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Xiong X, Gao C, Meng X, Liu A, Gong X, Sun Y. Research progress in stem cell therapy for Wilson disease. Regen Ther 2024; 27:73-82. [PMID: 38525238 PMCID: PMC10959646 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD), also known as hepatolenticular degeneration, is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by disorganized copper metabolism caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene. Currently, the main treatment options for WD involve medications such as d-penicillamine, trientine hydrochloride, zinc acetate, and liver transplantation. However, there are challenges that encompass issues of poor compliance, adverse effects, and limited availability of liver sources that persist. Stem cell therapy for WD is currently a promising area of research. Due to the advancement in stem cell directed differentiation technology in vitro and the availability of sufficient stem cell donors, it is expected to be a potential treatment option for the permanent correction of abnormal copper metabolism. This article discusses the research progress of stem cell therapy for WD from various sources, as well as the challenges and future prospects of the clinical application of stem cell therapy for WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlang Xiong
- Hospital of Hunan Guangxiu, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410205, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Ce Gao
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Xiangying Meng
- Hospital of Hunan Guangxiu, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410205, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Aihui Liu
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Xin Gong
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hospital of Hunan Guangxiu, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410205, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, 410205, China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health, Changsha, 410008, China
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Afonso MB, Marques V, van Mil SW, Rodrigues CM. Human liver organoids: From generation to applications. Hepatology 2024; 79:1432-1451. [PMID: 36815360 PMCID: PMC11095893 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, research into human hepatology has been revolutionized by the development of mini human livers in a dish. These liver organoids are formed by self-organizing stem cells and resemble their native counterparts in cellular content, multicellular architecture, and functional features. Liver organoids can be derived from the liver tissue or pluripotent stem cells generated from a skin biopsy, blood cells, or renal epithelial cells present in urine. With the development of liver organoids, a large part of previous hurdles in modeling the human liver is likely to be solved, enabling possibilities to better model liver disease, improve (personalized) drug testing, and advance bioengineering options. In this review, we address strategies to generate and use organoids in human liver disease modeling, followed by a discussion of their potential application in drug development and therapeutics, as well as their strengths and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta B. Afonso
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanda Marques
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Saskia W.C. van Mil
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia M.P. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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Gabriel V, Lincoln A, Zdyrski C, Ralston A, Wickham H, Honold S, Ahmed BH, Paukner K, Feauto R, Merodio MM, Piñeyro P, Meyerholz D, Allenspach K, Mochel JP. Evaluation of different media compositions promoting hepatocyte differentiation in the canine liver organoid model. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28420. [PMID: 38590903 PMCID: PMC10999936 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Organoids are 3-dimensional (3D) self-assembled structures capable of replicating the microanatomy and physiology of the epithelial components of their organ of origin. Adult stem cell (ASC) derived organoids from the liver have previously been shown to differentiate into primarily mature cholangiocytes, and their partial differentiation into functional hepatocytes can be promoted using specific media compositions. While full morphological differentiation of mature hepatocytes from ASCs has not yet been reported for any species, the functional differentiation can be approximated using various media compositions. Six differentiation media formulations from published studies on hepatic organoids were used for the differentiation protocol. Target species for these protocols were humans, mice, cats, and dogs, and encompassed various combinations and concentrations of four major hepatocyte media components: Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 (FGF19), Dexamethasone (Dex), and Gamma-Secretase Inhibitor IX (DAPT). Additionally, removing R-spondin from basic organoid media has previously been shown to drive the differentiation of ASC into mature hepatocytes. Differentiation media (N = 20) were designed to encompass combinations of the four major hepatocyte media components. The preferred differentiation of ASC-derived organoids from liver tissue into mature hepatocytes over cholangiocytes was confirmed by albumin production in the culture supernatant. Out of the twenty media compositions tested, six media resulted in the production of the highest amounts of albumin in the supernatant of the organoids. The cell lines cultured using these six media were further characterized via histological staining, transmission electron microscopy, RNA in situ hybridization, analysis of gene expression patterns, immunofluorescence, and label-free proteomics. The results indicate that preferential hepatocyte maturation from canine ADC-derived organoids from liver tissue is mainly driven by Dexamethasone and DAPT components. FGF19 did not enhance organoid differentiation but improved cell culture survival. Furthermore, we confirm that removing R-spondin from the media is crucial for establishing mature hepatic organoid cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Gabriel
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Addison Lincoln
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Christopher Zdyrski
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- 3D Health Solutions Inc., Ames, IA, USA
- Precision One Health Initiative, Department of Pathology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 30602, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Hannah Wickham
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sydney Honold
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Basant H. Ahmed
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Karel Paukner
- Laboratory for Atherosclerosis Research, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, CZ, Czech Republic
| | - Ryan Feauto
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Maria M. Merodio
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - David Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Karin Allenspach
- SMART Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- 3D Health Solutions Inc., Ames, IA, USA
- Precision One Health Initiative, Department of Pathology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 30602, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- 3D Health Solutions Inc., Ames, IA, USA
- Precision One Health Initiative, Department of Pathology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 30602, Athens, GA, USA
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Obeid DA, Mir TA, Alzhrani A, Altuhami A, Shamma T, Ahmed S, Kazmi S, Fujitsuka I, Ikhlaq M, Shabab M, Assiri AM, Broering DC. Using Liver Organoids as Models to Study the Pathobiology of Rare Liver Diseases. Biomedicines 2024; 12:446. [PMID: 38398048 PMCID: PMC10887144 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver organoids take advantage of several important features of pluripotent stem cells that self-assemble in a three-dimensional culture matrix and reproduce many aspects of the complex organization found within their native tissue or organ counterparts. Compared to other 2D or 3D in vitro models, organoids are widely believed to be genetically stable or docile structures that can be programmed to virtually recapitulate certain biological, physiological, or pathophysiological features of original tissues or organs in vitro. Therefore, organoids can be exploited as effective substitutes or miniaturized models for the study of the developmental mechanisms of rare liver diseases, drug discovery, the accurate evaluation of personalized drug responses, and regenerative medicine applications. However, the bioengineering of organoids currently faces many groundbreaking challenges, including a need for a reasonable tissue size, structured organization, vascularization, functional maturity, and reproducibility. In this review, we outlined basic methodologies and supplements to establish organoids and summarized recent technological advances for experimental liver biology. Finally, we discussed the therapeutic applications and current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia A. Obeid
- Tissue/Organ Bioengineering and BioMEMS Lab, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, Transplant Research and Innovation Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (A.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Tanveer Ahmad Mir
- Tissue/Organ Bioengineering and BioMEMS Lab, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, Transplant Research and Innovation Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (A.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Alaa Alzhrani
- Tissue/Organ Bioengineering and BioMEMS Lab, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, Transplant Research and Innovation Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (A.A.); (S.A.)
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Altuhami
- Tissue/Organ Bioengineering and BioMEMS Lab, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, Transplant Research and Innovation Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (A.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Talal Shamma
- Tissue/Organ Bioengineering and BioMEMS Lab, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, Transplant Research and Innovation Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (A.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Sana Ahmed
- Tissue/Organ Bioengineering and BioMEMS Lab, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, Transplant Research and Innovation Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (A.A.); (S.A.)
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shadab Kazmi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | | | - Mohd Ikhlaq
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Toyama, Japan
| | - Mohammad Shabab
- School of Pharmacy, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh 147301, Punjab, India
| | - Abdullah M. Assiri
- Tissue/Organ Bioengineering and BioMEMS Lab, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, Transplant Research and Innovation Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (A.A.); (S.A.)
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dieter C. Broering
- Tissue/Organ Bioengineering and BioMEMS Lab, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, Transplant Research and Innovation Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (A.A.); (S.A.)
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
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Li H, Li J, Wang T, Sun K, Huang G, Cao Y, Wu F, Xu A. Hepatobiliary organoids differentiated from hiPSCs relieve cholestasis-induced liver fibrosis in nonhuman primates. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:1160-1179. [PMID: 38385067 PMCID: PMC10878143 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.90441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for novel therapies to treat end-stage liver disease due to the shortage of available organs. Although cell transplantation holds considerable promise, its availability is limited due to the low engrafted cell mass and lack of unifying cell transplantation strategies. Here, we optimally established human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived functional hepatobiliary organoids (HBOs) based on our previous research and transplanted them into a monkey model via liver subcapsular and submesenteric transplantation routes to assess their potential clinical application. Our study revealed that HBO transplantation could safely and effectively improve hepatoprotection effects by antiapoptotic and antifibrotic agents. In addition, we also discovered that while multiple HBO transplantation pathways may have a shared effector mechanism, their respective treatment approaches have distinct advantages. Transplantation of HBOs could promote the high expression of CTSV in hepatic sinusoid endothelial cells, which might halt the progression of hepatic sinusoidal capillarization and liver fibrosis. Liver subcapsular transplants had stronger pro-CTSV upregulation than HBO submesenteric transplants, which could be attributed to naturally high CTSV expression in HBOs. Interestingly, both transplantation routes of HBOs were targeted the injured liver and triggered a new pattern of ductular reaction to alleviate the degree of liver fibrosis by surrounding the area with CK19-positive labeled cells. These residing, homing and repairing effects might be related to the high expression of MMP family genes. By promoting a unique pattern of ductular reactions, submesenteric HBO transplantation has a more representative antifibrotic impact than liver subcapsular transplantation. Altogether, our data strongly imply that the treatment of severe liver diseases with liver subcapsular and submesenteric transplantation of HBOs may be clinically effective and safe. These findings provide new insight into HBOs for further experimental and clinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- Beizhong Jingyuan Biotechnology (Beijing) Limited, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Sun
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangrui Huang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- Beizhong Jingyuan Biotechnology (Beijing) Limited, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Cao
- Beizhong Jingyuan Biotechnology (Beijing) Limited, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Tangyi Holdings (Shenzhen) Limited, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenfang Wu
- Shenzhen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518116, People's Republic of China
| | - Anlong Xu
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
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Gabriel V, Zdyrski C, Sahoo DK, Ralston A, Wickham H, Bourgois-Mochel A, Ahmed B, Merodio MM, Paukner K, Piñeyro P, Kopper J, Rowe EW, Smith JD, Meyerholz D, Kol A, Viall A, Elbadawy M, Mochel JP, Allenspach K. Adult Animal Stem Cell-Derived Organoids in Biomedical Research and the One Health Paradigm. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:701. [PMID: 38255775 PMCID: PMC10815683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Preclinical biomedical research is limited by the predictiveness of in vivo and in vitro models. While in vivo models offer the most complex system for experimentation, they are also limited by ethical, financial, and experimental constraints. In vitro models are simplified models that do not offer the same complexity as living animals but do offer financial affordability and more experimental freedom; therefore, they are commonly used. Traditional 2D cell lines cannot fully simulate the complexity of the epithelium of healthy organs and limit scientific progress. The One Health Initiative was established to consolidate human, animal, and environmental health while also tackling complex and multifactorial medical problems. Reverse translational research allows for the sharing of knowledge between clinical research in veterinary and human medicine. Recently, organoid technology has been developed to mimic the original organ's epithelial microstructure and function more reliably. While human and murine organoids are available, numerous other organoids have been derived from traditional veterinary animals and exotic species in the last decade. With these additional organoid models, species previously excluded from in vitro research are becoming accessible, therefore unlocking potential translational and reverse translational applications of animals with unique adaptations that overcome common problems in veterinary and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Gabriel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (H.W.); (B.A.); (J.P.M.)
| | | | - Dipak K. Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (D.K.S.); (A.B.-M.); (J.K.)
| | - Abigail Ralston
- 3D Health Solutions Inc., Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.Z.); (A.R.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Hannah Wickham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (H.W.); (B.A.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Agnes Bourgois-Mochel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (D.K.S.); (A.B.-M.); (J.K.)
| | - Basant Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (H.W.); (B.A.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Maria M. Merodio
- 3D Health Solutions Inc., Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.Z.); (A.R.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Karel Paukner
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (P.P.); (J.D.S.)
| | - Jamie Kopper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (D.K.S.); (A.B.-M.); (J.K.)
| | - Eric W. Rowe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (H.W.); (B.A.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Jodi D. Smith
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (P.P.); (J.D.S.)
| | - David Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Amir Kol
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 94143, USA; (A.K.); (A.V.)
| | - Austin Viall
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 94143, USA; (A.K.); (A.V.)
| | - Mohamed Elbadawy
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30530, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (H.W.); (B.A.); (J.P.M.)
- 3D Health Solutions Inc., Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.Z.); (A.R.); (M.M.M.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30530, USA;
| | - Karin Allenspach
- 3D Health Solutions Inc., Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.Z.); (A.R.); (M.M.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (D.K.S.); (A.B.-M.); (J.K.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30530, USA;
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Septiana WL, Ayudyasari W, Gunardi H, Pawitan JA, Balachander GM, Yu H, Antarianto RD. Liver organoids cocultured on decellularized native liver scaffolds as a bridging therapy improves survival from liver failure in rabbits. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2023; 59:747-763. [PMID: 38110841 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-023-00817-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop viable liver organoids using decellularized native liver scaffolds and evaluate the efficacy of human liver organoid transplantation in a rabbit model of cirrhosis. Liver organoids were formed by coculture of hepatocyte-like cells derived from the human-induced pluripotent stem cells with three other cell types. Twelve 3-mo-old New Zealand White Rabbits underwent a sham operation, bile duct ligation, or biliary duct ligation followed by liver organoid transplantation. Liver organoid structure and function before and after transplantation were evaluated using histological and molecular analyses. A survival analysis using the Kaplan-Meier method was performed to determine the cumulative probability of survival according to liver organoid transplantation with significantly greater overall survival observed in rabbits that underwent liver organoid transplantation (P = 0.003, log-rank test). The short-term group had higher hepatic expression levels of ALB and CYP3A mRNA and lower expression levels of AST mRNA compared to the long-term group. The short-term group also had lower collagen deposition in liver tissues. Transplantation of human liver organoids cocultured in decellularized native liver scaffold into rabbits that had undergone bile duct ligation improved short-term survival and hepatic function. The results of the present study highlight the potential of liver organoid transplantation as a bridging therapy in liver failure; however, rejection and poor liver organoid function may limit the long-term efficacy of this therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahyunia Likhayati Septiana
- Program Doktor Ilmu Biomedik, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gunadarma, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Wulan Ayudyasari
- Department of Surgery, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hardian Gunardi
- Department of Surgery, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jeanne Adiwinata Pawitan
- Department of Histology, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, Jl Salemba Raya No 6. Jakarta Pusat 10430, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Cluster, (IMERI) Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Integrated Service Unit of Stem Cell Medical Technology (IPT TK Sel Punca), Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital (RSCM), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Gowri Manohari Balachander
- Department of Physiology, The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India, 221005
| | - Hanry Yu
- Department of Physiology, The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India, 221005
- Institute of Bioengineering & Bioimaging, A*STAR, 31 Biopolis Way, #07-01, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
- CAMP, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, Level 4 Enterprise Wing, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Radiana Dhewayani Antarianto
- Department of Histology, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, Jl Salemba Raya No 6. Jakarta Pusat 10430, Jakarta, Indonesia.
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Cluster, (IMERI) Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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Chen B, Slocombe RF, Georgy SR. Advances in organoid technology for veterinary disease modeling. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1234628. [PMID: 37920327 PMCID: PMC10618422 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1234628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids are in vitro organ-like structures that faithfully recapitulate many characteristics of a specific organ. During the past decades, major progress has been accomplished in establishing three-dimensional (3D) culture systems toward stem cell-derived organoids. As a significant technological breakthrough, these amazing 3D organoid constructs bridge the conventional 2D in vitro models and in vivo animal models and provide an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the complexities of veterinary diseases ranging from their pathogenesis to the prevention, therapy, or even future organ replacement strategies. In this review, we briefly discuss several definitions used in organoid research and highlight the currently known achievements in modeling veterinary diseases, including infectious and inflammatory diseases, cancers, and metabolic diseases. The applications of organoid technology in veterinary disease modeling are still in their infancy stage but the future is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Smitha Rose Georgy
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
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Kok G, Ilcken EF, Houwen RH, Lindemans CA, Nieuwenhuis EE, Spierings E, Fuchs SA. The Effect of Genetic HLA Matching on Liver Transplantation Outcome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ANNALS OF SURGERY OPEN 2023; 4:e334. [PMID: 37746594 PMCID: PMC10513352 DOI: 10.1097/as9.0000000000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We aim to investigate the effects of genetically based HLA matching on patient and graft survival, and acute and chronic rejection after liver transplantation. Background Liver transplantation is a common treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease. In contrast to most other solid organ transplantations, there is no conclusive evidence supporting human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching for liver transplantations. With emerging alternatives such as transplantation of bankable (stem) cells, HLA matching becomes feasible, which may decrease the need for immunosuppressive therapy and improve transplantation outcomes. Methods We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases and performed a meta-analysis investigating the effect of genetic HLA matching on liver transplantation outcomes (acute/chronic rejection, graft failure, and mortality). Results We included 14 studies with 2682 patients. HLA-C mismatching significantly increased the risk of acute rejection (full mismatching: risk ratio = 1.90, 95% confidence interval = 1.08 to 3.33, P = 0.03; partial mismatching: risk ratio = 1.33, 95% confidence interval = 1.07 to 1.66, P = 0.01). We did not discern any significant effect of HLA mismatching per locus on acute rejection for HLA-A, -B, -DR, and -DQ, nor on chronic rejection, graft failure, or mortality for HLA-DR, and -DQ. Conclusions We found evidence that genetic HLA-C matching reduces the risk of acute rejection after liver transplantation while matching for other loci does not reduce the risk of acute rejection, chronic rejection, graft failure, or mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kok
- From the Department of Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline F. Ilcken
- From the Department of Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick H.J. Houwen
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline A. Lindemans
- Department of Immunology, Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edward E.S. Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Spierings
- Center of Translational Immunology, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine A. Fuchs
- From the Department of Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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ten Dam MJ, Frederix GW, ten Ham RM, van der Laan LJ, Schneeberger K. Toward Transplantation of Liver Organoids: From Biology and Ethics to Cost-effective Therapy. Transplantation 2023; 107:1706-1717. [PMID: 36757819 PMCID: PMC10358442 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Liver disease is a common cause of morbidity and mortality, and many patients would benefit from liver transplantation. However, because of a shortage of suitable donor livers, even of those patients who are placed on the donor liver waiting list, many do not survive the waiting time for transplantation. Therefore, alternative treatments for end-stage liver disease need to be explored. Recent advances in organoid technology might serve as a solution to overcome the donor liver shortage in the future. In this overview, we highlight the potential of organoid technology for cell therapy and tissue engineering approaches. Both organoid-based approaches could be used as treatment for end-stage liver disease patients. Additionally, organoid-based cell therapy can also be used to repair liver grafts ex vivo to increase the supply of transplantable liver tissue. The potential of both approaches to become clinically available is carefully assessed, including their clinical, ethical, and economic implications. We provide insight into what aspects should be considered further to allow alternatives to donor liver transplantation to be successfully clinically implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein J.M. ten Dam
- Department Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert W.J. Frederix
- Department of Public Health, Healthcare Innovation and Evaluation and Medical Humanities, Julius Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Renske M.T. ten Ham
- Department of Public Health, Healthcare Innovation and Evaluation and Medical Humanities, Julius Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J.W. van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Schneeberger
- Department Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Yang S, Hu H, Kung H, Zou R, Dai Y, Hu Y, Wang T, Lv T, Yu J, Li F. Organoids: The current status and biomedical applications. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e274. [PMID: 37215622 PMCID: PMC10192887 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) miniaturized versions of organs or tissues that are derived from cells with stem potential and can self-organize and differentiate into 3D cell masses, recapitulating the morphology and functions of their in vivo counterparts. Organoid culture is an emerging 3D culture technology, and organoids derived from various organs and tissues, such as the brain, lung, heart, liver, and kidney, have been generated. Compared with traditional bidimensional culture, organoid culture systems have the unique advantage of conserving parental gene expression and mutation characteristics, as well as long-term maintenance of the function and biological characteristics of the parental cells in vitro. All these features of organoids open up new opportunities for drug discovery, large-scale drug screening, and precision medicine. Another major application of organoids is disease modeling, and especially various hereditary diseases that are difficult to model in vitro have been modeled with organoids by combining genome editing technologies. Herein, we introduce the development and current advances in the organoid technology field. We focus on the applications of organoids in basic biology and clinical research, and also highlight their limitations and future perspectives. We hope that this review can provide a valuable reference for the developments and applications of organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Yang
- Division of Biliary Tract SurgeryDepartment of General SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Haijie Hu
- Division of Biliary Tract SurgeryDepartment of General SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Hengchung Kung
- Krieger School of Arts and SciencesJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ruiqi Zou
- Division of Biliary Tract SurgeryDepartment of General SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Yushi Dai
- Division of Biliary Tract SurgeryDepartment of General SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Yafei Hu
- Division of Biliary Tract SurgeryDepartment of General SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan ProvinceWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Tianrun Lv
- Division of Biliary Tract SurgeryDepartment of General SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Jun Yu
- Departments of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Departments of OncologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Fuyu Li
- Division of Biliary Tract SurgeryDepartment of General SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
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12
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Giuli L, Santopaolo F, Pallozzi M, Pellegrino A, Coppola G, Gasbarrini A, Ponziani FR. Cellular therapies in liver and pancreatic diseases. Dig Liver Dis 2023; 55:563-579. [PMID: 36543708 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, developments in regenerative medicine in gastroenterology have been greatly enhanced by the application of stem cells, which can self-replicate and differentiate into any somatic cell. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells has opened remarkable perspectives on tissue regeneration, including their use as a bridge to transplantation or as supportive therapy in patients with organ failure. The improvements in DNA manipulation and gene editing strategies have also allowed to clarify the physiopathology and to correct the phenotype of several monogenic diseases, both in vivo and in vitro. Further progress has been made with the development of three-dimensional cultures, known as organoids, which have demonstrated morphological and functional complexity comparable to that of a miniature organ. Hence, owing to its protean applications and potential benefits, cell and organoid transplantation has become a hot topic for the management of gastrointestinal diseases. In this review, we describe current knowledge on cell therapies in hepatology and pancreatology, providing insight into their future applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Giuli
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Santopaolo
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pallozzi
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pellegrino
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Coppola
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Romana Ponziani
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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13
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Sun XC, Kong DF, Zhao J, Faber KN, Xia Q, He K. Liver organoids: established tools for disease modeling and drug development. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:02009842-202304010-00019. [PMID: 36972388 PMCID: PMC10043560 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, liver organoids have evolved rapidly as valuable research tools, providing novel insights into almost all types of liver diseases, including monogenic liver diseases, alcohol-associated liver disease, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, various types of (viral) hepatitis, and liver cancers. Liver organoids in part mimic the microphysiology of the human liver and fill a gap in high-fidelity liver disease models to a certain extent. They hold great promise to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of a diversity of liver diseases and play a crucial role in drug development. Moreover, it is challenging but opportunistic to apply liver organoids for tailored therapies of various liver diseases. The establishment, applications, and challenges of different types of liver organoids, for example, derived from embryonic, adult, or induced pluripotent stem cells, to model different liver diseases, are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Cheng Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - De-Fu Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang He
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
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14
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Penning LC, van den Boom R. Companion animal organoid technology to advance veterinary regenerative medicine. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1032835. [PMID: 37008367 PMCID: PMC10063859 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1032835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
First year medical and veterinary students are made very aware that drugs can have very different effects in various species or even in breeds of one specific species. On the other hand, the “One Medicine” concept implies that therapeutic and technical approaches are exchangeable between man and animals. These opposing views on the (dis)similarities between human and veterinary medicine are magnified in regenerative medicine. Regenerative medicine promises to stimulate the body's own regenerative capacity via activation of stem cells and/or the application of instructive biomaterials. Although the potential is enormous, so are the hurdles that need to be overcome before large scale clinical implementation is realistic. It is in the advancement of regenerative medicine that veterinary regenerative medicine can play an instrumental and crucial role. This review describes the discovery of (adult) stem cells in domesticated animals, mainly cats and dogs. The promise of cell-mediated regenerative veterinary medicine is compared to the actual achievements, and this will lead to a set of unanswered questions (controversies, research gaps, potential developments in relation to fundamental, pre-clinical, and clinical research). For veterinary regenerative medicine to have impact, either for human medicine and/or for domesticated animals, answering these questions is pivotal.
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15
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Chen L, Wei X, Gu D, Xu Y, Zhou H. Human liver cancer organoids: Biological applications, current challenges, and prospects in hepatoma therapy. Cancer Lett 2023; 555:216048. [PMID: 36603689 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.216048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer and disease are among the most socially challenging global health concerns. Although organ transplantation, surgical resection and anticancer drugs are the main methods for the treatment of liver cancer, there are still no proven cures owing to the lack of donor livers and tumor heterogeneity. Recently, advances in tumor organoid technology have attracted considerable attention as they can simulate the spatial constructs and pathophysiological characteristics of tumorigenesis and metastasis in a more realistic manner. Organoids may further contribute to the development of tailored therapies. Combining organoids with other emerging techniques, such as CRISPR-HOT, organ-on-a-chip, and 3D bioprinting, may further develop organoids and address their bottlenecks to create more practical models that generalize different tissue or organ interactions in tumor progression. In this review, we summarize the various methods in which liver organoids may be generated and describe their biological and clinical applications, present challenges, and prospects for their integration with emerging technologies. These rapidly developing liver organoids may become the focus of in vitro clinical model development and therapeutic research for liver diseases in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inst Translat Med, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiafei Wei
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Dayong Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inst Translat Med, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inst Translat Med, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hongzhong Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inst Translat Med, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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16
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El-Khobar KE, Sukowati CHC. Updates on Organoid Model for the Study of Liver Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2023; 22:15330338231154090. [PMID: 36788421 PMCID: PMC9932758 DOI: 10.1177/15330338231154090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer remains one of the most common cancers worldwide with limited therapy options. The main risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common form of liver cancer, include chronic infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C viruses, alcohol abuse, and metabolic disease. Current systemic therapies for advanced HCCs have greatly improved in the last decade, but there is still a need to develop more targeted drug therapy for HCCs. The development of liver organoids, a self-organising and self-renewal three-dimensional cell culture model, has greatly improved cancer research, including liver cancer. The generation of liver organoids provides a physiologically relevant model to study cancer drug screening and development, personalized medicine, liver disease modeling, and liver regeneration. However, the advent of organoid development also comes with few shortcomings that must be overcome, including the high cost of the model, the availability of origin tissues, and the need for multilineage liver organoids to replicate the true cellular heterogeneity of the liver. Despite all the limitations, liver organoids provide a reliable in vitro model for translational applications to develop more effective HCC therapy and to understand the underlying pathogenic mechanism in various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korri E. El-Khobar
- Eijkman Research Centre for Molecular Biology, Research Organization
for HealthNational
Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong,
Indonesia,Korri E. El-Khobar, Eijkman Research Centre
for Molecular Biology, Research Organization for Health, National Research and
Innovation, Soekarno Science and Technology Area, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46,
Cibinong, West Java 16911, Indonesia.
| | - Caecilia H. C. Sukowati
- Eijkman Research Centre for Molecular Biology, Research Organization
for HealthNational
Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong,
Indonesia,Fondazione
Italiana Fegato ONLUS, AREA Science Park,
Trieste, Italy
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17
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Choi WH, Bae DH, Yoo J. Current status and prospects of organoid-based regenerative medicine. BMB Rep 2023; 56:10-14. [PMID: 36523211 PMCID: PMC9887105 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids derived from stem cells or organ-specific progenitors are self-organizable, self-renewable, and multicellular threedimensional (3D) structures that can mimic the function and structure of the derived tissue. Due to such characteristics, organoids are attracting attention as an excellent ex vivo model for drug screening at the stage of drug development. In addition, since the applicability of organoids as therapeutics for tissue regeneration has been embossed, the development of various organoids-based regenerative medicine has been rapidly progressing, reaching the clinical trial stage. In this review, we give a general overview of organoids and describe current status and prospects of organoid-based regenerative medicine, focusing on organoid-based regenerative therapeutics currently under development including clinical trials. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(1): 10-14].
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Hee Choi
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13488, Korea
- CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
- R&D Institute, ORGANOIDSCIENCES Ltd., Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Dong Hyuck Bae
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13488, Korea
- CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Jongman Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13488, Korea
- CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
- R&D Institute, ORGANOIDSCIENCES Ltd., Seongnam 13488, Korea
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18
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Choi WH, Bae DH, Yoo J. Current status and prospects of organoid-based regenerative medicine. BMB Rep 2023; 56:10-14. [PMID: 36523211 PMCID: PMC9887105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids derived from stem cells or organ-specific progenitors are self-organizable, self-renewable, and multicellular threedimensional (3D) structures that can mimic the function and structure of the derived tissue. Due to such characteristics, organoids are attracting attention as an excellent ex vivo model for drug screening at the stage of drug development. In addition, since the applicability of organoids as therapeutics for tissue regeneration has been embossed, the development of various organoids-based regenerative medicine has been rapidly progressing, reaching the clinical trial stage. In this review, we give a general overview of organoids and describe current status and prospects of organoid-based regenerative medicine, focusing on organoid-based regenerative therapeutics currently under development including clinical trials. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(1): 10-14].
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Hee Choi
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13488, Korea
- CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
- R&D Institute, ORGANOIDSCIENCES Ltd., Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Dong Hyuck Bae
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13488, Korea
- CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Jongman Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13488, Korea
- CHA Organoid Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
- R&D Institute, ORGANOIDSCIENCES Ltd., Seongnam 13488, Korea
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19
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Moura E, Tasqueti UI, Mangrich-Rocha RMV, Filho JRE, de Farias MR, Pimpão CT. Inborn Errors of Metabolism in Dogs: Historical, Metabolic, Genetic, and Clinical Aspects. Top Companion Anim Med 2022; 51:100731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Csukovich G, Pratscher B, Burgener IA. The World of Organoids: Gastrointestinal Disease Modelling in the Age of 3R and One Health with Specific Relevance to Dogs and Cats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182461. [PMID: 36139322 PMCID: PMC9495014 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One Health describes the importance of considering humans, animals, and the environment in health research. One Health and the 3R concept, i.e., the replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal experimentation, shape today’s research more and more. The development of organoids from many different organs and animals led to the development of highly sophisticated model systems trying to replace animal experiments. Organoids may be used for disease modelling in various ways elucidating the manifold host–pathogen interactions. This review provides an overview of disease modelling approaches using organoids of different kinds with a special focus on animal organoids and gastrointestinal diseases. We also provide an outlook on how the research field of organoids might develop in the coming years and what opportunities organoids hold for in-depth disease modelling and therapeutic interventions.
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21
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Development of an Improved Method for the Isolation and Culture of Newborn Sheep Primary Hepatocytes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3621-3631. [PMID: 36005144 PMCID: PMC9406642 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44080248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a crucial role in metabolism, synthesis, biotransformation, secretion, and excretion. Hepatocytes are the main cells of the liver and can be used as a cell model to study liver function. The classic method of collagenase perfusion to isolate hepatocytes is a two-step technique that is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and has high technical requirements. Therefore, in this study, we compared different methods for isolating and culturing primary hepatocytes. We found that the 0.25% trypsin and 0.1 mg/mL type IV collagenase mixture at a 1:1 ratio showed the most efficient cell digestion, and William’s Medium E complete medium showed the best growth and proliferation. The isolated cells showed the typical irregular polygonal morphology of hepatocytes. Periodic acid−Schiff staining and immunofluorescence confirmed that the isolated cells were positive for glycogen and hepatocyte-specific markers cytokeratin 18, AFP, and albumin. On subculturing, stable cell lines were obtained. Therefore, we optimized the isolation and in vitro culture method to obtain highly pure (>95%) sheep primary hepatocytes from newborn sheep liver tissue.
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22
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Kok G, Verstegen MMA, Houwen RHJ, Nieuwenhuis EES, Metselaar HJ, Polak WG, van der Laan LJW, Spierings E, den Hoed CM, Fuchs SA. Assessment of human leukocyte antigen matching algorithm PIRCHE-II on liver transplantation outcomes. Liver Transpl 2022; 28:1356-1366. [PMID: 35152544 PMCID: PMC9544750 DOI: 10.1002/lt.26431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
For liver transplantations, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching is not routinely performed because observed effects have been inconsistent. Nevertheless, long-term liver transplantation outcomes remain suboptimal. The availability of a more precise HLA-matching algorithm, Predicted Indirectly Recognizable HLA Epitopes II (PIRCHE-II), now enables robust assessment of the association between HLA matching and liver transplantation outcomes. We performed a single-center retrospective cohort study of 736 liver transplantation patients. Associations between PIRCHE-II and HLAMatchmaker scores and mortality, graft loss, acute and chronic rejection, ischemic cholangiopathy, and disease recurrence were evaluated with Cox proportional hazards models. Associations between PIRCHE-II with 1-year, 2-year, and 5-year outcomes and severity of acute rejection were assessed with logistic and linear regression analyses, respectively. Subgroup analyses were performed for autoimmune and nonautoimmune indications, and patients aged 30 years and younger, and older than 30 years. PIRCHE-II and HLAMatchmaker scores were not associated with any of the outcomes. However, patients who received transplants for autoimmune disease showed more acute rejection and graft loss, and these risks negatively associated with age. Rhesus mismatch more than doubled the risk of disease recurrence. Moreover, PIRCHE-II was inversely associated with graft loss in the subgroup of patients aged 30 years and younger with autoimmune indications. The absence of associations between PIRCHE-II and HLAMatchmaker scores and the studied outcomes refutes the need for HLA matching for liver (stem cell) transplantations for nonautoimmune disease. For autoimmune disease, the activated immune system seems to increase risks of acute rejection and graft loss. Our results may suggest the benefits of transplantations with rhesus matched but PIRCHE-II mismatched donor livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kok
- Department of Metabolic DiseasesWilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Monique M. A. Verstegen
- Department of SurgeryDivision of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant SurgeryErasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Roderick H. J. Houwen
- Department of Pediatric GastroenterologyWilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Edward E. S. Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Pediatric GastroenterologyWilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Herold J. Metselaar
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyErasmus Medical Center Transplant InstituteUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Wojciech G. Polak
- Department of SurgeryDivision of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant SurgeryErasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Luc J. W. van der Laan
- Department of SurgeryDivision of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant SurgeryErasmus Medical Center Transplant Institute, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eric Spierings
- Center of Translational ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Caroline M. den Hoed
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyErasmus Medical Center Transplant InstituteUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sabine A. Fuchs
- Department of Metabolic DiseasesWilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Wang Z, Faria J, van der Laan LJW, Penning LC, Masereeuw R, Spee B. Human Cholangiocytes Form a Polarized and Functional Bile Duct on Hollow Fiber Membranes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:868857. [PMID: 35813994 PMCID: PMC9263983 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.868857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide; most often the hepatocytes or cholangiocytes are damaged. Diseases of the biliary tract cause severe patient burden, and cholangiocytes, the cells lining the biliary tract, are sensitive to numerous drugs. Therefore, investigations into proper cholangiocyte functions are of utmost importance, which is restricted, in vitro, by the lack of primary human cholangiocytes allowing such screening. To investigate biliary function, including transepithelial transport, cholangiocytes must be cultured as three-dimensional (3D) ductular structures. We previously established murine intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoid-derived cholangiocyte-like cells (CLCs) and cultured them onto polyethersulfone hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) to generate 3D duct structures that resemble native bile ducts at the structural and functional level. Here, we established an efficient, stepwise method for directed differentiation of human intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICOs) into CLCs. Human ICO-derived CLCs showed key characteristics of cholangiocytes, such as the expression of structural and functional markers, formation of primary cilia, and P-glycoprotein-mediated transport in a polarized fashion. The organoid cultures exhibit farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-dependent functions that are vital to liver bile acid homeostasis in vivo. Furthermore, human ICO-derived CLCs cultured on HFMs in a differentiation medium form tubular architecture with some tight, confluent, and polarized monolayers that better mimic native bile duct characteristics than differentiated cultures in standard 2D or Matrigel-based 3D culture plates. Together, our optimized differentiation protocol to obtain CLC organoids, when applied on HFMs to form bioengineered bile ducts, will facilitate studying cholangiopathies and allow developing therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Wang
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - João Faria
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Louis C. Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Rosalinde Masereeuw, ; Bart Spee,
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Rosalinde Masereeuw, ; Bart Spee,
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Kawasaki M, Goyama T, Tachibana Y, Nagao I, Ambrosini YM. Farm and Companion Animal Organoid Models in Translational Research: A Powerful Tool to Bridge the Gap Between Mice and Humans. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:895379. [PMID: 35647577 PMCID: PMC9133531 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2022.895379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal organoid models derived from farm and companion animals have great potential to contribute to human health as a One Health initiative, which recognize a close inter-relationship among humans, animals and their shared environment and adopt multi-and trans-disciplinary approaches to optimize health outcomes. With recent advances in organoid technology, studies on farm and companion animal organoids have gained more attention in various fields including veterinary medicine, translational medicine and biomedical research. Not only is this because three-dimensional organoids possess unique characteristics from traditional two-dimensional cell cultures including their self-organizing and self-renewing properties and high structural and functional similarities to the originating tissue, but also because relative to conventional genetically modified or artificially induced murine models, companion animal organoids can provide an excellent model for spontaneously occurring diseases which resemble human diseases. These features of companion animal organoids offer a paradigm-shifting approach in biomedical research and improve translatability of in vitro studies to subsequent in vivo studies with spontaneously diseased animals while reducing the use of conventional animal models prior to human clinical trials. Farm animal organoids also could play an important role in investigations of the pathophysiology of zoonotic and reproductive diseases by contributing to public health and improving agricultural production. Here, we discuss a brief history of organoids and the most recent updates on farm and companion animal organoids, followed by discussion on their potential in public health, food security, and comparative medicine as One Health initiatives. We highlight recent evolution in the culturing of organoids and their integration with organ-on-a-chip systems to overcome current limitations in in vitro studies. We envision multidisciplinary work integrating organoid culture and organ-on-a-chip technology can contribute to improving both human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minae Kawasaki
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Takashi Goyama
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Yurika Tachibana
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Itsuma Nagao
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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25
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Establishment of large canine hepatocyte spheroids by mixing vascular endothelial cells and canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Regen Ther 2022; 19:1-8. [PMID: 35024388 PMCID: PMC8728312 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Differentiation of hepatocytes and culture methods have been investigated in dogs as a tool to establish liver transplant and drug metabolism examination systems. However, mass culture techniques for canine hepatocytes (cHep) have not been investigated, and it is necessary to construct a suitable culture system. Recently, a protocol called Bud production has attracted attention, and a mixed culture of human and mouse hepatocytes, stem cells, and artificial blood vessels significantly improved the size and formation ratio of spheroids. The purpose of this study was to investigate and improve the in vitro culture of cHep by mixing canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cASCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Methods Spheroid formation ratio and histological examination were evaluated among four culture methods, including cHep alone, two-mix (cHep + cASCs and cHep + HUVEC), and three-mix (cHep + HUVEC + cASCs), on days 0, 4, and 7. Expression levels of liver-related genes (ALB, AFP, α1-AT, CDH1, CYP2E1, CYP3A12, and TAT) were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Protein expression of albumin, vimentin, and von Willebrand Factor (vWF) was investigated to confirm the location of the hepatocytes. Results The ratio of spheroid formation was 60.2% in the three-mix culture and was significantly improved compared with cHep alone (5.9%) and two-mix; cHep + cASCs (36.2%) and cHep + HUVEC (26.4%) (P < 0.001). Histological evaluation revealed that the three-mix spheroids formed large canine hepatocyte spheroids (LcHS), and hepatocytes were distributed in the center of the spheroids. Quantitative gene expression analysis of LcHS showed that liver-related genes expression were maintained the same levels with that of a culture of cHep alone from days 4-7. Conclusion These results revealed that the three-mix culture method using cHep, HUVECs, and cASCs was capable of promoting LcHS without impairing liver function in cHep, suggesting that LcHS could be used for the application of high-volume culture techniques in dogs.
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Key Words
- 3D, three-dimensions
- AFP, α-fetoprotein
- ALB, albumin
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CDH1, cadherin-1 (epithelital-cadherin)
- CYP, cytochrome
- Canine
- DILI, drug induced liver injury
- EGM, endothelial cell growth medium
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HGM, hepatocyte growth medium
- HTM, hepatocyte thawing medium
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- Hepatocyte
- LcHS, large canine hepatocyte spheroids
- MSCGM, mesenchymal stem cell growth medium
- Mesenchymal stem cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- SF-HGM, hepatocyte growth medium for spheroid formation
- Spheroids
- TAT, tyrosine aminotransferase
- Three-dimensions
- cASC, canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells
- cHep, canine primary-cultured hepatocytes
- hFGF, human fibroblast growth factor
- iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cells
- rf-HGF, recombinant ferine hepatocyte growth factor
- α1-AT, α1-antitrypsin
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Al Reza H, Okabe R, Takebe T. Organoid transplant approaches for the liver. Transpl Int 2021; 34:2031-2045. [PMID: 34614263 PMCID: PMC8602742 DOI: 10.1111/tri.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organoid technology is a state-of-the-art cell culture tool that has revolutionized study of development, regeneration, and diseases. Human liver organoids (HLOs) are now derived from either adult stem/progenitors or pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), emulating cellular diversity and structural symphony akin to the human liver. With the rapid rise in decompensated liver disease conditions only treated by liver transplant therapy, HLOs represent an alternate source for transplantation to address the ongoing shortage of grafts. Although ongoing advancements in bioengineering technology have moved the organoid transplant approach to the next level, sustained survival of the transplanted tissue still eludes us toward functional organ replacement. Herein, we review the development of HLOs and discuss promises and challenges on organoid transplant approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Al Reza
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - Ryo Okabe
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Communication Design Center, Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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27
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Shiota J, Samuelson LC, Razumilava N. Hepatobiliary Organoids and Their Applications for Studies of Liver Health and Disease: Are We There Yet? Hepatology 2021; 74:2251-2263. [PMID: 33638203 PMCID: PMC9067600 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organoid culture systems have emerged as a frontier technology in liver and biliary research. These three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures derived from pluripotent and adult hepatobiliary cells model organ structure and function. Building on gastrointestinal organoid establishment, hepatobiliary organoid cultures were generated from mouse leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5-positive liver progenitor cells. Subsequently, 3D hepatobiliary organoid cultures were developed from hepatocytes and cholangiocytes to model human and animal hepatobiliary health and disease. Hepatocyte organoids have been used to study Alagille syndrome, fatty liver disease, Wilson disease, hepatitis B viral infection, and cystic fibrosis. Cholangiocyte organoids have been established to study normal cholangiocyte biology and primary sclerosing cholangitis and to test organoid potential to form bile ducts and gallbladder tissue in vitro. Hepatobiliary cancer organoids, termed tumoroids, have been established from frozen and fresh human tissues and used as a drug-testing platform and for biobanking of cancer samples. CRISPR-based gene modifications and organoid exposure to infectious agents have permitted the generation of organoid models of carcinogenesis. This review summarizes currently available adult cell-derived hepatobiliary organoid models and their applications. Challenges faced by this young technology will be discussed, including the cellular immaturity of organoid-derived hepatocytes, co-culture development to better model complex tissue structure, the imperfection of extracellular matrices, and the absence of standardized protocols and model validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Shiota
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Linda C. Samuelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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28
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Zhang W, Lanzoni G, Hani H, Overi D, Cardinale V, Simpson S, Pitman W, Allen A, Yi X, Wang X, Gerber D, Prestwich G, Lozoya O, Gaudio E, Alvaro D, Tokaz D, Dominguez-Bendala J, Adin C, Piedrahita J, Mathews K, Sethupathy P, Carpino G, He Z, Wauthier E, Reid LM. Patch grafting, strategies for transplantation of organoids into solid organs such as liver. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121067. [PMID: 34517276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cell therapies have been at an impasse because of inefficient methods of transplantation to solid organs. Patch grafting strategies were established enabling transplantation of ≥107th organoids/patch of porcine GFP+ biliary tree stem/progenitors into livers of wild type hosts. Grafts consisted of organoids embedded in soft (~100 Pa) hyaluronan hydrogels, both prepared in serum-free Kubota's Medium; placed against target sites; covered with a silk backing impregnated with more rigid hyaluronan hydrogels (~700 Pa); and use of the backing to tether grafts with sutures or glue to target sites. Hyaluronan coatings (~200-300 Pa) onto the serosal surface of the graft served to minimize adhesions with neighboring organs. The organ's clearance of hyaluronans enabled restoration of tissue-specific paracrine and systemic signaling, resulting in return of normal hepatic histology, with donor parenchymal cells uniformly integrated amidst host cells and that had differentiated to mature hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Grafts containing donor mature hepatocytes, partnered with endothelia, and in the same graft biomaterials as for stem/progenitor organoids, did not engraft. Engraftment occurred if porcine liver-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were co-transplanted with donor mature cells. RNA-seq analyses revealed that engraftment correlated with expression of matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially secreted isoforms that were found expressed strongly by organoids, less so by MSCs, and minimally, if at all, by adult cells. Engraftment with patch grafting strategies occurred without evidence of emboli or ectopic cell distribution. It was successful with stem/progenitor organoids or with cells with a source(s) of secreted MMP isoforms and offers significant potential for enabling cell therapies for solid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Zhang
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1800 Yuntai Rd, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Giacomo Lanzoni
- Diabetes Research Institute, U. Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, 1450 N.W. 10th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Homayoun Hani
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Diletta Overi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma RM, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma RM, Italy
| | - Sean Simpson
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, NCSU Colleage of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA; The Comparative Medicine Institute, NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA; Department of Comparative Veterinary Anatomy, NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Wendy Pitman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, T7 006D Veterinary Research Tower, Box 17, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Amanda Allen
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Xianwen Yi
- Departments of Surgery, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Xicheng Wang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1800 Yuntai Rd, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - David Gerber
- Departments of Surgery, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Glenn Prestwich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Oswaldo Lozoya
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma RM, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma RM, Italy
| | - Debra Tokaz
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Juan Dominguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, U. Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, 1450 N.W. 10th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Christopher Adin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Jorge Piedrahita
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, NCSU Colleage of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA; The Comparative Medicine Institute, NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA; Department of Comparative Veterinary Anatomy, NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Kyle Mathews
- Department of Clinical Sciences, NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, T7 006D Veterinary Research Tower, Box 17, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Roma, Italy
| | - Zhiying He
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1800 Yuntai Rd, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Eliane Wauthier
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Lola M Reid
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Caiazza C, Parisi S, Caiazzo M. Liver Organoids: Updates on Disease Modeling and Biomedical Applications. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:835. [PMID: 34571712 PMCID: PMC8470787 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver organoids are stem cell-derived 3D structures that are generated by liver differentiation signals in the presence of a supporting extracellular matrix. Liver organoids overcome low complexity grade of bidimensional culture and high costs of in vivo models thus representing a turning point for studying liver disease modeling. Liver organoids can be established from different sources as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), hepatoblasts and tissue-derived cells. This novel in vitro system represents an innovative tool to deeper understand the physiology and pathological mechanisms affecting the liver. In this review, we discuss the current advances in the field focusing on their application in modeling diseases, regenerative medicine and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Caiazza
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Silvia Parisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Massimiliano Caiazzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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30
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Sağraç D, Şişli HB, Şenkal S, Hayal TB, Şahin F, Doğan A. Organoids in Tissue Transplantation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1347:45-64. [PMID: 34164796 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in stem cell-based research and genetic modification tools enable stem cell-based tissue regeneration applications in clinical therapies. Although inadequate cell numbers in culture, invasive isolation procedures, and poor survival rates after transplantation remain as major challenges, cell-based therapies are useful tools for tissue regeneration.Organoids hold a great promise for tissue regeneration, organ and disease modeling, drug testing, development, and genetic profiling studies. Establishment of 3D cell culture systems eliminates the disadvantages of 2D models in terms of cell adaptation and tissue structure and function. Organoids possess the capacity to mimic the specific features of tissue architecture, cell-type composition, and the functionality of real organs while preserving the advantages of simplified and easily accessible cell culture models. Thus, organoid technology might emerge as an alternative to cell and tissue transplantation. Although transplantation of various organoids in animal models has been demonstrated, liöitations related to vascularized structure formation, cell viability and functionality remain as obstacles in organoid-based transplantation therapies. Clinical applications of organoid-based transplantations might be possible in the near future, when limitations related to cell viability and tissue integration are solved. In this review, the literature was analyzed and discussed to explore the current status of organoid-based transplantation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Sağraç
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hatice Burcu Şişli
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selinay Şenkal
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taha Bartu Hayal
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Şahin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Doğan
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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31
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Schneemann SA, Boers SN, van Delden JJM, Nieuwenhuis EES, Fuchs SA, Bredenoord AL. Ethical challenges for pediatric liver organoid transplantation. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/552/eaau8471. [PMID: 32669425 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau8471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Liver organoid transplantation may be a less invasive alternative to liver transplant, but is it ethically acceptable to include children with liver disease in a first-in-human clinical trial of this new intervention?
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Schneemann
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sarah N Boers
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Edward E S Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Science Department, University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, Netherlands
| | - Sabine A Fuchs
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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Weiskirchen R, Penning LC. COMMD1, a multi-potent intracellular protein involved in copper homeostasis, protein trafficking, inflammation, and cancer. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 65:126712. [PMID: 33482423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Copper is a trace element indispensable for life, but at the same time it is implicated in reactive oxygen species formation. Several inherited copper storage diseases are described of which Wilson disease (copper overload, mutations in ATP7B gene) and Menkes disease (copper deficiency, mutations in ATP7A gene) are the most prominent ones. After the discovery in 2002 of a novel gene product (i.e. COMMD1) involved in hepatic copper handling in Bedlington terriers, studies on the mechanism of action of COMMD1 revealed numerous non-copper related functions. Effects on hepatic copper handling are likely mediated via interactions with ATP7B. In addition, COMMD1 has many more interacting partners which guide their routing to either the plasma membrane or, often in an ubiquitination-dependent fashion, trigger their proteolysis via the S26 proteasome. By stimulating NF-κB ubiquitination, COMMD1 dampens an inflammatory reaction. Finally, targeting COMMD1 function can be a novel approach in the treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Louis C Penning
- Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Corbee RJ, Penning LC. COMMD1 Exemplifies the Power of Inbred Dogs to Dissect Genetic Causes of Rare Copper-Related Disorders. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030601. [PMID: 33668783 PMCID: PMC7996361 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilson's Disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in humans, often presenting with hepatic copper overload. Finding the genetic cause of a rare disease, especially if it is related to food constituents like the trace element copper, is a Herculean task. This review describes examples of how the unique population structure of in-bred dog strains led to the discovery of a novel gene and two modifier genes involved in inherited copper toxicosis. COMMD1, after the discovery in 2002, was shown to be a highly promiscuous protein involved in copper transport, protein trafficking/degradation, regulation of virus replication, and inflammation. Mutations in the ATP7A and ATP7B proteins in Labrador retrievers and Dobermann dogs resulted in a wide variation in hepatic copper levels in these breeds. To our knowledge, numerous dog breeds with inherited copper toxicosis of unknown genetic origin exist. Therefore, the possibility that men's best friend will provide new leads in rare copper storage diseases seems realistic.
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Abstract
The organoid model represents a major breakthrough in cell biology that has revolutionised biomedical research. Organoids are 3D physiological in vitro structures that recapitulate morphological and functional features of in vivo tissues and offer significant advantages over traditional cell culture methods. Liver organoids are of particular interest because of the pleiotropy of functions exerted by the human liver, their utility to model different liver diseases, and their potential application as cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine. Moreover, because they can be derived from patient tissues, organoid models offer new perspectives in personalised medicine and drug discovery. In this review, we discuss the current liver organoid models for the study of liver disease.
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Key Words
- 3D cultures
- A1AT, alpha-1 antitrypsin
- ALD, alcohol-related liver disease
- CCA, cholangiocarcinoma
- CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- CHC, combined hepato-cholangiocarcinoma
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- CTLN1, citrullinemia type 1
- Chol-orgs, cholangiocyte organoids
- Disease modelling
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ESCs, embryonic stem cells
- FFAs, free fatty acids
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- Hep-orgs, hepatocyte organoids
- IL-, interleukin-
- Liver disease
- MSC, mesenchymal stem cell
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Organoids
- PDO, patient-derived organoid
- PDX, patient-derived xenograft
- PHH, primary human hepatocyte
- PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis
- Personalised medicine
- Preclinical models
- iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Nuciforo
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus H Heim
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.,Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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