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Mueller F, Witteveldt J, Macias S. Antiviral Defence Mechanisms during Early Mammalian Development. Viruses 2024; 16:173. [PMID: 38399949 PMCID: PMC10891733 DOI: 10.3390/v16020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The type-I interferon (IFN) response constitutes the major innate immune pathway against viruses in mammals. Despite its critical importance for antiviral defence, this pathway is inactive during early embryonic development. There seems to be an incompatibility between the IFN response and pluripotency, the ability of embryonic cells to develop into any cell type of an adult organism. Instead, pluripotent cells employ alternative ways to defend against viruses that are typically associated with safeguard mechanisms against transposable elements. The absence of an inducible IFN response in pluripotent cells and the constitutive activation of the alternative antiviral pathways have led to the hypothesis that embryonic cells are highly resistant to viruses. However, some findings challenge this interpretation. We have performed a meta-analysis that suggests that the susceptibility of pluripotent cells to viruses is directly correlated with the presence of receptors or co-receptors for viral adhesion and entry. These results challenge the current view of pluripotent cells as intrinsically resistant to infections and raise the fundamental question of why these cells have sacrificed the major antiviral defence pathway if this renders them susceptible to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Mueller
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (F.M.); (J.W.)
- Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Jeroen Witteveldt
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (F.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Sara Macias
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (F.M.); (J.W.)
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Zhang H, Wu JC. Deciphering Congenital Heart Disease Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:239-252. [PMID: 38884715 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a leading cause of birth defect-related death. Despite significant advances, the mechanisms underlying the development of CHD are complex and remain elusive due to a lack of efficient, reproducible, and translational model systems. Investigations relied on animal models have inherent limitations due to interspecies differences. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have emerged as an effective platform for disease modeling. iPSCs allow for the production of a limitless supply of patient-specific somatic cells that enable advancement in cardiovascular precision medicine. Over the past decade, researchers have developed protocols to differentiate iPSCs to multiple cardiovascular lineages, as well as to enhance the maturity and functionality of these cells. With the development of physiologic three-dimensional cardiac organoids, iPSCs represent a powerful platform to mechanistically dissect CHD and serve as a foundation for future translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Hufsky F, Abecasis A, Agudelo-Romero P, Bletsa M, Brown K, Claus C, Deinhardt-Emmer S, Deng L, Friedel CC, Gismondi MI, Kostaki EG, Kühnert D, Kulkarni-Kale U, Metzner KJ, Meyer IM, Miozzi L, Nishimura L, Paraskevopoulou S, Pérez-Cataluña A, Rahlff J, Thomson E, Tumescheit C, van der Hoek L, Van Espen L, Vandamme AM, Zaheri M, Zuckerman N, Marz M. Women in the European Virus Bioinformatics Center. Viruses 2022; 14:1522. [PMID: 35891501 PMCID: PMC9319252 DOI: 10.3390/v14071522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the cause of a considerable burden to human, animal and plant health, while on the other hand playing an important role in regulating entire ecosystems. The power of new sequencing technologies combined with new tools for processing "Big Data" offers unprecedented opportunities to answer fundamental questions in virology. Virologists have an urgent need for virus-specific bioinformatics tools. These developments have led to the formation of the European Virus Bioinformatics Center, a network of experts in virology and bioinformatics who are joining forces to enable extensive exchange and collaboration between these research areas. The EVBC strives to provide talented researchers with a supportive environment free of gender bias, but the gender gap in science, especially in math-intensive fields such as computer science, persists. To bring more talented women into research and keep them there, we need to highlight role models to spark their interest, and we need to ensure that female scientists are not kept at lower levels but are given the opportunity to lead the field. Here we showcase the work of the EVBC and highlight the achievements of some outstanding women experts in virology and viral bioinformatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hufsky
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ana Abecasis
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patricia Agudelo-Romero
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Magda Bletsa
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katherine Brown
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Claudia Claus
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Deinhardt-Emmer
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Li Deng
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Centre Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Microbial Disease Prevention, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Caroline C. Friedel
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Institute of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - María Inés Gismondi
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology and Molecular Biology (IABIMO), National Institute for Agriculture Technology (INTA), National Research Council (CONICET), Hurlingham B1686IGC, Argentina
- Department of Basic Sciences, National University of Luján, Luján B6702MZP, Argentina
| | - Evangelia Georgia Kostaki
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Denise Kühnert
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Transmission, Infection, Diversification and Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Urmila Kulkarni-Kale
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Karin J. Metzner
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irmtraud M. Meyer
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Miozzi
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Nishimura
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima 411-8540, Japan
- Human Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Sofia Paraskevopoulou
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Methods Development and Research Infrastructure, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alba Pérez-Cataluña
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- VISAFELab, Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Janina Rahlff
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linneaus University, 391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Emma Thomson
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Charlotte Tumescheit
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lore Van Espen
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne-Mieke Vandamme
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
- Institute for the Future, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maryam Zaheri
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Neta Zuckerman
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel
| | - Manja Marz
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.A.); (P.A.-R.); (M.B.); (K.B.); (C.C.); (S.D.-E.); (L.D.); (C.C.F.); (M.I.G.); (E.G.K.); (D.K.); (U.K.-K.); (K.J.M.); (I.M.M.); (L.M.); (L.N.); (S.P.); (A.P.-C.); (J.R.); (E.T.); (C.T.); (L.v.d.H.); (L.V.E.); (A.-M.V.); (M.Z.); (N.Z.)
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Zeng W, Xing F, Ji Y, Yang S, Xu T, Huang S, Li C, Wu J, Cao L, Guo D. Evidence of Infection of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by SARS-CoV-2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:911313. [PMID: 35755832 PMCID: PMC9226488 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.911313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was initially described to target the respiratory system and now has been reported to infect a variety of cell types, including cardiomyocytes, neurons, hepatocytes, and gut enterocytes. However, it remains unclear whether the virus can directly infect human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or early embryos. Herein, we sought to investigate this question in a cell-culture system of hESCs. Both the RNA and S protein of SARS-CoV-2 were detected in the infected hESCs and the formation of syncytium was observed. The increased level of subgenomic viral RNA and the presence of dsRNA indicate active replication of SARS-CoV-2 in hESCs. The increase of viral titers in the supernatants revealed virion release, further indicating the successful life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 in hESCs. Remarkably, immunofluorescence microscopy showed that only a small portion of hESCs were infected, which may reflect low expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors. By setting |log2 (fold change)| > 0.5 as the threshold, a total of 1,566 genes were differentially expressed in SARS-CoV-2-infected hESCs, among which 17 interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were significantly upregulated. Altogether, our results provide novel evidence to support the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect and replicate in hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zeng
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fan Xing
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanxi Ji
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sidi Yang
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tiefeng Xu
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siyao Huang
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junyu Wu
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Deyin Guo
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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5
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Pham NTK, Trinh QD, Takada K, Komine-Aizawa S, Hayakawa S. Low Susceptibility of Rubella Virus in First-Trimester Trophoblast Cell Lines. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061169. [PMID: 35746641 PMCID: PMC9228130 DOI: 10.3390/v14061169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently published an article about myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-independent rubella infection of keratinocytes in vitro, in which first-trimester trophoblast cells were shown as rubella virus (RuV)-resistant. Given an incident rate as high as 90% of congenital rubella syndrome in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, the RuV infection of first-trimester trophoblasts is considered key to opening the gate to transplacental transmission mechanisms. Therefore, with this study, we aimed to verify the susceptibility/resistance of first-trimester trophoblast cell lines, HTR-8/SVneo and Swan.71, against RuV. Cells cultured on multi-well plates were challenged with a RuV clinical strain at a multiplicity of infection from 5 to 10 for 3 h. The infectivity was investigated by immunofluorescence (IF) assay and flow cytometry (FCM) analysis. Supernatants collected during the post-infection period were used to determine virus-progeny production. The scattered signaling of RuV infection of these cells was noted by IF assay, and the FCM analysis showed an average of 4–5% of gated cells infected with RuV. In addition, a small but significant production of virus progeny was also observed. In conclusion, by employing appropriate approaches, we determined the low infectivity of RuV in first-trimester trophoblast cell lines but not resistance as in our previous report.
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6
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Bhagirath AY, Medapati MR, de Jesus VC, Yadav S, Hinton M, Dakshinamurti S, Atukorallaya D. Role of Maternal Infections and Inflammatory Responses on Craniofacial Development. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2021; 2:735634. [PMID: 35048051 PMCID: PMC8757860 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.735634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a tightly regulated immunological state. Mild environmental perturbations can affect the developing fetus significantly. Infections can elicit severe immunological cascades in the mother's body as well as the developing fetus. Maternal infections and resulting inflammatory responses can mediate epigenetic changes in the fetal genome, depending on the developmental stage. The craniofacial development begins at the early stages of embryogenesis. In this review, we will discuss the immunology of pregnancy and its responsive mechanisms on maternal infections. Further, we will also discuss the epigenetic effects of pathogens, their metabolites and resulting inflammatory responses on the fetus with a special focus on craniofacial development. Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of infections and dysregulated inflammatory responses during prenatal development could provide better insights into the origins of craniofacial birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Y. Bhagirath
- Department of Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Manoj Reddy Medapati
- Biology of Breathing, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Vivianne Cruz de Jesus
- Biology of Breathing, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Sneha Yadav
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
| | - Martha Hinton
- Department of Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shyamala Dakshinamurti
- Department of Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Devi Atukorallaya
- Biology of Breathing, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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7
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Singampalli KL, Jui E, Shani K, Ning Y, Connell JP, Birla RK, Bollyky PL, Caldarone CA, Keswani SG, Grande-Allen KJ. Congenital Heart Disease: An Immunological Perspective. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:701375. [PMID: 34434978 PMCID: PMC8380780 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.701375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) poses a significant global health and economic burden-despite advances in treating CHD reducing the mortality risk, globally CHD accounts for approximately 300,000 deaths yearly. Children with CHD experience both acute and chronic cardiac complications, and though treatment options have improved, some remain extremely invasive. A challenge in addressing these morbidity and mortality risks is that little is known regarding the cause of many CHDs and current evidence suggests a multifactorial etiology. Some studies implicate an immune contribution to CHD development; however, the role of the immune system is not well-understood. Defining the role of the immune and inflammatory responses in CHD therefore holds promise in elucidating mechanisms underlying these disorders and improving upon current diagnostic and treatment options. In this review, we address the current knowledge coinciding CHDs with immune and inflammatory associations, emphasizing conditions where this understanding would provide clinical benefit, and challenges in studying these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya L. Singampalli
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Elysa Jui
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kevin Shani
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Yao Ning
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Ravi K. Birla
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Division of Congenital Heart Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Paul L. Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Christopher A. Caldarone
- Division of Congenital Heart Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sundeep G. Keswani
- Laboratory for Regenerative Tissue Repair, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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8
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Santos-Terra J, Deckmann I, Fontes-Dutra M, Schwingel GB, Bambini-Junior V, Gottfried C. Transcription factors in neurodevelopmental and associated psychiatric disorders: A potential convergence for genetic and environmental risk factors. Int J Dev Neurosci 2021; 81:545-578. [PMID: 34240460 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a heterogeneous and highly prevalent group of psychiatric conditions marked by impairments in the nervous system. Their onset occurs during gestation, and the alterations are observed throughout the postnatal life. Although many genetic and environmental risk factors have been described in this context, the interactions between them challenge the understanding of the pathways associated with NDDs. Transcription factors (TFs)-a group of over 1,600 proteins that can interact with DNA, regulating gene expression through modulation of RNA synthesis-represent a point of convergence for different risk factors. In addition, TFs organize critical processes like angiogenesis, blood-brain barrier formation, myelination, neuronal migration, immune activation, and many others in a time and location-dependent way. In this review, we summarize important TF alterations in NDD and associated disorders, along with specific impairments observed in animal models, and, finally, establish hypotheses to explain how these proteins may be critical mediators in the context of genome-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio Santos-Terra
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,School of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Autism Wellbeing And Research Development (AWARD) Institute, BR-UK-CA, Preston, UK
| | - Iohanna Deckmann
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,School of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Autism Wellbeing And Research Development (AWARD) Institute, BR-UK-CA, Preston, UK
| | - Mellanie Fontes-Dutra
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,School of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Autism Wellbeing And Research Development (AWARD) Institute, BR-UK-CA, Preston, UK
| | - Gustavo Brum Schwingel
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,School of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Autism Wellbeing And Research Development (AWARD) Institute, BR-UK-CA, Preston, UK
| | - Victorio Bambini-Junior
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,School of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Autism Wellbeing And Research Development (AWARD) Institute, BR-UK-CA, Preston, UK.,School of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Carmem Gottfried
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,School of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Autism Wellbeing And Research Development (AWARD) Institute, BR-UK-CA, Preston, UK
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9
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Böhnke J, Pinkert S, Schmidt M, Binder H, Bilz NC, Jung M, Reibetanz U, Beling A, Rujescu D, Claus C. Coxsackievirus B3 Infection of Human iPSC Lines and Derived Primary Germ-Layer Cells Regarding Receptor Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1220. [PMID: 33513663 PMCID: PMC7865966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of members of the enterovirus family with pregnancy complications up to miscarriages is under discussion. Here, infection of two different human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines and iPSC-derived primary germ-layer cells with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) was characterized as an in vitro cell culture model for very early human development. Transcriptomic analysis of iPSC lines infected with recombinant CVB3 expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) revealed a reduction in the expression of pluripotency genes besides an enhancement of genes involved in RNA metabolism. The initial distribution of CVB3-EGFP-positive cells within iPSC colonies correlated with the distribution of its receptor coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor (CAR). Application of anti-CAR blocking antibodies supported the requirement of CAR, but not of the co-receptor decay-accelerating factor (DAF) for infection of iPSC lines. Among iPSC-derived germ-layer cells, mesodermal cells were especially vulnerable to CVB3-EGFP infection. Our data implicate further consideration of members of the enterovirus family in the screening program of human pregnancies. Furthermore, iPSCs with their differentiation capacity into cell populations of relevant viral target organs could offer a reliable screening approach for therapeutic intervention and for assessment of organ-specific enterovirus virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janik Böhnke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (J.B.); (N.C.B.)
| | - Sandra Pinkert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (S.P.); (A.B.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Side, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Schmidt
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (M.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Hans Binder
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (M.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Nicole Christin Bilz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (J.B.); (N.C.B.)
| | - Matthias Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatic Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Julius-Kuehn-Strasse 7, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.J.); (D.R.)
| | - Uta Reibetanz
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Antje Beling
- Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (S.P.); (A.B.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Side, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatic Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Julius-Kuehn-Strasse 7, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.J.); (D.R.)
| | - Claudia Claus
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (J.B.); (N.C.B.)
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10
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Karimi-Boroujeni M, Zahedi-Amiri A, Coombs KM. Embryonic Origins of Virus-Induced Hearing Loss: Overview of Molecular Etiology. Viruses 2021; 13:71. [PMID: 33419104 PMCID: PMC7825458 DOI: 10.3390/v13010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss, one of the most prevalent chronic health conditions, affects around half a billion people worldwide, including 34 million children. The World Health Organization estimates that the prevalence of disabling hearing loss will increase to over 900 million people by 2050. Many cases of congenital hearing loss are triggered by viral infections during different stages of pregnancy. However, the molecular mechanisms by which viruses induce hearing loss are not sufficiently explored, especially cases that are of embryonic origins. The present review first describes the cellular and molecular characteristics of the auditory system development at early stages of embryogenesis. These developmental hallmarks, which initiate upon axial specification of the otic placode as the primary root of the inner ear morphogenesis, involve the stage-specific regulation of several molecules and pathways, such as retinoic acid signaling, Sonic hedgehog, and Wnt. Different RNA and DNA viruses contributing to congenital and acquired hearing loss are then discussed in terms of their potential effects on the expression of molecules that control the formation of the auditory and vestibular compartments following otic vesicle differentiation. Among these viruses, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus appear to have the most effect upon initial molecular determinants of inner ear development. Moreover, of the molecules governing the inner ear development at initial stages, SOX2, FGFR3, and CDKN1B are more affected by viruses causing either congenital or acquired hearing loss. Abnormalities in the function or expression of these molecules influence processes like cochlear development and production of inner ear hair and supporting cells. Nevertheless, because most of such virus-host interactions were studied in unrelated tissues, further validations are needed to confirm whether these viruses can mediate the same effects in physiologically relevant models simulating otic vesicle specification and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Karimi-Boroujeni
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada;
| | - Ali Zahedi-Amiri
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Kevin M. Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
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11
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Lozach PY. Cell Biology of Viral Infections. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112431. [PMID: 33171736 PMCID: PMC7694952 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses exhibit an elegant simplicity, as they are so basic, but so frightening. Although only a few are life threatening, they have substantial implications for human health and the economy, as exemplified by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Viruses are rather small infectious agents found in all types of life forms, from animals and plants to prokaryotes and archaebacteria. They are obligate intracellular parasites, and as such, subvert many molecular and cellular processes of the host cell to ensure their own replication, amplification, and subsequent spread. This special issue addresses the cell biology of viral infections based on a collection of original research articles, communications, opinions, and reviews on various aspects of virus-host cell interactions. Together, these articles not only provide a glance into the latest research on the cell biology of viral infections, but also include novel technological developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Lozach
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence and Center for Integrative Infectious Diseases Research (CIID), Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Schmidt M, Hopp L, Arakelyan A, Kirsten H, Engel C, Wirkner K, Krohn K, Burkhardt R, Thiery J, Loeffler M, Loeffler-Wirth H, Binder H. The Human Blood Transcriptome in a Large Population Cohort and Its Relation to Aging and Health. Front Big Data 2020; 3:548873. [PMID: 33693414 PMCID: PMC7931910 DOI: 10.3389/fdata.2020.548873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The blood transcriptome is expected to provide a detailed picture of an organism's physiological state with potential outcomes for applications in medical diagnostics and molecular and epidemiological research. We here present the analysis of blood specimens of 3,388 adult individuals, together with phenotype characteristics such as disease history, medication status, lifestyle factors, and body mass index (BMI). The size and heterogeneity of this data challenges analytics in terms of dimension reduction, knowledge mining, feature extraction, and data integration. Methods: Self-organizing maps (SOM)-machine learning was applied to study transcriptional states on a population-wide scale. This method permits a detailed description and visualization of the molecular heterogeneity of transcriptomes and of their association with different phenotypic features. Results: The diversity of transcriptomes is described by personalized SOM-portraits, which specify the samples in terms of modules of co-expressed genes of different functional context. We identified two major blood transcriptome types where type 1 was found more in men, the elderly, and overweight people and it upregulated genes associated with inflammation and increased heme metabolism, while type 2 was predominantly found in women, younger, and normal weight participants and it was associated with activated immune responses, transcriptional, ribosomal, mitochondrial, and telomere-maintenance cell-functions. We find a striking overlap of signatures shared by multiple diseases, aging, and obesity driven by an underlying common pattern, which was associated with the immune response and the increase of inflammatory processes. Conclusions: Machine learning applications for large and heterogeneous omics data provide a holistic view on the diversity of the human blood transcriptome. It provides a tool for comparative analyses of transcriptional signatures and of associated phenotypes in population studies and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schmidt
- IZBI, Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lydia Hopp
- IZBI, Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arsen Arakelyan
- BIG, Group of Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Holger Kirsten
- IMISE, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- IMISE, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wirkner
- IMISE, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Knut Krohn
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralph Burkhardt
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joachim Thiery
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Loeffler
- IZBI, Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,IMISE, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henry Loeffler-Wirth
- IZBI, Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans Binder
- IZBI, Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Claus C, Jung M, Hübschen JM. Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models: A Peephole into Virus Infections during Early Pregnancy. Cells 2020; 9:E542. [PMID: 32110999 PMCID: PMC7140399 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rubella virus (RV) was the first virus shown to be teratogenic in humans. The wealth of data on the clinical symptoms associated with congenital rubella syndrome is in stark contrast to an incomplete understanding of the forces leading to the teratogenic alterations in humans. This applies not only to RV, but also to congenital viral infections in general and includes (1) the mode of vertical transmission, even at early gestation, (2) the possible involvement of inflammation as a consequence of an activated innate immune response, and (3) the underlying molecular and cellular alterations. With the progress made in the development of pluripotent stem cell-based models including organoids and embryoids, it is now possible to assess congenital virus infections on a mechanistic level. Moreover, antiviral treatment options can be validated, and newly emerging viruses with a potential impact on human embryonal development, such as that recently reflected by the Zika virus (ZIKV), can be characterized. Here, we discuss human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and ZIKV in comparison to RV as viruses with well-known congenital pathologies and highlight their analysis on current models for the early phase of human development. This includes the implications of their genetic variability and, as such, virus strain-specific properties for their use as archetype models for congenital virus infections. In this review, we will discuss the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and derived organoid systems for the study of congenital virus infections with a focus on their prominent aetiologies, HCMV, ZIKV, and RV. Their assessment on these models will provide valuable information on how human development is impaired by virus infections; it will also add new insights into the normal progression of human development through the analysis of developmental pathways in the context of virus-induced alterations. These are exciting perspectives for both developmental biology and congenital virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Claus
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Jung
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatic Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Judith M Hübschen
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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