, the cell proliferation of LV-miRNA-122-RNAi and LV-miRNA-96-RNAi transfected SaOS2 was significantly decreased compared with the LV- miRNA-122-RNAi-CN and LV- miRNA-96-RNAi group. After adjusting for competing risk factors, we found combined high miRNA-122 and miRNA-96 expression was identified as independent predictor of overall survival.

Leonurine Alleviates Hypoxia-Induced Myocardial Damage by Regulating miRNAs

Objective

miRNAs as pharmaco-targets have been investigated in multifarious diseases. Our study aimed to determine whether leonurine was a potential cardioprotective agent by targeting miRNAs in hypoxia-stimulated mice and H9c2 cardiomyocytes.

Methods

Cell proliferation and apoptosis were examined by CCK-8 and TUNEL assay in hypoxia-stimulated rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes. miRNAs expression levels in cardiomyocytes in response to hypoxia stimulation were detected by RT-qPCR. Mice with myocardial injury were induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia stimulation.

Results

Leonurine alleviated hypoxia-induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice. Moreover, up-regulation of miR-31 and down-regulation of miR-210 in hypoxia-stimulated mice were reversed by leonurine administration. Leonurine exhibited cardioprotective activity in an vitro cell model of hypoxia-stimulated rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes, reflecting that the compound improved hypoxia-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. TUNEL assay revealed that transfection of miR-31 inhibitors or miR-210 mimics abrogated hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In contrast to that, miR-31 mimics or miR-210 inhibitors counteracted the anti-apoptotic effect of leonurine on hypoxia-treated rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that miR-31 and miR-210 as the upstream regulators of leonurine are involved in hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Leonurine can target miRNAs to protect against hypoxia-induced myocardial damage. miRNAs as potential drug targets may provide prospective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of myocardial damage.

Pemafibrate suppresses oxidative stress and apoptosis under cardiomyocyte ischemia-reperfusion injury in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus accelerates the hyperglycemia susceptibility-induced injury to cardiac cells. The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) decreases ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in animals without diabetes. Therefore, the present study hypothesized that pemafibrate may exert a protective effect on the myocardium in vivo and in vitro. A type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) rat model and H9c2 cells exposed to high glucose under hypoxia and reoxygenation treatments were used in the present study. The rat model and the cells were subsequently treated with pemafibrate. In the T1DM rat model, pemafibrate enhanced the expression of PPARα in the diabetic-myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (D-IRI) group compared with the D-IRI group. The infarct size in the D-IRI group was reduced following pemafibrate treatment relative to the untreated group. The disruption of the mitochondrial structure and myofibrils in the D-IRI group was partially recovered by pemafibrate. In addition, to evaluate the mechanism of action of pemafibrate in the treatment of diabetic myocardial IR injury, an in vitro model was established. PPARα protein expression levels were reduced in the high glucose and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) groups compared with that in the control or high glucose-treated groups. Pemafibrate treatment significantly enhanced the ATP and superoxide dismutase levels, and reduced the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels compared with the high glucose combined with H/R group. Furthermore, pemafibrate inhibited the expression of cytochrome c and cleaved-caspase-3, indicating its involvement in the regulation of mitochondrial apoptosis. Pemafibrate also reduced the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), the activation of which reversed the protective effects of pemafibrate on diabetic myocardial IR injury in vitro. Taken together, these results suggested that pemafibrate may activate PPARα to protect the T1DM rat myocardium against IR injury through inhibition of NF-κB signaling.

NLRP3 Inflammasome at the Interface of Inflammation, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), accounting for 90-95% cases of diabetes, is characterized by chronic inflammation. The mechanisms that control inflammation activation in T2DM are largely unexplored. Inflammasomes represent significant sensors mediating innate immune responses. The aim of this work is to present a review of links between the NLRP3 inflammasome, endothelial dysfunction, and T2DM. The NLRP3 inflammasome activates caspase-1, which leads to the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β and interleukin 18. In this review, we characterize the structure and functions of NLRP3 inflammasome as well as the most important mechanisms and molecules engaged in its activation. We present evidence of the importance of the endothelial dysfunction as the first key step to activating the inflammasome, which suggests that suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome could be a new approach in depletion hyperglycemic toxicity and in averting the onset of vascular complications in T2DM. We also demonstrate reports showing that the expression of a few microRNAs that are also known to be involved in either NLRP3 inflammasome activation or endothelial dysfunction is deregulated in T2DM. Collectively, this evidence suggests that T2DM is an inflammatory disease stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, studies revealing the role of glucose concentration in the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome are analyzed. The more that is known about inflammasomes, the higher the chances to create new, effective therapies for patients suffering from inflammatory diseases. This may offer potential novel therapeutic perspectives in T2DM prevention and treatment.

Adipose stem cell secretome markedly improves rodent heart and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte recovery from cardioplegic transport solution exposure

Heart transplantation is a life-saving therapy for end-stage organ failure. Organ deterioration during transportation limits storage to 4 hours, limiting hearts available. Approaches ameliorating organ damage could increase the number of hearts acceptable for transplantation. Prior studies show that adipose-derived stem/stromal cell secretome (ASC-S) rescues tissues from postischemic damage in vivo. This study tested whether ASC-S preserved the function of mouse hearts and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iCM) exposed to organ transportation and transplantation conditions. Hearts were subjected to cold University of Wisconsin (UW) cardioplegic solution ± ASC-S for 6 hours followed by analysis using the Langendorff technique. In parallel, the effects of ASC-S on the recovery of iCM from UW solution were examined when provided either during or after cold cardioplegia. Exposure of hearts and iCM to UW deteriorated contractile activity and caused cell apoptosis, worsening in iCM as a function of exposure time; these were ameliorated by augmenting with ASC-S. Silencing of superoxide dismutase 3 and catalase expression prior to secretome generation compromised the ASC-S cardiomyocyte-protective effects. In this study, a novel in vitro iCM model was developed to complement a rodent heart model in assessing efficacy of approaches to improve cardiac preservation. ASC-S displays strong cardioprotective activity on iCM either with or following cold cardioplegia. This effect is associated with ASC-S-mediated cellular clearance of reactive oxygen species. The effect of ASC-S on the temporal recovery of iCM function supports the possibility of lengthening heart storage by augmenting cardioplegic transport solution with ASC-S, expanding the pool of hearts for transplantation.

MicroRNA-144: A novel biological marker and potential therapeutic target in human solid cancers

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. It has been reported that microRNA-144 (miR-144) is highly conserved and can combine complementarily with the 3'-UTRs of target gene mRNAs to inhibit mRNA translation or promote targeted mRNA degradation. MiR-144 is abnormally expressed and has been identified as a tumor suppressor in many types of solid tumors. Increasing evidence supports a crucial role for miR-144 in modulating physiopathologic processes, such as proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration and angiogenesis in different tumor cells. Apart from these functions, miR-144 can also affect drug sensitivity, cancer treatment and patient prognosis. In this review, we summarize the biological functions of miR-144, its direct targets and the important signal pathways through which it acts in relation to various tumors. We also discuss the role of miR-144 in tumor biology and its clinical significance in detail and offer novel insights into molecular targeting therapy for human cancers.

MicroRNAs in the regulation of cellular redox status and its implications in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that do not encode for proteins and play key roles in the regulation of gene expression. miRNAs are involved in a comprehensive range of biological processes such as cell cycle control, apoptosis, and several developmental and physiological processes. Oxidative stress can affect the expression levels of multiple miRNAs and, conversely, miRNAs may regulate the expression of redox sensors, alter critical components of the cellular antioxidants, interact with the proteasome, and affect DNA repair systems. The number of publications identifying redox-sensitive miRNAs has increased significantly over the last few years, and some miRNA targets such as Nrf2, SIRT1 and NF-κB have been identified. The complex interplay between miRNAs and ROS is discussed together with their role in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and the potential use of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers of myocardial infarction. Detailed knowledge of redox-sensitive miRNAs is needed to be able to effectively use individual compounds or sets of miRNA-modulating compounds to improve the health-related outcomes associated with different diseases.

miRNA-182/Deptor/mTOR axis regulates autophagy to reduce intestinal ischaemia/reperfusion injury

It had been reported miR‐182 was down‐regulated after intestinal ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage. However, its role and potential mechanisms are still unknown. This study was aimed to elucidate the function of miR‐182 in intestinal I/R injury and the underlying mechanisms. The model of intestinal injury was constructed in wild‐type and Deptor knockout (KO) mice. Haematoxylin‐eosin staining, Chiu's score and diamine oxidase were utilized to detect intestinal damage. RT‐qPCR assay was used to detected miR‐182 expression. Electronic microscopy was used to detect autophagosome. Western blot was applied to detect the expression of Deptor, S6/pS6, LC3‐II/LC3‐I and p62. Dual‐luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the relationship between miR‐182 and Deptor. The results showed miR‐182 was down‐regulated following intestinal I/R. Up‐regulation of miR‐182 reduced intestinal damage, autophagy, Deptor expression and enhanced mTOR activity following intestinal I/R. Moreover, suppression of autophagy reduced intestinal damage and inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin aggravated intestinal damage following intestinal I/R. Besides, damage of intestine was reduced and mTOR activity was enhanced in Deptor KO mice. In addition, Deptor was the target gene of miR‐182 and was indispensable for the protection of miR‐182 on intestine under I/R condition. Together, our research implicated up‐regulation of miR‐182 inhibited autophagy to alleviate intestinal I/R injury via mTOR by targeting Deptor.

Inhibition of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Ameliorates Renal Fibrosis by Mitigating DPP-4 Level and Restoring Antifibrotic MicroRNAs

Two class of drugs 1) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) and 2) angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are well-known conventional drugs that can retard the progression of chronic nephropathies to end-stage renal disease. However, there is a lack of comparative studies on the effects of ACEi versus ARB on renal fibrosis. Here, we observed that ACEi ameliorated renal fibrosis by mitigating DPP-4 and TGFβ signaling, whereas, ARB did not show. Moreover, the combination of N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP), one of the substrates of ACE, with ACEi slightly enhanced the inhibitory effects of ACEi on DPP-4 and associated-TGFβ signaling. Further, the comprehensive miRome analysis in kidneys of ACEi+AcSDKP (combination) treatment revealed the emergence of miR-29s and miR-let-7s as key antifibrotic players. Treatment of cultured cells with ACEi alone or in combination with AcSDKP prevented the downregulated expression of miR-29s and miR-let-7s induced by TGFβ stimulation. Interestingly, ACEi also restored miR-29 and miR-let-7 family cross-talk in endothelial cells, an effect that is shared by AcSDKP suggesting that AcSDKP may be partially involved in the anti-mesenchymal action of ACEi. The results of the present study promise to advance our understanding of how ACEi regulates antifibrotic microRNAs crosstalk and DPP-4 associated-fibrogenic processes which is a critical event in the development of diabetic kidney disease.

miR-885 mediated cardioprotection against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis in human cardiomyocytes via inhibition of PTEN and BCL2L11 and modulation of AKT/mTOR signaling

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury could cause the enhanced cell apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, which is one of key contributors for the development of ischemic heart disease. Recent studies emphasized the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The study planned to elucidate the molecular actions of miR-885 on mediating human cardiomyocytes (HCMs) apoptosis induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) and to explore the potential molecular mechanisms. The present data revealed that H/R stimulation inhibited HCM viability and potentiated HCM apoptosis, and more importantly, the expression of miR-885 in HCMs was markedly repressed after H/R stimulation. Further experimental examinations demonstrated that overexpression of miR-885 attenuated H/R-induced increased in HCM apoptotic rates, while miR-885 knockdown impaired HCM viability and increased HCM apoptotic rates. Moreover, the mechanistic studies showed that miR-885 inversely regulated the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and BCL2 like 11 (BCL2L11) in HCMs, and enforced expression of PTEN and BCL2L11 partially antagonized the protective actions of miR-885 overexpression on H/R-induced HCM injury. Moreover, H/R suppressed AKT/mTOR signaling, which was attenuated by miR-885 overexpression in HCMs. In conclusion, the present study for the first time showed the downregulation of miR-885 induced by H/R in HCMs, and provided the evidence that miR-885 attenuated H/R-induced cell apoptosis via inhibiting PTEN and BLC2L11 and modulation of AKT/mTOR signaling in HCMs.

Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Protects Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury through the PTEN/AKT Signaling Pathway

Although cisplatin (Cis) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent in treatment of various cancers, its adverse effect of nephrotoxicity limits the clinical application. Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a strategy to induce resistance in a target organ against the oxidative stress and injury by applying transient, brief episodes of ischemia. However, whether RIPC exerts protective effect on Cis-induced renal injury remains unclear. In this study, we showed that RIPC significantly alleviated the renal functional and histopathological damage of Cis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) mice. Furthermore, RIPC substantially reversed the downregulation of miR-144 and upregulation of PTEN in renal tissues of Cis-induced AKI mice and alleviated tubular cell apoptosis via activating PTEN/AKT signaling. In mechanism, we demonstrated that miR-144 directly targets the 3′-UTR of PTEN mRNA, and then the elevation of miR-144 in RIPC activates PTEN/AKT signaling by downregulating PTEN expression to achieve its antiapoptosis effect. Collectively, our results indicate that RIPC may be a potential therapeutic strategy in Cis-induced AKI, and provide insights on the underlying molecular mechanisms of cisplatin's nephrotoxicity.

Investigation of the underlying hub genes and mechanisms of reperfusion injury in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery by integrated bioinformatic analyses

Background

Although coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is the main method to revascularize the occluded coronary vessels in coronary artery diseases, the full benefits of the operation are mitigated by ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Although many studies have been devoted to reducing IR injury in animal models, the translation of this research into the clinical field has been disappointing. Our study aimed to explore the underlying hub genes and mechanisms of IR injury.

Methods

A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was executed based on the expression profiles in patients undergoing CABG surgery (GSE29396). Functional annotation and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction were executed within the modules of interest. Potential hub genes were predicted, combining both intramodular connectivity (IC) and degrees. Meanwhile, potential transcription factors (TFs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) were predicted by corresponding bioinformatics tools.

Results

A total of 336 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. DEGs were mainly enriched in neutrophil activity and immune response. Within the modules of interest, 5 upregulated hub genes (IL-6, CXCL8, IL-1β, MYC, PTGS-2) and 6 downregulated hub genes (C3, TIMP1, VSIG4, SERPING1, CD163, and HP) were predicted. Predicted miRNAs (hsa-miR-333-5p, hsa-miR-26b-5p, hsa-miR-124-3p, hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-98-5p, hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-93-5p) and TF (STAT1) might have regulated gene expression in the most positively related module, while hsa-miR-333-5p and HSF-1 were predicted to regulate the genes within the most negatively related module.

Conclusions

Our study illustrates an overview of gene expression changes in human atrial samples from patients undergoing CABG surgery and might help translate future research into clinical work.

MicroRNAs in Cardiac Hypertrophy

Like other organs, the heart undergoes normal adaptive remodeling, such as cardiac hypertrophy, with age. This remodeling, however, is intensified under stress and pathological conditions. Cardiac remodeling could be beneficial for a short period of time, to maintain a normal cardiac output in times of need; however, chronic cardiac hypertrophy may lead to heart failure and death. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to have a role in the regulation of cardiac hypertrophy. This paper reviews recent advances in the field of miRNAs and cardiac hypertrophy, highlighting the latest findings for targeted genes and involved signaling pathways. By targeting pro-hypertrophic genes and signaling pathways, some of these miRNAs alleviate cardiac hypertrophy, while others enhance it. Therefore, miRNAs represent very promising potential pharmacotherapeutic targets for the management and treatment of cardiac hypertrophy.